FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to surgery, and specifically to image- guided surgery and to image-guided surgery performed using augmented reality.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In an image-guided system or augmented reality system used by a physician performing surgery, it is typically necessary to register a frame of reference of a patient with a frame of reference of the image-guided system (e.g., of a tracking system of the image guided system) or with a frame of reference of the augmented reality system used by the physician. Methods for registration are known in the art.

U.S. Patents 7,835,784 and 8,467,851 to Mire et al. describe a dynamic reference frame that can be used to maintain localization of a patient space with an image space. The dynamic reference frame can be fixedly interconnected with a bone portion of the anatomy of the patient.

U.S. Patent 9,066,751 to Sasso describes mounting a surgical navigation reference frame to a patient. A bone anchor having a bone engaging portion is inserted through a cannula for anchoring to bone. The bone anchor cooperates with the cannula to form a mounting device that is adapted for coupling with the surgical navigation reference frame.

U.S. Patent 9,839,448 to Reckling, et al. describes placement of an implant into bone, such across the sacro-iliac joint. It is stated that placement can be facilitated using various CT imaging views that allow the implants to be placed in bone associated with articular cartilage.

Documents incorporated by reference in the present patent application are to be considered an integral part of the application except that, to the extent that any terms are defined in these incorporated documents in a manner that conflicts with definitions made explicitly or implicitly in the present specification, only the definitions in the present specification should be considered.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure an apparatus for mounting in a bone of a patient is provided. The apparatus includes: a rigid elongated member having an axis of symmetry; and one or more helical blades, formed in a distal section of the rigid elongated member, distributed about the axis, each of the blades having an acute helix angle greater than zero, wherein the one or more blades are configured to penetrate into the bone and engage stably therein.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more helical blades taper to a common point at a distal tip of the section, so that the distal tip acts as a dilator.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more helical blades taper by respective tapering planes.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more helical blades are configured to connect with an intermediate section of the rigid elongated member in curved surfaces, so that the curved surfaces act as a support shoulder section when the blades penetrate the bone.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more helical blades have respective edges, and the respective edges are in the form of cylindrical helices.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more helical blades have respective edges, and the respective edges are in the form of conical helices.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus further includes a plurality of ribs, formed on an outer surface of a proximal section of the rigid elongated member, wherein each of the ribs is parallel to the axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus further includes an adapter, having multiple independent modes of motion and that is configured to accept an alignment target for the patient, wherein the ribs are configured to removably engage the adapter.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the helix angle is configured so as to require a preselected force for extraction of the rigid member when the one or more blades penetrate the bone, and wherein the preselected force is a metric of a stability of the member.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the acute helix angle is less than 45°.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus further includes a proximal section and an intermediate section connecting the distal and proximal sections.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus includes two or more helical blades.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the two or more helical blades are distributed symmetrically about the axis. In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus includes three helical blades.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the apparatus further includes a proximal region terminating proximally in a plane region orthogonal to the axis of symmetry and configured to be applied with a linear impact force substantially along the axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more blades are configured to penetrate into the bone in a rotatory manner.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure an adapter for coupling a pin to a marker is provided. The adapter includes: a cross-piece comprising a first cylindrical structure having a first axis of symmetry, intersecting a second cylindrical stmcture having a second axis of symmetry, the two axes of symmetry intersecting orthogonally; a pin grip having a cylindrical grip axis of symmetry, disposed in the second cylindrical structure so that the cylindrical grip axis of symmetry and the second axis of symmetry are congruent, the pin grip including a first aperture, having a third axis of symmetry orthogonal to the cylindrical grip axis of symmetry, configured to receive the pin; a receiving base holder comprising a third cylindrical structure, having a receiver axis of symmetry, connected to the second cylindrical structure so that the receiver axis of symmetry and the first axis of symmetry are congruent, wherein the receiving base holder includes a second aperture configured to retain a receiving base able to receive the marker; and a lock, connected to the intersection of the first cylindrical stmcture and the second cylindrical stmcture, wherein when the lock is in a lock position the pin grip is locked with respect to the second axis of symmetry, the pin is locked with respect to the third axis of symmetry, and the receiving base holder is locked with respect to the first axis of symmetry, and when the lock is in an unlock position the pin grip is permitted to rotate about the second axis of symmetry, the pin is permitted to move with respect to the third axis of symmetry, and the receiving base holder is permitted to rotate about the first axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the adapter further includes: a wedge, disposed in the first cylindrical structure, including a wedge plane surface, and connected to the lock; and a wedge receiver, disposed in the second cylindrical structure, including a receiver plane surface parallel to and contacting the wedge plane surface, so that the wedge, and the wedge receiver engage and connected to the pin grip, wherein when the lock is in the lock position, it translates the wedge so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a first contact area, and when in the unlock position it translates the wedge so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a second contact area different than the first contact area.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the second contact area is less than the first contact area.

In various embodiments of the adapter, movement of the pin with respect to the third axis of symmetry includes translation of the pin along the third axis.

In various embodiments of the adapter, movement of the pin with respect to the third axis of symmetry includes rotation of the pin around the third axis.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the second aperture defines a fourth axis of symmetry, wherein the adapter includes a further lock connected to the receiving base.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the further lock is connected to the receiving base via a supporting rod, disposed in the second aperture along the fourth axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the adapter, in an unlocked position of the further lock the receiving base is free to rotate around the fourth axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the adapter, in a locked position of the further lock the receiving base is unable to rotate around the fourth axis of symmetry.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the adapter further includes a pin holder configured to retain the pin grip and having a first set of teeth, and the second cylindrical structure has a second set of teeth congruent with and configured to mate with the first set of teeth.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, another adapter for coupling a pin to a marker is provided. The adapter includes a synchronized central locking mechanism locking two or more different movements, wherein each movement is a movement of the pin or a movement of the marker permitted when the pin or the marker or both are coupled to the adapter, correspondingly, and when the synchronized central locking mechanism is in an unlocked position, and wherein each movement is with respect to a corresponding axis; and the locking of at least two movements of the two or more movements is a positive locking.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the synchronized central locking mechanism locks four different movements. In various embodiments of the adapter, the synchronized central locking mechanism locks five different movements.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the locking of all of the two or more movements is a positive locking.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the locking of at least one movement of the two or more different movements is based on friction.

In various embodiments of the adapter, each two corresponding axes are congruent or orthogonal.

In various embodiments of the adapter, the positive locking of at least one movement of the at least two movements is achieved by mating two sets of teeth.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides apparatus for mounting in a bone of a patient, including: a rigid elongated member having an axis of symmetry and a distal section, a proximal section, and an intermediate section connecting the distal and proximal sections; and n helical blades, formed in the distal section, distributed symmetrically about the axis, each of the blades having a helix angle greater than zero and less than 45°, and wherein a cross-section of the distal section, taken orthogonally to the axis of symmetry, has n mirror planes containing the axis of symmetry, wherein n is a whole number greater than one, wherein the blades are configured to penetrate into the bone and engage stably therein.

In a disclosed embodiment the n helical blades taper by respective tapering planes to a common point at a distal tip of the section, so that the distal tip acts as a dilator.

In a further disclosed embodiment the n helical blades are configured to connect with the intermediate section in curved surfaces, so that the curved surfaces act as a support shoulder section when the blades penetrate the bone.

In a yet further disclosed embodiment the n helical blades have n respective edges, and the n respective edges are in the form of n cylindrical helices.

In an alternative embodiment the n helical blades have n respective edges, and the n respective edges are in the form of n conical helices.

In a further alternative embodiment the apparatus includes a plurality of ribs, formed on an outer surface of the proximal section, each of the ribs being parallel to the axis of symmetry. The apparatus may include an adapter, having multiple independent modes of motion, that is configured to accept an alignment target for the patient, wherein the ribs are configured to removably engage the adapter.

