TITLE OF INVENTION : METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING VIEW-ANGLE-INDUCED COLOR SHIFT

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to methods and systems for generating, modifying and applying backlight driving values for an LED backlight array.

BACKGROUND ART Some displays, such as LCD displays, have backlight arrays with individual elements that can be individually addressed and modulated. The displayed image characteristics can be improved by systematically addressing backlight array elements.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Some embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and systems for generating, modifying and applying backlight driving values for an LED backlight array. Some embodiments also comprise coordinated adjustment of LCD driving values. Some embodiments comprise adjustment of LED backlight values to reduce view-angle-induced color shift. An embodiment of the present invention may comprise a method directed towards a display comprising a backlight layer of light emitting elements arranged in an array, a diffusion layer, and a display panel. The method is for generating a backlight image for the backlight layer and comprises the steps of: a) receiving an input image comprising pixel color channel values for a first color channel value and a second color channel value; b) determining transmittance data of the display panel for multiple pixel color channel values at a direct view angle and a side view angle; c) determining a first ratio of display output for the first color channel value and the second color channel value at the direct view angle based on the transmittance data; d) determining a second ratio of display output for the first color channel value and the second color channel value at the side view angle based on the transmittance data; e) determining a difference between the first ratio and the second ratio; and f) adjusting a backlight illumination value and a pixel element code value of the backlight layer to minimize the difference.

Another embodiment may comprise a method also directed towards a display comprising a backlight layer of light emitting elements arranged in an array, a diffusion layer, and a display panel. The method for generating a backlight image for the backlight layer and comprises the steps of: a) receiving an input image comprising an array of pixel values representing the input image at a first resolution; b) subsampling the input image to create an intermediate resolution image, wherein the intermediate resolution image has a resolution that is lower than the first resolution and wherein the intermediate resolution image comprises sub-block values, each of which correspond to a different plurality of pixel values in the input image; c) determining a characteristic for the plurality of pixel values in each corresponding sub-block in a current frame; d) determining a characteristic for a plurality of pixel values in each corresponding sub-block in a previous frame; e) creating a motion map with motion elements for each of the light emitting elements, wherein the resolution of the light emitting elements is less than the intermediate resolution and a plurality of the sub-blocks corresponds to one of the motion elements, the creating occurring by comparing the characteristics from the previous frame to the characteristics from the current frame, wherein one of the motion elements, indicates motion when one of the characteristics from the previous frame, for a particular sub- block corresponding to the motion element, is substantially different than the characteristic from the current frame corresponding to the particular sub-block; f) creating a motion status map, wherein the motion status map comprises motion status elements corresponding to each of the motion elements, wherein the value of the motion status elements increases to a maximum value when a corresponding motion status element of a previous frame indicates motion and the value of the motion status elements decreases to a minimum value when a corresponding motion status element of a previous frame does not indicate motion; g) calculating a local maximum value within a maximum value window containing a current driving value for the backlight layer; h) calculating an updated driving value for the light emitting elements that is a weighted combination of the current driving value and the maximum value ; i) determining transmittance data for the display panel coupled with the backlight layer, the transmittance data corresponding to multiple pixel color channel values at a direct view angle and a side view angle; j) determining a first ratio of display output for a first color channel value and a second color channel value at the direct view angle based on the transmittance data; k) determining a second ratio of display output for the first color channel value and the second color channel value at the side view angle based on the transmittance data; 1) determining a difference between the first ratio and the second ratio; and m) adjusting the updated driving value and a corresponding pixel element code value to minimize the difference .

