DOPPIU ANGELINO (DE)
WOERNER EILEEN (DE)
RIVAS-NASS ANDREAS (DE)
KARCH RALF (DE)
SLUGOVC CHRISTIAN (AT)
LEXER CHRISTINA (AT)
WINDE ROLAND (DE)
DOPPIU ANGELINO (DE)
WOERNER EILEEN (DE)
RIVAS-NASS ANDREAS (DE)
GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (AT)
KARCH RALF (DE)
SLUGOVC CHRISTIAN (AT)
LEXER CHRISTINA (AT)
| WO2007140954A1 | 2007-12-13 |
SLUGOVC C ET AL: "Second generation ruthenium carbene complexes with a cis-dichloro arrangement", ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 23, no. 15, 19 July 2004 (2004-07-19), pages 3622 - 3626, XP001199984, ISSN: 0276-7333, DOI: 10.1021/om049877n
S.B. GARBER; J.S. KINGSBURY; B.L. GRAY; A. H. HOVEYDA, J. AMER. CHEM. SOC., vol. 122, 2000, pages 8168 - 8179
S. BLECHERT ET AL., SYNLETT, 2001, pages 430 - 432
A. HEJL; M.W. DAY; R.H. GRUBBS, ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 25, 2006, pages 6149 - 6154
T. UNG; A. HEYL; R.H. GRUBBS; Y. SCHRODI, ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 23, 2004, pages 5399 - 5401
ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 25, no. 15, 2006, pages 3599 - 3604
D. BURTSCHER; C. LEXER; K. MEREITER; R. WINDE; R. KARCH; C. SLUGOVC, J. OF POLYMER SCIENCE: PART A: POLYMER CHEMISTRY, vol. 46, 2008, pages 4630 - 4635
D. BURTSCHER ET AL., J. OF POLYMER SCIENCE: PART A: POLYMER CHEMISTRY, vol. 46, 2008, pages 4630 - 4635
| Claims Method for the preparation of a ruthenium-based carbene catalyst with a chelating alkylidene ligand comprising the reaction of a ruthenium (IΙ)-alkylidene complex with an olefin derivative according to the equation: wherein L is a neutral ligand, preferably a saturated or unsaturated N- heterocyclic carbene ligand ("NHC" ligand), X1 and X2 are, independently from each other, inorganic or organic anionic ligands, such as halide anions, pseudohalide anions, hydroxides, acetates, trifluoracetates or carboxylates, Y1 and Y2 are, independently form each other, hydrogen, Ci-C6 -alkyl, C2-C6 -alkenyl, C2-C6 -alkynyl, Ci-C6 -alkylthio, aryl, arylthio, Ci-C6 - alkylsulfonyl or Cx-C6 -alkylsulfinyl, or Y1 and Y2 are taken together to form a ring of the indenylidene type according to the formula wherein in said formula R3 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, Py is an N-heterocyclic two-electron donor ligand, R0 and R1 are, independently from each other, hydrogen, Ci-CiO-alkyl, C2-Ci0 -alkenyl, C2-Ci0 -alkynyl, a phenyl or an aryl group (which optionally can be substituted), a, b, c and d are, independently from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Ci0- alkyl, C2-Ci0-alkenyl, C2-Ci0-alkynyl, a phenyl or aryl group, or an electron withdrawing group ("EWG"), with the provision that each of a, b, c or d can form a ring with each other, Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N) or a group comprising a heterodonor atom such as sulfinyl (>S=O), R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylamino, alkylthio, a substituted or unsubstituted keto group such as -C(Ra)2-CO-C(Rb)3, a substituted or unsubstituted ester group such as -C(Ra)2-CO-O(Rc) (wherein in said groups Ra is hydrogen or Ci-Cio-alkyl, Rb is hydrogen, Ci-CiO-alkyl, Ci-Cio-fluoroalkyl, Ci-Ci0-alkylamino, Ci-CiO-alkyl ammonium or C2-Ci0-alkenyl and Rc is Ci-C10-alkyl, Cr-Cuj-fluoroalkyl, Ci-Cio-alkylamino, Ci-CiO-alkyl ammonium or C2-Ci0-alkenyl) and wherein R2 and/or Z may form a ring with d. