Solar energy conversion systems described in the. prior art are generally either so complex as to require enormous capital investment, making their utilization virtually impractical; or are so unsophisticated that their efficiency in absorbing and converting solar energy is too low to make their application practical. In the first extreme, there are numerous prior art disclosures of complicated heat storage systems utilizing state changes in various salts and other materials, many of which are extremely caustic in one state or the other, and all of which are subject to significant .losses through the fundamental inefficiency of heat transfer apparatus used for transferring heat absorbed by collection units to the storage materials. Other costly aspects of complicated prior art systems include the use of multiple heliostats for redirecting the sun's rays, each of which must be individually controlled in order to track the relative motion of the sun and the earth's surface, the use of critical reflective or refractive surfaces often in shapes and forms which are extremely expensive to manufacture, and through the use of exotic materials which substantially increase the capital investment required for the collection of solar energy. .Another example of the first extreme has been the use of solar power in solar furnaces. These are very large arrays of optical elements which concentrate sunlight into a small area producing very high temperatures at the focus. These elements are often unique, very large and expensive installations, with only a few

^• operating worldwide. They are principally used for material experiments and limited production of ceramic and abrasive materials, which cannot be readily produced in any other way 5 typical working temperature for a solar furnace is 3,Q00°K This first extreme also includes the direct generation of electricity from solar radiation falling on solar cells such as are widely used in the space program. Because each cell can produce only low voltage and current levels, a great 0number of cells are needed to produce substantial amounts of electrical energy. Each cell requires two individual electrical connections and labor costs for millions of connections become prohibitive except for critical uses in inaccessible places. There are also inherent problems in 5transmitting low voltage direct current, and storage of larg amounts of power in batteries is not presently economical.

In the other extreme, most relatively simple or unsophisticated collectors are flat plate collectors which expose large flat heat absorbing surfaces of the sun's rays. 0These collectors are extremely inefficient in that a substantial portion of the collected energy is reradiated, the surface which forms an efficient collector also forming an efficient radiator. Substantial heat is also lost throug convection to the atmosphere. In addition, such systems, 5 y definition, must operate a ■relatively low temperatures which make the storage of heat extremely expensive, since an enormous bulk of low temperature storage must be provided. Nonetheless, the main current thrust of solar energy researc and development programs is directed toward production of lo 0grade power at relatively low temperatures for domestic wate and space heating. There is also considerable interest in solar powered air conditioning using the Servel process. Extensive commercial use of low grade solar power awaits the development of efficient and economical collectors so that 5vast areas are not needed to collect sufficient power. The basic technical problem is the development of an economical material which will absorb sunlight with an effective_

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temperature of 6,000°K (10,000°F) and not reradiate at a working temperature of around 350°K (170°F) to typical surroundings at 300°K (80°F) . In summary large scale utilization of solar energy for replacing energy presently produced by depleting natural resources such as fossil fuels has not been practical in the past since no system has been produced which combined efficiency and economy, so that both capital expense and operating expenses could be maintained at a sufficiently low level that the solar energy produced could compete economically with fuel burning systems.

Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a very significant advance in the solar energy collection and conversion field, since it permits the manufacture of reasonably priced collection equipment which operates extremely efficiently and incorporates self-contained heat storage capabilities sufficient to overcome the inherent deficiency of solar energy, that is, the absence of the energy source at night and on cloudy days.

Fundamentally, these advantages are accomplished through an efficient, low cost optical system for the concentration of solar energy and through the direct absorption of this energy by a working fluid. Such a system permits the storage of the working fluid itself at extremely high temperatures and pressures to provide energy during time periods of total or partial darkness.

The preferred embodiment of this apparatus includes a cassegrain optical system incorporating a primary reflective concave mirror directed toward the sun and including a central aperture. Attached to and spaced from this primary mirror is a secondary convex mirror coaxial with the primary mirror and aligned to collect and focus through the aperture of the primary mirror solar rays reflected by the primary mirror. This entire optical system is rotated about a diurnal axis and adjusted for seasonal variations so that the focal point of the entire optical system is fixed relative the earth's surface.

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Along the average diurnal axis, that is, the diurnal a at equinox, a high pressure vessel in the form of an elonga pipe conducts a transparent or translucent working fluid. portion of this pipe adjacent the focal point of the optica system is provided with a toroidal lens system which refrac the incident focused solar rays along the axis of the pipe.

