Cross-Reference to Other Applications

This is a continuation-in-part of pending U. S. Patent Application No. 08/662,836, filed June 12, 1996.

Background of the Invention The coating of thermoplastic polymer substrates with moisture resistant barrier coating compositions to provide impermeability to gases such as oxygen, and liquids, is known. See, e.g., U.S. Patent 3,282,729, which describes applying a water solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and trimethylolphenol to a thermoplastic polymer substrate at an elevated temperature. Also, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,073,419 refers to a film composite comprising a linear low density polyethylene film having a PVOH coat of a thickness of about 0.1 to aoout 3 mils. U.S. Patent No. 5,487,940 refers to a metallized polymeric film structure including an oxygen carrier and a moisture carrier. The oxygen barrier includes cross-linked PVOH and the moisture barrier is preferably metallized oriented polypropylene or polyetnylene . Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 4,254,170 refers to bioriented polyester hollow bodies wherein one wall of a preform is coated with an aqueous composition consisting of at least two incompatible polymers, one of whicn is a water soluole PVOH and the other, a polymer latex with low water sensitivity.

U.S Patent No. 5,384,192 refers to a structure comprising an inorganic oxide substrate naving an organic

polymer layer. There is an adhesion promoting layer between the substrate and organic polymer layer. One component of the adhesion layer is polyfvmyl phenol), also known as poly(hydroxystyrene) . U.S. Patent No. 5,192,620 refers to a metallized film composition comprising a polymer substrate having a surface which is modified by an adhesion promoting agent, in which the modified surface is provided with a skin layer of PVOH. The PVOH skin layer is applied by a solution coating process. The skin layer has a metal layer directly thereon. U.S. Patent No. 5,491,023 refers to a metallized film composition comprising a polymer substrate having a surface which is modified by an adhesion promoting agent; the modified surface is provided with a skin layer of PVOH. The PVOH skin layer is applied by an extrusion process. The skin layer has a metal layer directly thereon.

Despite the wealth of ^' art in barrier coatings, currently available polymeric films do not accommodate the need m the market for longer shelf life of packaged food. Further, many of these products (e.g., films coated with aluminum) are not microwave-safe, or are not readily disposable (e.g., films coated with poly(vinylidene chloride), and thus fail to satisfy environmental concerns. There exists a need in the art for additional compositions and methods which provide improved barrier coatings to polymeric products, e.g., films, bottles, etc.

Summary of the Invention

In one aspect, tne present invention provides a method for providing a barrier coating to a polyolefm substrate, preferably a film. The method involves the steps

of applying to the polymeric substrate a primer composition containing a random vinyl copolymer comprised of repeat units, wherein at least 75% of said copolymer repeat units contain side groups having hydroxyl moieties. The primer layer is then dried. The third step of the method involves subsequently applying a waterborne barrier coating solution which forms a dry inorganic barrier layer over the dried primer layer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a barrier-coated polyolefm article.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention are described further in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention provides a method of promoting the wetting of waterborne barrier coating solutions on polyolefm substrates and adhesion of resulting inorganic barrier layers to polyolefm substrates by applying a selected primer composition to the substrate oefore application of the barrier coating solution. The improved adhesion of dried inorganic barrier layers is manifested in improved vapor barrier performance. I. The Primer Compositions A primer composition according to the present invention contains a random vinyl polymer comprised of repeat units, (i.e., derived from "vinyl" monomers like ethylene, propylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl phenol, etc.) wherein at least 75% of said polymer repeat units contain side groups having hydroxyl moieties. Desirably, vinyl

polymers include poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(para- hydroxystyrene) .

In one embodiment, the vinyl polymer useful m the primer is a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) . There are numerous PVOH variants available commercially and/or known m the art. For example, such PVOH variants vary in characteristics such as molecular weight and percentage hydrolyzed. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is derived from poly(vmyl acetate) by hydrolysis of the acetate function. Typically a fraction of the acetate functions are left intact to impart different properties. The percent hydrolysis refers to the fraction of acetate groups which have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl moieties. Desirably, the average molecular weight distribution of the PVOH polymers useful in the primer composition is between about 50,000 and about 185,000 and the PVOH is more than about 75% hydrolyzed.

The PVOH useful in this invention may be modified by randomly replacing some of the vinyl acohol groups with vinyl butyral groups as depicted by the formula:

wherein n, p, and r denote the mole fractions of the polymer repeat units and the sum of n, p and r is 1 To achieve satisfactory wetting of barrier coating solutions on these primer layers is preferable that r is at least 0 75.

Desirably, the average molecular weight of such a modified PVOH is between about 40,000 to 100,000.

The PVOH variants may be dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g. water, isopropanol, or mixtures thereof) , so that the primer composition is characterized by a solids level of between 0.1% and 10% by weight. When the polymer m the primer composition is PVOH, preferably, the solvent useful m the primer composition is water. However, other suitable solvents for PVOH may be readily selected by one of skill in the art.

It is well known that PVOH solutions support the growth of microorganisms. To prevent this, it is conventional practice to optionally add at least one biocidal agent to the coating solution. Desirable biocides include those with the active ingredients 5-chloro-2-methyl- 4-ιsothιazolιn-3-one, 2-methyl-4-ιsothιazolm-3-one, or 1- (3-chloroallyl) -3, 5, 7-trιaza-l-azonιaadamantane chloride. A representative biocide that was found not to interfere with the performance of dried primer layers m coated articles of the present invention is Kathon ^® LX (Rohm and Haas) biocide.