In a yet further alternative embodiment the helix angle is configured so as to require a preselected force for extraction of the rigid member when the blades penetrate the bone, and the preselected force is a metric of a stability of the member.

There is further provided, according to an embodiment of the inventions, an adapter for coupling a pin to a marker, including: a cross-piece formed of a first cylindrical structure having a first axis of symmetry, intersecting a second cylindrical structure having a second axis of symmetry, the two axes of symmetry intersecting orthogonally; a wedge, disposed in the first cylindrical structure, comprising a wedge plane surface; a wedge receiver, disposed in the second cylindrical structure, consisting of a receiver plane surface parallel to and contacting the wedge plane surface, so that the wedge and the wedge receiver engage; a pin grip having a cylindrical grip axis of symmetry, connected to the wedge receiver so that the cylindrical grip axis of symmetry and the second axis of symmetry are congruent, the pin grip including a first aperture, having a third axis of symmetry orthogonal to the cylindrical grip axis of symmetry, configured to receive the pin; a receiving base holder including a second cylindrical section, having a receiver axis of symmetry, connected to the second cylindrical structure so that the receiver axis of symmetry and the second axis of symmetry are congruent, the receiving base holder including a second aperture configured to retain a receiving base able to receive the marker; and a lock, connected to the wedge, which in a lock position translates the wedge so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a first contact area, so as to lock the pin grip with respect to the first axis of symmetry, the pin with respect to the third axis of symmetry, and the receiving base holder with respect to the second axis of symmetry, and in an unlock position translates the wedge so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a second contact area less than the first contact area, so as to permit the pin grip to rotate about the first axis of symmetry, the pin to move with respect to the third axis of symmetry, and the receiving base holder to rotate about the second axis of symmetry.

Movement of the pin with respect to the third axis of symmetry may consist of translation of the pin along the third axis and/or rotation of the pin around the third axis. The second aperture may define a fourth axis of symmetry, the adapter including: a further lock connected via a supporting rod, disposed in the second aperture along the fourth axis of symmetry, to the receiving base.

In an unlocked position of the further lock the receiving base may be free to rotate around the fourth axis of symmetry.

In a locked position of the further lock the receiving base may be unable to rotate around the fourth axis of symmetry.

The adapter may include a pin holder configured to retain the pin grip and having a first set of teeth, and the first cylindrical structure may have a second set of teeth congruent with and configured to mate with the first set of teeth.

There is further provided, according to an embodiment of the present invention, an adapter for coupling a pin to one of a registration marker and a patient marker, including: a cylindrical housing, including a first aperture and a second aperture therein, having a cylindrical housing axis of symmetry; a receiving base mount including a cylindrical section fixedly attached to a spherical ball disposed within the housing so that the cylindrical section penetrates the first aperture, the cylindrical section having a mount axis of symmetry; a receiving base support having a cylindrical receiving base support axis of symmetry, and having a first termination and a second termination including a conical section, the support being disposed within the receiving base mount so that the receiving base support axis of symmetry aligns with the mount axis of symmetry; a receiving base coupled rotatably to the first termination of the receiving base support; a wedge, comprising a plane face, disposed within the cylindrical housing so that the plane face contacts a conical face of the conical section; a pin retainer including a pin opening, coupled to the wedge, and disposed within the cylindrical housing so that the pin opening aligns with the second aperture of the housing; and a lock, attached to the cylindrical housing, which in a locked state translates the wedge along the cylindrical housing axis of symmetry so that the plane face thereof is a preselected distance from the receiving base support axis of symmetry, thereby preventing rotation of the receiving base, rotation of the receiving base mount, and motion of the pin when disposed in the pin opening, and which in an unlocked state translates the wedge along the cylindrical housing axis of symmetry so that the plane face thereof is at a greater distance than the preselected distance from the receiving base axis of symmetry, thereby permitting rotation of the receiving base, rotation of the receiving base mount, and motion of the pin when disposed in the pin opening.

In a disclosed embodiment the spherical ball includes a first plane surface, the adapter further including a mount holder, disposed within the cylindrical housing, having a second plane surface that mates with the first plane surface so as to constrain the rotation of the receiving base mount to be parallel to the plane surfaces. The spherical ball may include a plurality of valleys orthogonal to the first plane surface, and the mount holder may include a pin configured to mate with a selected one of the valleys.

Typically, the lock in the locked state prevents the rotation of the receiving base mount and locks the mount in a position according to the selected one of the valleys.

Typically, the lock in the unlocked state permits the rotation of the receiving base mount from a position determined by the selected one of the valleys.

In a further disclosed embodiment the mount holder includes a third plane surface orthogonal to the housing axis of symmetry, the third plane surface including a plurality of spheres distributed symmetrically around the housing axis of symmetry, the adapter including a mount holder retainer, disposed in the cylindrical housing, having a retainer surface parallel to the third plane surface and including a plurality of sets of indentations distributed symmetrically around the housing axis of symmetry, wherein the plurality of spheres are configured to mate with selected ones of the indentations.

Typically, the lock in the locked state prevents the rotation of the receiving base mount and locks the mount in a position according to the selected ones of the indentations.

Typically, the lock in the unlocked state permits the rotation of receiving base mount from a position determined by the selected ones of the indentations.

The present disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a medical procedure, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are schematic diagrams of an iliac pin, according to embodiments of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an adapter in an assembled and also in a partially exploded form, according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 4 A, 4B, 4C, and 4D are schematic diagrams of an adapter, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 5 is a schematic graph of an additional extraction force required for an iliac pin, vs. a helix angle of the pin, according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 6A and 6B are schematic figures of mating teeth implemented in an adapter, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

Fig. 7 is a schematic figure illustrating ahead-up display (HUD), according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

OVERVIEW

In an image-guided medical procedure, e.g., using augmented reality, it is typically necessary to initially register a position of a patient undergoing the procedure with an image-guided system, e.g., an augmented reality assembly, optionally being worn by a professional performing the procedure (e.g., by using Head Mounted Display systems). During the procedure, the registration then enables images, e.g., pre-operative or intra-operative images, virtual images or images generated within the assembly to be aligned with the patient, as a location of the patient is determined and/or tracked. The localization and/or tracking is typically performed by rigidly anchoring a marker, e.g., a patient marker to the patient, typically to a bone of the patient. Once the patient marker has been so anchored, the image-guided system such as the augmented reality assembly may acquire images of the marker, in real time, so as to perform the required localization and/or tracking. Embodiments of the present invention provide a pin which may be rigidly inserted into the bone of the patient such as the iliac bone or iliac crest and the posterior superior iliac spine, for performing spine related medical procedures, for example. Embodiments of the invention also provide an adjustable adapter which can couple to the pin, and to which can also be attached the patient marker. (The pin may also be used to receive a registration marker, for the earlier registration stage referred to above, or any other marker used, e.g., for localization, detection and/or tracking.) Typically, the professional may adjust the adapter so that the attached patient marker is in a location permitting images of the marker to be acquired by the image-guided system, e.g., the assembly. In embodiments of the present invention the pin comprises one or more helical blades, typically, a plurality of helical blades, the blades being configured to penetrate a selected bone of the patient. Forming the blades to be helical enhances the stability of the pin, once the blades are within the bone, compared to prior art pins having straight blades. The enhancement in stability is because a non-zero helical angle of the blades requires an increase in the force required to extract the pin. The increase depends, in a monotonically increasing manner, on a value of the helical angle.