The entire inner surface of the high pressure pipe is highl reflected so that rays entering the pipe cavity are reflect to pass through the working fluid repeatedly until the radiation energy is totally absorbed by the fluid itself, the reflective walls substantially prohibiting absorption of the energy by the pipe itself. The toroidal lens system is contained in a highly reflective shutter which rotates so that only the sun's image falls on the aperture. The optically closed pipe acts as a black body cavity, rapidly distributing the incident radiation throughout the transpare or translucent medium contained and quickly raising this medium to temperature equilibrium. Energy cannot be _r eradiated through the aperture to the much hotter sun witho violating the first law of thermodynamics. Because energy i absorbed from radiative transfer in the bulk of the material contained in the pipe, the outer walls of the container may be kept cool as, for example, by insulation. Since radiativ energy transfers occur in accordance with the following

4 formula ΔE=σ(ΔT) where ΔE is the energy transferred, σ is t

Stefan-Boltzmaun constant, and ΔT is the difference in absol temperatures, radiative losses predominate. Thus, maintaini the outside of the container cool eliminates most losses. T system provides energy collection and absorption efficiencie near 90%, which is 10 times or more greater than that for a typical solar power system. The maximum temperature availab on the earth from solar heating is 6,000°K (10,000°F). Beca of the high efficiency of this system, working temperatures approaching this limit are possible for relatively small amounts of material. The flow of working fluid through the cavity is adjusted to give the desired working temperatures and pressures in that part of the system.

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The optical concentration system may be mounted on the high pressure pipe or separately, but rotates about the pipe in accordance with the daily rotation of the earth to assure

5 hat the solar radiation is focused through the toroidal lens system.

During periods of substantial incident solar energy, when the entire energy capacity of the device is not necessary for producing power, the working fluid within the high lOpressure pipe may be heated and pressurized, thus absorbing a large amount of solar energy. This energy may be removed from the system, by permitting flow of the working fluid from the high pressure pipe. Thus, in those instances where water is selected as the working fluid, a substantial bulk of water

15may be elevated in temperature and sufficiently pressurized so that the water absorbs a large amount of energy. By permitting this heated, pressurized water to escape from the high pressure pipe to a lower pressure cavity, the water will immediately vaporize to produce high pressure steam which may

20be used, for example, to run a turbine system for generating electricity.

It will be understood that during periods of substantial incident solar energy continuous flow of working fluid to the system may be maintained by a high pressure pump, the black

25body cavity being maintained at very high pressure to prohibit vaporization of the working fluid within the cavity. This working fluid is continuously removed from the system and permitted to vaporize for operating, for example, a turbine. At the same time the cavity itself may store sufficient working

30fluid to form a substantial energy reserve.

The reflective cavity formed by the walls of the high pressure pipe may be changed in volume during such use to provide for the storage of different amounts of thermal energy. This is accomplished through the use of a mirror 5positioned within the high pressure pipe and moved along the pipe by a control system. If this mirror is properly ported for the through flow of working fluid, no pressure differential

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occurs across the mirror so that a relatively simple and preferably remotely actuated driving system may be used for positioning the mirror. As this mirror is moved away from the toroidal lens, the portion of the high pressure pipe which forms the reflective reservoir is changed in volume, permitting a servo system to maintain the pressure and temperature of the working fluid within the high pressure pipe by storing additional thermal energy when the source energy exceeds the demand.

In a typical installation, a high pressure pump supplie the working flui'd, such as water, to the downstream end of t high pressure pipe. This water flows through the movable mirror into the reflective cavity and directly absorbs energ reflected through it by the cavity walls and the optical system. The water temperature is raised and the pressure within the vessel is maintained at a level prohibiting vaporization of the water. The outlet or upstream end of th high pressure pipe is connected through a control valve to a turbine, the control valve separating the higher pressure an lower pressure zones within an outlet pipe and permitting th working fluid to vaporize on the downstream side of the valv the stream thus produced being used to operate a turbine. T system may be totally self contained if the exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed to provide water supply for the.high pressure pump or may be operated on available water supply with the exhaust steam from the turbine vented to atmosphere.

Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a sectional view of the solar collection an conversion system, the view taken through a plane which bise the high pressure pipe and optical system;

Figure 2 is a sectional view showing the mirror support system taken along lines 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a sectional view further detailing the mirr support system of Figure 2 and taken along lines 3-3 of Figu 2; __ _.

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Figure 4 is a sectional view of the inlet end and central portion of the high pressure pipe of the system of Figure 1 enlarged to show the details thereof; Figure 5 is an elevation view, partially in section, of the gearing system located adjacent the focal point of the optical system of Figure 1 and used for rotating the optical system about the high pressure pipe;

Figure 6 is a sectional view taken along lines 6-6 of Figure 4;

Figure 7 is a sectional view of the outlet end portion of the high pressure pipe of the system of Figure 1 enlarged to show the details thereof;

Figure 8 is a perspective view of the mounting and rotating apparatus of Figure 1, with the high pressure pipe and optical sysjbem removed to facilitate understanding of the system used for rotating the optical system about the diurnal axis;

Figure 9 is a sectional view of the central portion of the high pressure pipe, enlarged to show the details thereof , .* similar to the central pipe portion of Figure 4, but showing an alternate embodiment of the toroidal lens structure thereof _?

