Description

Technical Field The present invention relates generally to con¬ verter circuits, and more particularly to a DC-DC conver¬ ter circuit for converting input DC power from a DC source into output DC power at a specified level.

Background Art Various DC-DC converters have been developed for converting a first DC level from a DC source into a second DC level. One such converter is the series-reso¬ nant converter of either the half-bridge or full-bridge type. Such a converter includes a resonant LC circuit connected in series with the primary winding of a trans¬ former and at least two switching elements for selective¬ ly connecting the DC source thereto. The switches are alternately operated near the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit to cause a sinusoidal current to be de- veloped in the transformer primary winding. A corres¬ ponding sinusoidal AC current is developed in a secondary winding of the transformer which is rectified and fil¬ tered to develop the output DC power.

In such converters, it is desirable to employ switching devices such as power FET's which can be oper¬ ated at high frequency with low switching losses so that filter sizes can be reduced, which exhibit no second- breakdown characteristics and which utilize low power base drive circuits. However, such devices currently are available only at low current ratings. Accordingly, it

becomes necessary to operate two or more switching devic¬ es in parallel to provide high current handling capabili¬ ty. Such paralleling of devices, however, requires care¬ ful design and is generally expensive to maintain due to the problems associated with current sharing among paral¬ lel-connected devices.

Further, such DC-DC . converters require large input and output filtering capacitors, a problem which is particularly acute in applications requiring small size and light weight, such as aircraft installations. This problem is exacerbated when the converter is of the full- bridge type in which the input current from the DC source swings from a positive to a negative value. In such a case, a large input filter is needed as an intermediate storage element in the circuit.

Summary of the Invention

In accordance with the present invention, a DC-DC converter utilizes high frequency switching devices without the necessity of operating such devices in paral- lei so that the problems of current sharing are avoided. The converter includes a plurality of N succes¬ sive DC-DC subconverters, each for converting the input DC power provided by a DC source into a subconverter out¬ put having a ripple component at a particular frequency. Means are included for operating the N subconverters so that a phase displacement of 2 π/N electrical degrees ex¬ ists between successive converter output currents. The outputs of the subconverters are summed to develop an output current having a ripple component at a frequency equal to N times the frequency of a single subconverter. The ripple component in the output current is smoothed by an output filter which, due to the increased frequency

and the decreased amplitude of the ripple component as compared with the output of prior converters, is rel¬ atively small in size.

Furthermore, each subconverter handles only a portion of the output current of the converter, and hence the switching devices need not be operated in parallel fashion.

The converter also includes means for detecting a malfunctioning subconverter and means for changing the frequency of operation of the remaining subconverters when such a malfunction is detected to maintain the out¬ put power at the specified level.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a DC-DC converter in conjunction with a load;

Fig. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a prior art series-resonant half-bridge DC-DC converter;

Fig. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of the primary stage of a series-resonant, full-bridge DC-DC converter;

Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram, partly in schema¬ tic and partly in block diagram form, of a DC-DC conver¬ ter according to the present invention;

Fig. 5 is a waveform diagram of the current developed by the prior art converter shown in Fig. 2;

Fig. 6 is a series of waveform diagrams illus¬ trating the current developed by a converter according to the present invention having three subconverters;

Fig. 7 is a graph illustrating input and output current ripple content and ripple frequency as a function of the number N of subconverters in a converter according to the present invention;

Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a control for op¬ erating the switches Q7-Q10 shown in Fig. 4; and

Fig. 9 is a block diagram of circuitry which may be added to the circuitry shown in block diagram form in Fig. 8 for operating the converter shown in Fig. 4 in the event of a malfunction of one or more of the subcon¬ verters.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

Referring now to Fig. 1, a power converter 10 includes a DC-DC converter 12 which converts DC input power at a first level or voltage V__. into output DC power at a second level or voltage V ₂ which is in turn coupled to a load 14. The DC-DC converter 12 includes a plurality of power switches which are operated by control circuitry comprising a gain and compensation circuit 16 which receives the output voltage _c _, a summing junc¬ tion 18 which generates an error signal by subtracting from the output of the circuit 16 a reference signal V _f and a switch logic circuit 20 which controls the conduc- tion of the switches in the converter 12 based upon the error signal.