In embodiments of the present invention the adapter has five degrees of freedom, providing five independent modes of motion, the different modes of motion facilitating adjustment of the position of the attached patient marker as well as the registration marker. In a disclosed embodiment the adapter has two locks, a first lock locking four of the modes of motion simultaneously, a second lock locking the fifth mode of motion. In an alternative disclosed embodiment, the adapter has one lock which locks all five modes of motion simultaneously.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

In the following, all directional references (e.g., upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, top, bottom, above, below, vertical, and horizontal) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader’ s understanding of the present invention, and do not create limitations, particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of embodiments of the invention.

Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which is a schematic illustration of a medical procedure, according to an embodiment of the present invention. During the procedure, performed by a professional 22, the professional uses an exemplary surgical navigation system 20, which assists the professional in performance of the procedure. Surgical navigation system 20 comprises a processor 26, which operates elements of the system, and which communicates with an augmented reality assembly 24, worn by professional 22, that is incorporated in the system. While assembly 24 may be incorporated for wearing into a number of different retaining structures on professional 22, in the present description the retaining structure is assumed to be similar to a pair of spectacles. Those having ordinary skill in the augmented reality art will be aware of other possible stmctures, such as incorporation of the augmented reality assembly into a head-up display that is integrated into a helmet worn by the user of system 20, and all such structures are assumed to be comprised within the scope of the present invention. One such head-up display is described below with reference to Fig. 7.

In one embodiment processor 26 is assumed to be incorporated within a stand alone computer, and the processor typically communicates with other elements of the system, including assembly 24, wirelessly, as is illustrated in Fig. 1. Alternatively or additionally, processor 26 may use optical and/or conducting cables for the communication. In further alternative embodiments processor 26 is integrated within assembly 24, or in the mounting of the assembly. In some embodiments, processor 26 includes two or more processors. In some embodiments at least one processor of processor 26 is integrated in assembly 24 and at least one other processor of processor 26 is incorporated within the stand-alone computer. Processor 26 is typically able to access a database 38, wherein are stored images and other visual elements used by system 20. Software enabling processor 26 to operate system 20 may be downloaded to the processor in electronic form, over a network, for example. Alternatively or additionally, the software may be provided on non-transitory tangible media, such as optical, magnetic, or electronic storage media.

Assembly 24 comprises, inter alia, one or more image capturing devices 72, also termed herein a camera 72. According to some aspects, image capturing device 72 is configured to capture images in the infra-red spectrum. Assembly 24 may then also comprise an infra-red projector 69. Assembly 24 and functions of system 20, processor 26, projector 69, and device 72 are described below. An assembly similar to augmented reality assembly 24, and its operation, are described in U. S. Patent 9,928,629, to Benishti, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.

The medical procedure exemplified here is performed on a patient 30, and during an initial stage of the procedure professional 22 makes an incision 32 into the patient’s back. The professional then inserts a pin 42 into the incision, with minimal damage, so that a distal tip 46 of the pin contacts a desired point on a surface of a bone of the patient. In some embodiments the pin is inserted to the bone surface via a cannula (not shown in the figure). In some embodiments the desired point is on an iliac crest of the patient’s ilium, so that pin 42 is also referred to herein as iliac pin 42. The structure and operation of pin 42 is described in more detail below.

It will be understood that pin 42 may be inserted with or without a cannula. Even without a cannula, distal tip 46 facilitates the entry of the pin with minimal damage, and the tip acts as a dilator. Once distal tip 46 contacts the bone surface desired point, professional 22 may hammer pin 42 into the contacted bone, as shown schematically in the figure. Pin 42 is hammered in until a distal section 50 of the pin enters the bone so that the pin stably engages with the bone. When the pin is stably engaged with the bone, professional 22 may insert an adapter 54 to mate with a proximal section 58 of pin 42. The structure and operation of adapter 54 is described in more detail below.

As is apparent from the construction of distal section 50, described below, as the distal section enters the bone, the pin rotates. The rotation contributes to the stable engagement of the pin with the bone, by increasing the extraction force required for the pin, by virtue of its helical blades, compared to the force required for a pin with straight blades. The increase in stability is described below, with reference to Fig. 5, and contributes to a bidirectional bone anchoring mechanism, also described below.

The professional attaches an alignment target 62 to a receiving base 66 of the adapter, the target when attached to the base operating as a patient marker 70. Patient marker 70 thus comprises alignment target 62. In some embodiments patient marker 70 comprises alignment target 62 coupled to base 66. As is described below, patient marker

70 is used by system 20 to determine the position and orientation of patient 30 during the medical procedure.

In some embodiments, prior to attaching patient marker 70 to receiving base 66, a registration marker, such as an exemplary registration marker 71 is attached to the receiving base, when the pin engages the patient bone. Registration marker 71 comprises elements which may be imaged fluoroscopically, and which are in a known pre-set dimensional relationship with each other. Intraoperatively imaging registration marker

71 and patient 30 fluoroscopically, e.g., by computerized tomography (CT) or a two-dimensional X-ray modality, enables the marker to be registered with the patient. The registration is used in the tracking of patient 30 that is described below.

A marker similar to registration marker 71 is described in U. S. Patent Application 2021/0030511 which is incorporated herein by reference. Other markers may be used for registration such as the one described in U.S. Patent Application 2021/0161614 which is incorporated herein by reference.

In system 20, marker 70 may be tracked using images acquired by device 72, the images being formed in response to infra-red radiation produced by projector 69.

It should be noted that system 20 is an exemplary system and the disclosed pin and adaptor may be used with any other system for image-guided surgery including systems comprising one or more stationary displays (i.e., which are not head mounted) and/or tracking devices which are stationary and/or not mounted on the head of a professional such as in system 20.

Furthermore, according to some embodiments the disclosed pin may be used as a supporting structure or as a fixation structure for medical elements or devices during a surgical procedure, so enabling the firm attachment of these elements or devices to a patient bone structure. Adaptors, such as the disclosed adaptor and with the required adaptations, may be then used to attach the elements or devices to the pin.

Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are schematic diagrams of iliac pin 42, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Pin 42 is a rigid elongated member, also herein termed a rod, having a central axis of symmetry 74, that is generally cylindrical. In one embodiment pin 42 is formed from titanium alloy. In some embodiments, the pin may have an outside diameter between 3mm and 10mm. In some embodiments, the pin may have an outside diameter between 5mm and 7mm. In some embodiments, the pin may have a length between 80mm and 200mm. In some embodiments, the pin may have a length between 130mm and 170mm. In a disclosed embodiment the pin has an outside diameter of approximately 6 mm and a length of approximately 150 mm. However, it will be understood that other embodiments may have other combinations of outside diameter and length and outside diameters and lengths greater or smaller than the disclosed ranges.

Pin 42 is formed in three sections: distal section 50, which acts as a bone engaging section, and is also referred to herein as bone engaging section 50; a proximal section 58, which acts an adapter receiving section, and is also referred to herein as adapter receiving section 58; and a central section 56 which connects the distal and proximal sections.

Fig. 2B illustrates distal section 50 of pin 42, the distal section being comprised of three regions: a distal region 86, a central region 90, and a proximal region 94. In some embodiments section 50 has a length between 15mm to 60mm. In some embodiments section 50 has a length between 25mm to 40mm. In one embodiment section 50 has a length of 32 mm. Other embodiments may have lengths of section 50 larger or smaller than the disclosed ranges.

Central region 90 comprises one or more and typically a plurality of two or more substantially similar sharp helical blades 78A, 78B, 78C, ...(e.g., having a substantially similar form and/or dimensions) separated by the same number of helical undercuts 98A, 98B, 98C, ... , also herein termed grooves 98A, 98B, 98C, ... , and the blades and grooves are distributed symmetrically around central axis 74. In some embodiments, the blades and/or grooves are not distributed symmetrically around central axis 74. In some embodiments, the blades and/or grooves are distributed in a near- symmetrical manner around central axis 74. For example, in a near-symmetrical configuration, n blades (while n>2) may divide the space around central axis 74 into regions between 360/n degrees and (360/n)±10% degrees. Blades 78A, 78B, 78C, ... and grooves 98A, 98B, 98C, ... are generically referred to herein as blades 78 and grooves 98. In the description herein pin 42 is assumed to comprise three blades 78 and grooves 98, and those with ordinary skill in the art will be able to adapt the description, mutatis mutandis, for numbers of helical blades and grooves other than three.