Another embodiment of a vinyl polymer useful in the primer composition is a linear or branched poiy(para- hydroxystyrene) (PHS) or a variant thereof. There are a number of PHS variants available commercially and/or known to the art. For example, such PHS variants vary in characteristics such as molecular weight, impurities and degree of branching. While the examples below employ several variants of poly(para-hydroxystyrene) , (branched, linear, and partially converted to phenoxide salts) it is anticipated that other PHS variants, for example copolymers

m which the PHS mole fraction is at least 0.75, will work similarly m the primer composition and method of this invention.

Desirably, the primer composition containing PHS is characterized by a solids level of between 0.1% and 10% by weight. Preferably where the polymer in the primer composition is a PHS variant, the solvent is a dilute aqueous solution of alkaline metal hydroxide. For example, a lithium (or sodium or potassium) hydroxide concentration of 0.1 N may be used to prepare a 1 weight percent solution of PHS. In this solvent PHS is partially converted to an alkali metal (e.g., lithium) phenoxide salt. The resulting linear or branched random copolymer has the formula:

where M ⁺ is a monovalent cation (e.g., Lι ⁺ )and the sum of the mole fractions, n and p, is 1. The mole fraction, p, of the pnenoxide salt can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of alkaline metal hydroxide.

Dynamic contact angle experiments have demonstrated that use of PHS solutions in 0.1 N LiOH to form a primer layer on corona-treated, biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films provides a surface that is completely wetted by water. Further, metal copolysilicate coatings have been found to wet such a primed surface extremely well, and barrier layers oroduced thereby give good vapor barrier perrormance. For solutions with lesser

amounts of base, a cosolvent is required to achieve complete PHS dissolution. Such a cosolvent may be readily selected by one of skill in the art. One exemplary suitable cosolvent is isopropanol. Alternatively, PHS may be simply dissolved in an alcohol, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol (2-propanol) and similar alcohols, alone or in mixtures. Neutral PHS solutions prepared using high purity PHS (e.g. Hoechst Celanese Electronic Grade), yield neutral PHS primer layers that exhibit time-dependent and pH- dependent wettability. Solutions with pH above 12 completely wet neutral PHS primer layers. PHS primer solutions prepared using lower purity PHS (e.g. Hoechst Celanese Polymer Grade) yield primer layers that are equally wettable at any pH above 7. Optionally, the primer solution, whatever the identity of the primer polymer, further contains one or more surfactants to reduce surface tension. It was found that surfactants were unnecessary when applying primers by spin- coatmg; however wetting requirements were more severe when applying primers by roll coating methods, e.g. reverse gravure coating. Suitable surfactants may be readily selected by one of skill in the art. The surfactant selected snould possess a critical micelle concentration sufficiently low to ensure a dried primer coating uncompromised by residual surfactant. Preferably, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of acetylenic diols (e.g., such as those provided commercially oy Air Products) and alkyl ethoxylates (such as those provided commercially by, among others, Hoechst Celanese) . Of the former group a preferred surfactant is the Dynol ^' ' ¹ 604 surfactant; of the latter group a preferred surfactant is the Genapol ⁸ UD050 surfactant.

The amount of surfactant added to the primer composition will depend on the particular surfactant selected, but should be the minimum amount of surfactant that enables adequate wetting of the primer solution on the polyolefm substrate. For example, typical surfactant amounts can be about 0.1% by weight of an acetylenic diol or an alkyl ethoxylate. Because Dynol ^® 604 surfactant is sparingly soluble in water, it has been observed that primer solutions containing 0.1% Dynol ^® 604 surfactant have droplets of undispersed surfactant floating on the surface of the primer solution. It was observed that this causes formation of scum around the meniscus of the coating solution in containers such as jars, drums, and solution holding tanks. In preferred primer solutions, this is alleviated by adding a second surfactant, preferably Genapol ⁸ UD050 surfactant, to improve the dispersion of the Dynol ³ 604 surfactant.

II. Waterborne, Inorganic Barrier Coating Compositions Useful in the Invention.

The method of the invention is useful with a variety of waterborne, inorganic coating compositions, such as those described below, that act as barriers to gases, vapors and aromas .

By "waterborne" is meant coatings that are applied from solutions in which the solvent is primarily water, but which may contain smaller amounts of cosolvents such as, but not limited to, isopropanol.

The term "vapor" implies a liquid at partial pressure, such as water vapor. The term "gas" includes oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and others. "Aroma" includes those materials which bear a fragrance, for example, menthol and others. For simplicity, as used

herein, the term "vapor barrier" can be interpreted to mean a barrier to gases and aromas as well as traditionally defined vapors.

Similarly as used herein, the term "solution" is interpreted to include colloidal dispersions and suspensions. By "colloidal dispersion or suspension" is meant any dispersion or suspension of particles in liquid, the particles being of a size greater than molecular scale that do not settle out. Generally, the particle size m a suspension or dispersion of this invention are from about 10 to aoout 50,000 Angstroms. "Coating solution" as used herein is meant a liquid containing dissolved or suspended solids that do not settle out and which is used to apply said solids to a substrate. In one embodiment the inorganic, waterborne coating contains an alkali metal polysilicate, such as sodium polysilicate, potassium polysilicate, or lithium polysilicate or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment the coating solution contains a copolysilicate, i.e., a mixture of two different alkali metal polysilicates . In a preferred embodiment the barrier coating solution contains a copolysilicate of lithium and potassium represented by the formula, (Lι ₂ 0) _x (K ₂ 0) ι- _x (Sι0 ₂ ) _y , wherein y is greater than 4.6 if x is less than 1 or x is greater than 0.5 if y is between 1 and 10.

