| US20140018438A1 | 2014-01-16 | |||
| US20140056951A1 | 2014-02-27 |
SUH, JD ET AL.: "Blofilms in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.", CURRENT OPINION IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY & HEAD & NECK SURGERY., vol. 18, no. 1, 2010, XP009504804
See also references of EP 3242657A4
| CLAIMS 1. A method of preventing formation of bacterial biofilm comprising exposing one or a plurality of bacterial cells to a composition comprising a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or plurality of bacterial cells comprise Staphylococcus aureus. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the 3% amino acids comprises isoleucine at 0.21 grams (g) per 100 total milliliters (mL) of aqueous solution, leucine at 0.27g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, lysine at 0.22g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, methionine at 0.16g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, phenylalanine at 0.17g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, tryptophan at 0.046g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, valine at 0.2g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, alanine at 0.21g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, arginine at 0.29g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, histidine at 0.085g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, proline at 0.34g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, serine at 0.18g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, glycine at 0.42g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, threonine at 0.12 g per 100ml, and L-cysteine at 0.014g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in a biomedical device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the biomedical device is selected from: a stent, a prosthetic implant, an implant, a cannula, and intravenous line of plastic tubing, a drainage tube, and a surgical instrument. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is performed in an in vitro cell culture. 8. A method of preventing formation of a bacterial biofilm in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject is infected with one or plurality of bacterial cells comprise Staphylococcus aureus. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the 3% amino acids comprises isoleucine at 0.21g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, leucine at 0.27g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, lysine at 0.22g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, methionine at 0.16g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, phenylalanine at 0.17g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, tryptophan at 0.046g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, valine at 0.2g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, alanine at 0.21g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, arginine at 0.29g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, histidine at 0.085g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, proline at 0.34g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, serine at 0.18g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, glycine at 0.42g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, threonine at 0.12 g per 100ml, and L-cysteine at 0.014g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an sterile aqueous solution and the step of administering comprises irrigating a wound with the solution. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of administering comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition by intravenous injection. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of administering comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition by intravenous injection continuously for approximately 48 hours. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of administering comprises applying a compress moistened with the solution to the wound. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of applying the compress is performed for about 48 hours. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered at an infusion rate of approximately 80 cubic centimeters (cc) per hour. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution and the step of administration is accomplished by irrigating a wound on or within the subject and applying a compress moistened with the pharmaceutical composition for about 48 hours. 19. The method of claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution and the step of administration is accomplished by nasal irrigation. 20. A method of destroying a bacterial biofilm comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the biofilm comprises one or a plurality of Staphylococcus aureus cells. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the 3% amino acids comprises isoleucine at 0.21g per 100 total milliliters (mL) of aqueous solution, leucine at 0.27g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, lysine at 0.22g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, methionine at 0.16g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, phenylalanine at 0.17g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, tryptophan at 0.046g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, valine at 0.2g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, alanine at 0.21g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, arginine at 0.29g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, histidine at 0.085g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, proline at 0.34g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, serine at 0.18g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, glycine at 0.42g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution, threonine at 0.12 g per 100ml, and L-cysteine at 0.014g per 100 total mL of aqueous solution. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an sterile aqueous solution and the step of administering comprises irrigating a wound with the solution. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of administering comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition by intravenous injection. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the step of administering comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition by intravenous injection continuously for approximately 48 hours. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of administering comprises applying a compress moistened with the solution to the wound. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the step of applying the compress is performed for about 48 hours. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered at an infusion rate of approximately 80 cubic centimeters (cc) per hour. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution and the step of administration is accomplished by irrigating a wound on or within the subject and applying a compress moistened with the pharmaceutical composition for about 48 hours. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution and the step of administration is accomplished by nasal irrigation. 32. A method of treating a fungal biofilm in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition that is an aqueous solution comprising L- cysteine at 0.4g per 100 mL of solution. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of administering comprises one or a plurality of intravenous injection, topical administration, oral administration, or intranasal administration. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of administering comprises intravenous injection for about 48 hours. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the intravenous administration is at an infusion rate of approximately 80 cubic centimeters (cc) per hour. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the method of administration is performed by irrigating a wound with the solution of L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 ml and/or applying a compress moistened with the solution of L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 ml for approximately 48 hours. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of administering is through an oral irrigation and consumption of the solution of L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 mL. 38. The method of claim 32 wherein the biofilm is formed by one or a plurality of Candida albicans cells. 39. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of administering comprises nasal irrigation. 40. A method of preventing formation of a fungal biofilm in a subject comprising administering to the subject a solution comprising L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 mL. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the step of administration is performed intravenously, topically, orally, or intranasally. 42. The method- of claim 40, wherein the biofilm comprises one or a plurality of Candida albicans cells. 43. The method of claim 40, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution and the step of administering comprises exposing the biofilm to a compress moistened with the solution. 44. A method of treating or preventing chronic sinusitis comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the sinusitis is caused by a bacterial infection. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a sterile aqueous solution. 47. A method of treating or preventing chronic sinusitis comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 mL of aqueous solution. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the chronic sinusitis is caused by a fungal infection. 49. A method of preventing formation of fungal biofilm comprising exposing one or a plurality of fungal cells to a composition comprising L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 mL of aqueous solution. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the one or plurality of fungal cells comprise Candida albicans. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is performed on or within a biomedical device. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the biomedical device is selected from: a stent, a prosthetic implant, an implant, a cannula, and intravenous line of plastic tubing, a drainage tube, and a surgical instrument. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the method is performed in an in vitro cell culture. |
BIOFILM BY AMINO ACID INFUSION
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Application 14/590,002, filed on January 6, 2015, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD
[0002] This invention pertains to the use of solutions administered in the inhibition and destruction of bacterial and fungal biofilms.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A biofilm occurs when microbes stick to each other on a surface. These adherent microbial cells are frequently embedded within a self-producing matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. Biofilms are also referred to as slime. The polymeric conglomeration is generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Initially the biofilm is weak and adhesion is by van der Waals forces. Later, the microbes form cell adhesion structures such as pili in the case of bacteria or hyphae in the case of fungi. Once colonization has begun, the biofilm grows through a combination of cell division and recruitment of extracellular components.
[0004] The development of a biofilm may allow for an aggregated cell colony to be increasingly antibiotic resistant. Microbes from the biofilm can disperse which causes the spread and colonization of new surfaces. The extracellular matrix protects the microorganisms within it and facilitates communication among them through biochemical signals. Biofilms have been implicated in such problems as urinary tract infections, endocarditis, cystic fibrosis and infections of medical devices, such as prostheses and heart valves. Invariably the only recourse for treating prosthetic devices such as mechanical heart valves is to have them replaced. Biofilms are present on the removed tissue of 80% of patients undergoing surgery for chronic sinusitis.
[0005] Danish pioneers first connected biofilms with human disease in the 1980's and then with antibiotic resistant infections. They discovered that once these biofilm infections had begun they are difficult to get rid of in the body. The immune system can mop up free-floating microbes in the blood but reaching bacteria and fungi within the biofilm reservoir is difficult.
[0006] Even if an antimicrobial agent reaches a biofilm, a large portion of the microbes would be insensitive to the specific antimicrobial agent as bacteria and fungi in a biofilm typically exist in a dormant state. The dormant microbes are not vulnerable to the antimicrobial agent. Later, these dormant microbes can quickly renew the biofilm. Low oxygen concentrations in the biofilm also protects the microbes from some antimicrobial agents, which require aerobic metabolism.
[0007] According to the Center for Disease Control, 65% of treated bacterial infections develop from a biofilm. Biofilms are implicated in chronic infections. Most notable among them is Staphylococcus aureus, especially the methicillin resistant (MRSA) variety. Also, an estimated 13% of intensive care patients have a fungal infection likely originating from a biofilm.
SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS
[0008] Disclosed is a method comprising the administration of a 3% amino acid and 3% glycerin solution for the use of prevention and disruption of bacterial biofilms.
[0009] Also disclosed is method comprising the administration of L-cysteine 0.4g per 100ml for the prevention and/or destruction of fungal biofilms.
[0010] The disclosure relates to a method of destroying and/or preventing a bacterial biofilm formation on or within a biomedical device, by exposing the biomedical device to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin.
[0011] The disclosure relates to a method of treating and/or preventing a bacterial biofilm formation in a subject comprising by administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin.
[0012] The disclosure relates to a method of destroying and/or preventing a fungal biofilm formation on or within a biomedical device, by exposing the biomedical device to a pharmaceutical composition comprising: L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 ml of aqueous solution.
[0013] The disclosure also relates to a method of treating and/or preventing a fungal biofilm formation in a subject comprising by administering to a subject in need thereof pharmaceutical composition comprising: L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 ml of aqueous solution.