The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a diagram showing a typical LCD display with an LED backlight array; Fig. 2 is a chart showing motion adaptive LED backlight driving;

Fig. 3 is a graph showing an exemplary tone mapping; Fig. 4 is an image illustrating an exemplary LED point spread function; Fig. 5 is a chart showing an exemplary method for deriving LED driving values;

Fig. 6 is a diagram showing an exemplary error diffusion method;

Fig. 7 is a plot showing LCD normalized transmittance at two view angles; Fig. 8 is a chart showing an exemplary process for reducing view-angle induced color shift;

Fig. 9 is a graph showing an exemplary inverse gamma correction; Fig. 10 is a diagram showing how a blank signal is fed to drivers in an LED array;

Fig. 1 1 is a diagram showing synchronized timing for backlight flashing;

Fig. 12 is a diagram showing pulse width modulated pulses in LED driving; and

Fig. 13 is a graph showing an exemplary LCD inverse gamma correction.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. The figures listed above are expressly incorporated as part of this detailed description. It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention , as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations . Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the methods and systems of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention but it is merely representative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention.

Elements of embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in hardware, firmware and/ or software . While exemplary embodiments revealed herein may only describe one of these forms, it is to be understood that one skilled in the art would be able to effectuate these elements in any of these forms while resting within the scope of the present invention. In a high dynamic range (HDR) display, comprising a liquid crystal display (LCD) using a light emitting diode (LED) backlight, an algorithm may be used to convert the input image into a low resolution LED image, for modulating the backlight LED, and a high resolution LCD image. To achieve high contrast and save power, the backlight should contain as much contrast as possible . The higher contrast backlight image combined with the high resolution LCD image can produce a much higher dynamic range image than a display using prior art methods. However, one issue with a high contrast backlight is motion-induced flickering. As a moving object crosses the LED boundaries, there is an abrupt change in the backlight: In this process, some LEDs reduce their light output and some increase their output; which causes the corresponding LCD to change rapidly to compensate for this abrupt change in the backlight. Due to the timing difference between the LED driving and LCD driving, or an error in compensation, fluctuation in the display output may occur causing noticeable flickering along the moving objects. The current solution is to use infinite impulse response (HR) filtering to smooth the temporal transition, however, this is not accurate and also may cause highlight clipping.

An LCD has limited dynamic range due to the extinction ratio of polarizers and imperfections in the liquid crystal (LC) material. In order to display high-dynamic-range images, a low resolution LED backlight system may be used to modulate the light that feeds into the LCD . By the combination of a modulated LED backlight and a LCD , a very high dynamic range (HDR) display can be achieved. For cost reasons, the LED typically has a much lower spatial resolution than the LCD . Due to the lower resolution LED , the HDR display, based on this technology, cannot display a high dynamic pattern of high spatial resolution. But, it can display an image with both very bright areas (> 2000 cd/ m ² ) and very dark areas (< 0.5 cd/ m ² ) simultaneously. Because the human eye has limited dynamic range in a local area, this is not a significant problem in normal use . And, with visual masking, the eye can hardly perceive the limited dynamic range of high spatial frequency content.

Another problem with modulated-LED-backlight LCDs is flickering along the motion trajectory, i. e . the fluctuation of display output. This can be due to the mismatch in LCD and LED temporal response as well as errors in the LED point spread function (PSF) . Some embodiments may comprise temporal low-pass filtering to reduce the flickering artifact, but this is not accurate and may also cause highlight clipping.

In embodiments of the present invention, a motion adaptive LED driving algorithm may be used. A motion map may be derived from motion detection. In some embodiments, the LED driving value may also be dependent on the motion status. In a motion region, an LED driving value may be derived such that the contrast of the resulting backlight is reduced. The reduced contrast also reduces a perceived flickering effect in the motion traj ectory.

Some embodiments of the present invention may be described with reference to Figure 1 , which shows a schematic of an HDR display with an LED layer 2 , comprising individual LEDs 8 in an array, as a backlight for an LCD layer 6. The light from the array of LEDs in the LED layer 2 passes through a diffusion layer 4 and illuminates the LCD layer 6. In some embodiments, the backlight image is given by bl(x,y) = LED(i,j) * psf(x,y) ( 1 ) where LED(iJ) is the LED output level of each individual LED in the backlight array, psf(x,y) is the point spread function of the diffusion layer and * denotes a convolution operation. The backlight image may be further modulated by the LCD . The displayed image is the product of the LED backlight and the transmittance of the LCD : TLCϋ(x,y) . img(x, y) = bl(x, y)T _LCD (x, y) = {LED(i, j) * psf(x, y))T _LCD (x, y) ( 2 )

By combining the LED and LCD, the dynamic range of the display is the product of the dynamic range of the LED and

LCD . For simplicity, in some embodiments, we use a normalized LCD and LED output between 0 and 1 .