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein - L is a saturated H2IMeS (= 1, 3-dimesityl-imidazolidine-2-ylidene) or unsaturated IMes (= 1, 3-dimesityl-imidazole-2-ylidene) ligand, X1 and X2 are, independently from each other, anionic ligands such as Cl-, Br- or I-, Y1 and Y2 are taken together to form a ring of the indenylidene type according to the formula wherein R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, - Py is a substituted or un-substituted pyridine ligand R0 and R1 are, independently from each other, hydrogen or a Ci-Ci0- alkyl group, a, b, c and d are, independently from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Ci0- alkyl, a phenyl, an aryl group or an electron withdrawing group (EWG) such as F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -NO2, -N(H)-CO-CH3, -N(alkyl)-CO-CH3, -N(H)-CO-CF3; -N(alkyl)-CO-CF3, -O2S-(alkyl), -O-CO-(alkyl) or -SO2-N(CH3)2 , Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group such as -CH3 or -CH(CH3)2, a substituted or unsubstituted keto group such as -CH2- CO-CH3, -CH2-CO-C2H5, -CH(CH3)-CO-CH3 or -CH(CH3)-CO-C2H5, a substituted or unsubstituted ester group such as -CH2-CO-O-CH3, -CH2-CO-O-C2H5, -CH(CH3)-CO-O-CH3 or -CH(CH3)-CO-O-C2H5 or an amino-group containing ester group such as -CH(CH3)-CO-O-C2H4-N(CH3)2, and wherein R2 and/or the heterodonor atom Z may form a ring with d. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reaction is a cross metathesis reaction (CM). 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reaction is conducted in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reaction temperature is in the range of 20 to 1000C. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the molar ratio of olefinic derivative vs. ruthenium (H)- alkylidene complex is in the range of 2 : 1, preferably in the range of 1.1 : 1. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the reaction time is in the range of 1 to 8 hours, preferably in the range of 1 to 4 hours. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the olefin derivative is selected from (E/Z)-l-Isopropoxy-2-(l-propenyl)- benzene, (E/Z)-l-[2-(l-propen-l-yl)-phenoxy]-2-propanone), 2-isopropoxy-4-nitro-styrene, 8-vinylquinolin or 2-isopropoxy-3- vinyl-biphenyl. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising the separation of the ruthenium-based carbene catalyst with a chelating alkylidene ligand from the reaction mixture by precipitation and filtration. 10. Ruthenium-based carbene catalyst with a chelating alkylidene ligand, obtained by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the Cu content is <10 ppm (as determined by ICP). |
Description
The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of ruthenium based metathesis catalysts, in particular to the synthesis of ruthenium catalysts, which comprise a chelating alkylidene (carbene) ligand. The method disclosed herein is based on the use of a penta-coordinated Ru- alkylidene complex as starting material for the synthesis via a cross me- tathesis reaction (CM). The preparation method of the present invention is simple, straightforward, economical and useful for industrial scale.
Olefin metathesis is a fundamental catalytic reaction and one of the most versatile ways to break and create new carbon-carbon bonds and build molecules. Various general metathesis reaction pathways have been de- scribed, such as ring-closing metathesis (RCM), ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), cross metathesis (CM) and their combinations. In the past years, olefin metathesis has become a widely used method for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis and polymer chemistry.
The development of well-defined molydenum-based carbene catalysts by Schrock and ruthenium-based carbene catalysts by Grubbs has led to a fast growth in the field of metathesis, particularly for industrial applications.
The Grubbs "first generation" catalyst, a ruthenium benzylidene complex bearing two tricyclohexylphosphine ligands, having the structure (PCy 3 J 2 CI 2 Ru=CHPh, was one of the first metathesis catalyst widely used in organic synthesis. This class of catalysts was followed by a more active "second generation" analog, in which N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, such as "unsaturated" IMes (= l,3-dimesityl-imidazol-2-ylidene) or "satu- rated" S-IMes (= H 2 IMeS = l,3-dimesitylimidazolidine-2-ylidene) replaces one phosphine ligand.