[0014] The disclosure relates to a method of treating and/or preventing sinusitis in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof, the pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a total weight percentage of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin; and/or (ii) L-cysteine at 0.4g per 100 ml of aqueous solution.
[0015] In some embodiments, the biomedical device is selected from: a stent, a prosthetic implant, an implant, a cannula, and intravenous line of plastic tubing, a drainage tube, and a surgical instrument.
[0016] In some embodiments, the subject is a human or non-human animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal.
[0017] In some embodiments in which the subject is treated, the mode of administration is intravenous injection or drip, orally, intranasally, or through wound irrigation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0018] The term "about" as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±20%, ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, or ±0.1%) from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
[0019] The term "subject" is used throughout the specification to describe an animal
to whom treatment with the compositions according to the present invention is provided or administered. For treatment of those conditions which are specific for a specific subject, such as a human being or such as a mammal, the term "patient" may be interchangeably used. In some instances in the description of the present invention, the term "patient" will refer to human patients. In some embodiments, the subject may be a mammal to whom the present invention is provided or administered. In some embodiments, the subject is a mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, cow, sheep, goat, horse, pig, minipig, ape, non-human primate, or domesticated animal.
[0020] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the components disclosed herein. An embodiment of the invention may be formed into an easily administered dosage form. Dosage forms of the invention include solid or liquid dosage forms. If in a solid dosage form, an embodiment of the invention includes dosage form such as tablets or into capsules by methods well known in the art. When forming tablets containing the antiseptic formulation, it will be appreciated that the salts can be compressed into a uniform mixture and can optionally include inert diluents such as a tablet binder. The tablet binder may be a pharmaceutically acceptable binder and is one which produces no appreciable antiinfective effects or effects that would prevent formation of a biofilm or that would encourage destruction of a bacterial or fungal biofilm. Examples of useful binders include non-ionic detergents from the Pluronic™ series, such as Pluronic F-68™(a trademark of BASF-Wyandotte Chemicals, defined as a condensate of ethylene oxide with a condensate of propylene oxide and propylene glycol), related non-ionic surfactants, and mechanical adhesives such as polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, among numerous others. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) may also be used to enhance the compactability of the antiseptic salts into the tablet or capsule form. A soluble, nonfermentable binder that may be used in the formulations of the invention includes polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG is represented by the structural formula:
HOCH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 ) m CH 2 OH,
wherein m represents the average number of oxy ethylene groups. Any PEG polymer may be employed in the compositions contemplated herein. In some embodiments, the PEG polymers are solid at room temperature (i.e., 25 degree C.) and/or soluble in (or miscible with) water at room temperature. In some embodiments of the invention, the average molecular weight of the PEG polymer is at least 200, at least 400, at least 600, at least 1,000, at least 1540, at least 3000, at least 4,000, or at least 8,000. In some embodiments of the invention, the average molecular weight of the PEG polymer is from about 7,000 to about 9,000.
[0021] The amount of binder may vary depending on the desired characteristics of the solid dosage form and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments of the invention, a PEG binder comprises from about 5 to about 20%, in another embodiment from about 7.5 to about 15%, and in an additional embodiment about 10% by weight. In some embodiments of the invention, the formulation does not comprise a PEG binder.
[0022] In some embodiments of the invention, the composition of the invention is free of insoluble binder or only contains levels of insoluble binder that do not impede or obstruct the visualization of the colon. One of ordinary skill may readily modify the additives combined with the antiseptic salts according to the present invention in order to optimize the formulations for oral delivery.
[0023] Solid dosage forms are well known in the art. Solid dosage forms are easier for a patient or caregiver to identify, handle and administer. They are also non-invasive and have high patient compliance. Solid dosage forms can be divided into several groups, based upon the route by which the drug is delivered, including, for example, gastrointestinal (GI) tract delivery, suppository (rectal, vaginal and urethral) delivery, and transdermal delivery. The majority of solid dosage forms on the market are designed for gastro-intestinal delivery. GI delivery is often referred to simply as "oral delivery," because a tablet or capsule is initially introduced orally, and swallowed. However, this type of solid delivery form is designed to dissolve in the GI tract.