Another desirable barrier coating contains a selected layered silicate (e.g. the delammated vermiculite MιcroLιte ^s ₍ product, of W. R. Grace) dispersed in a solid matrix of an alkali metal polysilicate (or mixtures thereof), such that the weight percentage of the layered

silicate in the dried barrier coating layer ranges from 1% to 99%.

Specific formulations of suitable barrier coatings for use in the method and compositions of this invention are described in more detail m the examples below.

III. Practice of the Method

Advantageously, m the practice of the method of the invention, the primer composition promotes good wetting of the subsequently applied coating solution to the substrate and good adhesion of the dried inorganic barrier layer. The latter advantage is manifested m improved vapor barrier performance of coated articles prepared according to the present method. A . The Subs tra te

The method of this invention is particularly well suited for use on polymeric substrates such as polyolefms, particularly polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers thereof, and cycloolefmic copolymers (COC) such as a copolymer of ethylene and norbornene [US Patent No. 5,087,677] . Typically, polypropylene films are biaxially- criented, depending on the customer requirements. The articles coated by this method include, without limitations, polymeric films and sheets, rigid and semi-rigid containers, and other surfaces. Especially preferred articles for coating according to the method of this invention are films, oottles, plastic containers, jars, blisterpacks and lidstocks, made of the foregoing polymers. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the articles are films or bottles used for food storage.

The polymeric articles to be coated by the primer and coating composition according to this invention may be previously untreated. Usually, the polymeric article, such as a film or bottle, is first plasma treated to improve wetting by the primer solutions and adhesion of the dried primer layer. Alternatively, the polymeric article may be corona-treated by the industry-wide corona discharge treatment method. Other applicable surface treatments that may precede application of the primer layer are flame treatment and chemical oxidation or etching.

Optionally, after applying the primer solution and drying, the dried primer layer may be plasma treated, corona treated, flame treated, or chemically oxidized or etched before applying a barrier coating solution. Alternatively, the article may bear on at least one surface or side, a heat seal layer. Examples of such heat seal layers are an ethylene-propylene copolymer or-ethylene-propylene-butylene terpolymer.

Exemplary polyolefm substrates used m the examples below are the FND xx and SCM xx grade biaxially- oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films produced by Trespaphan GmbH. The number, xx, refers to the film thickness m micrometers; thus FND 30 is a 30 μm (or 1.2 mil) thick BOPP film. These films are designed to be metallized by thermal or electron-beam evaporation of aluminum. FND and SCM grade BOPP films are three-layer laminates with thin heat-sealable layers on both sides. One side of the film is corona treated at the factory to a surface energy of 36-39 dynes/cm to improve adhesion of aluminum. Supplemental corona treatment, immediately before applying a primer solution, ^• was found to be beneficial even for these films that were

corona treated at the factory. Similar commercially available polypropylene films that will be suitable in the present invention include AQS, MT BASE, and MVT BASE films (AET Packaging Films) . These all have a heat seal layer on one side only and, in the case of AQS, a high energy treated surface for waterborne coatings. These are all intended to be coated on the side opposite from the heat seal layer.

B . Application of the Primer In a preferred embodiment, the primer solution is applied to provide a dried layer thickness of between about 10 to about 50 nm primer composition on the substrate. Thicker layers offer satisfactory, but not superior, performance, and are therefore less preferable on the basis of cost. The primer may be applied by any technique known to those of skill in the art. These techniques include, without limitation, roll coating, spray coating, and dip coating techniques. Conventional roll coating techniques include, but are not limited to, rod, roll, reverse roll, forward roll, air knife, knife over roll, blade, gravure and slot die coating methods. General descriptions of these types of coating methods may be found in texts, such as Modern Coa ting and Drying Techniques, (E. Cohen and E. Gutoff, eds; VCH Publishers) New York (1992) and Web Processing and Converting Tecnnology and Equipmen t, (D. Satas, ed; Van Nostrand Remhold) New York (1984) .

Three-dimensional articles may be coated by spray coating or dip coating. The method of application is not a limitation on the present invention, but may be selected from among these and other well-known methods bv a person of skill m the art.

Preferred primer layers applied according to the present method are substantially continuous, i.e. very little of the polyolefm is exposed to the barrier coating solution. Dewetting of the primer solution from the substrate before or during drying causes voids in the primer layer and, subsequently, voids in the barrier layer. This yields a finished article having inferior (but possibly, for some applications, satisfactory) vapor barrier performance. In extreme cases, dewetting of primer solutions was observed to yield a polyolefm substrate that was largely uncovered, but merely decorated with particles of primer material. Atomic force microscopy may be used to confirm that dried primer layers are substantially continuous. Dewetting may be minimized by increasing treatment of the polyolefm substrate before applying the primer solution, increasing surfactant concentration, or increasing the viscosity of the primer solution. The latter is -readily accomplished m PVOH primers by using high molecular weight PVOH grades and increasing the percent PVOH solids m the primer solution. The primer layer is allowed to dry before application of the waterborne, inorganic coating layer. A conventional coating thickness of the selected waterborne inorganic oxide coating solution is applied over the primer layer, i.e., typical coating thicknesses as used in the absence of primer, such as between about 100 and about 500 nm on the surface of the substrate. The application of the coating solution may be performed as described above for application of the primer composition.

After coating the article with a barrier coating solution, the resulting product must be dried at a selected temperature at or above room temperature. The

selection of the drying temperature depends on the desired time for drying; that is, accelerated drying times may be achieved at elevated temperatures which would not be necessary if a longer time period for drying was acceptable. However, one of skill in the art can readily adjust the oven temperature and exposure as desired. The performance of the dried barrier coating is insensitive to the drying temperature over the range 25-200°C. An advantage of the present method is that both the primer and barrier coatings can be dried at low temperature (< 100°C) which is necessary when roll-coating polypropylene film.