Figure 10 is a schematic illustration showing the interconnection of the solar conversion system of Figure 1 with a steam turbine electrical generating facility for producing electrical power;

Figures 11, 12 and 13 are sectional views of a mold form and portions of the main reflective mirror of the optical system of Figure 1, showing the successive steps of a method for manufacturing said mirror; and

Figure 14 is a perspective view of one edge of the main reflective mirror of Figure 1, partially in section, said view showing the details of construction of said mirror. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring initially to Figure 1, the solar collection and conversion system of the present invention includes a high pressure cavity formed, for example, from a pair of high

pressure pipes 11 and- 13 joined by a toroidal lens 15. The high pressure pipes 11/ 13 include inside walls which are polished or coated to provide a highly reflective interior surface. The pipes 11, 13 are supported from a base 17 whic may be, for example, a concrete foundation pad, by plural supporting struts 19, 21, 23 and 25 as well as concrete ^' ylo 27 and 29. Each of the struts 19, 21, 23, 25 and concrete pylons 27, 29 illustrated in Figure 1 are duplicated by identical supporting structures on the opposite side of the high pressure pipes 11, 13, as specifically shown in Figures 6 and 8 so that the structure is braced against static loads as well as wind forces. The system is arranged such that the pipes 11 and 13 and their supporting structure are rigidly mounted on the foundation 17 and neither move nor rotate, so that high pressure fittings connecting working fluid to and from the pipes 11 and 13 need not include expensive rotating or articulating couplings.

An optical collection and focusing system is arranged t rotate about a diurnal axis coincident with the stationary ^• pipes 11, 13. This optical system is a two-mirror cassegrai system including a primary mirror 31 and secondary mirror 33. The primary mirror 31 has a parabolic concave surface which is highly reflective for collecting and reflecting parallel solar rays 35 toward the secondary mirror 33, as shown at 37. The secondary mirror 33 is a much smaller, convex, paraboloi mirror which in turn reflects the rays 37 toward a single focus, as shown at 39. The rays 39 pass through an aperture 41 at the center of the primary mirror 31 and converge on the toroidal lens 15, so that substantially all of the incident radiation 35 is concentrated at the lens 15.

In order to maintain the focus of solar radiation at the toroidal lens 15, it is necessary to maintain the axis of the primary mirror 31 parallel to the incident radiation 35. Thi is accomplished by mounting the entire optical system, including the primary mirror 31 and secondary mirror 33 whic is attached thereto by plural struts 43, for rotation about

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, diurnal axis formed by the high pressure pipes 11, 13. The , details of this mounting and rotational system will be explained below.

5 The entire solar energy conversion system is mounted on the foundation 17 such that the high pressure pipes 11, 13 are parallel to the rotational axis of the earth. This is accomplished by mounting the inlet end of the pipe 13 lower than the outlet end of the pipe 11, so that the angle α is

10 equal to the earth's latitude at the installation location. The concrete pylons 29 are placed due north of the concrete pylons 27 in the northern hemisphere, and due south of the concrete pylons 27 if the installation is in the southern hemisphere. When installed in this manner, and with the axis

15 of the cassegrain mirrors 31 and 33 perpendicular to the axis of the pipes 11 and 13, all incident solar radiation will be focused through the toroidal lens 15 at each equinox. .

In order to adjust for seasonal relative movement of the sun and earth, hydraulic actuators 45 and 47 are used to pivot

20 the cassegrain system, including the mirrors 31, 33, about a pivotal axis coincident with the toroidal lens 15 and perpendicular to the pipes 11, 13. A pair of struts 49 and 51 are connected at the rotational axis to support flanges 53 and 57, respectively, extending from the rear of the

25primary mirror 31.. It will be recognized from the remaining figures that each of the actuators 45 and ^* 47 of Figure 1 are duplicated by an identical pair of actuators on the opposite side of the high pressure pipes 11, 13, there being four spaced support flanges 53, 57 on the rear surface of the mirror

3031. In addition, an identical pair of struts 49, 51 exist on the other side of the high pressure pipes 11, 13 so that these struts 49, 51 and actuators 45, 47 cradle the primary mirror 31 and support its entire weight.