Some exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be described with reference to Figure 2 , which shows a flowchart for an algorithm to convert an input image into a low-resolution LED backlight image and a high-resolution LCD image . The LCD resolution is m x n pixels with its range from 0 to 1 , with 0 representing black and 1 representing the maximum transmittance . The LED resolution is M x N with M < m and N < n. We assume that the input image has the same resolution as the LCD image . If the input image is a different resolution , a scaling or cropping step may be used to convert the input image to the LCD image resolution. In some embodiments, the input image may be normalized 10 to values between 0 and 1.

In these embodiments, the image may be low-pass filtered and sub-sampled (S 12) to an intermediate resolution. In some embodiments, the intermediate resolution will be a multiple of the LED array size (aM x aN) . In an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate resolution may be 8 times the LED resolution (8M x 8N) . The extra resolution may be used to detect motion and to preserve the specular highlight. The maximum of the intermediate resolution image forms the Block Max image (LEDmax with resolution MxN) 14. This Block Max image may be formed by taking the maximum value in the intermediate resolution image (aM x sN) corresponding to each block to form an MxN image . A Block Mean image 16 may also be created by taking the mean of each block used for the Block Max image . In some embodiments, the Block Mean image 16 may then be tone mapped (S20) . In some embodiments, tone mapping may be accomplished with a I D LUT, as shown in Figure 3. In these embodiments, the tone mapping curve may comprise a dark offset 50 and expansion nonlinearity 52 to make the backlight at dark regions, slightly higher. This may serve to reduce the visibility of dark noise and compression artifacts. The maximum of the tone-mapped Block Mean image and the Block Max image is generated (S 18) and used as the target backlight value, LED l . These embodiments take into account the local maximum thereby preserving the specular highlight. LED l is the target backlight level and its size is the same as the number of active backlight elements (M x N) .

Flickering in the form of intensity fluctuation can be observed when an obj ect moves across LED boundaries. This object movement can cause an abrupt change in LED driving values. Theoretically, the change in backlight can be compensated by the LCD. But due to timing differences between the LED and the LCD , and mismatch in the PSF used in calculating the compensation and the actual PSF of the

LED , there is typically some small intensity variation. This intensity variation might not be noticeable when the eye is not tracking the object motion, but when the eye is tracking the object motion, this small intensity change can become a periodic fluctuation. The frequency of the fluctuation is the product of video frame rate and object motion speed in terms of LED blocks per frame . If an obj ect moves across an LED block in 8 video frames and the video frame rate is 60 Hz, the flickering frequency is 60hz*0. 125 = 7.5 Hz. This is about the peak of human visual sensitivity to flickering and it can result in a very annoying artifact.

To reduce this motion flickering, a motion adaptive algorithm may be used to reduce the sudden LED change when an object moves across the LED grids. Motion detection (S22) may be used to divide a video image into two classes: a motion region and a still region . In the motion region, the backlight contrast is reduced so that there is no sudden change in LED driving value . In the still region, the backlight contrast is preserved to improve the contrast ratio and reduce power consumption. Motion detection may be performed on the sub-sampled image at aM x aN resolution . The value at a current frame may be compared to the corresponding block in the previous frame . If the difference is greater than a threshold, then the backlight block (light emitting element) that contains this block may be classified as a motion block (motion element) .

In an exemplary embodiment, each backlight block contains

8x8 sub-elements. The sub-elements (sub-blocks) at the intermediate resolution may each correspond to a different plurality of the pixels in the input image. In some exemplary embodiments, the process of motion detection may be performed as follows:

For each frame,

1 . calculate the average pixel values (characteristic) of each sub-element (sub-block) in the input image for the current frame.