Recently, the so-called "boomerang" catalysts are gaining more and more attention. Hoveyda et al. prepared latent metathesis catalysts com- prising a benzylidene-ether fragment connected to an alkylidene (carbene) moiety (ref to S. B. Garber, J. S. Kingsbury, B. L Gray, A. H. Hoveyda, J.
Amer. Chem. Soc. 2000. 122, 8168-8179) and WO 02/14376A2. These new type of Ru-catalysts comprise chelating alkylidene ligands (typically alkoxy- benzylidene ligands) and either a PCy 3 (first generation) or NHC (second generation) group.
Over the past years, different types of "boomerang catalysts" were disclosed in the literature. Examples from the state of the art are Ru- complexes comprising a cyclic alkoxybenzylidene ligand with an additional ester group (ref to WO 2005/016944A1) or an additional keto group (ref to WO 2008/034552A1). Furthermore, cyclic chelating Ru complexes comprising quinoline and quinoxaline derivates are described in WO 2007/140954. WO 2008/065187A1 discloses cyclic Ru carbene complexes with amido- substituted alkoxybenzylidene ligands, WO 2004/035596 describes a similar complex bearing an alkoxybenzylidene ligand with a nitro-group.
Such "boomerang-type" or "Hoveyda-type" Ru carbene catalysts exhibit a broad application profile in metathesis reactions and may allow for a considerable reduction of the catalyst loading in some applications. Additionally, for some systems recyclability has been described. Therefore, these catalysts are gaining increased importance in commercial applica- tions. Consequently, robust and simple manufacturing pathways for these materials are required, which allow production in industrial scale.
The general preparation route for chelating "Hoveyda-type" Ru carbene complexes is based on the use of ruthenium carbene complexes of the type X 2 L'L"Ru=CHPh (wherein at least one L' or L" is a phosphine of the type PR 3 ) as precursors. These compounds are reacted with suitable olefinic precursor ligands which comprise an additional donor group. The new car- bene bond is generated by cross metathesis reaction ("CM"), while one phosphine ligand (L' or L") is replaced by the donor group of the olefinic ligand, thus forming a chelating ring complex.
US 7,205,424 teaches the preparation of ruthenium-based olefin me- tathesis catalysts by a cross metathesis reaction using Ru-indenylidene carbene complexes and an olefin. However, the preparation of Ru- complexes with chelating alkylidene ligands is not disclosed.
S. Blechert et al. (Svnlett 2001. No 3, 430-432) report the use of a NHC- and PPh 3 -substituted Ru-indenylidene complex as a precursor for the preparation of a chelating Ru-alkoyxbenzylidene catalyst ("Hoveyda-type" catalyst) by ring closing metathesis. However, due to the low yields reported (i.e. about 40%), this method seems not to be economical.
The use of pyridine-substituted ruthenium carbene complexes as precursors for the synthesis of Ru carbene catalysts via cross metathesis (CM) is described in the literature.
A. Hejl, M. W. Day and R.H. Grubbs (Organometallics 2006, 25, 6149- 6154) describe the preparation of two ruthenium alkylidene complexes comprising an imine donor bonded to the alkylidene moiety. These compounds were prepared starting from a hexa-coordinated ruthenium precur- sor complex (H 2 -IMes)(py) 2 CI 2 Ru=CHPh, comprising two pyridine ligands and a benzylidene group. Yields of 78 to 84 % were reported.
The same precursor complex is used for the synthesis of a ruthenium alkylidene complex containing a cyclic butenyl-pyridyl ligand (T. Ung, A. Heyl, R.H. Grubbs and Y. Schrodi, Organometallics 2004, 23, 5399-5401).
WO2007/140954 discloses the use of a 3-bromo-pyridine substituted complex (H 2 -IMes)(Br-py) 2 CI 2 Ru=CHPh as starting material, again bearing two pyridine-type ligands.
M. Barbasievicz et al. report the synthesis of chelating ruthenium quinoline and quinoxaline complexes starting from the benzylidene com- pound (H 2 -IMeS)(PCy 3 )CI 2 Ru=CHPh and using Cu(I)CI as phosphine scavenger (ref to Organometallics 2006, 25(15), 3599-3604).