Fig. 2D illustrates a cross-section 100 of central region 90, taken orthogonally to axis 74 according to some embodiments. The cross-section illustrates the rotational symmetry received in a cross-section of pin 42, e.g., in embodiments which comprise substantially similar blades and in which their blades and grooves are distributed symmetrically around central axis 74. For the three blades and grooves of the illustrated embodiment, there is three-fold rotational symmetry. Although three planes 104A, 104B, 104C seem like mirror planes, since blades 78A, 78B, 78C are helical, planes 104A, 104B, 104C typically are not mirror planes. However, in the exemplary embodiment of Figs. 2A-2D, a helix angle a of blades 78 (illustrated in Fig. 2B) is acute and of a few degrees (e.g., approximately 3°) so that planes 104A, 104B, 104C are near- mirror planes. In general, such embodiments with n blades, where n is a whole number equal to or greater than 2, have cross-sections for their central region with n-fold rotational symmetry. However, in some embodiments, planes 104A, 104B, 104C may be mirror planes.

As is also illustrated in Fig. 2D, in central section 90 each helical blade 78A, 78B, 78C, ... is respectively comprised of two planes 80A, 84A; 80B, 84B; 80C, 84C;

... meeting at respective helical sharp edges 82 A, 82B, 82C, ... generically termed edges 82. In some embodiments, sharp edges 82 A, 82B, 82C have a width and accordingly are truncated. In some embodiments, sharp edges 82A, 82B, 82C have a width between 0.05mm and 0.5mm. In some embodiments sharp edges 82A, 82B, 82C have a width between 0.08mm and 0.2mm. In one embodiment, sharp edges 82A, 82B, 82C have a width of 0.1mm. It was found that a width of approximately 0.1mm provide a quite sharp but durable (e.g., having a structural strength) edge. In one embodiment helix angle a of blades 78 (illustrated in Fig. 2B), and of their edges 82, is approximately 3° for a pin with approximate diameter 6 mm, and the edges meet at an approximate angle of 60°. In general, embodiments of the invention have an acute helix angle greater than zero. Some embodiments of the invention have a helix angle that is less than 45°. Some embodiments of the invention have a helix angle that is less than 10°. Helix angle oc corresponds to the angle made by an orthogonal projection of edge 82 onto a plane comprising axis of symmetry 74. Typically, each edge 82 is a cylindrical helix, so that the distance from each point on a given edge to axis 74 is constant. In some embodiments each edge 82 is a conical helix, wherein the distance from a given point on the edge to axis 74 reduces monotonically as the given point moves distally, i.e., towards distal section 86.

As shown in Fig. 2C, which is a view of distal tip 46 along axis 74 from below the tip, in distal section 86 each blade 78A, 78B, 78C, ... is respectively tapered. In the illustrated embodiment, each blade 78 A, 78B, 78C, ... is respectively tapered by a tapering plane 102A, 102B, 102C, ..., generically termed tapering planes 102. Tapering planes 102 meet at a common point, i.e., distal tip 46. In some embodiments each plane 102 makes an angle between 10° and 30° with axis 74. In some embodiments each plane 102 makes an angle between 18° and 22° with axis 74. In one embodiment each plane 102 makes an angle of approximately 20° with axis 74. In some embodiments, the blades may be tapered by conical surfaces. By forming blades 78 to meet at a common point, section 86 may act as a trocar or a dilator, and is also referred to herein as dilator section 86.

In proximal section 94 planes 80A, 84A; 80B, 84B; 80C, 84C; ... are curved so that grooves 98A, 98B, 98C, ... meet with central section 56 in curved surfaces, typically respective partially spherical or non-spherical surfaces 106A, 106B, 106C, ..., generically termed surfaces 106. In use of pin 42, once it engages with a bone, the curved portions of planes 80A, 84A; 80B, 84B; 80C, 84C; ..., together with surfaces 106, act as a support shoulder for the pin, so that section 94 is also referred to herein as support shoulder section 94.

As stated above, in support shoulder section 94 planes 80A, 84A; 80B, 84B; 80C, 84C; ... are curved, so that each pair of planes as they curve forms a respective wedge 87A; 87B; 87C; ... (illustrated in Fig. 2B). Wedges 87A, 87B, 87C, ..., generically termed wedges 87, act as terminations of sharp edges 82A, 82B, 82C, ... . When pin 42 is inserted in a bone of patient 30, blades 78 are able to penetrate the bone until wedges 87 enter the bone. As they enter the bone the wedges force the bone to separate, so there is a countervailing force from surfaces 106 on the wedges that both prevents further penetration of pin 42 into the bone and that acts to stabilize and anchor the pin in position. In addition, the helical configuration of blades 78 increases the resistance to extraction of pin 42 from the bone (compared to straight blades). Consequently, the combination of the helically configured blades and the wedge termination of the edges of the blades operates to stably anchor the pin against penetration and extraction, i.e., as the bidirectional bone anchoring mechanism referred to above.

Adapter receiving section 58 comprises a plurality of substantially similar ribs 110A, 110B, HOC, ... generically termed ribs 110, formed on the outer surface of pin 42. Ribs 110 are parallel to axis 74 and are distributed symmetrically about the axis. In one embodiment there are 16 ribs 110 having a height of approximately 670 pm formed on the outer surface of pin 42, but other embodiments may have different numbers of ribs, as well as different rib heights. Section 58 terminates proximally in a plane region 114 disposed orthogonally to axis 74. Plane region 114 is configured to have a linear force or a linear impact force applied, e.g., by a hammer or mallet. In the specific embodiment shown in Fig. 2A, plane region 114 is in a disclike form. Professional 22 hammers on plane region 114 substantially along axis 74 to insert pin 42 into the bone of a patient. As a response to the linear force or linear impact force applied to plane region 114 by the hammering operation, pin 42 or helical blades 78 penetrate the bone in a rotatory manner. Furthermore, hammering on the plane region 114 prevents rib deformation.

In some embodiments, a plurality of circular grooves 118A, 118B, ... are formed within ribs 110, each groove being orthogonal to, and having a respective center on, axis 74. The grooves are generically termed grooves 118. In the illustrated embodiment there are two grooves 118 separated by approximately 10 mm, with an upper groove being approximately 10 mm from disclike region 114, but other embodiments may have more than two grooves 118, and the spacing may be different from 10 mm.

As is described below and according to some embodiments, an adapter 54 or 354 mates with adapter receiving section 58, and ribs 110 and/or grooves 118 ensure that when the adapter is inserted into the receiving section, the mating is positive. In positive mating there are countervailing forces on the adapter or supporting portions by at least one of the ribs and/or by at least one of the grooves that keep the adapter in a set position, while using shearing forces rather than friction.

For adapter 54 grooves 118 enable a slap hammer to be used for extraction of pin 42. In some embodiments, grooves 118 may also be configured to provide positive mating for adapter 54, as for adapter 354. It will be appreciated that pin 42 is a single piece, and that ribs 110 and/or grooves 118 enable the pin 42 to be adjusted and fixated radially and/or axially, with respect to axis of symmetry 74. Furthermore, grooves 118 may also be used for extraction of the pin.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of adapter 54 in an assembled and also in a partially exploded form, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Adapter 54 is configured to mate with proximal section 58 of pin 42, and is also configured to receive alignment target 62 on receiving base 66 of the adapter. Adapter 54 has multiple independent modes of motion, so having corresponding multiple independent degrees of freedom. In the disclosed embodiment adapter 54 has four different modes of rotation, and one mode of translation. The multiple modes of motion enable professional 22 to adjust the adapter, after it has been positioned on pin 42 and after target 62 has been attached to receiving base 66, so that the target is in a satisfactory position with respect to assembly 24 (Fig. 1). Once in position, professional 22 may lock the adapter in position using knobs 200 and 204.