2. if the difference between the average in this frame and the sub-element average of the previous frame is greater than a threshold (e. g. 5% of total range, in an exemplary embodiment) , then the backlight block that contains the sub-element is classified as a motion block. In this manner a first motion map may be formed.

3. Perform a morphological dilation operation or other image process technique on the first motion map (change the still blocks neighboring a motion block to motion blocks) to form a second enlarged motion map. 4. For each backlight block, the motion status map is updated based on the motion detection results: if it is a motion block,

τnMap _t (i,j) = min(4, mMap _t _ _λ (z,y) + l)

else (still block)

mMap _t (i, j) = max (θ, mMap _t _ _λ (i, j) - 1)

The LED driving value is given by

LED ₁ [I, j) = \ \ ^J LED _x {ι,j) + — j^ LED _n^ (I _{9 J} )

where LEDmax is the local max of LEDs in a window that centers on the current LED (LED i) . One example is a 3x3 window. Another example is a 5x5 window. In this manner motion status element (mMapt) increases to a maximum value when motion is detected and decreases to a minimum value when no motion is detected.

In some embodiments, motion estimation may be used. In these embodiments, the window may be aligned with a motion vector. In some embodiments, the window may be one-dimensional and aligned with the direction of the motion vector. This approach reduces the window size and preserves the contrast in the non-motion direction, but the computation of a motion vector is much more complex than simple motion detection. In some embodiments, the motion vector values may be used to create the enlarged motion map. In some embodiments, the motion vector values may be normalized to a value between 0 and 1 . In some embodiments, any motion vector value above 0 may be assigned a value of 1. The motion status map may then be created as described above and the LED driving values may be calculated according to equation 3 , however, LEDmax would be determined with a I D window aligned with the motion vector.

Since the PSF of the LED is larger than the LED spacing to provide a more uniform backlight image , there is considerable crosstalk between the LED elements that are located close together. Figure 4 shows a typical LED PSF where the black lines 55 within the central circle of illumination indicate the borders between LED array elements. From Figure 4 , it is apparent that the PSF extends beyond the border of the LED element.

Because of the PSF of the LEDs, any LED has contribution from each of its neighboring LEDs. Although Equation 2 can be used to calculate the backlight, given an LED driving signal, deriving the LED driving signal to achieve a target backlight image is an inverse problem. This is an ill- posed de-convolution problem. In one approach, a convolution kernel is used to derive the LED driving signal as shown in Equation 3. The crosstalk correction kernel coefficients (C ₁ and C2) are negative to compensate for the crosstalk from neighboring LEDs.

crosstalk = (4)

The crosstalk correction matrix does reduce the crosstalk effect from its immediate neighbors, but the resulting backlight image is still inaccurate with a too-low contrast. Another problem is that it produces many out of range driving values that have to be truncated and can result in more errors.

Since the LCD output cannot be more than 1 , the LED driving value must be derived so that backlight is larger than target luminance I(x,y) , e . g. , LED(i, j) ■ {LED(i, j) * psftx, y) ≥ I(x, y)} (5)

In Equation 5, " : " is used to denote the constraint to achieve the desired LED values of the function in the curly bracket. Because of the limited contrast ratio (CR) , due to leakage, LCD(x, y) can no longer reach 0. The solution is that when a target value is smaller than LCD leakage , the LED value may be reduced to reproduce the dark luminance .

LEDQJ) : [LED(L j) ® psf (x, y) < I(x,y) - CR} (6)

In some embodiments, another goal may be a reduction in power consumption so that the total LED output is reduced or minimized.

Flickering may be due to the non- stationary response of the LED combined with the mismatch between the LCD and LED. The mismatch can be either spatial or temporal. Flickering can be reduced or minimized by reducing the total LED output fluctuation between frames.

