WAHYUDI AGUS ET AL.: "Preparation Of Nanoparticle Silica From Silica Sand and Quartzite By Ultrafine Grinding", PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING, 12 September 2012 (2012-09-12), pages 1 - 8, XP055703139
| CLAIMS We Claims, 1. A simple efficient cost reducing method for preparation the nano-adsorbent using various types of raw materials for raw water treatment, wherein method comprising following steps: (i) Washing trice with distilled water to remove dust and water soluble impurities, (ii) Drying it at 60 °C, (iii) Grinding process for reduction the particle size upto 0.1 to 1000 nm, (iv) Washing with water and finally vacuum drying and finally (v) Analysis of surface area by BET method. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said raw water is treated with a nano adsorbent or mixture of two nano-adsorbents or greater than two nano-adsorbents in various proportions to order to remove the impurities and components contributing pollutant. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said raw water is comprised of industrial wastewater, sewage wastewater, domestic wastewater, synthetic dye solution having several impurities for instance colour, hardness, sulphate, sulphite, chloride, phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, carbonate, bicarbonate, cyanide, metals like chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, mercury, iron, aluminium, cobalt, nickel, strontium, lithium, vanadium, silver, cobalt, selenium, but not limiting only to them; Also, components contributing pollutants like Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Oil and Grease (O & G) is incorporated in raw water. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said raw material is selected from the group comprising of natural materials and agricultural wastes, but not limiting only to them. 5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said natural material is selected from the group comprising of biotic materials, natural fibres, and inorganic materials. 6. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said biotic material is selected from the group comprising of wood, humus, manure, bark, cotton, fibrin, and bone; Wood is selected from the group of Abachi, Acacia, African padauk, Afzelia, Agba, Alder, American chestnut, Araucaria, Ash, Aspen, Ayan, Balsa, Basswood, Birch, Black tupelo, Blackbean, Bloodwood, Boxelder, Boxwood, Brazil wood, Brazilian walnut, Buckeye, Butternut, California bay laurel, Camphor, Cape chestnut, Catalpa, Catawba, Cedar, Celery-top pine, Ceylon satinwood, Chakte-coc, Cherry, Coachwood, Cocobolo, Corkwood, Cottonwood, Cucumber tree, Cypress, Dogwood, Douglas-fir, Ebony, Elm, Eucalyptus, European crabapple, European pear, European yew, Fir, Goncalo alve, Greenheart, Grenadilla, Guanandi, Gum, Gumbo limbo, Hackberry, Hemlock, Hickory, Hornbeam, Iroko, Ironwood, ivory, Jacaranda de Brasil, Jacaranda-boca-de-sapo, Japanese nutmeg-yew, Jatoba, Kauri, Kingwood, Lacewood, Larch, Limba, Locust, Mahogany, Maple, Marblewood, Marri, Meranti, Merbau, Nootka cypress, Oak, Okoume, Olive, Pine, Pink , Poplar, Purplehear, Queensland kauri, Queensland maple, Queensland walnut, Ramin, Red cedar, Redheart, Rimu, Sal, Sandalwood, Satine, Satinwood, Silky oak, Silver wattle, Sourwood, Spanish elm, Spanish-cedar, Spruce, Sugi, Tamboti, Thailand rosewood, Tupelo, Turpentine and White cedar but not limited to these; Humas is selected from the group of Mor, Mull and Moder formation, but not limited to them; Manure is selected from cattle shed wastes-dung, urine and slurry from biogas plants, human habitation wastes-night soil, human urine, town refuse, sewage, sludge and sullage, poultry jitter, droppings of sheep and goat, Slaughterhouse wastes- bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, horn and hoof meal, Fish wastes, Water hyacinth, weeds and tank silt, and