Hazardous chemicals, such as diazo reagents (e.g. diazoalkenes) are commonly used in the preparation of ruthenium benzylidene complexes. Therefore, synthesis routes starting from such compounds should be avoided in industrial catalyst production.
It was an objective of the present invention to provide an improved method for preparation of ruthenium-based carbene catalysts with chelating alkylidene ligands ("boomerang-type" catalysts). The new method should provide high yields and should not require the use of hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, the method should provide the ruthenium carbene catalysts in high product purity and without contamination (for example without residues of phosphine ligands or Cu ions). The method should be easily scalable, environmentally friendly and applicable at industrial production scale.
The present invention is directed to these objectives by providing the method according to claim 1 and the subsequent claims dependent thereon.
According to the present invention, ruthenium-based carbene catalysts with a chelating alkylidene ligand are prepared by the reaction of a ruthenium alkylidene starting complex with an olefin derivative via cross metathesis reaction (CM). The method of the present invention employs a penta-coordinated ruthenium (IΙ)-alkylidene catalyst of the type (Py)(L)X 1 X 2 Ru(alkylidene) as starting compound. This starting complex has the general formula
In this formula, L is a neutral ligand, X 1 and X 2 are, independently from each other, inorganic or organic anionic ligands, such as halide anions, pseudohalide anions, hydroxides, acetates, trifluoracetates or carboxylates and Py stands for an N-heterocyclic two-electron donor ligand. Y 1 and Y 2 are, independently form each other, hydrogen, Ci-C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, Ci-C 6 -alkylthio, aryl, arylthio, Ci-C 6 -alkylsulfonyl or Ci-C 6 - alkylsulfinyl. Preferably, Y 1 and Y 2 are taken together to form a ring of the "indenylidene" type according to the formula
with R 3 being hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment, R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group. In a further preferred embodiment, the ligand L is a saturated or unsaturated N-heterocyclic carbene ligand ("NHC" ligand) and the Ru(II)-precursor complexes are of the type (Py)(NHC)X 1 X 2 Ru(indenylidene) or (PyXNHCJX^RuCphenyl-indenylidene).
The present invention provides a method for preparing a ruthenium- based carbene catalyst with a chelating alkylidene ligand comprising the reaction of a ruthenium (IΙ)-alkylidene complex with an olefin derivative according to equation (1):
Equation (1):
wherein
L is a neutral ligand, preferably a saturated or unsaturated N- heterocyclic carbene ligand ("NHC" ligand), - X 1 and X 2 are, independently from each other, inorganic or organic anionic ligands, such as halide anions, pseudohalide anions, hydroxides, acetates, trifluoracetates or carboxylates,
Y 1 and Y 2 are, independently form each other, hydrogen, Ci-C 6 -alky], C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, Ci-C 6 -alkylthio, aryl, arylthio, Ci-C 6 - alkylsulfonyl or Ci-C 6 -alkylsulfinyl, or Y 1 and Y 2 are taken together to form a ring of the indenylidene type according to the formula
wherein in said formula R 3 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group,
- Py is an N-heterocyclic two-electron donor ligand,
R 0 and R 1 are, independently from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkenyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkynyl, a phenyl or an aryl group (which optionally can be substituted),
a, b, c and d are, independently from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Ci 0 - alkyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkenyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkynyl, a phenyl or aryl group, or an electron withdrawing group ("EWG"), with the provision that each of a, b, c or d can form a ring with each other,
Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N) or a group comprising a heterodonor atom such as sulfinyl (>S=O),
R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylamino, alkylthio, a substituted or unsubstituted keto group such as -C(R a ) 2 -CO-C(R b ) 3 , a substituted or unsubstituted ester group such as -C(R a ) 2 -CO-O(R c ) (wherein in said groups R a is hydrogen or Ci-Cio-alkyl, R b is hydrogen, Ci-Cio-alkyl, Ci-Cio-fluoroalkyl, Ci-Cio-alkylamino, Ci-Cio-alkyl ammonium or C 2 -Cio-alkenyl and R c is Ci-Ci O -alkyl, Ci-Ci 0 -fluoroalkyl,