[0024] In addition to the antiseptic salts in either solid or liquid form, the formulations and compositions of the present invention may also contain optional ingredients to enhance the characteristics of the solid dosage form, maintain the integrity of particles of the active ingredient during the formulation process, and/or enhance the safety of the formulation. Any additional components may be compatible with the other ingredients in the formulations of the invention, in particular the active ingredients, and may be inert. If inert, the additional component does not adversely affect the osmolarity, osmolality, or isotoncity of the formulations or interfere, to a measureable degree, with the biological function of the antiseptic. Additional optional ingredients that may be used in the formulations of the invention include, for example, coatings, diluents, binders, glidants, lubricants, colors, disintegrants, flavors, sweeteners, polymers or waxes.
[0025] Non-limiting examples of diluents include various types of starch, cellulose, crystalline cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol or other sugar alcohols, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. In some embodiments of the invention, the formulation does not include a diluent.
[0026] Lubricants, for example, may be included in the formulations of the invention. Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, potassium stearate, talc, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulphate, and paraffin. In some embodiments of the invention, the colonic antiseptic formulation further comprises magnesium stearate. Lubricants serve to facilitate the manufacturing of a solid dosage form. In some embodiments of the invention, the formulation does not comprise a lubricant.
[0027] Additional suitable ingredients also include, but are not limited to, carriers, such as sodium citrate and dicalcium phosphate; fillers or extenders, such as stearates, silicas, gypsum, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, talc, and silicic acid; binders, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl-cellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato and tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; stabilizers, such as fumaric acid; coloring agents; buffering agents; dispersing agents; preservatives; organic acids; and organic bases.
[0028] In some embodiments of the instant invention, the tablet or capsules may also include inert dispersal agents which will facilitate dissolution of the tablet or capsule contents in the stomach of the patient. Preferably, the dispersal agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable dispersant and is one which also produces no appreciable osmotic effects. Examples of acceptable dispersants include microcrystalline cellulose (which is also useful as a compacting agent) and anhydrous lactose. In some embodiments, the dispersal agent is AC-DI-SOL, a cross-linked starch.
[0029] In some embodiments of the present invention, the formulation or composition may also include a buffering agent to minimize any acid imbalance which may accompany ingestion of the antiseptic formulation. Suitable buffering agents include magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include a buffering agent. Acidic or basic compounds may also be optionally added to the formulation to adjust the pH of the compound or to alter the disintegration characteristics of a tablet or capsule. Acidic or basic compounds that may be included in the formulations of the invention include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, and aluminum hydroxide. It will be appreciated that a change of the pH may also change the taste characteristics of the formulation. Formulations very high in pH typically are very bitter in taste. As the pH drops, the taste becomes less bitter, then salty, and may eventually become sour.
[0030] In some embodiments of the invention, the orally administered antiinfective formulation may be easily and conveniently administered and avoids the problems and objectionable tastes of known formulations. It can also be seen that it is desirable to have such a antiinfective formulation which may be administered without large volumes of water necessary in conventional formulations and which avoids other potentially irritant chemicals or chemicals which could effect osmolality. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to add a flavoring agent to the compositions of the present invention. A wide range of flavors are available for preparing good tasting and desirable medications within the scope of the present invention. These may be required in order to mask the taste of the amount of antiinfective or antiinfectives. Flavorings may be combined, as desired, to produce a particular flavor mix which is compatible with a particular medication. Some of the confectioner's flavorings which may be used in the context of the present invention include artificial vanilla, vanilla cream, mint, berry, cherry, spearmint, grape, coconut, chocolate, menthol, licorice, lemon, and butterscotch. Each of these flavorings is obtainable in a concentrated powder form. Some embodiments of the invention include flavoring agents prepared by spray drying. Other flavorings known in the confectionary arts may also be acceptable because of the ease of combining the ingredients of the present invention. Any number of flavorings may be combined in any desired ratio in order to produce the specific desired taste characteristics required for any particular application. For example, flavor combinations may be varied in order to be compatible with the flavor characteristics of any specific drug. In some embodiments, the formulation does not comprise certain flavoring agents.
[0031] In order to produce a desirable color for the end product, artificial colorings may also be added to the composition. The flavorings described above are generally a white powder, as are the other major components. Therefore, additional coloring is necessary if a colored end product is desired. Coloring may also be important as a code to indicate the type of formulation. Any type of color known to be "generally regarded as safe" ("GRAS"), and thus generally used in the confectionary trade, or otherwise approved by the appropriate regulatory authority for use in formulations administered to subjects, may be used to provide coloring to the product.