Referring now to Fig. 2, there is illustrated a prior art DC-DC converter which is utilizable in the sys¬ tem shown in Fig. 1. A primary section of the converter includes first and second power switches Ql and Q2 which are rendered alternately conductive to connect a DC source 30 to a series resonant circuit comprising a capa¬ citor Cl, an inductor LI and a primary winding 32 of a transformer 33. A pair of capacitors C2 and C3 divide the voltage V . in half and dissipate regenerative cur¬ rents caused by switching of the power switches Ql and Q2. A pair of flyback diodes Dl and D2 _. are connected in

antiparallel relationship with the switches Ql and Q2.

A secondary section of the converter comprises a secondary winding 34 of the transformer 33, diodes

D3-D6 connected in a full wave rectifier bridge configur- ation, an output filter comprising a capacitor C4 and a load represented by a resistor R_ .

The switches Ql and Q2 are operated in alter¬ nate fashion at a frequency near the resonant frequency of the series-resonant circuit so that sinusoidal current i _s developed in the primary winding 32 of the transformer 33. The sinusoidal current induced in the secondary winding 34 of the transformer 33 is converted into a DC output by the full wave rectifier comprising the diodes D3-D6, and the filter capacitor C4. The configuration of the converter shown in

Fig. 2 is referred as a half-bridge configuration. Al¬ ternatively, a full-bridge configuration may be used as seen in Fig. 3 wherein the switches Ql and Q2 are re¬ placed by switches Q3-Q6. The switches Q3 and Q6 are operated together in alternating fashion with the switch¬ es Q4 and Q5 so that an alternating voltage having a peak to peak value equal to twice the voltage produced by the DC source 30 is applied across the series-resonant cir¬ cuit comprising the capacitor Cl, the inductor LI and the primary winding 32.

The secondary section of the full-bridge con¬ verter, while not illustrated in Fig. 3, is identical to that shown in Fig. 2.

The prior art devices illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 suffer from various disadvantages. In particular, in high power applications the power switches Ql and Q2 or Q3-Q6 must have a high current rating or must comprise parallel-connected devices to obtain the proper current

handling capacity. Such parallel operation is subject to various disadvantages as previously noted.

Furthermore, the sizes of the input and/or out¬ put filters must be typically quite large to filter a high percentage of ripple. This can be an extreme disad¬ vantage in installations requiring light weight.

Referring now to Fig. 4, a DC-DC converter 40 according to the present invention comprises a plurality of N subconverters 42-1,42-2, . . ., 42-N. Each subcon- verter may be of the half-bridge or full-bridge type as illustrated in Figs. 2 or 3 which converts the voltage V_ _rl provided a DC source 44 into a subconverter output voltage.

The switches in each subconverter 42 are oper- ated by a switch control (described in greater detail hereinafter in connection with Fig. 8) so that a phase displacement of 2 ^π /N electrical degrees exists between the output currents developed by successive subcon¬ verters. The outputs of the subconverters 42 are con- nected together in parallel with one another and with a filter capacitor C6 and the load ~- by summing means com¬ prising nodes 46a,46b.

Fig. 5 illustrates the output current from one of the prior art converters shown in either Fig. 2 or Fig. 3. For clarity, the waveform is shown for the case where the switching frequency f of the switches in the converter is equal to the resonant frequency f of the series-resonant circuit. In this case, the output cur¬ rent comprises a full-wave rectified sine-wave which re- quires a relatively large output filter to convert same into a DC level.

In contrast with the waveform of Fig. 5, Fig. 6 discloses the subconverter output and overall converter

output waveforms produced by a DC-DC converter according to the present invention where N equals 3 and where the switching frequency f is equal to one-half the resonant frequency f of the series-resonant circuits in each of the subconverters 42.