Ci-Cio-alkylamino, Ci-Cio-alkyl ammonium or C 2 -Ci 0 -alkenyl) and wherein R 2 and/or Z may form a ring with d.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a ruthenium-based carbene catalyst with a chelating alkylidene ligand comprising the reaction of a ruthenium (IΙ)-alkylidene complex with an olefin derivative according to equation (1), wherein
L is a saturated H 2 IMeS (= l,3-dimesityl-imidazolidine-2-ylidene) or unsaturated IMes (= l,3-dimesityl-imidazole-2-ylidene) ligand, - X 1 and X 2 are, independently from each other, anionic ligands such as Cl-, Br- or I-,
Y 1 and Y 2 are taken together to form a ring of the indenylidene type according to the formula
wherein R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group,
Py is a substituted or un-substituted pyridine ligand,
R 0 and R 1 are, independent from each other, hydrogen or a Ci-Ci 0 - alkyl group,
a, b, c and d are, independent from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Ci 0 - alkyl, a phenyl, an aryl group or an electron withdrawing group (EWG) such as F, Cl, Br, I, -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -N(H)-CO-CH 3 , -N(alkyl)-CO-CH 3 , -N(H)-CO-CF 3 ; -N(alkyl)-CO-CF 3/ -O 2 S-(alkyl), -O-CO-(alkyl) or -SO 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 ,
Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), - R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group such as -CH 3 or
-CH(CH 3 ) 2 , a substituted or unsubstituted keto group such as -CH 2 - CO-CH 3 , -CH 2 -CO-C 2 H 5 , -CH(CH 3 )-CO-CH 3 or -CH(CH 3 )-CO-C 2 H 5 , a substituted or unsubstituted ester group such as -CH 2 -CO-O-CH 3 , -CH 2 -CO-O-C 2 H 5 , -CH(CH 3 )-CO-O-CH 3 or -CH(CH 3 )-CO-O-C 2 H 5 or an amino-group containing ester group such as
-CH(CH 3 )-CO-O-C 2 H 4 -N(CH 3 ) 2 , and wherein R 2 and/or the heterodonor atom Z and d may form a ring.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the substituents of the ole- fin derivative (specifically R 2 or the heterodonor atom Z and substituent d) may form a ring. In this case, the heterodonor atom Z preferably is nitrogen
(N) and Z and d form a ring to build up a quinoline ring system, a quinoxa- line ring system or an indol ring system.
Generally, Ru(II)-carbene complexes of the type (Py)(L)X 1 X 2 Ru(alkylidene) are used as starting compounds in the method of the present invention. Preferably, penta-coordinated ruthenium (inde- nylidene) carbene complexes are employed. The Ru-alkylidene carbene precursors preferably are phosphine-free and comprise a "NHC" ligand and a "Py" ligand. Herein, the term "Py" denotes an N-heterocyclic two-electron donor ligand, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted pyridine ligand.
Examples for suitable Py ligands are pyridine, 3-bromo-pyridine or 4-methyl pyridine, quinoline or piperidine. Examples for suitable NHC ligands ("N- heterocyclic carbene" ligands) are saturated H 2 IMeS (= 1, 3-dimesityl- imidazolidine-2-ylidene) or unsaturated IMes (= 1, 3-dimesityl-imidazole-2- ylidene). X 1 and X 2 are, independently from each other, inorganic or organic anionic (i.e. negatively charged) ligands, such as halide anions, pseudohal- ide anions, hydroxides, acetates, trifluoracetates or carboxylates. Examples for suitable anionic ligands X are the halides Cl-, Br- or I-, with Cl- being most preferred.
R 3 , which is bonded to the indenylidene moiety, stands for hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; preferably, R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.
A particularly preferred starting compound is (Py)(H 2 -IMes)CI 2 Ru(3- phenyl-lH-inden-1-ylidene). This complex can be obtained in excellent yields (>90%) in a ligand exchange reaction starting from (H 2 - IMes)(PCy 3 )CI 2 Ru(phenyl-indenylidene) with excess pyridine (ref to D. Burtscher, C. Lexer, K. Mereiter, R. Winde, R. Karch and C. Slugovc, J. of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2008. Vol. 46, 4630-4635. Other suitable starting complexes can be prepared by the person skilled in the art by applying similar methods. Due to the generally high yields of these Ru starting compounds, the preparation method of the present invention is straightforward and economical. It can be applied for the preparation of a great variety of ruthenium-based carbene catalysts with chelating alky- lidene ligands.