As one example, a resulting article (e.g., a BOPP film, 1 mil m thickness) coated according to the method of this invention is typically provided with an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) less than 50 cm ³ / [m ^: day atm] at 23°C and 50% relative humidity. In favorable instances an OTR of about 20 cm ³ / [m ² day atm] at 23°C and 50% relative humidity can be achieved. This performance has been more reproducibly achieved in pilot scale reverse gravure coating experiments than in spm-coating experiments.

Significantly improved performance can be achieved if the dried barrier coating is covered with a protective top-coat layer. The top-coat may be either a thin (typically, but not necessarily, 1-10 μm thick) coating or a laminated film. Thin top-coatings may be applied by a variety of coating methods: roll coating, spray coating, dip coating. Laminates may be prepared by melt-extrusion lamination over the Darner coating or oy adhesive lamination of a second film. Coated articles (BOPP films) prepared according to tne present method, when provided with

protective top-coat layers, have achieved OTRs of about 10 cm ³ / [m ² day atm] at 23°C and 50% relative humidity. The top-coat further provides improved flex resistance, i.e. retention of vapor barrier performance after flexing, and moisture resistance, i.e. retention of vapor barrier performance at high relative humidity.

The following examples illustrate the preferred compositions and methods of the invention. These examples are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1: PREPARATION OF AN AQUEOUS POLY (PARA- HYDRQXYSTYRENE) PRIMER SOLUTION An exemplary aqueous base solution of poly (para-hydroxystyrene) primer (denoted PHS-Li) was prepared as follows. A 0.1 N solution of lithium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving 4.19 g lithium hydroxide monohydrate m sufficient distilled water to make 100.0 ml of solution. A one weight percent solution of PHS-Li was prepared by adding 1.00 g finely ground PHS (Hoechst Celanese, Polymer Grade) to 99.0 g of 0.1 N lithium hydroxide solution and heating at 50 °C until the solids were dissolved. The resulting brown-orange solution was filtered through fluted filter paper before use. A change m color of the solution from orange-brown to green-brown occurred on standing overnight, but did not affect the performance of the solution as a primer for metal polysilicate barrier coatings.

EXAMPLE 2: PREPARATION OF A SOLVENT-BASED POLY ( PARA- HYDROXYSTYRENE) PRIMER SOLUTION

An exemplary alcoholic primer solution (denoted PHS-OH) of poly(para-hydroxystyrene) was prepared as follows. A one weight percent solution of PHS-OH was prepared by adding 1.00 g of finely ground PHS (Hoechst Celanese, Polymer Grade) to sufficient 2-propanol to make

100.0 ml of solution. The mixture was heated at 50 °C until the solids are dissolved. The resulting pale orange solution was filtered through fluted filter paper before use. A color change similar to that described in Example 1 occurred in this solution as well, but to a lesser extent and didn't affect the performance of the solution as a primer for metal polvsilicate barrier coatings.

EXAMPLE 3 EFFECT OF LITHIUM HYDROXIDE ON COMPOSITION OF DRIED PHS PRIMER LAYER

A dried primer layer prepared using PHS dissolved in aqueous lithium hydroxide differs from one prepared using PHS dissolved m isopropanol. The inventors found that the primer layer being deposited from the PHS/aqueous base primer was not neutral PHS, but PHS in which a fraction of the weakly acidic phenolic moieties had been converted to phenoxide m the presence of lithium hydroxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on BOPP films (Trespaphan* FND 30 grade) primed with either the lithium hydroxide solution of PHS described in Example 1 above (denoted PHS-Li, signifying partial conversion to a polymeric Li phenoxide salt) or a one weight percent solution of PHS in isopropanol described m Example 2 (denoted PHS-OH, signifying a neutral phenolic polymer) . The surface elemental compositions were determined at three separate points on each sample and averaged. Agreement across the three points was exceptional (standard deviation £0.7%), demonstrating a high degree of lateral composition uniformity in dried primer layers. As can be seen in Table I, the carbon/oxygen ratio observed by XPS agrees well with that calculated for a PHS polymer chain navmg the formula, (CiH ₃ 0) _n . Hydrogen atoms are not detectable by XPS. In the case of the PHS-Li coating, the XPS-obtained carbon/oxygen ratio is 2.9. As shown m Table I, this is lower than the ratio of 3.6 exDected for a coating consisting entirely of PHS and LiOH prepared as described. Because of tne hydrophilic nature of both PHS and LiOH, it _s reasonable to assume that some water is retained in the coating. If one assumes that one equivalent of water per lithium ion is retained by tne

coating, then the carbon/oxygen ratio agrees better with experiment .

In the PHS-OH spectra, one peak due to oxygen is observed at 533.8 eV and can be attributed to covalently bonded oxygen (e.g., phenol) . In the PHS-Li, sample, a second peak is observed at 532.6 eV, consistent with an ionic oxide species (e.g. lithium phenoxide or hydroxide) . The relative abundance of these two species is 55.5 to 44.5, with the greater portion being of ionic character.

EXAMPLE 4: PREPARATION OF A POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) PRIMER SOLUTION

An exemplary poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) primer solution of the invention was prepared as follows. One gram of PVOH (Aldrich, 98-99% hydrolyzed, molecular weight M _v = 85,000-146,000) was added to 99.0 g distilled water in a round bottom flask. The mixture was heated to 80

°C and stirred until dissolution of polymer appeared complete. A water clear solution was obtained by filtering the hot solution through fluted filter paper. This primer solution, containing no surfactant, was found to be satisfactory for spin-coating experiments, but not roll- coating.