A clock drive 59, in conjunction with a gearing system

3561, to be described in detail below is utilized to rotate the cassegrain mirror system about the diurnal axis formed by the pipes 11, 13 on a daily basis, the mirrors 31 and 33 rotating

through approximately 180° during each day and being recycle through the same 180° ^' rotation a -night to begin another dai diurnal rotation on the following dawn. This diurnal rotati of the mirror system, combined with the seasonal adjustments made by the actuators 45 and 47, assures that the rays 3? ar always focused at the stationary toroidal lens 15. The incident radiation 39 is refracted by the toroidal lens 15, in a manner described in more detail below, to travel the length of the pipes 11 and 13 as shown at 63 and 65, respectively. Because of the reflective surface on the insi of the high pressure pipes 11, 13, this radiation 63, 65 is repeatedly reflected fro the walls of the absorption black body cavity formed by the pipes 11, 13 so that, after passin repeatedly through the working fluid within the pipes 11, 13 the solar energy is totally absorbed directly by the working fluid. The reflective interior surfaces of the pipes 11, 13 substantially prohibits absorption of this energy by the pip themselves. Input working fluid, such as water, is supplied through a valve 67 and high pressure pump 69 to the inlet en 71 of the high pressure pipe 13, This working fluid is heat through direct absorption of the solar energy reflecting throughout the interior volume of the pipes 11 and 13, but i preferably not vaporized within the pipes 11, 13. Rather, t pressure supplied by the pump 69 is sufficient to permit substantial heating of the working fluid without vaporizatio In an exemplary installation wherein the working fluid is water, the pressure and temperature maintained within the hi pressure pipes 11, 13 is 665 PSI and 500°F. Under these conditions, substantial energy may be stored within the high pressure pipes 11, 13 themselves. Thus, for example, in thi same exemplary system wherein the diameter of the primary mirror 31 is 20 meters, the system is designed to produce 30 kw of thermal power. The pipes 11, 13 have a combined lengt of approximately 30 meters, a diameter of 20 in., and thus t capacity to store 1.6 x IO ⁷ BTU of thermal energy. This substantial storage capacity permits the solar energy system

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to store thermal energy during peak solar energy hours and to liberate this energy during hours of total or partial darkness. It will be noted that, contrary to the storage systems used in the prior art, the storage of energy in the present system is in the working fluid itself, so that no intermediary heat transfer is required. The present system permits an extremely dense storage of energy so that the entire system may be installed on site without substantial subsurface storage. In addition, the use of caustic chemicals for heat storage is avoided, so that both the safety and life expectancy of the system is enhanced.

From this brief description in reference to Figure 1, it will be recognized that the cavity formed by the high pressure pipes 11, 13 performs, in essence, the function of a black body collection cavity. This is accomplished by maintaining the energy entrance port defined by the toroidal lens structure 15 relatively small in comparison with the volume of the high pressure pipes 11, 13. The difference between this black body absorption system and those of the prior art, however, is the use of the reflective surface on the inside of the cavity defined by the high pressure pipes 11, 13, which forces the solar radiation to be directly absorbed by the working medium rather than by an intermediary plate or heat exchanger. This direct absorption substantially increases the efficiency of the system without detracting from the black body absorption characteristics of the device. In addition, those skilled in the art will recognize the fact that, through the use of the toroidal lens structure 15 and a shutter to be explained in detail below, any energy which would escape from the system must be directed back through the cassegrain mirror system at the sun. Since the effective solar temperature always exceeds the temperature within the black body system, no energy can be redirected at the sun and the system becomes totally absorptive, with the exception of minor convection losses from the pipes 11 and- 13 to the atmosphere, which losses can be effectively controlled- through insulation as

described in detail below. The overall system thus effective converts solar energy at an efficiency of approximately 90%, ten times the efficiency of typical prior art solar collector Turning now to the detailed aspects of construction, Figures 2 and 3 show a rotating support system used for supporting the actuators 47 on the high pressure pipe 13. Each actuator 47 is a double-acting hydraulic cylinder having first and second hydraulic input- lines 73 and 75 (Figure 1). he actuator 47 is mounted by means of a mounting lug 77.onto a support plate 79. A second mounting lug 81 mounts the second hydraulic ^" actuator 47 (not shown) , the pair of hydraulic actuators forming a cradle for one side of the primary mirror 31 and attached thereto at spaced support flanges 53 (Figure 1) . The mounting lugs 77 and 81 are rigidly clamped to the support plate 79 by bolts 83 and nuts 85 so that the hydraulic cylinders 47 and mounting plate 79 form a rigid ^" cradle structure for one side of the primary mirror 31. An identical support plate and mounting structure is used for the pair of hydraulic cylinders 45 (Figure 1) at the other side of the primary mirror 31 to support and cradle that side of the primary mirror 31 at support flanges 57 (Figure 1) from the high pressure pipe 11, so that the entire weight of the cassegrain mirror system is supported from the high pressure pipes 11, 13 at the support flanges 53 and 57 (Figure 1) through the hydraulic actuators 45 and 47.