In its preferred versions, the method of the present invention avoids the use of Ru carbene complexes with phosphine ligands L as starting materials. As, in this case, no phosphine ligands L (such as PPh 3 or PCy 3 ) are present in the starting complex, less side products (such as free phosphine ligands or phosphine oxides) are produced.
Furthermore, the addition of Cu(I)CI, frequently used in the prior art as phosphine scavenger in similar cross metathesis processes, is not necessary. This results in high purity products with a very low Cu-content. Typically, the Cu-content of the Ru catalyst products is less than 10 ppm, pref- erably less than 5 ppm (as determined by ICP; ICP = inductive coupled plasma). As an additional advantage, due to the absence of phosphine ligands in the present method, inert reaction conditions (i.e. a protective gas atmosphere) are not required per se. In many cases, depending on the ligands employed, the preparation method can be performed under regular air atmosphere or at least under non-stringent inert conditions.
Surprisingly, the method of the present invention provides excellent overall yields in the range of 80 to 95%. This may be due to the unique structure of the penta-coordinated Ru (IΙ)-alkylidene complex employed as the starting compound. While the bulky ligand L provides sufficient stability during the reaction, the substitution of the Py ligand by the heterodonor atom (or the heterodonor atom comprising) group Z in the chelating alky- lidene moiety occurs rapidly and easily, thus the formation of the chelating ring in the cross metathesis (CM) reaction is facilitated. Consequently, the reaction times are significantly shortened.
The precursors for the chelating alkylidene ligands (hereinafter called "olefin derivative") have the following general formula:
In this formula, R 0 and R 1 are, independent from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C 2 -Cio-alkenyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkynyl, a phenyl or an aryl group.
The substituents a, b, c and d can be, independent from each other, hydrogen, Ci-Ci O -alkyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkenyl, C 2 -Ci 0 -alkynyl, a phenyl or aryl group, or an electron withdrawing group (herein abbreviated "EWG"). Hereinafter, under the term EWG, atoms and/or groups are summarized, which have electron-withdrawing properties and which exhibit higher electronega- tivity values (EN) compared to hydrogen (H). Examples for suitable EWGs are the halogen atoms F, Cl, Br, I or the groups -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -N(H)-CO-CH 3 , N(alkyl)-CO-CH 3 , -N(H)-CO-CF 3 ; -N(alkyl)-CO-CF 3 , -O 2 S-(alkyl), -O-CO- (alkyl) and -SO 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 . Furthermore, each of the substituents a, b, c or d may form a ring with each other.
Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N) or a group comprising a heterodonor atom, such as sulfinyl (>S=O). Preferably, Z is a heterodonor atom such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N).
R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, such as al- kyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylamino, alkylthio, a substituted or unsubstituted keto group such as -C(R a ) 2 -CO-C(R b ) 3 , a substituted or unsubstituted ester group such as -C(R a ) 2 -CO-O(R c ) (wherein in said groups R a is hydro- gen or Ci-Cio-alkyl, R b is hydrogen, Ci-Ci O -alkyl, Ci-Ci 0 -fluoroalkyl, Ci-Ci 0 - alkylamino, Ci-Ci O -alkyl ammonium or C 2 -Ci 0 -alkenyl and R c is Ci-Cio-alkyl, Ci-C 10 -fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 10 -alkylamino, Ci-Cio-alkyl ammonium or C 2 -Ci 0 - alkenyl) and wherein R 2 and/or Z may form a ring with d.
In general, the precursor ligands may be prepared according to stan- dard procedures known from the literature or may be obtained commercially from various suppliers. Examples of olefin derivatives suitable for the method of the present invention are (E/Z)-l-Isopropoxy-2-(l-propenyl)- benzene, (E/Z)-l-[2-(l-propen-l-yl)-phenoxy]-2-propanone), 2-isoprop- oxy-4-nitro-styrene, 2-isopropoxy-3-vinyl-biphenyl or 8-vinyl-quinolin. The vinyl-quinoline and vinyl-quinoxaline derivates are obtainable according to the procedures described in the literature (M. Barbasievicz et al., ref to above).