Adapter 54 comprises a generally cylindrical pin holder 208 having a cylindrical symmetry axis. Pin holder 208 has two aligned approximately cylindrical protrusions 212, protruding orthogonally from opposite sides of the pin holder, that are configured to accept pin 42. For clarity the following description assumes that adapter 54 has been drawn on a set of orthogonal axes, where a z-axis corresponds to a symmetry axis of cylindrical protrusions 212, an x-axis is parallel to the symmetry axis of pin holder 208, and a y-axis is orthogonal to the x and z axes.

Protrusions 212 have internal projections that align with the surface of ribs 110, and that, when a pin grip 216 is translated parallel to the x-axis, are configured to mate with ribs of pin 42. Pin grip 216 is retained within holder 208 and comprises an opening 220, parallel to the z-axis, that accepts pin 42. Opening 220 is contoured so that in one direction of the translation of pin grip 216 it holds the pin, and in the reverse direction of the translation it releases the pin. The grip is configured, when knob 204 is rotated in a clockwise direction, to translate parallel to the x-axis so as to mate ribs 110 with the projections of protrusions 212. When ribs 110 are mated with the projections, holder 208, and thus adapter 54, cannot translate along the z-axis, so is locked with respect to this axis.

On the other hand, when knob 204 is rotated counterclockwise, adapter 54 may translate along the z-axis, i.e., is free to move with respect to the z-axis. In an alternative embodiment knob 204 also prevents rotation around the z-axis when rotated clockwise, and permits rotation when rotated counterclockwise. The possible rotations and translations are shown schematically in Fig. 3 by the double headed arrows proximate to the z-axis. Knob 204 thus acts as a lock for adapter 54, having a first locked position when turned clockwise wherein the adapter cannot move with respect to the z-axis, and a second unlocked position when turned counterclockwise wherein the adapter is able to move with respect to the z-axis. Knob 204 is herein also termed lock 204.

Adapter 54 further comprises a housing 224, having a first structure 228 intersecting with a second structure 232. The two structures are typically cylindrical and have respective cylindrical axes of symmetry 236, 240, and the housing is constructed so that the two axes of symmetry intersect orthogonally at an intersection point 242. Structures 228 and 232 of housing 224 intersect in the shape of a cross, and so the housing is also herein termed cross-piece 224. Pin holder 208 mates with first structure 228 of housing 224 by virtue of the fact that the two entities have mating sets of teeth - a set 244 for the pin holder and a set 248 for the first structure.

The operation of lock 204 in its locked and unlocked positions is described further below. Turning lock 204 between its locked and unlocked positions translates a wedge 252, resident in structure 224, along axis 240. Wedge 252 comprises a plane face 254 that is perpendicular to the xy plane and that makes an acute angle in an approximate range of 30° - 60°, and typically approximately 45°, with the x-axis.

Wedge 252 in turn partially or fully engages a wedge receiver 256, resident in structure 228 and able to translate along axis 236. Wedge receiver 256 comprises a plane face 258, parallel to face 254 of wedge 252, and the two faces contact to provide the engagement described. Wedge receiver is coupled to pin grip 216.

When lock 204 is in its locked position, wedge 252 fully engages with wedge receiver 256 by translating towards intersection point 242, so that faces 258 and 254 have a maximum overlapping contact area. In the locked position, wedge receiver 256 pulls pin grip 216 towards intersection point 242, and the pin grip pushes on pin holder 208 so that teeth 244 and teeth 248 engage.

The movement of pin grip 216 towards intersection point 242 mates ribs 110 of pin 42 with the internal projections of protrusions 212, so locking the adapter with respect to the pin i.e., preventing translation along, and rotation around, the z-axis.

The engagement of teeth 244 with teeth 248 prevents pin holder 208 from rotating around axis 236.

Receiving base 66 is connected, as is explained in more detail below, to a receiving base holder 260. Base holder 260 consists of a first cylindrical structure 264 and a second cylindrical structure 268, the two structures intersecting in the shape of a “T” so that the leg of T corresponds to first structure 264 and the arms of the T correspond to structure 268. The two structures are hollow and structure 268 is also herein termed aperture 268. Base holder 260 is held in place in adapter 54 by a base holding rod 272, which at a proximal termination of the rod is threaded into lock 204, while a distal termination 284 of the rod end engages an internal wall of the holder. Teeth 280 are formed in a base of structure 264, and these teeth may engage with teeth 276 formed in a distal termination cylindrical structure 232.

Lock 204 has a female thread which engages a male thread of holding rod 272. Thus, when lock 204 is rotated clockwise into its locked position, in addition to the actions referred to above the lock translates holding rod 272 along axis 240 so that termination 284 pushes base holder 260 proximally, i.e., towards intersection point 242.

The translation also causes a spring 274 to compress, and teeth 276 and 280 to engage, so that holder 260 is locked in position, i.e., is not able to rotate around axis 240.

When lock 204 is rotated counterclockwise, into its unlocked position, the locking actions described above are reversed as is described hereinbelow.

Spring 274 decompresses, and rod 272 translates so that termination 284 moves distally, away from intersection point 242. Consequently, base holder 260 may be moved distally along axis 240 so that teeth 280 and teeth 276 disengage, so the holder may be freely rotated about axis 240.

Wedge 252 is able to translate proximally along axis 240, i.e., away from termination point 242. Consequently, pin holder 208 may be translated along axis 236, away from point 242, since wedge receiver 256 and wedge 252 are not forced into full engagement, but may partially engage. I.e., faces 258 and 254 no longer overlap to the contact area when lock 204 is in its locked position, but rather overlap with a lesser contact area. Generally, in a lock position the wedge translates so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a first contact area and in an unlock position the wedge translates so that the wedge plane surface contacts the receiver plane surface in a second contact area which is different than the first contact area. In some embodiments the locking mechanism is configured such that the second contact area is lesser than the first contact area as illustrated in Fig. 3. However, in other embodiments the locking mechanism may be configured such that the second contact area is greater than the first contact area. The pin holder translation disengages teeth 244 and teeth 248, so that the pin holder may be freely rotated about axis 236. The disengagement also neutralizes the engagement of ribs 110 with the projections of protrusions 212. Consequently, when lock 204 is in its unlocked position, adapter 54 is able to translate along, the z-axis.

The description above describes how lock 204 locks and unlocks four movements of adapter 54, the movements comprising translation and rotation with respect to the z-axis, rotation about axis 236, and rotation about axis 240. Embodiments of the invention comprise a further lock, knob 200, also herein termed lock 200, which is able to lock and unlock a fifth movement of adapter 54, as is described below.

Receiving base 66 is connected to an upper end of a supporting rod 288, and the rod aligns with an axis of symmetry 292 of aperture 268. A portion of rod 288 resides within aperture 268, and penetrates a circular opening 296 in termination 284. A lower end of rod 288 is threaded into lock 200.

A first set of teeth 300, symmetrical about axis 292, is formed at the upper end of rod 288 and teeth 300 are configured to mate with a second set of teeth 304 formed at an upper end of cylindrical structure 268.

Lock 200 has a female thread which engages a male thread in the lower part of rod 288. Thus, when lock 200 is rotated clockwise into its locked position, it compresses a spring 290 and lowers rod 288 along axis 292, so that teeth 300 and teeth 304 engage. The spring compression and teeth engagement lock rod 288, and thus receiving base 66 and attached target 62 or registration marker 71, with respect to adapter 54, so that the markers and the adapter cannot rotate about each other.