As seen in Fig. 6, the switches in one of the subconverters are operated with a phase displacement of 2iτ/3 electrical degrees with respect to the switches in the remaining subconverters. The total output current comprising the sum of the individual outputs of the three subconverters includes a series of peaks superimposed on a DC level. These peaks form a ripple component which is more easily filtered than the ripple component shown in Fig. 5. In fact, as seen in Fig. 7, the amplitude of the ripple component in the output of the DC-DC converter of the present invention expressed as a percentage of the ripple amplitude in the output of a prior art converter providing the same DC output level decreases approxi ate- ly exponentially as N increases. This is substantially also the case in terms of the input ripple created by the switching of the power switches in each of the subconver¬ ters. Also, ripple frequency linearly increases with N, as would be expected. A significant benefit resulting from the reduc¬ tion in the amplitude of input and output current ripple with increasing N is that the size of the input filter comprising an inductor L2 and a capacitor C5 and the size of the output filter comprising the capacitor C6 may be substantially reduced as N is increased. This reduction in size is further facilitated by the increase in ripple frequency as N is increased. For example, where N equals 10, the ripple percentage as determined by the following

equation: ripple percentage = 1 ⁽ 1,^ - ^IN ^X MAX ^{] x 100%} where ! M.,A_.X_. and IM__-1._ are the maximum and minimum current levels in the input and output current waveforms, is re- duced to approximately 1.6% of the peak value of the maxi¬ mum of the total output current. Further, the increase in ripple frequency by a factor of 10 results in a reduc¬ tion in the size of the output capacitor by approximately a factor of 700 and a reduction in the size of the input filter as well.

Other advantages accrue from the fact that the switches in each of the subconverters handle smaller cur¬ rent levels for a given output DC level as compared with the switches in a prior art converter providing the same level. Furthermore, the size and weight of each of the transformers in the subconverters will be only 1/N of the size and weight of the transformer which would be re¬ quired in the conventional converter. Therefore, the increase in the number of transformers is offset by a re- duction in size and weight of each.

Referring now to Fig. 8, there is illustrated a block diagram of a control for operating the switches in the subconverters shown in Fig. 4. The control is ini¬ tially described for the case where the switching fre- quency f is less than the resonant frequency f and wherein the subconverters are each of the full-bridge type as illustrated in Fig. 4.

The output voltage of the converter V „ is compared against a reference voltage V_.__ by a summing junction 50 which develops in response thereto an error voltage V . This error voltage is modified by a gain and compensation circuit 52 and is applied to the input of a voltage controlled oscillator, or VCO 54. The VCO 54

develops a clock signal having a frequency related to the magnitude of the error voltage V , which clock signal is applied to the input of an N stage ring counter 56.

The ring counter 56 develops a series of 2N outputs, each of which are coupled to the set input of a set-reset or SR flip-flop, two of which 58-la and 58-lb are illustrated in Fig. 8. The reset inputs of these flip-flops receive a pair of outputs developed by a zero crossing circuit 60-1 which in turn receives a signal from a current transformer such as the transformer CT. illustrated in Fig. 4. A first output of the zero cross¬ ing circuit 60-1 is coupled to the reset input of the flip-flop 58-la and assumes a high state when the current through the series resonant circuit passes through zero from a positive to a negative direction. The second out¬ put from the zero crossing circuit 60, which is coupled to the reset input of the flip-flop 58-lb, is an inverted version of the first output, i.e. this output assumes a low state when the current through the series resonant circuit passes through zero from a positive value toward a negative value.

The flip-flops 58 generate control signals to control the operation of switches Q8,Q9 and Q7-Q10, re¬ spectively in the subconverter 42-1. The control signals are first conditioned by base/gate drive circuits 62-la, 62-lb before they are applied to the bases of these tran¬ sistors.