While he mounting plate 79 bears the weight of the cassegrain mirror system, it is designed to freely rotate about the high pressure pipe 13. This high pressure pipe 13 is surrounded by a coaxial pipe 87 of larger diameter. The pipe 13 defines the walls of the high pressure reflective cavity, while the pipe 87 defines an evacuation chamber 89 between the pipes. The chamber 89 is evacuated, and the inside walls thereof made reflective to thermally insulate the high pressure pipe 13 from the outside atmosphere. This insulation is preferably further increased by making the outside walls of pipe 13 reflective. Thus both the inner and

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outer walls of the high pressure pipes 11, 13, as well as the inner wall of the pipe 87 are made reflective, the inner reflective wall of the- pipes 11, 13 used to form a reflective black body cavity and the remaining reflective walls used for assisting the insulation of that cavity. By evacuating the space 89, the high pressure pipes 11 and 13 become, in effect, a high pressure dewar for storing energy which has been converted by the system. The support plate 79 is guided to move in an arcuate path along an arcuate rail 91 which is supported, as by brackets 93 and a reinforcing ring 95, to the pipe 87. The arcuate guide rail 91 is formed as a C-channel in which a pair cf rollers 97 and 99 are guided. A third roller 101 is mounted to an L-shaped bracket 103 which is attached, as by welding, to the support bracket 79. Each of the rollers 97, 99, 101 is mounte on the support plate 79 or bracket 103 by a bearing mounted on screws 105, 107 and 109, respectively, clamped in place by nuts 111. The rollers 97 and 99 bear against the inside surface 113 of the lower leg of the arcuate C-channel 91 while the roller 101 bears against the outer surface 115 of the channel 91 to maintain the rollers 97 and 99 positioned within the opening of the C-channel 91. It can be seen that the support plate 79, along with the actuators 47 and the cassegrain mirror system, are thus guided for rotational movement around the axis of the pipes 11 and 13 for diurnal movement. An identical mounting system 117 (Figure 1) is use for guiding the actuators 45 for rotary motion about an identical axis. Thus, the pipe 87 is used to support the cassegrain mirror system, including the primary mirror 31 and secondary mirror 33, for rotation about the axis of the pipes 11, 13, guided by the rail 91.

The actuators 45, 47 may be, for example, hydraulic actuators which are connected by means of lines 73 and 75 to a control system which supplies hydraulic fluid to tilt the cassegrain mirror system about an axis perpendicular to the

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pipes 11, 13 and passing through the toroidal lens structure 15 to account for seasonal variations in the relative positi of the sun and earth. Rotation about this axis is facilitat 5 by the use of struts 49 and 51 (Figure 1) which are connecte to a pivot point coincident with the toroidal ^' lens 15, as wi be described in more detail below, which axis defines the center of rotation of the cassegrain mirror structure when th actuators 45 and 47 are energized.

10 Referring now to Figure 4, the detailed construction of the high pressure pipes 11 and 13, the toroidal lens structur 15 and the surrounding pipe ^" 87 will be explained. The toroid lens 15 forms, in effect, a bulged cylindrical section of fus quartz interconnecting the high pressure pipes 11 and 13.

15 Radiant energy 39 concentrated by the cassegrain mirror syste enters one face of the lens 15 and is refracted, as shewn at .65, to propagate along the length of the high pressure, pipes 11, 13. This energy, due to the highly reflective inner surfaces of the high pressure pipes 11, 13 will be reflected

20 repeatedly from the inside walls of the black body cavity until it has passed a sufficient distance through the transparent or translucent working medium to be totally absorbed thereby, thus directly heating the working fluid. Since the entire inside of th ^• cavity formed by the high

25 pressure pipes 11, 13 is reflective, the working fluid will achieve a uniform increasing temperature throughout, the entire cavity being uniformly illuminated by the incident collected radiation and by reradiation from the fluid and walls. 0 The high pressure pip'e 13 ^* is open at one end 117 facing the toroidal lens 15 and is mounted at this open end in an annular mounting plate 119. The mounting plate 119 may be grooved to receive the open end of the pipe 13 and may be welded thereto to insure the pressure integrity of the vessel

³ - he outer pipe 87 includes a similar open end 121 which is

^• likewise attached, as by welding, to the annular support plat 119. This attachment may be strengthened by plural

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- reinforcing webs 120, which webs 120 also serve to rigidify