When lock 200 is rotated counterclockwise into its unlocked position, spring 290 decompresses, and rod 288 is raised along axis 292 so that teeth 300 and teeth 304 disengage. Once the teeth have disengaged, rod 288 and attached target 62 or registration marker 71 may be rotated freely about axis 292.

Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D are schematic diagrams of an adapter 354, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 4A is a view of adapter 354 with a cylindrical housing 362 separated from other elements of the adapter. Fig. 4B is an exploded view of adapter 354. Fig. 4C is a cross-sectional view of adapter 354 when it is in an unlocked position, and Fig. 4D is a cross-sectional view of the adapter when it is in a locked position.

Apart from the differences described below, the operation of adapter 354 is generally similar to that of adapter 54 (Figs. 1 - 3), and elements indicated by the same reference numerals in the description of both adapters 54 and 354 are generally similar in construction and in operation. Referring to Fig. 4A and 4B, as for adapter 54, adapter 354 is configured to mate with proximal section 58 of pin 42, and is also configured to receive alignment target 62 or registration marker 71 on receiving base 66 of the adapter. Adapter 354, like adapter 54, has multiple independent modes of motion, so having corresponding multiple independent degrees of freedom. In the disclosed embodiment adapter 354 has four different modes of rotation, and one mode of translation. The multiple modes of motion enable professional 22 to adjust adapter 354, after it has been positioned on pin 42 and after target 62 or registration marker 71 have been attached to receiving base 66, so that the target or the marker is in a satisfactory position with respect to assembly 24 (Fig. 1). Once in position, professional 22 may lock adapter 354 in position.

However, in contrast to adapter 54, which uses two locks 200 and 204 to lock the adapter in position, adapter 354 only uses one lock, a knob 358, also herein termed lock 358, to lock all five modes of motion of the adapter. I.e., knob 358 has two states: an unlocked state, where all of the five modes of motion are possible, and a locked state, where none of the five modes of motion are possible.

Adapter 354 comprises cylindrical housing 362, and in the description of the adapter the housing is assumed to define a set of xyz orthogonal axes wherein an x-axis corresponds to a symmetry axis of the housing. There is an approximately rectangular aperture 366 in the housing, and there is assumed to be a z-axis through the center of the aperture orthogonal to the x-axis. A y-axis is assumed to be orthogonal to the x and z axes. In the following description, proximal directions are assumed to be out of the paper, e.g., along the positive x-axis and along the negative y-axis, and distal directions are assumed to be into the paper, e.g., along the negative x-axis and along the positive y- axis.

Housing 362 is terminated at a distal end of the housing by lock 358, and at a proximal end of the housing by a pin retainer 360. Lock 358 is held to the distal end of the housing by pins 356 which permit the lock to rotate about the x-axis.

A receiving base mount 370, consisting of a cylindrical section 374 fixedly attached to a spherical ball 378 is located within housing 362 so that a center of the spherical ball lies on the x-axis, and so that an axis of symmetry of the cylindrical section lies on the z-axis. Cylindrical section 374 protrudes from housing 362, through aperture 366. Mount 370 is coupled to receiving base 66, as is described below.

Ball 378 has formed on one side of its surface a set 382 of linear ridges, parallel to the y-axis, the set terminating in planes 386, 390 parallel to the xz plane. The ridges are typically separated by equal angles, as measured with respect to the center of the ball. In one embodiment there are six ridges distributed evenly with respect to the y-axis, separated by five linear valleys 384, and each of the valleys is separated by approximately 15°, but other numbers of ridges and other angular separations are possible.

Mount 370 is held in place within housing 362 by a first mount holder 394 and a second mount holder 398. First mount holder 394 is held in place by pins 351 which mate with internal grooves in housing 362. First mount holder 394 has, on its proximal side, a spherical surface that mates with the spherical surface of ball 378. Second mount holder 398 has, on its distal side, two planar mount retaining surfaces, parallel to the xz plane, that are configured to mate with surfaces 386 and 390, and that constrain the rotation of the mount holder as described below. In addition, second mount holder 398 retains a linear pin 402 that is parallel to the y-axis and that is configured to mate with any of linear valleys 384. Pin 402 also constrains the rotation of the mount holder, as is also described below.

Mount 370, the first and second mount holders, and pin 402 are held in place by a spring 406. In operation of adapter 354 spring 406 exerts a force on the mount, the mount holders, and linear pin 402, as well as on intervening elements within the housing that are described in more detail below. The force exerted by the spring depends on the position of lock 358.

Lock 358 has an internal female thread which mates with a male threaded portion of a distal end of first mount holder 394. In the unlocked position of the lock 358, illustrated in Fig. 4C, the lock is rotated to translate the first mount holder towards the lock. In the locked position of lock 358, illustrated in Fig. 4D, the lock is rotated so that the first mount holder translates away from the lock.

In the lock’s unlocked position, spring 406 is compressed so that it exerts a first force, sufficient to maintain the elements within the housing in position, while permitting those designed to rotate to do so, as is described herein. In the lock’s locked position, the spring is further compressed so that it exerts a second force greater than the first force. The second force is sufficient to prevent rotatable elements within the housing from rotating, so that they are locked in position.

Consequently, when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, mount 370 is free to rotate within its designed constraints. I.e., surfaces 386 and 390 and the mating surfaces of mount holder 398 constrain mount 370 to rotate about the y-axis, in an xz plane. Furthermore, within this rotation, the mount may be maintained in any of the angles wherein pin 402 rests within a selected valley 384. Typically, in the unlocked position of the lock, professional 22 rotates mount 370 between valleys 384, hearing a click as pin 402 disengages and engages a valley, until the mount is in a satisfactory position. In one embodiment there is 15° between each of five valleys 384.

As is stated above, when lock 358 is in its locked position, mount 370 is locked in position, according to the valley 384 engaged by pin 402, so is not free to rotate from this position.

Second mount holder 398 (and thus mount 370) may also rotate about the x-axis, when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, and is prevented from such rotation when the lock is in its locked position, as is described below.

A plurality of substantially similar balls 410 are retained in a proximal side of the second mount holder, and are distributed symmetrically about the x-axis. In the illustrated embodiment and in the description below there are assumed to be three balls 410, but in other embodiments there may be more than three.

Second mount holder 398 and balls 410 are retained in contact with a cylindrically symmetrical mount holder retainer 414 by spring 406. Retainer 414 on its distal side comprises three sets of semispherical indentations 418, distributed symmetrically about, and equidistant from, the x-axis, and configured to mate with balls 410. On the proximal side of retainer 414 the retainer is held in alignment with pin retainer 360 by pins 352, the pins being retained by grooves within housing 362 and also permitting linear movement to retainer 414 and pin retainer 360. In the illustrated embodiment and in the description herein there are assumed to be five indentations 418 in each set, but other embodiments may have more or fewer than five indentations.

Thus, when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, second mount holder 398, and thus mount 370, may be rotated about the x-axis so that balls 410 align with and engage selected indentations 418, and it will be understood that there are five such stable alignments. In one embodiment the alignments are separated from each other by 15°.

When lock 358 is in its locked position, mount holder 398, and thus mount 370, is locked in position, according to the indentations 418 engaged by balls 410, so is not free to rotate from this position.

Independent of the rotations of mount 370 about the x and y axes as described above, receiving base 66 may rotate about the z-axis, when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, and is prevented from such rotation when the lock is in its locked position, as is described below.

Retained within mount 370, and aligned with the z-axis, is a cylindrically symmetrical receiving base support 422 comprised of a lower conical section 426, a central cylindrical section 430, and an upper disc-like section 434, the three sections being fixed together and having an axis of symmetry corresponding to the z-axis. Receiving base 66 is fixedly attached by a pin 432 to disc-like section 434.