The control illustrated in Fig. 8 turns off those switches that are on when the current therethrough drops to zero so that switching stresses are reduced. In such a case, switches are turned on when the current in the resonant circuit is nonzero. Alternatively, the con¬ trol of Fig. 8 may be used to turn on the switches when

the current through the series-resonant circuit is zero by reversing the connections to the set and reset inputs of the flip-flops 58, if desired. In this case, the switches would be turned off when the current there- through is not equal to zero. This mode of operation results in a switching frequency f greater than the re- sonant frequency f of the series-resonant circuit.

The switch control for the remaining subconver¬ ters comprises current transformers CT ₂ -CT _N , zero cross- ing circuits 60-2 through 60-N, flip-flops 58-2a,58-2b through 58-Na, 58-Nb and base/gate drive circuits 62-2a, 62-2b through 62-Na,62-Nb which are connected to the 2N - 2 remaining outputs of the N stage ring counter 56 in a fashion similar to that described above in connection with the elements CT.,,58-la,58-lb,60-1,62-la and 62-lb.

In the event that the subconverters each com¬ prises a half-bridge inverter, the outputs of the base/ gate drive circuit 62 would control only one switch in each subconverter as opposed to diagonally opposite pairs of switches.

Referring now to Fig. 9, the circuitry shown in block diagram form in Fig. 8 may be modified to permit continued control over the output voltage of the conver¬ ter even in the event of a malfunction of one or more of the subconverters 42. In this embodiment of the inven¬ tion, the outputs from the current transformers CT,-CT _N are coupled to a series of level comparators 70-1 through 70-N, respectively, which are in turn coupled to a digi¬ tal control circuit 72. The digital control circuit 72, which may be a microprocessor, detects the outputs of the level comparators 70 in order to determine whether one or more of the subconverters has malfunctioned, as indicated when the current through the resonant circuit of each

subconverter drops below or surges above a particular level. When the control circuit 72 detects a malfunction of one or more of the subconverters, a signal is gener¬ ated over a stage control bus 74 to a stage control input of an N stage ring counter 76 which replaces the ring counter 56 shown in Fig. 8. The ring counter 76 includes a clock input CLK which is coupled to the output of an OR gate 78. One input to the OR gate 78 is coupled to the output of the VCO 54 shown in Fig. 8 while a second input of the OR gate 78 receives an output of the control cir¬ cuit 72.

When the subconverters are all operating satis¬ factorily, a low state signal is coupled to the OR gate 78 from the control circuit 72. During this time, there- fore, the ring counter 76 accumulates the clock pulses from the VCO 54 in a fashion similar to that described in connection with Fig. 8. If, however, a malfunction oc¬ curs, for example, in one of the subconverters, a dif¬ ferent binary control signal is sent over the stage con- trol bus to the stage control input of the ring counter 76, causing the ring counter to operate as an N - 1 stage ring counter. In addition, a fast impulse signal is pro¬ vided by the control circuit 72 to the OR gate 78 at ap¬ propriate times to cause the ring counter output to by- pass the output thereof that controls the switches in the disabled subconverter.

Furthermore, when one or more of the subconver¬ ters malfunctions, the combined voltage output from the remaining subconverters drops, thereby causing an in- crease in the error signal V generated by the summing junction 50. This in turn increases (or decreases) the frequency of the output of the VCO 54 to cause the switches in the operative subconverters to operate at a

higher (or lower) frequency to restore the error signal to a zero level. The control circuit 72 therefore com¬ prises means for detecting one or more malfunctioning subconverters while the summing junction 72 and VCO 54 comprise means for increasing (or decreasing) the fre¬ quency of operation of the inverters in the remaining, operative subconverters 42 to maintain the DC output pow¬ er at a specified level.

In effect, the control circuit 72 converts the . operation of the counter 76 from an N stage ring counter into an N - X stage ring counter when X subconverters have malfunctioned. Further, the operation of the re¬ maining N - X operative subconverters is adjusted to there¬ by permit continued generation of the output power at the specified level.