green manure crops and green leaf maturing material, but not limiting only to them; Bone is selected from various parts of skeleton of various parts of human and animal; Natural fibre is selected from the group comprising of plant fibre, animal fibre, chitosan, collagen and keratin; Plant fibre is selected from the group comprising of seed, leaf, bast, fruit, root and stalk fibre of plant; Plant is selected from Alder, Almond, Ambrosia, Amy root, Angel trumpet, Apple, Apricot, Arfaj, Arizona sycamore, Arrowwood, Ash, Azolla, Bamboo, Banana, Baobab, Bay, Bean, Bearberry, Bear corn, Beech, Bindweed, Bird's nest, Bird's nest plant, Birch, Bittercress, Bittersweet, Bitterweed, Blackberry, Black cap, Black-eyed Susan, Blackhaw, Blackiehead, Black- weed, Blueberry, Blue-of-the-heavens, Bow-wood, Box, Boxelder, Boxwood, Brier, Brittlebush, Broadleaf, Brown Betty, Brown-eyed Susan, Buckeye, Buffalo weed, Butterfly flower, Butterfly weed, Cabbage, California bay, California buckeye, California sycamore, California walnut, Canada root, Cancer jalap, Carrot, Carrot weed, Cart track plant, Catalina ironwood, Cherry, Chestnut, Chigger flower, Chrysanthemum, Clove, Clover, Coakum, Coconut, Coffee plant, Colic weed, Collard, Columbine, Colwort, Coneflower, Cornel, Cornelian tree, Corydalis, Cotton plant, Creeping yellowcress, Cress, Crowfoot, Crow's nest, Crow's toes, Cucumber, Daisy, Deadnettle, Devil's bite, Dewberry, Dindle, Dogwood, Duck retten, Duscle, Durian, Dye-leaves, Easter orchid, Earth gall, Elderberry, Elegant lupine, Elephant apple, English bull's eye, Eucalyptus, Evergreen huckleberry, Extinguisher moss, Eytelia, Fair-maid-of-France, Fairymoss Azolla caroliniana, Fellenwort, Felonwood, Felonwort, Fennel, Ferns, Feverbush, Feverfew, Fig, Flax, Fumewort, Gallberry, Garget, Garlic, Gilliflower, Golden buttons, Golden chain, Goldenglow, Golden Jerusalem, Gordaldo, Goose tongue, Grapefruit, Grapevine, Groundberry, Gutweed, Haldi, Harlequin, Hay fever weed, Healing blade, Hedge plant, Hellebore, Hemp, Hemp dogbane, Hen plant, Herb Barbara, Hogweed, Holly, Horse cane, Hound's berry, Huckleberry, Houseleek, Indian hemp, Indian paintbrush, I ndian posy, Inkberry, Ironwood, Isle of Man cabbage, Itchweed, Ivy, Jack-by-the-hedge, Jack- in-the-bush, Jasmine, Jewel orchid, Jointed rush, Jugflower, Juneberry, Juniper, Keek, King fern, Kinnikinnik, Kittentail, Knotweed, Kousa, Kudzu, Kumarahou, Laceflower, Lace fern - Asparagus setaceus, Lamb's foot, Latanier palm, Laurel magnolia, Lavender, Leek, Lemon, Leopard lily, Lily of the Nile, Lettuce, Lilac, Little sunflower, Lone fleabane, Love vine, Maize, Mango, Maple, Mesquite, Milfoil, Milkweed, Milky tassel, Moosewood, Morel, Mosquito plant, Mother-of-the-evening, Mountain mahogany, Mulberry, Native fuchsia, Necklace fern, Neem, Nettle, Night-blooming cactus, Nightshade, Nodding wakerobin, Northern moonwort, Nosebleed, Oak tree, Olive, Onion, Orange, Orange- root, Osage, Osie, Parsley, Parsnip, Pea, Peach, Peanut, Pear, Pellitory, Penny hedge, Pepper root, Pigeon berry, Pine, Pineapple, Pistachio Plane, Plantain, Pleurisy root, Pocan bush, Poison ivy, Poisonberry, Poisonflower, Poke, Pokeroot, Pokeweed, Polkweed, Polecat weed, Poor Annie, Poor man's mustard, Poplar, Poppy, Possumhaw, Potato, Queen Anne's lace, Quercitron, Radical weed, Ragweed, Ragwort, Rantipole, Rapeseed, Raspberry, Redbrush, Redbud, Red ink plant, Redweed, Rheumatism root, Rhubarb, Ribwort, Rice, Roadweed, Rocket, Rocketcress, Rose, Rosemary, Rye, Saffron crocus, Sanguinary, Saskatoon, Sauce-alone, Scarlet berry, Scoke, Scotch cap, Scrambled eggs, Scurvy grass, Serviceberry, Shadblow, Shadbush, Silkweed, Skunkweed, Snakeberry, Snowdrop, Sorrel, Speedwell, Spoolwood, Squaw bush, Stammerwort, Star- of-Persia, Stickweed, Strawberry, Strawberry tree, Sugarcane, Swallow-wort, Sneezeweed, Sneezewort, Sunflower, Sugarplum, Soldier's