A lower surface of section 434 comprises a plurality of indentations distributed symmetrically about and equidistantly from the z-axis, and the indentations retain respective balls 438. In the illustrated embodiment there are three indentations and three balls, but other embodiments may have more than three indentations and balls.

In an upper surface of mount 370 are formed a plurality of indentations 442 distributed symmetrically about the z-axis. The indentations are located at the same distance as balls 438 are from the axis. In the illustrated embodiment there are 15 indentations 442, separated by 24°, so as to encompass 360°, and so as to simultaneously receive balls 438. However, other embodiments may have fewer or more indentations 442, separated accordingly to encompass 360° and configured to simultaneously receive balls 438.

Once adapter 354 is assembled, balls 438 are maintained in contact with indentations 442 by a spring 446, retained within mount 370, that is configured to push down on a disc extension 448 of cylindrical section 430, and thus to push down disc-like section 434.

Support 422 is maintained in its position within mount 370 by a wedge element 450, which has a plane surface 454 that engages the conical surface of conical section 426.

When lock 358 is in its locked position first mount holder 394 is configured to push wedge element 450 proximally, so that plane surface 454 is a preselected distance from the z-axis, and so that the engagement of the plane surface with the conical surface is full. The full engagement translates support 422 down by a preselected distance along the z-axis, so that balls 438 are maintained in their respective indentations 442, and so that base 66 is locked in position.

When lock 358 is in its unlocked position first mount holder 394 does not push wedge element 450 proximally, so that plane surface 454 is at a greater distance from the z-axis than the locking preselected distance described above, and so that the engagement of plane surface 454 with the conical surface is partial. The partial engagement does not translate support 422 down by the preselected distance along the z-axis, so that balls 438 may be moved to other indentations 442, and so that base 66 may rotate freely about the z-axis. The description above describes how receiving base 66 and adapter 354 have three independent modes of rotation, about the x, y and z axes, all of which may be locked by lock 358. The description below explains how lock 358 may also be used to lock and unlock adapter 354 with respect to pin 42.

Pin retainer 360 is held in position within housing 362 by spring 406, and also by a pin 460 that traverses a slot 464 in the retainer. Slot 464 is dimensioned to permit the retainer a small amount of proximal and distal motion, i.e., along the x-axis. Pin retainer 360 has formed in it an approximately cylindrical aperture 468 that is configured to accept and retain ribs 100 of pin 42. When pin retainer 360 is in housing 362, pin retainer aperture 468 aligns with apertures 368 in housing 362. When pin 42 is within aperture 468, axis 74 of the pin is assumed to lie on an r-axis of the aperture, the r-axis crossing the x-axis of adapter 354 at a pre-selected angle Q and lying in a pre-selected plane. In the illustrated embodiment Q is approximately 25° and the preselected plane is the xz plane. However, other embodiments may have other values of 0, including 90°, and the r-axis may lie in any plane that includes the x-axis.

Aperture 468 has formed on its distal side a rib engagement protrusion 472 that is parallel to the r-axis. In addition, a pin 476 is configured to penetrate pin retainer 360 diametrically, to cut protrusion 472, and to be parallel to the y-axis.

It will be understood that slot 464 permits pin retainer 360 to be pushed distally, i.e., into housing 362. Thus, when professional 22 pushes the pin retainer distally, the professional may insert ribs 100 of pin 42 into opening 468. Once inserted, the pin may be translated up and down along the r-axis, and may also be rotated around the r-axis. The translation and the rotation may be substantially completely free while the pin retainer is pushed distally.

When pin retainer 360 is not pushed distally, the force from spring 406 causes pin 476 to be able to engage grooves 118, and also causes protrusion 472 to engage ribs 100.

Spring 406 is configured, i.e., its size and spring constant are selected, so that when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, the engagement of grooves 118 and ribs 100 permits both translation of pin 42 along the r-axis and rotation around the r-axis. However, when lock 358 is in its locked position, spring 406 is configured to exert sufficient force to prevent disengagement of pin 476 from a retaining groove 118, and to prevent ribs 100 disengaging from protrusion 472.

In addition, the size and spring constant of spring 406 are such that when lock 358 is in its unlocked position, the rotations of mount 370 about the x and y axes, as described above, are permitted, and when the lock is in its locked position, the rotations are prevented.

It will be understood that in adapter 354 knob 358 acts as a single lock that locks all five modes of motion of the adapter. In addition, pin retainer 360, which together with knob 358 is within housing 362 so that the retainer and the knob are on a common axis, the x-axis of the housing, controls the motion of pin 42. Thus, as described above, pin retainer 360 may be pushed distally permitting pin 42 to rotate and translate freely, while when not pushed distally grooves 118 and ribs 100 may be engaged so as to prevent rotation and translation of the pin.

When knob 358 is in its unlocked state, all five degrees of freedom i.e., four rotations and one translation, are simultaneously possible, and each corresponding mode of motion may be adjusted independently and simultaneously without affecting the other modes.

When knob 358 is in its locked state, each of the five modes of motion may be locked in steps. In addition to the positive locking in steps, described above, the locking is typically assisted by friction between elements of adapter 354.

As stated above, pin 42 within aperture 468 lies on the r-axis which is at an angle Q to the x-axis, the axis of symmetry of adapter housing 362. Angle Q is typically selected to facilitate an anatomical procedure that uses pin 42

Fig. 5 is a schematic graph of an additional extraction force required for iliac pin 42 (Figs. 2A-2D), vs. helix angle a of the pin, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Once pin 42 has been inserted into a patient’s bone, it may be extracted providing a countervailing force is overcome. The countervailing force is a frictional force between the blades and the bone, and in embodiments of the present invention the frictional force is enhanced because of the non-zero helix angle a of blades 78. The enhancement to the frictional force, i.e., the increase in extraction force, AF _cxt, required, compared to the extraction force required for pins with straight blades, is comprised of two elements a first element due to the increase on force on the blades due to the non zero angle a, plus a second element due to the increased area of the blades also due to the angle a.

Thus, the increase in the extraction force AF _exj is given by equation (1):

A^ext ^— ( ^a ) (1) where f(a) is a function of helix angle a Fig. 5 is a schematic graph of AF _ex p vs. a for an embodiment wherein pin 42 has an external diameter of 6 mm. The graph plots AF _ex p as a percentage compared to the extraction force for a pin with straight blades. Those having ordinary skill in the art will be able to derive such graphs for pins of other diameters. The value of AF _exj is a metric of the increased stability of embodiments of the present invention, with pins having helical blades, compared to pins having straight blades. It will be appreciated from inspection of the graph that a preselected stability AF _exl may be achieved by producing the pin with a helix angle a given by the graph, and by an inverse of equation (1).

Figs. 6A and 6B are schematic figures of mating teeth 244 and 248 implemented in adapter 54, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As described above, teeth 244 are formed in pin holder 208, and teeth 248 are formed in first structure 228 of housing 224. Fig. 6A illustrates the teeth when pin holder 208 rotates relative to first stmcture 228 so that the teeth are completely disengaged. Fig. 6B illustrates the teeth when the pin holder and first structure are rotated relative to each other so that the teeth are completely engaged.

Teeth 244 and teeth 248 are geometrically congruent to each other, and each tooth in the sets of teeth is in the general form of a wedge. In the following description teeth 244 are assumed to be comprised of wedges 644A, 644B, 644C, ..., generically termed wedges 644, and teeth 248 are assumed to be comprised of wedges 648 A, 648B, 648C, ..., generically termed wedges 648. In the following description wedges 644A, 644B, 644C, ... , and 648A, 648B , 648C, ... , are also referred to as individual teeth 644A, 644B, 644C, ..., and 648A, 648B, 648C, ....