[0032] In some embodiments it may be necessary to add sugars, sugar alcohols, or other sweeteners to the composition for flavor enhancement. Suitable artificial sweeteners include aspartame, acesulfame K, saccharin, sucralose, altitame, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycerrhizinate, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, or any other non-cariogenic, sugar-free sweetener, alone or in combination. For compositions which contain a sugar alcohol, additional sweeteners may not be necessary, due to the naturally sweet taste of these polyhydric alcohols. It is desired that a sweetener or combination of sweeteners be obtained which is compatible with the antiinfective agent and the other components such that a good tasting solid dosage form is produced.
[0033] As mentioned previously, the compositions may also include a disintegrating agent. Tablet disintegrators are substances which swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the antiinfective, and include starches such as corn and potato starches, clays, celluloses, aligns, gums, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation- exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, carboxymethyl cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate.
[0034] Solid form dosages in a formulation can be prepared according to any means suitable in the art. The solid dosage form of the invention may be a tablet or capsules. Capsules are prepared by mixing the antiinfective mixture with a suitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules. Tablets are prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound.
[0035] A lubricant can be used in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant can be chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
[0036] Tablets can be coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant, or with film-forming protecting agents to modify the dissolution properties of the tablet. The compounds may also be formulated as chewable tablets, by using large amounts of pleasant-tasting substances such as mannitol in the formulation, as is now well-established in the art.
[0037] Liquid dosage forms are well known in the art. Suitable liquid formulations include, for example, the list of liquid formulations included in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. Concentrated aqueous phosphate and sulfate solutions are, at times, extremely unpalatable, so much so that the recommended dosage form is administered ice cold so as to minimize the objectionable saline taste. Often patients complain of severe nausea and vomiting, possible secondary to the extremely salty taste of the preparation. Frequently, patients cannot even tolerate the ingestion of this preparation at the initial dose and often the second dose becomes even more problematic due to the unpalatable extremely salty taste, even when the taste is partially masked by the use of flavoring agents. An embodiment of the invention includes liquid dosage forms that have the same or increased antiinfective power as compared to existing liquid formulations but have an improved safety margin, fewer side effects, and/or better taste.
[0038] Also contemplated are liquid formulations and solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, syrups, slurries, and emulsions. One embodiment of the invention involves solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations wherein the solid form preparation, or formulation, comprises magnesium citrate and sodium phosphate as anhydrous powders. Shortly before use, the anhydrous powders of the embodiment may be dissolved in a fluid such as water to produce a liquid preparation. In one embodiment of the invention, the composition that comprises magnesium citrate and sodium phosphate as anhydrous powders is in a sachet. Liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats or oils); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). These preparations may contain, in addition to the active agent, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like. Certain embodiments may not contain colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like, if such inactive agent impairs or obstructs visibility of the colon during medical evaluation. The compositions may be in powder form, anhydrous or otherwise, for constitution with a suitable vehicle such as sterile water, saline solution, or alcohol, before use. In some embodiments of the invention sachets containing the composition may be produced for dissolution in a suitable vehicle such as sterile water, saline solution, or alcohol, before use.
[0039] A 66 year old female developed cellulitis and an open ulcer on her leg. This was treated by oral antibiotics and was also treated at an outpatient wound care center. When the outpatient care was not successful she was admitted to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics. After 3 weeks there was no sign of improvement and the ulcer was enlarging. At this stage the ulcer measured 3 centimeters by l-½ centimeters in size and there was surrounding redness suggestive of inflammation. She was then given an intravenous solution of 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin at an infusion rate of 80 cubic centimeters (cc) per hour. At the end of 48 hours there was evidence of healing in the ulcer. During these 48 hours, the patient was continued on intravenous antibiotics. After 72 hours the patient was discharged home on oral antibiotics. When she was reexamined 3 weeks later, there was no evidence of the ulcer and the surrounding inflammation that was caused by cellulitis had totally cleared. Ulcers such as this suggest that the patient had developed a bacterial biofilm that had increased resistance to antibiotics causing the antibiotics to be ineffective.
[0040] In the lab we discovered that glycerin had little effect on biofilm inhibition.
[0041] ProcalAmine® which contains the amino acids Isoleucine 0.21g per 100ml, Leucine 0.27g per 100ml, Lysine (as Lysine Acetate USP 0.31 g) 0.22g per 100ml, Methionine 0.16g per 100ml, Phenylalanine 0.17g per 100ml, Tryptophan 0.046g per 100ml, Valine 0.2g per 100ml, Alanine 0.21g per 100ml, Arginine 0.29g per 100ml, Histidine 0.085g per 100ml, Proline 0.34g per 100ml, Serine 0.18g per 100ml, Glycine 0.42g per 100ml, Threonine 0.12 g per 100ml, Cysteine (as L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate less than 0.020 g) less than 0.014g per 100ml, both inhibited and destroyed bacterial and fungal biofilms.