LED(U j) : min ∑ [LED, (i, j) - LED,_ _λ (i - v _x t, j - v,t)]

where v _x and v _y are the motion speed in terms of LED blocks. Some embodiments of the present invention address image quality problems for off-angle viewing. Two image quality problems for off angle viewing are : ( 1 ) reduced contrast ratio and (2) color shift. The first problem can be alleviated with Eq. 6 and 7, but, color shift can also be minimized by optimizing the LED driving value. Color may be defined by CIE coordinates such CIE XYZ, CIELab, CIELuv, and it can be approximated by the relative strength of the RGB channels (pixel color channel value) such as R/ G or B / G. To reduce the color shift, these two ratios may be preserved when viewed from an off angle position.

In some embodiments, the relationship described in Equation 9 may be implemented.

LED _rgh (i,j) : {min(R ₀ IG ₀ - R ₈ /G _Θ ,B _O /G ₀ -B _Θ IG _Θ )} (9)

where subscript 0 denotes normal viewing (perpendicular to the face of a display) , and subscript θ denotes off-angle viewing (for example 45 degrees from the normal viewing) . Output channels R, G, and B are the products of the backlight and LCD transmittances, and are given by Equation

10:

R ₀ = {LED _r (i, J)* psf(x, y))T _r0 (x,y) G ₀ = [LED ₈ (U)* psf(x, y))T _g0 (x,y) B ₀ = {LED _b (i,j)* psf(x,y))T _b0 (x,y) R _θ = (LED _r (ijypsf(x,y))T _rθ (x,y) G _θ = (LED _g (i,j)* psf(x,y))τ _gθ (x,y)

B ₀ = {LED _b (i,j)*psf(x,y))T _bθ (x,y)

Only the LCD transmittance has angular dependency. In some embodiments, by optimizing the LED driving values, the color ratios can be minimized. Specifically, the light outputted from the display is a result of light from the LEDs penetrating the LCD. A combination of the LED driving values (backlight illumination value) and the LCD driving values (pixel element code value) can theoretically be infinite. At a specific color value, the LED driving values can be made higher in order to reduce the dependency of the LCD output with the viewing angle. Combining Equations 5 to 10, yields Equation 11 below.

LED(LJ)* psf(x,y)≥I(x,y) LED (i, j) * psf (x, y) < I(x, y) ■ CR

LED (L j) : min ∑ LED (L j)

(H) min [ ∑ [LED , (L j) - LED ,_, (i - _Vχ t, j - v,t)] min(Λ ₀ /G ₀ -Λ _β / G ₀ , B J G ₀ - B ₀ IG ₀ )

In some embodiments, the algorithm to derive the backlight values that satisfy Eq. 11 comprises the following steps:

1. A single pass routine to derive the LED driving values with a constraint that LED > 0.

2. Post-processing: for those LED with driving value more than 1 (maximum), threshold to 1 and then using anisotropic error diffusion to distribute the error to its neighboring LEDs.

3. A constraint optimization to minimize the color ratios for off angle viewing conditions .

Finding an LED driving value from a target value is an ill-posed problem that requires an iterative algorithm, which is difficult to implement in hardware . The method, of some embodiments of the present invention, can be implemented as a single pass method. These embodiments may be described with reference to Figure 5. In these embodiments , LED driving values are determined for a new frame 60. These values may be determined using (S62) the difference between the target backlight (BL) and previous backlight (BLi _{- 1} ) . This difference may be scaled by a scale factor (β) that may, in some embodiments, range from 0.5 to 2 times the inverse of the sum of the PSF. Previous backlight values may be extracted from a BL buffer 64. The new driving value (LEDi) is the sum of the previous LED driving value (Ledi- i) and the scaled difference. The new backlight may be estimated (S66) by the convolution of the new LEDi driving value and the PSF 68 of the LED .