woundwort, Stag bush, Swallow-wort, Sweet potato, Sweet potato vine, Swinies, Sycamore, Tansy, Tea, Thimbleberry, Thimbleweed, Thousand-leaf, Thousand-seal, Tassel weed, Thistle, Thyme, Tickleweed, Tobacco plant, Tomato, Toothwort, Touch-me-not, Traveller's joy, Tread-softly, Tree tobacco, Trillium, Tuber-root, Tulip, Tulsi, Umbrella palm, Umbrella papyrus, Vanilla orchid, Varnish tree, Velvet bean, Viburnum, Violet, Violet bloom, Viper's grass, Virgin's bower, Voodoo lily, Walnut (California walnut), Walnut, Waybread, Western redbud, Wheat, White man's foot, White-root, Wild cotton, Wild hops, Willow, Windroot, Wineberry, Winterberry, Wintercress, Woodbine, Woolly morning glory, Wormwood, Wound rocket, Yarrow, Yellow fieldcress, Yellowwood, Yellow coneflower, Yam, Yunnan camellia, Zebrawood, Zedoary, but not limited them; Animal fibres are selected from the group comprising of animal hair, silk fire, avain fire, collagen, keratin and fibroin; Animal is selected from Aardvark, Aardwolf, Albatross, Alligator, Alpaca, Amphibian, Anaconda, Angelfish, Ant, Anteater, Antelope, Baboon, Barnacle, Barracuda, Bat, Bear, Beaver, Bedbug, Bee, Blackbird, Buffalo, Bug, Bull, Butterfly, Camel, Carp, Cat, Caterpillar, Catfish, Cattle, Cephalopod, Chameleon, Cheetah, Chipmunk, Cobra, Cow, Crab, Crane fly, Crane, Crocodile, Crow, Cuckoo, Damselfly, Deer, Dhole, Dinosaur, Dog, Donkey, Dragon, Dragonfly, Duck, Eagle, Earthworm, Earwig, Eel, Elephant, Fish, Flamingo, Flea, Fowl, Fox, Frog, Fruit bat, Galliform, Gamefowl, Gazelle, Gecko, Gerbil, Gibbon, Giraffe, Goat, Goldfish, Gorilla, Grasshopper, Hare, Harrier, Hawk, Hippopotamus, Hookworm, Horse, Hoverfly, Humming bird, Hyena, Jay, Jellyfish, Kangaroo, Kangaroo mouse, Kingfisher, Kite, Kiwi, Koala, Koi, Krill, Lemur, leopard, Limpet, Lion, Lionfish, Lizard, Llama, Lobster, Locust, Loon, Loris, Marmot, Marsupial, Mastodon, Maya, Mink, Minnow, Mite, Mockingbird, Mole, Mollusk, Mongoose, Monkey, Moose, Mosquito, Moth, Mouse, Mule, Muskox, Newt, Nighthawk, Nightingale, Numbat, Ocelot, Octopus, Okapi, Olingo, Opossum, Panda, Panther, Parakeet, Parrot, Partridge, Peacock, Peafowl, Pelican, Penguin, Pig, Pigeon, Pike, Possum, Prawn, Praying mantis, Primate, Ptarmigan, Puffin, Puma, Rabbit, Raccoon, Rainbow trout, Rat, Rattlesnake, Raven, Reindeer, Rhinoceros, Rooster, Roundworm, Salamander, Salmon, Scallop, Scorpion, Seahorse, Shrew, Snake, Snipe, Sole, Sparrow, Spider, Swallow, Swan, Swordtail, Tiger, Tortoise, Turtle, Vulture, Wolf, Woodpecker, Worm, Yak, Yellow perch and Zebra, but not limited to them; Inorganic materials are selected from the group comprising of rocks, native metals and composites, but not limiting only to them; Rocks are selected from the group comprising of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic; and mixture of them; Native metal that pure or alloyed, came directly from nature or Earth comprised of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, indium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, gold, copper, lead, aluminium, mercury, silver, platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium and mixture of them; Composites are selected from the group comprising of different types of clay, porcelain, plasticine; and mixture of them. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said the agricultural waste is comprised of hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, extractive materials and mixture of them; These agricultural waste is selected from the group of hardwoods stems, softwood stems, nut shells, corn cobs, grass waste, paper waste, wheat straw, cotton seed hairs, swine waste, rice straw, rice bran, coconut fibre, wheat bran, barley bran, barley straw, wine shoot, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum bagasse, olive cake, citrus waste, banana waste, peanut waste, legume straw, potato foliage, sunflower