- the mounting plate 119. The other end 71 of the high pressure

- pipe 13 is closed, as by a hemispherical end cap 123 welded 5 to the end of the pipe 13. The hemispherical end cap 123 includes an opening which is attached to an inlet pipe 125 and mounted by means of this inlet pipe 125 and a vacuum gasket 127 to an end support plate 129. The remaining open end of the outer pipe 87 is also attached to the end support

10plate 129 concentric with the pipe 125. The pipes 13 and 87 are thus concentrically mounted between the plates 19 and 129 to form a dewar housing for the black body cavity, the space 89 between the pipes being evacuated, to insulate the pipe 13. A support plate 131 identical to the support plate 119 is

15 positioned on the other face of the toroidal lens 15, and the pair of support plates 119 and 131 is clamped to- the lens 15 by a plurality of bolts 133. Annular gaskets 135 and 137 may be used to seal the lens 15 to the plates 119 and 131, these gaskets 135, 137 compressed between the elements by the bolts

20133. This entire structure thus forms a rigid cavity formed by the pipes 11, 13, plates 119, 131 and lens 15, the lens 15 having substantial structural strength to resist the extreme pressures within the cavity.

It will be noted that, in addition to the bulged outer

25 surface of the lens 15, the inner diameter of the lens 15 includes a pair of intersecting, coaxial, truncated conical surfaces 139 and 141 which form a second refractive surface to assist in refracting the incident radiation to a path approximately concident with the axis of the pipes 11, 13.

30 A third relatively lightweight cylindrical enclosure 143 may be used to surround the pipe 87 and to support therebetween a layer of thermal insulation 145 which reduces the thermal convection losses of the system. The pipe 87 may be attached to the end plate 129, if desired, by an L-shaped annular

35 bracket 147 and plural bolts 149, so that the -end plate may be made removable from the system to allow access to the evacuated cavity 89.

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IS As previously explained, the entire cassegrain mirror system is rotated about an axis coincident with the center o the lens 15 and perpendicular to the axis of the pipes 11, 13 to accommodate seasonal changes in the relative position of sun and the earth. As shown in Figures 1 and 4, a conical- shaped tube 151 interconnects the opening 41 in the primary mirror 31 to a shutter system adjacent the toroidal lens 15. This tube 151 is used to exclude foreign objects from the area of intense radiation between the aperture 41 and the le 15.

The shutter system completely surrounds the outside of the toroidal lens 15 and includes a reflective inside surface to eliminate to the greatest extent possible the loss of sol radiation through this lens 15. The shutter is formed as a bulged cylindrical sleeve 153 mounted at its open ends on a plurality of rollers 155 so that the shutter 153 may rotate about the diurnal axis during daily movement of the lens system about the pipes 11, 13. One side of the shutter 153 includes an opening 157 which cooperates with an overlapping flange 159 extending from the lower extremity of the conical tube 151. As can be seen from Figure 4, as the cassegrain mirror system and its attached tube 151 rotate in the directi indicated by the arrow 161, the flange 159 will move beneath the opening 157 of the shutter 153 to permit seasonal adjustments, while at the same time maintaining a reflective surface surrounding the lens 15 over the greatest surface are possible. The inner surface of the shutter 153, as well as the flange 159, are made highly reflective so that any energy which is directed toward the shutter system will be reflected Thus, the only aperture for escape of radiant energy is through the conical tube 151 which, as explained previously, requires a radiation directly at the solar source, which is impossible. Since the entire shutter system, including the shutter 153, flange 159, and tube 151 are rotated by movement of the primary mirror 31, the shutter rotating on the rollers 155, *he aperture 157 remains directed toward the axis of the cassegrain mirror and system at all times.

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Apparatus is included within this system to change the effective size of the black body cavity bounded by reflective surfaces. This apparatus is best understood through a 5 reference to both Figures 4 and 6 and includes a cylindrical ferrous member 163, the outer diameter of which is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the pipe 13. Between these diameters is positioned a ball bearing structure including a bearing spacer ring 165 and plural balls 167. The bearing

10 spacer ring 165 is maintained in position between the ferrous cylinder 163 and the pipe 13 by a first plurality of positioning plates 169 which are attached to the ferrous member 163 by plural screws 171, and a second annular positioning ring 173 which is similarly attached. The ring

15173 has a highly reflective outer surface 175 and includes a central aperture 177 which is smaller than the inside diameter of the ferrous cylindrical member 163, the ring 173 forming a mirror which extends from a position adjacent the inside diameter of the pipes 13 to the aperture 177.

20 A second flat mirror 179 is mounted, as by a spider member 181 which is attached to the inside diameter of the ferrous member 163. The outer diameter of the circular mirror 179 is larger than the diameter of the aperture 177 so that the pair of mirrored elements 173 and 179 form a flat mirrored end for

25 the pipe 13. A space exists between the mirror 179 and the inside diameter of the ferrous cylindrical member 163 to permit the flow of working fluid around the outside of the mirror 179. Since fluid is allowed to freely flow around the mirror 179, no pressure differential exists across this element and,

30 regardless of the pressure within the pipe 13, the entire mirror assembly is free to roll on the ball bearings 167 along the axis of the pipe 13.