[0042] We found that Aminosyn 10% which contained no L-cysteine and also contained Tyrosine, Aspartic Acid, and glutamic acid did not inhibit or destroy bacterial and fungal biofilms. It was not aided by the addition of L-cysteine for the bacterial biofilms, but was aided by the addition of L-cysteine for the fungal biofilms. This may indicate that tyrosine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid may inhibit the destructive effect of one or some of the other amino acids on the bacterial biofilm.
[0043] We also discovered that L-cysteine alone at a concentration of 0.4g per 100ml caused inhibition and destruction of fungal biofilms, such as those formed by the predominant human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. L-cysteine alone had no effect on the bacterial biofilms.
[0044] The method used was as follows:
[0045] Inhibition and Disruption Assay In Vitro
[0046] Candida albicans wild-type strain SN250 was incubated on YEPD plates at 30°C at 225 rpm for 16 hrs. Staphylococcus aureus wild-type strain JE2 was incubated on Blood Agar plates at 37°C for 24 hours. A single colony from the plate was inoculated in 4 mL of TSB media and incubated at 37°C on a rotating platform for 16 hours.
[0047] Biofilms were grown as follows: For the inhibition assay, the cells were incubated in RPMI-1640 medium alone and with compounds to be tested (1% ProcalAmine® or 0.4% L- cysteine) at 37°C at 250 rpm for C. albicans and statically for S. aureus for 90 minutes, for cell adhesion. Cells were washed with PBS solution followed by addition of RPMI-1640 alone and with compounds to be tested (1% ProcalAmine® or 0.4% L-cysteine), and further incubated at 37°C at 250 rpm (for C. albicans) and statically (for S. aureus) for 24 hours for biofilm growth.
[0048] For the disruption assay, the biofilm was grown in RPMI-1640 alone, following the same procedure mentioned above for C. albicans and S. aureus, with no addition to media. After 24 hours, the media was aspirated and carefully replaced by RPMI-1640 alone and with treatments (1%) ProcalAmine® or 0.4% L-cysteine) and further incubated at 37°C at 250 rpm (C. albicans) and statically (S. aureus) for 24 hours.
[0049] All biofilms formed were analyzed by measuring optical density at 630nm. Six replicates for each treatment were performed.
[0050] These same amino acids may be used in both the prevention and the treatment of biofilms in human and animal bacterial biofilms and L-cysteine may be used in the treatment and prevention of fungal biofilm in both humans and animals. [0051] Consequently, these solutions may be used for oral and topical prevention and treatment.
[0052] In some embodiments, a 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin solution (e.g., ProcalAmine®) may be used for oral and topical prevention and treatment with a swish and swallow method, repeated as needed. In some embodiments, the 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin solution may be used as a topical method of treatment through the irrigation of a wound with the 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin solution followed by dressing the wound with a compress moistened with the 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin solution and maintained for approximately 48 hours or due to differences in wound area and depth, until satisfactory treatment.
[0053] In some embodiments, a 0.4% L-cysteine solution may be used for oral and topical prevention and treatment of C. albicans biofilms with a swish and swallow method, and repeated as needed. In some embodiments, a 0.4% L-cysteine solution may be used with as a topical method for the prevention and treatment of C. albicans biofilm infections through the irrigation of a wound with 0.4% L-cysteine solution followed by dressing the wound with a compress moistened with 0.4% L-cysteine solution and maintained for approximately 48 hours, or due to differences in wound area and depth, until satisfactory treatment.
[0054] In some embodiments, a 3% amino acids and 3% glycerin solution (e.g., ProcalAmine®) may be used for the treatment of biofilms indicated in chronic sinusitis. In some embodiments, a 0.4% L-cysteine solution may be used for the treatment of biofilms indicated in chronic sinusitis.
[0055] Any and all references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties, including U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application 13/912060, filed June 6, 2013, titled "A Method Of Destroying Bacterial Biofilm Using Sterile Intravenous Or Intracavernous Glycerin" and U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application 13/373445, filed November 15, 2011, titled "Method of Treating a systemic inflammatory disorder and damaged internal tissues."
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