stypes, millet husk, apple peel, graphs berry, garlic peel, carrot stem, carrot leave, Trapanatans husk, bamboo, doum- palm seed coat, walnut shells, rose seed, pine sawdust and coir pith, tea waste, potato plants wastes, sesame hull, almond shells, peach stones, apricot stones, cherry stones, almond shell, asparagus stalk, chili stalks, date palm trunk, eggplant stalks, mango peel, orange peel, pomelo citrus grandis peel, papaya peel, rambai leaves, castor seed hull, parsley stalks, cucumber peels, watermelon peel, poplar leaf, pumpkin husk, pumpkin husk, mustard oil cake, linseed oil cake, sumac leaves, sesame waste, lotus stalk, tobacco stems, camellia oleifera shell, hazelnut bagasse, wood apple outer shell, guava peel, durian peel, breadnut peel, jackfruit peel, kohlrabi peel, lemon peel, muskmelon peel, onion peel, mangosteen peel, ponkan mandarin peel, ponkan peel, pomegranate peel, rambutan peel, pummelo peel, rambutan peel, schizandra chinesis fruit peel, tea fruit peel, yellow passion fruit peel, zalaccaedulis peelbut not limited only to them. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said treatment method is comprised of batch, continuous moving bed, continuous fixed bed (up flow or down flow), continuous fluidize bed and pulsed bed adsorption studies. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said treatment method is conducted using pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitator speed, bed height, contact time of adsorbent and adsorbate, but not limited only to them. |
Present invention represents the preparation of nano-adsorption using natural and agricultural materials. The natural materials may be selected from biotic materials, natural fiber, inorganic material, native metal and composites. Agricultural wastes comprised of hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, and extractive materials. In this invention, selection of natural and agricultural waste material is based on feasibility, economically and terrestrial availability. Following experiment studies are carried out preparation of nano-adsorbent and analyze viability for treatment of raw water. The adsorption capacity is also determined.
Example l:Neem leaf ( Azadirachtaindica ) is taken as one of natural plant fibre material and collected nearby Surat region. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 60 ± 5 °C until material become crispy. Dried material is grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 270 - 290 nm. Also, comparison of regular neem leaf powder (NLP) having surface area 430 m 2 /g and nano adsorbent of neem leaf powder (n-NLP) was carried out for batch treatment of synthetic dye solution and textile wastewater. Synthetic dye solution of methylene blue dye was prepared and experiment conducted and investigated for adsorption studies using NLP and n-NLP; and found that maximum adsorption capacity related to Langmuir isotherm of NLP and n-NLP was found to be 352.6 mg/g and 234.3 mg/g respectively, indicating n-NLP is more efficient than NLP. At the same way, untreated textile wastewater is treated with n-NLP and NLP to remove COD and colour. Various adsorption parameters like pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, contact time are also studied. Highest adsorption capacity related to Langmuir isotherm was obtained 343.2 and 310.1 mg/g for COD and color respectively using n-NLP. When NLP is used, highest adsorption capacity was achieved to 1.34 and 0.31 mg/g for COD and colour respectively. Experiments are conducted in order to remove heavy metals viz. titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper from their synthetic solution and their adsorption capacities are 322.1, 463.2, 463.4, 423.4, 345.4, 654.9, 404.5 and 458.3 mg/g respectively. From above results, we confirmed that nano-adsorbent have better adsorption capacity than regular adsorbent.
