The invention relates to a radar system comprising an antenna which consists of a reflector with two vertically mounted receiving elements, and two receiving channels connected to the receiving elements.

Such a radar apparatus is known from the Dutch patent application 7-5.12575 _» for example. In this patent application the reflector in cooperation with a first receiving element is described to form a substantially cosecant-squared beam pattern, while the reflector in cooperation with a second receiving element forms a beam pattern that substantially coincides with the most elevated part of the substantially cosecant-squared beam pattern. With such an antenna the radar system described in the cited patent application ensures a practically clutter-free reception.

The present invention has for its object to utilise the radar system, set forth in the opening paragraph, for determining the angle of elevation of detected targets. The radar system is thereto characterised in that, in combination, the two receiving elements in cooperation with the reflector form a practically coinciding, substantially cosecant-squared beam pattern, while a phase measuring circuit is connected to the two receiving channels for measuring the phase difference Δφ between the signals received by the receiving elements, and that a transformation unit is incorporated for converting the measured phase difference Δφ into the elevation angle ε at which the target, emitting the received signals, was situated.

The invention is based on the surprising effect that, with a suitably selected reflector and arrangement of the receiving elements, a clear phase difference Δφ manifests it¬ self over a considerable angle of elevation ε. For example with a long-range radar, where the radar frequency is in the L band, an unambiguously measured phase difference Δφ corresponds with an elevation Z between 0 and 4 , if the phase centres of the receiving elements are spaced 3 cm- 45 c apart.

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The* determination of the elevation by phase measure¬ ment has been known from prior art for a long time. Radar interferometers of this kind are used in air traffic approach systems. With these systems a plurality of receiving elements are employed, and the elevation angle is determined by inter- ferometric means. Because these systems do not include a reflector, they lack the high gain which is necessary to inte¬ grate them in radar systems suitable for long-range operation. If the radar system according to the invention, as hitherto described, is much troubled by clutter, faulty measure¬ ments will be made and hence incorrect elevation angles will be obtained. For this reason it is desirable to equip the radar system with the conventional MTI facilities. This implies however that, to retain the phase information in the received signals, quadrature phase detectors must be employed.

It will be clear that the present invention is applicable in the most diversified active, passive, pulse- and continuous- ave radar systems, and that the phase measuring circuit may be used in all kinds of conventional embodiments. A preferable embodiment will now be described with reference to the accompanying figure.

In the figure, 1 represents a pulse radar transmitter, 2 an antenna, and 3 and two receiving channels. Antenna 2 consists of a reflector 5 and two vertically mounted radiating elements 6 and J , of which element 6 functions as transmitting and receiving element and element 7 as receiving element only. The radar pulses generated in transmitter 1 are emitted via a circulator 8 and antenna 2. The echo signals are received by antenna 2 and are converted to i.f. signals in receiving channels ^~ and 4- These channels are connected to quadrature phase detectors 9 and 10. Each of detectors 9 and 10 consists of two phase detectors, 11, 12 and 13 _> 14 respectively, and a 90 phase shifter, 15 and 16 respectively, so that phase detection occurs in two mutually perpendicular components I _J -. and I _? , Q _? , respectively, using an i.f. signal coherent with the transmitter signal. The signals thus detected are converted into a digital form in an analogue-digital converter,

O PI

17, 18, 19 and 20, and are applied to a digital MTI filter 21, 22, 23 and 24 respectively. The signals from these filters still contain all phase information; these signals are then sent to a phase measuring circuit 25 to determine the phase 5 difference Δφ between the signals received by the radiating elements 6 and ^~ in accordance with the relationship:

Δφ = arctan ~ ^J ~—1 - arctan — ^I 2 .

**1 ^2

The phase measuring circuit thereto comprises: four buffer elements 26, 27, 28 and 29 for temporarily storing 10 the digitised values of I , Q , I_ and Q ₂ from the MTI filters; four units 30, 31, 32 and 33 for converting the buffered values into logI , log Q, , logI and logQ respectively; two subtracters 34 and 35 for producing the values log-r— and

log— respectively; ^q 2 15 two permanent memories 36 and 37 for providing, on the supply

of the values log- ^X r—1 and log— ^~ 2 the corresponding values

ar a subtracter 38 for obtaining from the values arctan— and ^Ql arcta

20 Δ .

A transformation unit 39 is connected to phase measuring circuit 25 for converting the measured phase difference into a corresponding value of the elevation angle ε at which the target, emitting the received signals, was situated. In the embodiment

2.5 in question, transformation unit 39 functions as pulse modulator, that converts the digital phase difference Δφ into a pulse train, of which the number of pulses is a measure for the elevation angle ε. Although the transformation unit may be of various designs, for example as a permanent memory, a simple design

30 was selected to be able to present, besides the video signal displayed on a PPI, a number of pulses to indicate the elevation

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angle of the _. target displayed next to the video signal of this target. The embodiment herein described enabled, with the transmitter frequency lying in the L band, to measure the phase difference Δφ unambiguously over a 0 - 40 elevation interval, if the distance between the phase centres of radiating elements 6 and 7 is selected between 35 and 45 cm, i.e. 1.5λ approximately.