In some embodiments, the derived LED driving value 67 from the single pass algorithm can be less than 0 and greater than 1 . Since the LED can only be driven between 0 (minimum) and 1 (maximum) , these values may be truncated (clipped) to 0 or 1 . Truncation to 0 still satisfies Eq. 5, but truncation to 1 does not. This truncation causes a shortfall in backlight illumination. In some embodiments, this shortfall may be compensated by increasing the driving value of neighboring LEDs. In some embodiments, this may be performed by error diffusion methods . An exemplary error diffusion method is illustrated in Figure 6. In some embodiments , a post processing algorithm may be used to diffuse this error as follows:

1. For these led ij> l

2. tmpVal=led i,j - 1 ;

3. Set led i,j = 1 ; 4. Sort the 4 neighboring LEDs to ascending order

5. If(max-min < min(diffThd, tmpVal/ 2)

All the neighbor LEDs are increased by tmpVal/ 2 else

They are increased by errWeight*tmpVal*2. where errWeight is the array for error diffusion coefficients based on the rank order. In an exemplary embodiment, errWeight= [0.75 0.5 0.5 0.25] , where the largest coefficient is for the neighboring LED with the lowest driving value, and the smallest coefficient is for the neighboring LED with the highest driving value.

In some embodiments , a similar diffusion process can be used to diffuse the error to the corner neighbors to further increase the brightness of small objects.

In some embodiments, to reduce the view angle effect, the color ratios (R/ G and B / G) may be preserved for off-angle viewing. Figure 7 shows the normalized LCD transmittance at 0° and 45° view angles . The normalized transmittance is elevated at 45° for lower gray levels. For a color of ( 150 , 50, 0) , the RG ratio (R/ G) changes from 10.6 at normal to 3 at 45° off angle for a uniform backlight. Since angular dependency of LCD transmittance is lower in the high gray levels, it is preferable to reduce the backlight, so that the LCD operates at a high gray level. If the backlight is reduced to 1 / 3 , the digital count for red becomes 252 and green becomes 90. The R/ G at 45° becomes 5, which improves the color shift by a factor of 1 .67. If the green backlight is further reduced to 10%, the digital count for green channel becomes 140 , and the R/ G at 45° becomes 8. If the red backlight is increased to 100% , the R/ G at 45° becomes 10.5, which is essentially the same as normal viewing.

The above approach can work for a uniform patch, for a real image, it is impossible to have a zero color shift for all the pixels since the LED resolution is much lower than the LCD . The perception of color shift is different for different colors. Some colors are more important than others. One example of an important color is skin color where slight color shift can be objectionable. Another important color is the neutral color. Although neutral color is preserved for white backlight, when backlight modulation is used, view angle induced color shift can occur. For this purpose, these important colors may be detected and managed.

The view angle induced color shift may be calculated for those important colors. If the color shift is unacceptable, the backlight LED driving values may be adjusted to minimize the color shift as shown in Figure 8. For example in Figure 8 , upon receiving video data 1 10 , key color detection (S i l l ) and generation of LED backlight driving values (S l 12) are determined. Based on this determination, color shift estimation (S l 13) is done and the LED and LCD driving values 1 14 are determined in accordance with the estimation.

As shown in Figure 7 , the color shift is reduced when the LCD is operated at a higher level, so the backlight LED should be as low as possible. When the backlight is lower, some of the highlight area might be clipped. A small amount of clipping is typically acceptable, but a large amount of clipping can cause unacceptable detail loss. In some embodiments, the algorithm can trade off color shift and clipping based on a merit function such as CIELAB , or a visual system model based merit function such as S-SCIELAB and CVDM . If the color shift is still not acceptable, the LED driving value of the dominant color can be increased so that the backlight has approximately the same color temperature as the important color (such as skin) , which leads to similar LCD driving values across the color channels. Similar LCD driving values result in smaller color shift. Although increasing the LED backlight will lead to more power consumption and leakage , a tradeoff between these conflicting requirements can be achieved to minimize both color shift and power consumption. In some situations, the LED output may be non-linear with respect to the driving value, and, if the driving value is an integer, inverse gamma correction and quantization may be performed to determine the LED driving value . Figure 9 illustrates an exemplary process of inverse gamma correction for LED values wherein normalized LED output values 70 are converted, via a tonescale curve 72 , to driving values 74.

LED driving is commonly done with pulse width modulation (PWM) , where the LED driving current is fixed and its duration or "on" time determines the light output. This pulse width driving at a 60 Hz frame rate can cause flickering.