Example 2: Mango leaf ( Mangiferalndica ) is taken as another natural fibre material and collected nearby Surat region. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 60 ± 5 °C until material become crispy. Dried material is grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 180 - 160 nm. Also, comparison of regular mango leaf powder (MLP) having surface area 230 m 2 /g and nano adsorbent of mango leaf powder (n-MLP) was carried out for batch treatment of synthetic dye solution and textile wastewater. Synthetic dye solution of methylene blue dye was prepared and experiment conducted and investigated for batch adsorption studies using MLP and n-MLP with various parameters like pH, contact duration, adsorbent dose and temperature; and found that maximum adsorption capacity related to Langmuir isotherm of MLP and n-MLP was found to be 304.6 mg/g and 134.5 mg/g respectively, indicating n-MLP is more efficient than MLP. At the same way, untreated textile wastewater is used to treat with n-MLP to remove contaminations and components contributing pollutants from raw water. Adsorption capacities are fund to be 522.4, 472.3 and 304.0 mg/g for COD, BOD and colour respectively from textile wastewater.
Example 3:Chitosan(derived from chitin), linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed p-(l->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, is taken as one of biotic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 80 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 430 - 450 nm. This nano-chitosan is used to remove the one of basic dye, Acid Blue 15, and adsorption capacity related to Langmuir model is 243.4 g/g. Also, this adsorbent is used to eliminate the COD, BOD and colour from unreacted dye mill wastewater and found that adsorption capacities related to Langmuir model are 2930, 1634 and 312.3 mg/g respectively. Example 4:Human hair, collected from barber shop nearby Surat region, is taken as one of natural fibre material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 90 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 100 - 120 nm. This nano-hair is used to remove various metals viz. lead, nickel, copper and chromium from plating industry. The adsorption capacities of Langmuir isotherm are found to be 435.4, 223.5, 654.5 and 642.3 mg/g respectively. Further, it is also used to remove other contaminations from raw water.
Example 5:Pumice, a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when a gas-rich froth of glassy lava solidifies rapidly, is taken as one of inorganic stone natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 60 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 150 - 170 nm. This nano pumice is further utilized to remove azoic dye, Congo Red and adsorption capacity is found to be 322.1 mg/g. Further, it is also used to eliminate contaminations from raw water.
Example 6:Andesite, dark fine-grained, brown or greyish intermediate volcanic rock which is a common constituent of lavas, is taken as one of inorganic stone natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 90 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 250 - 270 nm. This nano adsorbent is used to remove methylene blue dye from its synthetic solution and adsorption capacities related to Langmuir isotherm is found to be 543.5 mg/g. So, this adsorbent is further exploited to eliminate different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 7:Sandstone, clastic sedimentary rock, is taken as one of inorganic stone natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 70 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 300 - 320 nm. This nano-adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water. Heavy metals such as chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper are removed from their respective synthetic solutions using nano-sandstone and their adsorption capacities related to Langmuir isotherm are found to be 232.3, 443.4, 452.1, 235.7, 564.3 and 21.24 mg/g respectively. When regular sandstone having surface area of 140 m 2 /g is used, maximum adsorption capacities related to Langmuir isotherm is found to be 43.5, 21.5, 47.9, 25.4, 34.9 and 40.5 mg/g respectively.