Each wedge or tooth 644A, 644B, 644C, ..., and 648A, 648B, 648C, ..., is formed of two planes 644A1, 644A2; 644B1, 644B2; 644C1, 644C2, ..., and 648A1, 648A2; 648B1, 648B2; 648C1, 648C2, .... The planes of any given wedge, for example planes 644B 1 and 644B2 of wedge 644B, are oriented symmetrically with respect to the axis of symmetry of pin holder 208 and first stmcture 228, i.e., axis 236. Thus, each wedge, when projected orthogonally onto a plane comprising axis 236, appears as an isosceles triangle, since the two planes of the wedge are mirror images of each other and have substantially similar dimensions. In one embodiment an apex angle b of the isosceles triangle, illustrated schematically in Fig. 6B, is approximately 60°, but b may be larger or smaller than this. The planes of a given tooth do not meet at a sharp line; rather the meeting region of the two planes, corresponding to the apex of the tooth, is curved or rounded, and the edges of the rounded sections are parallel to each other. In the figures, apices 644 A3, 644B3, 644C3, ... are the respective apices of individual teeth 644A, 644B, 644C, ..., and apices 648A3, 648B3, 648C3, ... are the respective apices of individual teeth 648A, 648B, 648C, .... In addition, as shown in a callout 650 illustrating teeth 644B and 648B when disengaged, the edges of the two planes 644B1, 644B2, and 648B1, 648B2, are configured so that lines representing respective apices 644B3, 648B3 are not orthogonal to axis 236, but form a non-zero angle g with a line orthogonal to the axis. In one embodiment g is approximately 7°. Thus, in the completely disengaged state illustrated in Fig. 6A, meeting regions of teeth 244 and 248, for example, region 644B4 of tooth 644B and region 648B4 of tooth 648B are two approximately spherical surfaces that meet. Consequently, this is not an equilibrium position, so any possibility of a “dead position” for the mating teeth (at disengagement) is prevented. In addition, there is minimal wear when the surfaces do meet, thanks to the spherical and multispherical surfaces.

As stated above, apices 644A3, 644B3, 644C3, ... and apices 648A3, 648B3, 648C3 of individual teeth are rounded. The planes of adjacent teeth are relieved at their meeting region. For example, planes 644 A2 and 644B1, of teeth 644 A and 644B meet at a relief region 644AB rather than meeting at a line. Other examples illustrated are relief regions 644BC of the meeting of teeth 644B and 644C, relief regions 648AB of the meeting of teeth 648 A and 648B, and relief regions 648BC of the meeting of teeth 648B and 648C

When teeth 244 and 248 are completely engaged, the symmetry of the teeth causes both planes of any given wedge of a tooth to contact both planes of mating teeth. For example, if in the completely engaged state tooth 644B lies between teeth 648A and 648B, plane 644B1 contacts plane 648A2, and plane 644B2 contacts plane 648B1. However, when completely engaged, the rounded apices of the teeth do not contact relief regions between the contacting teeth. For example, apex 644B3 of tooth 644B, aligns with relief region 648 AB, but apex 644B3 does not contact any portion of teeth 648 A and 648B.

The lack of contact in the engaged state is illustrated in a callout 660, which shows rounded apex 648A3 of tooth 648A aligning with, but not contacting, relief region 644 AB of teeth 644A and 644B. The rounded apex of each tooth, and the parallel edges of each apex, are illustrated in a callout 670 which is a perspective view of tooth 648A with apex 648 A3.

It will be understood that because, in the completely engaged state, both planes of any given wedge are in contact with planes of mating teeth, there is no backlash in the completely engaged state.

It will be appreciated that in embodiments of the invention every single tooth has five inclined surfaces, and a rounded apex that has parallel edges as well as a spherical tip. In addition, at contact in the disengaged state, the two contacting spherical surfaces act to prevent a dead position occurring.

The above description applies to mating teeth 244 and 248. The description also applies, mutatis mutandis, to mating teeth 300 (on rod 288) with teeth 304 (on cylindrical structure 268), and to teeth 276 (on structure 232) mating with teeth 280 (on structure 264).

According to some aspects, the disclosed adapters, such as adapter 54 and adapter 354, coupling a pin to a marker, comprise a synchronized central locking mechanism. The synchronized central locking mechanism provides a locking mechanism which locks multiple (e.g., two or more) different movements or Degrees of Freedom (DOF) of the pin and/or marker when coupled to the adaptor, correspondingly, by one lock, such as knob 204, or knob 358, or by one locking operation, e.g., by operating knob 204 or knob 358. The different movements or DOFs are typically independent. For example, knob 204 locks four different movements or DOFs and knob 358 locks five different movements or DOFs. The multiple different movements are permitted or the multiple different DOFs exist when the locking mechanism is in an unlocked position. Each movement of the pin and/or marker is with respect to a corresponding axis as exemplified hereinabove with respect to adapter 54 and adapter 354. In some embodiments, each two such axes may be congruent or orthogonal. Such a locking mechanism facilitates the location and/or orientation of the marker or the marker with respect to the tool by the user. The locking of the multiple movements or DOFs may be performed, e.g., simultaneously and/or in a sequential manner, e.g., when using more than one lock (e.g., a knob).

Furthermore, as exemplified with respect to adapter 54 and adapter 354, the locking of most of the movements of the pin and/or adaptor is a positive locking, for example when referring to Fig. 3 illustrating adapter 54, by two sets of mating teeth, such as teeth 244 and 248, and the teeth of structure 264 and teeth 276 and protrusions 212. Those with ordinary skill in the art will be able to adapt the description, mutatis mutandis , for other positive locking mechanisms. It should be noted that a positive locking, as opposed to a friction-based locking, is a secure locking which will not become loose and allow movement as a result of applying a sufficient amount of force and as will happen when friction-based locking is used. Such secure locking may allow a fixed location and/or orientation of the marker to provide the accuracy required, for example, in image-guided medical procedures.

In some embodiments, all of the different movements or DOFs locked by the synchronized central locking mechanism are locked by positive locking. In some - embodiments, the locking of at least one movement by the synchronized central locking mechanism is based on friction, as exemplified in Fig. 3 with respect to adapter 54. In some embodiments, the adapter may include two or more synchronized central locking mechanisms or may include a combination of one or more synchronized central locking mechanisms and one or more non- synchronized central locking mechanisms, as exemplified in Fig. 2 with respect to adapter 54. Fig. 7 is a schematic figure illustrating a head-up display (HUD) 700, according to an embodiment of the present invention. HUD 700 is worn by professional 22, and may be used in place of assembly 24 (Fig. 1). HUD 700 comprises an optics housing 704 which incorporates an infrared camera 708. Housing 704 also comprises an infrared transparent window 712, and within the housing, i.e., behind the window, are mounted one or more infrared projectors 716. Mounted on housing 704 are a pair of augmented reality displays 720, which allow professional 22 to view entities, such as part or all of patient 30 through the displays, and which are also configured to present to the professional images that may be received from database 38.

The HUD includes a processor 724, mounted in a processor housing 726, which operates elements of the HUD. Processor 724 typically communicates with processor 26 via an antenna 728, although in some embodiments processor 724 may perform some of the functions performed by processor 26, and in other embodiments may completely replace processor 26.

Mounted on the front of HUD 700 is a flashlight 732. The flashlight projects visible spectrum light onto objects so that professional 22 is able to clearly see the objects through displays 720. Elements of the head-up display are typically powered by a battery (not shown in the figure) which supplies power to the elements via a battery cable input 736.

HUD 700 is held in place on the head of professional 22 by a head strap 740, and the professional may adjust the head strap by an adjustment knob 744. It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.