Movement of this flat mirror assembly is accomplished by moving a pair of annular permanent magnet segments 183 and

35185, each of which is mounted on and threaded to a pair of threaded rods 187. Each of the rods 187 is mounted for rotation in a-first end bearing 189 mounted on the support

plate 119 and a second bearing 190 mounted within apertures, within the end support plate 129. The threaded members 187 extend beyond the end plate 129 to support sprockets 191 whic 5are each engaged by a chain 193. The chain 193 is additional engaged by a sprocket 195 attached to the rotor of an electrical motor 197. The electrical motor 197 thus serves to rotate each of the four threaded rods 187 in the same direction, these rods in turnthreading along the magnet

T_Q segments 183 and 185 to move the magnet segments along the length of the pipe 13. The magnetic force between these segments 183, 185 and the ferrous element 163 is used to draw the flat mirror structure along with the moving magnet sectio 183, 185. A rotation of the motor 197 thus moves the flat 5mirror partition, including the mirrors 173 and 179, along th length of "the pipe 13 to change the effective size of the black, body cavity 11, 13. Since only the magnetic force of the magnets 183 and 185 traverses the high pressure pipe 13, the pressure integrity of the pipe is not affected through a

20 system of this type. Numerous alternate methods for moving the magnet segments 183, 185, such as linear motors, may be used, but in each instance the magnets are preferably positioned between the pipes 13 and 87 to remotely move the flat mirror structure. ' ^'

25 With the flat mirror structure, including the mirrors 17 and 179, adjacent the toroidal lens 15, the black body cavity in v/hich elevated constant temperatures are maintained by sol radiation is limited to the area between the flat mirror 173, 197 and the upper end of the high pressure pipe 11. As will

30 be explained in more detail below, as the pressure or temperature within the black body cavity increases, the storage capacity of the system may be adjusted by moving the flat mirror 173, 179 toward the inlet 125 of the pipe 13, effectively doubling the black body cavity volume when the

35 flat mirror 173, 179 reaches its other extreme. In operation the flat mirror 173, 179 is ^* positioned adjacent the toroidal lens 15 in the morning, before dawn. When the nun rises abov

^■ the horizon and heats the working fluid within the cavity to - ^: a predetermined temperature, the motor 197, under control of a temperature sensor and servo system, operates to move the

^" 5 flat mirror 173, 177 along the axis of the pipe 13, enlarging the volume of the solar collection cavity. It will be appreciated that, while no pressure differential exists across the flat mirror 173, 179, a substantial thermal gradiant exists at this point in the system since the fluid ^lO upstream of the flat mirror 135, 179 is not subjected to solar radiation .and is therefore relatively cool in comparison with the high temperature fluid within the mirrored walls of the adjustable sized cavity. Some thermal convection may occur through the spaces around the flat mirror 179 to heat

15 the inlet water, but it is assumed that, under normal operating conditions, there is a continuous flow of working fluid through the inlet 125, limiting the convection upstream through the spaces around this mirror 179.

Referring now to Figures 4, 5, 6 and 8, the mechanism for

20 supporting the struts 49 and 51 of Figure 1 and for controlling diurnal rotation of the cassegrain mirror system will be explained. A pair of reinforcing rings 199 and 201 encircle the pipe 87 at locations adjacent the toroidal lens 15. These rings 199, 201 are attached to the pipe 87 through

25 plural circumferentially spaced brackets 203, and are attached to support a pair of facing, annular C-channels 205 and 207. The C-channels 205 and 207 are,- in turn, attached, as through brackets 208 (Figure 6) to the mounting struts 23 and 25 mentioned in reference to Figure 1. The mounting

30 struts 23 and 25 thus directly support the C-channels 205 and 207 from the foundation pad 17 and, through the brackets 203, serve to support the central portion of the high pressure pipes 11, 13 so that undue strain is not placed on the toroidal lens 15 by the weight of the cassegrain mirror system.