Example 8:Bauxite, World's main source of aluminium, is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 20 - 60 nm. Nano-bauxite bed column system was used to remove COD, BOD and color from textile wastewater. And their adsorption capacities related to Thomas model is found to be 123.4, 341.2 and 402.3 mg/g. This nano-adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 9:Chalcopyrite, ore of copper having brassy to golden yellow color, is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 100 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 100 - 140 nm. Removal of various heavy metals such as chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper from its aqueous solutions was investigated using fixed-bed adsorption using this nano-adsorbent and found that maximum adsorption capacity related to Thomas model are 345.4, 452.5, 235.6, 457.0 and 437.8 mg/g respectively. It is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water. Example 10:Magnetite, main iron ore, is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 200 - 220 nm. The adsorption of congo red from its synthetic dye solution on nano-magnetite was carried out using a fixed bed. Various parameters viz. initial concentration, pH, flow-rate and bed-height are analyzed. The maximum adsorption capacity related to Thomas model is 231.2 mg/g. This nano-magnetite is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example ll:Pentlandite, ore of nickel, is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 100 - 120 nm. Ability of nano-pentalandite is determined by treating it with sugar industry wastewater in order to remove COD, BOD and colour with respective to pH, adsorbent dose, contact duration and temperature; and their maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities are found to be 433.2, 534.3 and 332.3 mg/g respectively. This nano-pentalandite is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 12:Pyrolusite, main manganese ore, is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 200 - 220 nm. Batch treatment is given to adsorb malachite green from its synthetic solution using nano- pyrolusite by varying various parameters like adsorbent dose, contact duration, temperature, initial dye concentration and agitator speed. The maximum adsorption capacity related to Langmuir model is 275.3 mg/g. This nano-pyrolusite is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 13:Kaolinite, having chemical composition A^S^OsfOH^is taken as one of natural composite material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 200 - 220 nm. Synthetic Direct Yellow 12 dye is removed from its aqueous solution in continuous packed bed adsorption system using nano-adsorbent with respect to contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Adsorption capacity related to Thomas model is achieved upto 343.3 mg/g. This nano-kaolinite is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 14:Porcelainis taken as one of natural composite material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 150 - 170 nm. Pulp industry wastewater is treated with nano-porcelain to remove COD, BOD and colour. And adsorption capacities related Langmuir isotherms are 323.2, 452.3 and 534.3 mg/g respectively. This nano porcelain is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 15:Peanut shell is taken as one of agriculture waste material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 50 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 250 - 270 nm. Tanning industry wastewater is treated with nanoparticle to remove chromium and adsorption capacity related to Langmuir model is 232.2 mg/g. This nano-adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water. Example 16:Corn corb is taken as one of agriculture waste material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 50 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 350 - 400 nm. This nano-adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 17:Pistachio shell is taken as one of cellulosic agriculture waste material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 50 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 300 - 330 nm. Experiments are conducted for adsorption of mercury(ll) from aqueous solution using this nano-adsorbent and adsorption capacity related Langmuir model is found to be 269.0 mg/g. This nano adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 18:Tea waste is taken as one of cellulosic agriculture waste material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 50 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 300 - 330 nm. Adsorption efficiency of U(VI), Cu(ll), Zn(ll), and Co(ll) from composite industry effluents is analyzed and its capacity related Langmuir isotherm are found to be 223.5, 435.3, 524.7 and 4643 mg/g respectively.
Example 19:Sugar bagasse is taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 180 - 200 nm. Synthetic basic dye, Rhodamine B is treated with this nano-adsorbent in order to remove dye and adsorption capacity related to Langmuir model is 243.3 mg/g. This nano-adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
Example 20:Orange peelis taken as one of native inorganic natural material. It is washed with water to remove dust and water soluble particle. Thereafter, it is dried at 150 ± 5 °C and grinded using ball mill to reduce the particle size. The material sieved by mesoporous sieve. Finally it is washed with water to remove colour and turbidity. Surface area of this nano-particle is determined by BET surface area method and found in range of 200 - 220 nm. The capacity of adsorption of the reactive dyes, Cl Reactive Red 2(RR2) and Cl Reactive Red 141 (RR141), using nano-adsorbent from textile effluent is investigated and found to be 235.4 mg/g. This nano adsorbent is further used to remove different types of dye and contaminations from raw water.
From above experiments, nano-adsorbent prepared from natural and agricultural waste materials are shown to be a very promising results in terms of an environmentally friendly, cheap but efficient process and intending to eliminate pollution load from raw water. Few natural and agricultural waste materials are used in these procedures, so, various nano adsorbents using natural and agricultural waste materials are to be prepared. Therefore, the description is not planned to be limited to experimented natural and agricultural waste materials, but is to be provided large extent of work with same effective technique for preparation of nano-materials. Also, batch and fixed bed column studies are conducted in above experiments. Research are to be conducted by alternative adsorption methods such as continuous moving bed, continuous fixed bed (up flow or down flow), continuous fluidize bed and pulsed bed adsorption studies in same manner. Various adsorption parameters like pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitator speed, bed height, contact time of adsorbent and adsorbate are also investigated. So, various adsorbent techniques and its alternative parameters may be utilized without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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