Therefore, two PWM pulses are typically used in prior art methods. This doubles the backlight refresh rate so that flickering is reduced or eliminated. However, the use of two PWM pulses may cause motion blur at higher duty-cycles or ghosting (double edges) at lower duty-cycles. To reduce both flickering and motion blur, motion adaptive LED driving (S24) may be used . Figure 10 illustrates an arrangement for LED drivers 80 and LED backlight elements 82 in a display 84.

To compensate for the time difference between LCD driving from top to bottom, a BLANK signal is used to synchronize PWM driving with the LCD driving. These embodiments may be further illustrated with reference to Figure 1 1 . In these embodiments, the BLANK signal shifts to the right according to the vertical position. There are two "on" pulses 92 and 93 in the BLANK signal to trigger the two

PWM pulses. VBR _n 94 and VBR _n+ I 95 are two vertical blanking retracing (VBR) signals, which define an LCD frame time 96. For each LCD frame, there are two LED PWM pulses 92 and 93. The time between the two PWM pulses (T _O ffset2- Toffseti) 9 1 is exactly half of the LCD frame time 96. T _O ffseti 90 and T _O ffset2 9 1 are adjusted based on the BLANK signal to synchronize with the LCD driving. For shorter duty cycles (i. e . , duty cycle less than 100%) , Toffseti 90 and T _O ff _S et2 9 1 should be shifted to the right so that PWM "on" occurs at the flat part of the LCD temporal response curve .

The use of two PWM pulses in one LCD enables motion adaptive backlight (BL) flashing (S26) . If there is no detected motion, the two PWM pulses may have the same width, but may be offset in time by half of an LCD frame time . If the LCD frame rate is 60 Hz, the perceived image is actually 120

Hz, thereby eliminating the perception of flickering. If motion is detected, PWM pulse 1 92 may be reduced or eliminated, while the width of PWM pulse 2 93 is increased to maintain the overall brightness. Elimination of PWM pulse 1 92 may significantly reduce the temporal aperture thereby reducing motion blur.

Figure 12 shows the PWM pulses in LED driving. Assume the LED intensity is I {0, 1} and duty cycle is λ {0, 100%}, the PWM "on" time in terms of fraction of LCD frame time is given by

AT (i, j) = λl(i,j)

Ar ₁ = AT - AT ₂

In some embodiments, the output resulting from motion adaptive backlight flashing (S26) may be inverse gamma corrected (S28) before being outputted to LED driver circuit 30.

In some embodiments, after inverse gamma correction (S28) the output may be gamma corrected (S44) and the next step is to predict the backlight image from the LED . The LED image may be upsampled (S42) to the LCD resolution (m x n) and convolved (S40) with the PSF of the LED resulting in LED backlight image (LED_BL) 38.

The LCD transmittance may be determined using Equation 1 3 where the HDR input image is divided by LED_BL

(S36) . T _LCD (x,y) = img(x,y)/bl(x,y) ( 13) In some embodiments, inverse gamma correction (S34) may also be performed to correct the nonlinear response of the LCD (as seen in figure 13) before outputting to LED driver circuit 32. In these embodiments, a normalized LCD transmittance value 100 may be mapped with a tonescale curve 102 to an LCD driving value 104.

In summary, a method for generating a backlight image for a display backlight array is provided. The method comprising: a) receiving an input image comprising pixel color channel code values for a first color channel and a second color channel; b) determining transmittance data of an LCD display for multiple input code values at a direct view angle and a side-view angle; c) determining a first ratio of display output for a first-color- channel value and a second-color-channel value at the direct view angle based on the transmittance data; d) determining a second ratio of display output for the first- color-channel value and the second-color-channel value at the side-view angle based on the transmittance data; e) determining a difference between the first ratio and the second ratio; and f) adjusting a backlight illumination value and a pixel element code value to minimize the difference . The method further comprising: a) determining a third ratio of display output for a third- color-channel value and the second-color-channel value at the direct view angle based on the transmittance data; b) determining a fourth ratio of display output for the third- color-channel value and the second-color-channel value at the side-view angle based on the transmittance data; c) determining a second difference between the third ratio and the fourth ratio; and d) wherein the adjusting the backlight illumination value and the pixel element code value comprises minimizing the second difference .

