Propeller combination for a boat propeller drive having double propellers The present invention relates to a propeller combination for an aft-mounted boat propeller drive unit with pushing propellers, comprising a forward propeller and an after propeller designed to rotate simultaneously in opposite directions around a common rotational axis.

Such a propeller combination and a boat propeller drive unit of so-called inboard- outboard type with such a propeller combination is shown and described in SE 433599 for example. Drive units of this type are common in planing motorboats of a length up to about 40 feet and for a speed range of 25-50 knots, where they provide, with few exceptions depending on boat type, higher efficiency and more rapid acceleration than corresponding single propeller drive units. Other advantages over known single propeller drive units are also achieved.

The individual propellers in this known propeller combination are dimensioned to provide essentially equal pressure force and in order to achieve approximately the same security against cavitation, the propellers are dimensioned with approximately the same total blade area. Despite this the blades of the after propeller, after operating for an extended period, have at times been subjected to degradation, particularly on the pressure side, to a greater extent than the forward propellers.

A general purpose of the present invention is to solve said problem and achieve a propeller combination of the type described by way of introduction, the after propeller of which is not subjected to a greater risk of degradation due to cavitation than the forward propeller.

This is achieved according to the invention by virtue of the fact that the blade of the forward propeller has a curved front edge and a curved rear edge, which join, via distinct transitions, a blade tip with an outer edge which, in flattened projection has

a greater radius of curvature than the radii of curvature of the front edge and the rear edge in the blade portion radially outside the blade profile section of maximum blade width.

A propeller of this design has been shown to operate without, or with only insignificant, suction side cavitation in the normal operating point of the propeller combination.

The invention is based on the insight that if the forward propeller operates with sheet cavitation on the suction side and the after propeller will thus be forced to cut through this sheet cavitation from the forward propeller, the caviation bubbles from the suction side of the forward propeller will implode where the pressure is highest, namely on the pressure side of the after propeller. This can eventually lead to degradation on the after propeller.

The reasons for the suction side cavitation on the forward propeller are primarily high engine power and high boat speed and that the propellers are operating in a non-homogenous flow field behind the drive unit leg. The degree of cavitation on the suction side of the forward propeller can of course, in accordance with prevailing design principles, be reduced by making the propeller with a relatively large blade surface, which will, however, in practice lead to an unproportionally large blade surface which in turn gives rise to production technical problems with completely or partially overlapping blades.

It has been found out, however, according to the invention that if, instead of making the propeller with an unproportionally large blade surface, one merely makes the top of the blades with a shape which deviates only to a limited extent geometrically from the presently accepted shape of the blade tips of the propeller, it will result in a forward propeller which operates without, or with minimal string cavity from the blade tip in the normal operating point of the propeller combination which in turn

reduces the amount of cavitation on the suction side of the forward propeller. The normal operating point is the operating point where the propeller combination extracts the maximum power and provides maximum speed at a given rpm.

It has proved sufficient to broaden the blade tip somewhat rotationally, as compared to a corresponding propeller with blade tips designed according to accepted practice, without increasing the maximum diameter of the propeller, and by straightening out the forward edge and the rear edge somewhat to connect to the outer edge of the blade tip, in order for the propeller to operate essentially without suction side cavitation at its normal operating point. The increase in blade surface resulting therefrom is negligible compared to the surface of a corresponding conventional propeller and thus does not lead to any technical production problem.

A radial circulation distribution with an unloaded blade root and blade tip and with the described blade tip design according to the invention will significantly reduce intermittent suction cavitation and particularly sheet cavitation, caused by a non- homogenous flow field, and the erosion cavitation on the pressure side of the aft propeller is avoided. If, however, the forward propeller operates with the blade tip and blade root too unloaded, the propeller combination will have low efficiency and increasing risk of cavitation degradation to the pressure side of the forward propeller. The design according to the invention provides a balanced unloading so that the propeller efficiency is essentially maintained at the same time as cavitation erosion to the aft propeller is avoided.