EXAMPLE 5: CHARACTERIZATION OF A PVOH PRIMER SOLUTION CONTAINING A BRANCHED ALKYL ETHOXYLATE SURFACTANT

This example demonstrates the use of a branched alkyl ethoxylate surfactant in a poly (vinyl alcohol) primer solution. The PVOH primer was prepared as in Example 4 using high purity water (Fisher Scientific, Optima' grade) in a volumetric flask.

The surface tension, γι„, of liquids was measured with an automated Wilhelmy plate surface tensiometer (ATI Cahn DCA 315) with an auto-titrator for surfactant addition. The surface tension was first measured without surfactant, followed by step-wise additions of the Genapol'' UD050 branched alkyl ethoxylate surfactant, (Hoechst Celanese Corp.), followed by surface tension measurements. Table II presents the surface tension data.

It can be seen from this data that while PVOH has significant intrinsic surface activity, lowering the surface tension of water by ~8 dynes/cm, the branched alkyl ethoxylate surfactant exhibits nearly identical performance in the primer solution as in pure water. Both the critical micelle concentration (cmc = 0.11 g/1) and the plateau value of surface tension (about 27 dynes/cm) are nearly identical for solutions with and without PVOH, any slight differences being attributable to the incremental surface activity of PVOH. There is neither a detrimental nor a synergistic interaction between PVOH and Genapol ⁹ UD050 surfactant.

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Table II. Surface tension, γ _lv , of water and PVOH primer solutions as a function of Genapol ^® UD050 surfactant concentration.

EXAMPLE 6: CHARACTERIZATION OF A PVOH PRIMER SOLUTION CONTAINING A LINEAR ALKYL ETHOXYLATE SURFACTANT

This experiment demonstrates the use of a linear alkyl ethoxylate surfactant m PVOH primer solutions Three primer solutions (1.0% w/w, 2.0% w/w, and 3.0% w/w) were prepared for the experiment as described m Example 4.

The surface tension, ^Λ /ι _v , of liquids was measured as described in Example 5 with step-wise additions of the Genapol ^® 26-L-60N linear alkyl ethoxylate surfactant, (Hoechst Celanese Corp.) . Table III presents the surface tension data. It can be seen from Table III that above the critical micelle concentration (cmc = 0.01 g/1), which is independent of PVOH concentration over this range, the plateau surface tension (γ _lv ~ 31 dynes/cm) is likewise independent of PVOH concentration. There is no evidence of a detrimental or a synergistic interaction between PVOH and Genapol ⁸ 26-L-60N surfactant.

Table III. Surface tension, γ _lv , of water and PVOH primer solutions as a function of Genapol ^® 26-L-60N surfactant concentration.

EXAMPLE ^~ > : WETTABILITY OF PRIMED SUBSTRATES ASSESSED USING STATIC CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT WITH WATER

Four inch circles were cut from biaxially-onented polypropylene (BOPP) film (Trespaphah ⁸ FND grade) with a scalpel. Any dust on the film was blown off with a jet of clean, filtered air. The films were either coated immeαiately with one of the primer solutions described m Examples 1 to 6 or they were corona-discharge treated and then coated with one of the primer solutions described m Examples 1 to 6. Supplemental corona treatment was performed using a Tantec Lab System II corona treater using a ceramic electrode with a 2 mm gap. The power setting was 90%, and the electrode was scanned over the film surface by hand for 20 s (approximately 10 passes)

Approximately 10 g of primer solution was dispensed on the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were dried m an oven maintained at 50 °C for -30 s. Several coated film samples were prepared with eacn coating solution.

Static water contact angles were measuring using a Tantec Cam-Film-T ^® contact angle meter. The measured static contact angle results for polypropylene films are shown m Table IV and are compared to static water contact ang.es for uncoated polypropylene film.

Table IV. Static Contact Angle of Water on FND BOPP Films With and Without Supplementary Corona Treatment and Primer Layers.

This data shows that the presence of lithium hydroxide in the PHS primer coating greatly reduces the measured static contact angle of water, and, by inference, of aqueous metal polysilicate barrier coating solutions especially those containing no surfactant.

EXAiMPLE 8: WETTABILITY OF POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) /POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL) PRIMER LAYERS A series of primer solutions were prepared using butyral-modified PVOH polymers depicted by the formula :

wherein n, p, and r denote the mole fractions of the polymer repeat units and the sum of n,p and r is 1. These polymers, furtner described in Table V, were dissolved in water, isopropanol, or water/ isopropanol mixtures. No surfactant

was added to these primer solutions. The wettability of primer layers prepared from these solutions was measured by dynamic contact angle analysis. Primed samples were prepared by dip-coating flame-cleaned microscope cover slips in the primer solutions. Advancing and receding contact angles of water on these primer layers were measured using a Cahn-ATI DCA 315 dynamic contact angle analyzer. The results are presented in Table V. Unsatisfactory wetting was observed for n > 0.70.

Table V. Approximate Compositions and Dynamic Contact Angles (Advancing and Receding) for a Series of Butyral-modified PVOH Variants

EXAMPLE 9: OXYGEN TRANSMISSION RATE OF PHS-PRIMED ARTICLES PREPAP.ED BY SPIN-COATING This example is typical for the preparation of a lithium-potassium copolysilicate, (Li ₂ 0) _x (K _: 0) _1-x (SiO-) -.-, in which the total solids level is 10% by weight and the mole

fraction of Li ₂ 0, x, and the mole ratio, y, of Si0 ₂ to the combined alkali metal oxides are 0.5 and 3.64, respectively. The lithium polysilicate used was Inobond ⁸ Li 2043 lithium polysilicate solution (van Baerle) having 3.0% w/w Li ₂ 0 and 24.5% w/w Si0 ₂ . The potassium polysilicate used was K-4009 potassium silicate solution (van Baerle) having 13.0% w/w K ₂ 0 and 26.85% w/w Si0 ₂ . With continuous stirring, Inobond ^® Li 2043 solution, 53.1 g was diluted with distilled water, 108.1 g, followed by addition of K-4009 polysilicate, 38.8 g. The dispersion was stirred overnight and filtered through Celite ^a 545 diatomaceous earth.