Furthermore, the side-view angle is 45 degrees and the direct-view angle is perpendicular to the face of the display.

The first color channel is red, the second color channel is green and the first ratio is red/ green.

The third color channel is blue, the second color channel is green and the second ratio is blue/ green.

The method further comprising determining a measure of clipping for various backlight illumination values and balancing the clipping with the minimizing the difference .

The method further comprising adjusting a backlight color value to match the color temperature of a dominant color.

The dominant color is a skin tone or the dominant color is neutral. Another method for generating a backlight image for a display backlight array may comprise the steps of: a) receiving an input image comprising an array of pixel values representing an image at a first resolution; b) subsampling the input image to create an intermediate resolution image, wherein the intermediate resolution image has a resolution that is lower than the first resolution and wherein the intermediate resolution image comprises sub-block values, each of which correspond to a different plurality of input image pixel values; c) determining a current-frame sub-block characteristic for each of the pluralities of input image pixel values; d) determining a previous-frame sub-block characteristic for pluralities of input image pixel values in a previous frame; e) creating a motion map with motion elements for each backlight element, wherein the resolution of the backlight elements is less than the intermediate resolution and a plurality of the sub-blocks corresponds to one of the motion elements, the creating occurring by comparing the previous-frame sub-block characteristics to the current- frame sub-block characteristics, wherein one of the motion elements, indicates motion when one of the previous-frame sub-block characteristics, for a particular sub-block corresponding to the motion element, is substantially different than the current-frame sub-block characteristic corresponding to the particular sub-block; f) creating a motion status map, wherein the motion status map comprises motion status elements corresponding to each of the motion elements, wherein the value of the motion status elements increases to a maximum value when a corresponding motion status element of a previous frame indicates motion and the value of the motion status elements decreases to a minimum value when a corresponding motion status element of a previous frame does not indicate motion; g) calculating a local LED maximum value within a window containing a current LED driving value ; h) calculating an updated LED driving value that is a weighted combination of the current LED driving value and the LED maximum value ; i) determining transmittance data for an LCD array coupled with the display backlight array, the transmittance data corresponding to multiple input code values at a direct view angle and a side-view angle; j) determining a first ratio of display output for a first-color- channel value and a second-color-channel value at the direct view angle based on the transmittance data; k) determining a second ratio of display output for the first- color-channel value and the second-color-channel value at the side-view angle based on the transmittance data; 1) determining a difference between the first ratio and the second ratio; and m) adjusting the updated LED driving value and a corresponding pixel element code value to minimize the difference . Furthermore, the method comprising low-pass filtering the input image to create the intermediate-resolution image .

The previous-frame sub-block characteristic and the current-frame sub-block characteristic are average pixel values for pixels corresponding to the sub-blocks. The maximum value is 4 and the minimum value is 0.

The creating a motion status map comprises assigning a value to a motion status element that is the minimum of 4 and one more than the motion status element of a corresponding motion status element in a previous frame when the motion status element corresponds to a motion element that indicates motion.

Furthermore, the creating a motion status map comprises assigning a value to a motion status element that is the maximum of zero and one less than the value of a corresponding motion status element in a previous frame when the motion status element corresponds to a motion element that does not indicate motion.

The updated LED driving value is calculated with the following equation: LED ₂ (ij) = l- (UJ) ₊ OOfLLED _x (ij)

wherein LED2 is the updated LED driving value, mMap is the motion status element value corresponding to the updated LED driving value , LED l is a current LED driving value based on input image content and LEDmax is the local LED maximum value . The LED maximum value window is a square window centered on the current LED driving value .

The LED maximum value window is a one-dimensional window aligned with a motion vector corresponding to the current LED driving value . The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalence of the features shown and described or portions thereof.

The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same way may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.