The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to examples on the accompanying drawings, where Fig. 1 shows a partially sectioned side view of an outboard drive unit with a propeller combination according to the invention, Fig.

2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the forward propeller of the propeller combination, Fig. 3 is a propeller blade of the propeller in Fig. 3 in flattened

projection, and Fig. 4 is a plane view from behind of one embodiment of a propeller combination according to the invention.

The propeller drive unit, generally designated 1 in Fig. 1 is a so-called inboard- outboard drive, intended to be mounted on the transom of a boat and coupled to the output shaft of an engine (not shown). The drive unit has a reversing mechanism with an output shaft 2 having a bevel gear 3 in constant engagement with two bevel gears 4 and 5. The bevel gear 4 drives a propeller shaft 6 and gear 5 drives a hollow propeller shaft 7 concentrically mounted around shaft 6. The shaft 6 carries a propeller 8 and the shaft 7 carries a propeller 9. The propeller shafts will rotate in opposite directions, and the rotational direction of the shaft 2 is selected so that the shaft 7 will rotate counter-clockwise as seen from behind.

As is most clearly evident from Fig. 4, the forward propeller 9 is of greater diameter than the after propeller 8, so that the latter will lie well inside the flow tube generated by the propellers. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the diameter of the after propeller 8 is 95% of the diameter of the forward propeller, but, depending on various factors such as degree of load, the after propeller can have a diameter which is 85-95% of the diameter of the forward propeller. Furthermore, it is evident that the after propeller 8 in the embodiment shown has four blades 11, while the forward propeller 9 has three blades 12. The blade width of the after propeller 8 can be 75-85% of the blade width of the forward propeller and in the embodiment shown it is about 75% of the blade width of the forward propeller 9. The after propeller 8 can have approximately the same pitch as the forward propeller 9 and has a pitch maximum which lies on a radius which is 20-25% greater than the radius of the pitch maximum of the forward propeller.

As can be seen in Figs. 2-4 the blades 12 of the forward propeller 9 are made with blade tips, of different geometric shape than the softly rounded shape, of presently accepted design practice and which lack pronounced transitions between the front

and rear edges of the blade and the edge of the blade tip itself and which are characteristic for propellers of double propeller drive units in motor boats of the type described by way of introduction.

This difference is particularly evident in the flattened projection shown in Fig. 3 of the forward propeller blade 12, shown in its entirey with the solid line. The difference in shape in comparison with a conventional propeller is marked with the dashed line"a". The forward propeller 12 according to the invention has a blade tip with a marked out edge"b"which, in the embodiment shown, has a slight curvature and thus almost approaches a straight line in its extended projection. In other words, the outer edge"b"has a radius of curvature which is substantially greater than the radius of curvature of the portion of the blade front edge"c"and blade rear edge"d" lying radially outside the blade profile section"e"of greatest width (cord length).

The front edge"c"and the rear edge"d"of the blade join via pronounced transitions "f'and"g"the outer edge"b". In the embodiment shown, the transitions are sharp, but they can be slightly bevelled without affecting the function.

Tests have shown that the outer edge"b" (the profile section at the blade tip) should have a width (cord length) which is 40-45% of the width (cord length) of the blade profile section"e"to obtain best results.

It should be pointed out, however, that the modification described in accordance with the invention does not involve any radial extension of the blades in comparison with the blades of a corresponding conventional propeller, and this is evident from Fig. 3. The increase in surface area of the blades in comparison with the blades of a conventional propeller is thus limited to the two surface portions outside the dashed line"a"and are so small that they do not cause any technical production problems or increased costs.

The propeller combination shown in Fig. 4 consists of a three-bladed forward propeller and a four-bladed after propeller, but of course the invention is not limited to this design. Rather, the forward propeller and the above described characterizing features can of course also be implemented with an after propeller which has the same number of blades as the forward propeller.