Four inch circles were cut from Trespaphan^ FND 30 BOP? film with a scalpel. Any dust on the film was blown off with a jet of clean, filtered air. Approximately 10 g of one of the primer solutions described in Examples 1 and 2 was dispensed on the BOPP film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were dried in an oven maintained at 50 °C for about 30 s. D After the priming process, approximately 10 g of the (Li ₂ 0) _x (K ₂ 0) !- _x (Si0 ₂ ) _y copolysilicate coating solution (x = 0.5, y = 3.64 ) was dispensed on the primed side of the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. 5 The coated films were again dried in an oven maintained at

50 °C for -30 s.

Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) measurements were made using a Mocon" ¹ 2/20 instrument. Measurements were maαe for each sample at 30 °C and 0%, 40% and 90% relative 0 humidity. The results are shown in Table VI.

Table VI. Oxygen Transmission Rate of Lithium/ Potassium Copolysilicates Coated on PHS-Primed BOPP film (1.2 mil thick) .

EXAMPLE 10: OXYGEN TRANSMISSION RATE OF PVOH-PRIMED ARTICLES PREPARED BY SPIN-COATING

Four inch circles were cut from Trespapnan ^s FND 15 BOPP film with a scalpel . Any αust on the film was blown off with a j et of clean, filtered air. Corona treatment was performed using a Tantec Lab System II corona treater using a ceramic electrode with a 2 mm gap. The power setting was 90%, and the electrode was scanned over the film surface by hand for 20 s (approximately 10 passes) . Approximately 10 g of tne PVOH primer solution described in Example 4 was dispensed on the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were dried m an oven maintained at 50 °C for aoout 30 s.

After the priming process, approximately 10 g of tne copolysilicate coating solution described m Example 9 was dispensed on tne primed side of the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 3 was followed immediately

by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were again dried in an oven maintained at 50 °C for -30 s.

OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox-Tran ^® 2/20 instrument at several relative humidities. The results are shown m Table VII.

Table VII. Oxygen Transmission Rates for Lithium-potassium Copolysilicate Coated onto PVOH-primed BOPP film (0.5 mil thick) .

EXAMPLE 11: COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE OF BARRIER COATING PERFORMANCE ON UNPRIMED BOPP FILM This example employs a lithium-potassium copolysilicate, (Li ₂ 0) ,(K ₂ 0) _i-x (Si0 ₂ ) _y , (10% total solids, x = 0.5, y = 3.64) further containing an acetylenic diol surfactant. A surfactant is necessary to obtain satisfactory wetting of barrier coating solutions on unprimed BOPP film. A 1% by weight dispersion of the Dynol'' 604 acetylenic diol surfactant, (Air Products) was prepared cy dispersing 1.00 g Dynol ' 604 surfactant m sufficient

distilled water to make 100.0 ml of total dispersion. The dispersion was stirred vigorously immediately before use.

With continuous stirring, Inobond ⁸ Li 2043 solution, 53.1 g, was diluted with distilled water, 108.1 g, followed by addition of K-4009 solution, 38.8 g. To this was added 2.0 g of well-stirred surfactant dispersion described above, yielding a copolysilicate barrier coating solution with a surfactant concentration of 0.01% by weight.

Four inch circles were cut from Trespaphan ^® FND 15 BOPP film with a scalpel. Any dust on the film was blown off with a jet of clean, filtered air. Corona treatment was performed using a Tantec Lab System II corona treater using a ceramic electrode with a 2 mm gap. The power setting was 90%, and the electrode was scanned over the film surface by hand for 20 s (approximately 10 passes) . Approximately 10 g of the copolysilicate barrier coating solution was dispensed on the corona-treated surface of the BOPP film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were again dried in an oven maintained at 50 °C fcr about 30 s.

OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox- Tran ^B 2/20 instrument. An OTR of 429 cm ³ / [m ² day atm] was measured at 30 °C and 0% RH for a sample prepared in this manner.

EXAMPLE 12 : COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE OF BARRIER COATING PERFORMANCE ON UNPRIMED BOPP FILM

A barrier coating solution was prepared as described in Example 11. The film spm-coated as described

m Example 11, except corona treatment was not performed on these films. OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox- Tran' ¹ 2/20 instrument. An OTR of 3221 cm ³ / [m ² day atm] was measured at 30 °C and 0% RH for a sample prepared in this manner. This is essentially identical to the OTR of uncoated Trespaphan ^® FND 15 BOPP film.

EXAMPLE 13: PREPARATION OF COATED ARTICLES WITH BARRIER LAYERS CONTAINING DELAMINATED VERMICULITE Colloidal solutions of lithium polysilicate and MicroLite ⁸ 963 Plus+ grade dispersed vermiculite were prepared using the reagents and quantities listed m Table VIII by first diluting the MicroLite ³ dispersion with water and then adding the lithium polysilicate solution to it with stirring. Solutions were stirred for 30 minutes immediately before coating and were not filtered.