Generally, the preparation method of the present invention is conducted in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents or chlorinated hydrocarbon sol- vents such as dichlormethane or 1, 2-dichloroethane. Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene or xylene are preferred. The use of these aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, in particular toluene, provides in most cases the additional advantage that the resulting ruthenium complexes directly precipitate from the reaction mixture thus enabling easy isolation and work- up procedures. The starting Ru(II)-compound (PyXLJX^Rutalkylidene) is dissolved in the appropriate solvent and the ligand precursor (olefin derivative) is added. The molar ratio of ligand precursor vs. Ru-starting complex is in the range of 2 : 1, preferably in the range of 1.1 : 1. A stoichiometric ratio of both reactants is particularly preferred.
The reaction temperatures are in the range of 0 0 C to 150 0 C, preferably in the range of room temperature (2O 0 C) to 100 0 C. The suitable reaction times depend on the type of olefin derivative employed. Typically, the reaction times are in the range from 1 to 8 hours, preferably in the range from 1 to 5 hours and most preferred in the range of 1 to 4 hours.
When using aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (such as benzene, toluene or xylene), in many cases the resulting ruthenium catalyst complexes are sparely soluble and precipitate from the reaction mixture upon cooling and/or solvent reduction. The precipitated products are separated from the reaction mixture by conventional separation techniques (filtration, centrifug- ing etc), washed with non-polar solvents such as n-hexane or n-heptane and/or polar solvents such as diethylether or ethanol. The products may be dried by conventional drying methods.
Due to the high purity of the resulting products, there is no need for further purification steps (such as chromatography and the like). However, if necessary, additional purification steps such as column chromatography (LC, HPLC etc) may be employed. The preparation method according to the present invention is very versatile and useful for industrial, large scale production of catalysts and can be applied to a great variety of ruthenium- based carbene catalysts with chelating alkylidene ligands.
The Ru-carbene catalysts ("Hoveyda-type catalysts") prepared according to the present invention exhibit a broad application profile in metathesis reactions. The catalyst products can be used in a variety of me- tathesis reactions, for example in ring-closing metathesis (RCM), ring- opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), cross metathesis (CM), acyclic dien-metathesis-polymerisation (ADMET) and their combinations. The following examples are intended to describe the invention in more detail, without limiting the scope of protection.
EXAMPLES
General remarks: The ligand precursors/olefin derivatives employed in the following examples are known compounds, having CAS Registy Nos. They can be prepared according to methods published in the literature and/or procedures known to the person skilled in the art. Details: for (E/Z)- l-Isopropoxy-2-(l-propenyl) benzene: CAS Reg. No. 533934-20-2; for (E/Z)-l-[2-(l-propen-l-yl)-phenoxy]-2-propanone): CAS Reg. No.
1014701-63-3; for 2-isopropoxy-4-nitrostyrene: CAS Reg. No. 753031-08- 2; for 8-vinylquinoline: CAS Reg. No. 96911-08-9.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of (H 2 -IMes)CI 2 Ru=CH-C 6 H4-o-O-CH(CH3)2
a) Preparation of starting compound:
The starting complex was prepared according to D. Burtscher et al., J. of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2008. 46, 4630-4635 starting from (H 2 -IMes)(PCy 3 )CI 2 Ru(phenyl-indenylidene) (metathesis catalyst M2; Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau) by stirring with excess pyridine (~30 equivalents) under inert atmosphere for 30 minutes at room temperature. Subsequent addition of the reaction mixture to stirred n-heptane and further stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature followed by cooling the reaction mixture overnight (- 27°C) resulted in the formation of a brown precipitate. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with n-heptane and dried in vacuum. The compound is obtained in 95% yield as an orange- brown, microcrystalline solid. b^ Preparation of ( H 1 -IMeSKI 7 Ru=CH-CShL-O-O-CH(CI-M:
Reaction equation :
2.5 g catalyst Dichloro-(3-phenyl-lH-inden-l-ylidene)-(l,3-dimesityl- 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-ylidene)-(pyridine)-ruthenium(II), [Umicore M31, Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau] were dissolved in 30 ml of toluene and 0.7 g of (E/Z)-l-Isopropoxy-2-(l-propenyl)benzene dissolved in 10 ml toluene were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at 65°C and then cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and a green microcrystalline solid precipitated.