Four inch circles were cut from Trespaphan" ³ FND 15 BOPP film with a scalpel. Any dust on the film was blown off with a jet of clean, filtered air. They were then corona treated to improve wetting by primer solutions and aαr.esion of dried primer layers. Corona treatment was performed using a Tantec Lab System II corona treater using a ceramic electrode v/ith a 2 mm gap. The power setting was 90%, and the electrode was scanned over the film surface by hand for 20 s (approximately 10 passes) .

Approximately 10 g of PHS-Li primer solution descrioed m Example 1 was dispensed on the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s v/as followed immediately DV a spin C/de of 2000 rcm for 10 s. The

coated films were dried m an oven maintained at 50 °C for -30 s.

After the priming process, approximately 10 g of one of the copolysilicate/vermiculite dispersions described m Table VIII was dispensed onto the primed side of the polypropylene film. A spread cycle of 300 rpm for 1 s was followed immediately by a spin cycle of 2000 rpm for 10 s. The coated films were again dried in an oven maintained at

50 °C for -120 s.

OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox- Tran ^s 2/20 instrument at 30 °C under dry conditions. OTR data are presented in Table VIII.

Table VIII. Lithium-potassium Silicate and Dispersed Vermiculite as Oxygen Barrier Coatings on BOPP Film

EXAMPLE 14: PREPARATION OF COATED ARTICLES WITH BARRIER LAYERS CONTAINING DELAMINATED VERMICULITE An aqueous colloidal suspension containing lithium polysilicate and MicroLite ^® 963 Plus+ grade dispersed vermiculite in which 40% by weight of the coating solids were lithium polysilicate was prepared following the formulation provided m Example 13. BOPP film samples were prepared for coating, primed with a 1% by weight solution of PHS-Li and coated with polysilicate/vermiculite coating following the procedure described in Example 13.

Oxygen transmission rate was measured at several relative humidities on a single representative film. Tne OTR was measured first under dry conditions and suDsequently at increased relative humidity. The film was not removed from sample chamber ^" between measurements. Upon conclusion of testing at 90% relative humidity, the sample Clamper was returned to dry conditions and tne OTR measured again. OTR results are shown m Table IX.

Table IX. Humidity dependence of Oxygen Transmission Rate of Lithium Polysilicate/Dispersed Vermiculite Barrier Coatings (40% lithium polysilicate) on

EXAMPLE 15: PREPARATION OF COATED ARTICLES WITH BARRIER LAYERS CONTAINING DELAMINATED VERMICULITE An aqueous colloidal suspension containing lithium polysilicate and MicroLite ^'5 963 Plus+ grade dispersed vermiculite in which 10% py weight of tne coating solids were lithium polysilicate v/as prepared according to tne formulation provided in Example 13. BOPP film samples were prepared for coating, primed witn a 1% by weight

solution of PHS-Li and coated with polysilicate/vermiculite coating following the procedure described in Example 13. OTR were measured at different values of relative humidity on a single representation film. The OTR was measured first under dry conditions and subsequently at increased relative humidity. The film was not removed from sample chamber between measurements . Upon conclusion of testing at 90% RH, the sample chamber was returned to dry conditions and the OTR measured again. OTR are shown in Table X.

Table X. Humidity dependence of Oxygen Transmission Rate of Lithium Polysilicate/Dispersed Vermiculite Barrier Coatings (10% lithium polysilicate) on BOPP Film

EXAMPLE 16: APPLICATION OF PRIMER AND BARRIER COATING SOLUTIONS BY REVERSE GRAVURE COATING PROCESS Solutions of lithium polysilicate/dispersed vermiculite were prepared using the amounts shown in Table XI and the procedure described in Example 13. BOPP film was run through a multiple stage reverse gravure roll coater with in-line corona treatment such that a primer layer of either PHS-Li (containing 0.1% Dynol ^s 604 surfactant) or PVOH v/as applied and dried, followed by application of a lithium polysilicate/dispersed vermiculite coating solution and drying as coated using a reverse gravure roll coating process . OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox-

Tran ^" 2/20 instrument at 30°C under dry conditions. OTR data are presented in Table XI.

Table XI. Descriptions of Barrier Coating Solutions and Oxygen Transmission Rate of Lithium Polysilicate/Dispersed Vermiculite Barrier Coatings Applied by Reverse Gravure Coating to BOPP Film

EXAMPLE 17: APPLICATION OF PVOH PRIMER AND BARRIER COATING SOLUTIONS BY REVERSE GRAVURE COATING PROCESS

A 1% solids PVOH primer was prepared by dissolving, m 19 kg cf water, 190 g of PVOH (M„ = 31,000 - 5:, 000, 98-99% hydrolyzed) while heating to 75 °C. The PVOH solution was cooled and transferred to a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) carboy, followed by addition, with continuous mixing, of 19 g of Dynol ⁸ 604 surfactant and 19 g of Genapol ⁸ UD050 surfactant . This primer solution, containing 1% PVOH, 0.1% Dynol ^s 604 surfactant, and 0.1% Genapol" UD050 surfactant had a surface tension of 26.3

A series of lithium-potassium copolysilicate, (Lι ₂ 0) _X (K ₂ 0) .- _x (Sι0 ₂ ) _y with x = 0.5 and y = 3.64, barrier coating solutions were prepared with 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% solids by the method described in Example 9. The primer was applied by reverse gravure coating to Trespaphan ⁸ FND 20 BOPP film (0.8 mil thick) on the factory-corona-treated side, but without supplemental corona treatment. The primer solution wet the BOPP film very well. The ceramic-coated gravure cylinder had a laser- engraved pattern rotated 60 ° with respect to the cylinder axis, 220 lines per inch, and a cell volume of 10 billion CUPIC microns per square inch. The primer solution was applied at a line speed of 500 ft/mm and was dried at -55 °C m a 50 ft air flotation oryer. The lithium-potassium copolysilicate barrier coatings were applied to the PVOH-primed BOPP film using the same reverse gravure coating variables, except that the line speed was 200 ft/mm.

OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox- Tran ^" 2/20 instrument at 23 °C and 50% relative numidity. OTR data are presented m Table XII.

Table XII. Oxygen Transmission Rate and Approximate Thickness of Lithium-potassium Copolysilicate Barrier Coatings on PVOH-primed BOPP Film (0.8 mil thick) .

EXAMPLE 18: APPLICATION OF PVOH PRIMER SOLUTION CONTAINING BIOCIDE BY REVERSE GRAVURE COATING PROCESS

A 1% solids PVOH primer containing the Katnon ^" LX oiocide (1.5% solution, Rohm and Haas) was prepared oy dissolving, in 18.772 kg or water, 190 g of PVOH (M., = 31,000 - 50,000, 98-99% hydrolyzed) while neatmg to 70 °C. The PVOH solution v/as filtered, cooled and transferred to a hign-density polyethylene (HDPE) carooy, follov/ed by addition, with continuous mixing, of 19 g of Dynol ^-3 604 surfactant, 19 g of Genapol ^{^} ' UD050 surfactant and 0.^5 g of Kathon ^s LX biocide.

A 12% solids litmum-potassium copo.ysilicate, (Lι ₂ 0) „(K ₂ 0) _1-x (Sι0 ₂ ) _y with x = 0.5 and _, = 3.64, carrier coating solution was prepared oy tne metnod described m Example 9

The primer was applied by reverse gravure coating to Trespaphan ⁸ FND 20 BOPP film (0.8 mil thick) . The side of the film that had been corona-treated at the factory was primed without supplemental corona treatment . The ceramic-coated gravure cylinder had a laser-engraved pattern rotated 60° with respect to the cylinder axis, 220 lines per inch, and a cell volume of 10 billion cubic microns per square inch. The primer solution was applied at a line speed of 500 ft/min and was dried at -55 °C in a 50 ft air flotation dryer.

The lithium-potassium copolysilicate barrier coatings were applied to the PVOH-primed BOPP film using the same reverse gravure coating variables, except that the cell volume was 15 billion cubic microns per square inch and the line speed was 200 ft/min.

OTR measurements were made using a Mocon Ox- Tran" 2/20 instrument. Four measurements on samples from a roll of film yielded an OTR of 18 ± 2 cm ³ / [m ² day atm] at 23 °C and 50% relative numidity.

EXAMPLE 19: COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF PVOH PRIMER SOLUTION BY REVERSE GRAVURE COATING PROCESS

A PVOH primer v/as prepared by dissolving 80 g of PVOH (Mv = 85,000 - 146,000, 98-99% hydrolyzed) m 4000 g of deionized water while heating to 85 °C. The PVOH solution was filtered, while not, througn a fluted paper niter. After cooling, 4000 g of deionized water v/as added αfr. continuous stirring, followed by addition of 1.6 g of Genapol"' UD050 surfactant . This primer solution, containing

j,?

1% PVOH and 0.02% Genapol ^® UD050 surfactant had a surface tension of 28.0 ± 0.2 dynes/cm.

The PVOH primer was applied by reverse gravure coating to Trespaphan ^® FND 20 BOPP film (0.8 mil thick) . The side of the film that had been corona-treated at the factory was primed without supplemental corona treatment. The ceramic-coated gravure cylinder had a laser- engraved pattern rotated 60° with respect to the cylinder axis, 220 lines per inch, and a cell volume of 10 billion cubic microns per square inch. The primer solution was applied at a line speed of 150 ft/mm and was dried at -80 ³ Z m a 50 ft air flotation dryer.

This primer solution dewetted severely from tne BOPP film before reaching the dryer, yielding a primed film that was largely uncoated but only decorated with particles of PVOH.

EXAMPLE 20: COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION CF PVOH PRIMER SOLUTION BY REVERSE GRAVURE COATING PROCESS A PVOH primer was prepared by dissolving 80 g tf PVOH (M _tf = 31,000 - 50,000, 99% hydrolyzed) m 400C g of deionized water v/nile neafmg to 70 °C. After cooling, 4000 g of deionized water was added with continuous stirring, follov/ed by addition of 8 g of Dynol ^" 604 surfactant. This primer solution, containing 1% PVOH and 0.1% Dynol ⁸ 604 surfactant had a surface tension of 25.8 ± 0.1 dynes/cm. Tnere was noticeable accumulation of droplet of undispersed Dynol ⁰ 604 surfactant on the surface of the primer m the carcc

The PVOH primer was applied by reverse gravure coating to Trespaphan ^® FND 20 BOPP film (0.8 mil thick) . The side of the film that had been corona-treated at the factory was primed without supplemental corona treatment. The ceramic-coated gravure cylinder had a laser- engraved pattern rotated 60° with respect to the cylinder axis, 220 lines per inch, and a cell volume of 10 billion cubic microns per square inch. The primer solution was applied at a line speed of 150 ft/min and was dried at -80 °C in a 50 ft air flotation dryer.

This PVOH primer solution wetted the BOPP film well, but ultimately caused the formation of non- wetting spots on the gravure cylinder that appeared to be the result of undispersed droplets of Dynol ^® 604 surfactant. These interfered with subsequent application of the barrier coating solution.

Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are included in the above-identified specification and are expected to be obvious to one of skill in the art. Such modifications and alterations to the compositions and processes of the present invention are believed to be encompassed in the scope of the claims appended hereto.