It was filtered and washed with n-hexane and diethyl ether. The green-yellowish product was dried under vacuum (approx. 12 mbar) overnight and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Yield: 1.8 g (87%). The analytical data are in agreement with the published data.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of (H 2 -IMeS)CI 2 Ru=CH-C 6 H 4 -O-O-CH 2 -(C=O)-CH 3
Reaction equation:
3.0 g of Umicore M31 [Dichloro-(3-phenyl-lH-inden-l-ylidene)-(l,3- dimesityl-4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-ylidene)-(pyridine)-rutheni um(II); Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau, prepared as described in Example Ia)] were dissolved in 50 ml of toluene and 0.80 g of (E/Z)-l-[2-(l-propen-l-yl)- phenoxy]-2-propanone), dissolved in 10 ml toluene, were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 65°C and then cooled down to room temperature. A green microcrystalline solid precipitated. It was filtered and washed with n-hexane and diethyl ether. The green-yellowish product was dried under vacuum overnight and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Yield: 2.2 g (87%).
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of (H 2 -IMes)C. 2 Ru=CH-(p-Nθ2-C 6 H3)-o-O-CH(CH 3 ) 2
Reaction equation:
2.5 g catalyst Umicore M31 [Dichloro-(3-phenyl-lH-inden-l-ylidene)- (l,3-dimesityl-4 / 5-dihydro-imidazol-2-ylidene)-(pyridine)-ruthenium(II) ; Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau, prepared as described in Example Ia)] were dissolved in 30 ml of toluene and 0.8 g of 2-isopropoxy-4-nitrostyrene dissolved in 10 ml toluene were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 65°C and then cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and a green microcrystalline solid precipitated. It was filtered and washed with n-hexane and diethyl ether. The green- yellowish product was dried under vacuum overnight and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Yield: 1.9 g (85%). The analytical data are in agreement with the published data.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of (H 2 -IMeS)CI 2 Ru=CH-NC 9 H 6
Reaction equation:
1.0 g catalyst Umicore M31 [Dichloro-(3-phenyl-lH-inden-l-yliden)- (l,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yliden)-(pyridine)-rut henium(II)]
(Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau) were dissolved in 20 ml of toluene and 0.24 g of 8-vinylquinoline dissolved in 5 ml toluene were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 65°C and then cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and a green micro- crystalline solid precipitated. It was filtered and washed with cold n-hexane and diethyl ether. The green-yellowish product was dried under vacuum overnight and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Yield: 0.7 g (85%). The analytical data are in agreement with the published data. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE (CEl)
Preparation of (H 2 -IMes)CI 2 Ru=CH-C6H4-o-O-CH(CH 3 ) 2 via (H 2 -IMes)(PCy 3 )CI 2 Ru(phenylindenylidene)
Reaction equation:
1.15 g (1.2 mmol) of (H 2 -IMes)(PCy 3 )CI 2 Ru(phenylincienylidene) (Um- icore M2, Umicore AG & Co KG, Hanau) was dissolved in 30 ml of toluene and 0.25 g (1,44 mmol, 1.2 eq.) of (E/Z)-l-Isopropoxy-2-(l- propenyl)benzene, dissolved in 10 ml toluene, were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at 65°C and then cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum to about 15 ml. Then, 60 ml of pentane were added under stirring. The resulting greenish-brown precipitate was separated by filtration and washed with cold pentane and ethyl acetate. The crude product was suspended in 15 ml tolu- ene, filtered and washed with diethyl ether. The green solid was finally dried overnight under vacuum. A yield of 0.25 g (30%) was obtained.
This yield is significantly lower than the yield obtained by the method according to the invention (ref. to Example 1). Furthermore, due to the presence of a phosphine ligand, additional time-consuming purification steps are necessary and the product purity is reduced.