35 A pair of hemispherical gear segments 209 and 211 are supported for movement along the C-channels 205 and 207 through ' plural rollers 213. Each of the rollers 213 is mounted by a

bolt 215 and nut 217 to one of the gear segments 209, 211 fo rotation. The gear segments 209, 211 are interconnected by plural channel members 218, attached thereto, as by welding, to form _. an integral structure. Thus, the entire structure, including the gear segments 209, 211 and channel members 218 is free to rotate about the axis of the high pressure pipes 13 through movement of the rollers 213 within the channels 205 and 207. The gear segments 209 and 211 engage with spur gears 219 and 221, respectively, these gears mounted on a common shaft 223 which is rotationally mounted in bearing pillow blocks 225 and 227 from a stationary support structur 229. The shaft 223 is attached- to a sprocket 231 engaged wi a chain 233 which is driven by a sprocket 235 attached to th rotor of the motor 59 through the gear box 61. The motor 59 is preferably a synchronous, clock-type motor which, through the gear box 61 drives the gear segments 209 and 211 at a ra equivalent to the rate of rotation of the earth.

An opposing pair of the channel members 218 support a pair of coaxial axles 241 extending outwardly from these channels 218. Mounted, as by bearings 243, to these axles 241 are a pair of support plates 245, one on either side of the lens 15, which are in turn rigidly attached to the strut 49 and 51 as through bolts 247 and 249. It will be apprecia that a pair of struts 49, 51 is thus attached on either side the lens 15, and these struts are, in turn, attached to support flanges 53, 57 (Figure 1) located at spaced location on the primary mirror 31. The axles 241 thus provide a rotational axis for the entire cassegrain mirror system abou the center of the toroidal lens 15, the movement introduced the actuators 45 and 47 (Figure 1) thus confined to a rotati about this axis 241. It will be appreciated that this axis directly supported through the supports 19, 21, 23, 25 from the concrete foundation 17 so that the weight of the mirror system is not directly borne at the center of the black body cavity formed by the pipes 11 and 13. As the clock motor 59 drives its sprocket 235, the entire assembly, including the

gear segments 209 and 211, the channel members 218, and the attached axles 241 rotate in accordance with the diurnal rotation of the earth, inducing a rotation through the members 49 and 51 in the cassegrain mirror system, causing this mirror system to follow the relative motion of the sun and earth.

As best shown in Figures 1, 4, 7 and 8, the primary mounting for the solar energy- convers-i ^' on- system of the present invention is preferably accomplished through the end plate 129 attached to the inlet end of the system and a similar end plate 247 mounted in identical fashion, though inverted, to the outlet or upper end of the high pressure pipe 11, as shown in Figure 7. These end plates 129, 247 are supported on the concrete pylons 27 and 29, respectively. As previously explained, it has been found advantageous to mount the system so that the axis of the high pressure pipes 11 and 13 is parallel to the earth's axis at the location where the system is installed ^' . In* order to facilitate such installation, as particularly shown in Figure 8, the end plates 129, 247 may be attached to pillow blocks 249 and 251, respectively, and thereby rotationally mounted on a pair of axles 253 and 255, respectively. The axles 253 and 255 are, in turn, supported by pairs of pillow blocks 257 and 259, respectively, which are attached to the top of the concrete pylons 27 and 29. Through the use of this rotational mounting, the height of the concrete pylons 27 and 29, as well .as their spacing, may be specified by the manufacturer for a particular site. The concrete pylons may then be poured to the desired height so that the system may be directly installed thereon by attachment of the pillow blocks 257 and 259 to the concrete pylon. If the installation is carried out properly, the axis of the cassegrain mirror system, when properly tracking relative solar movement, will be perpendicular to the axis of the pipes 11, 13 at equinox and will vary therefrom to accommodate seasonal changes through actuation of the actuators 45 and 47.

As shown, in Figure 7, the mounting of the upper -end of

the high pressure pipe 11 is substantially identical to the mounting of the lower end of the high pressure pipe 13. The high pressure pipe 11 includes a hemispherical end cap 261 5which is connected to an outlet pipe 263, which outlet pipe 263 is mounted through vacuum gasket 265 to the end plate 24 The outer pipe 87 is connected by an L-shaped annular flange bracket 267 welded thereon to the end plate 247 by a series bolts 269, and the outer insulation supporting jacket 143 ma 0be mounted to the bracket 267 as well.

Referring now to Figure 9, an alternate embodiment of t toroidal lens 15 will be described. In this embodiment, the entire structure is identical to that described in reference to Figure 4, except that the inner diameter of the lens 15, 5 rather than including intersecting truncated conical refracting surfaces, includes a cylindrical inner wall, ruled or grooved to form a Fresnel lens 271. This lens 271 operates in a manner substantially identical to the lens structure of Figure 4, refracting incident radiation 39 to 0 bend the solar radiation to a direction more closely aligned with the axis of the high pressure pipes 11, 13 as shown at 65. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the Fresnel lens of Figure 9 is the optical equivalent of th , lens structure of Figure 4. 5 Referring now to Figure 10, a typical overall system installation utilizing the conversion device of the present invention will be described. As previously explained, solar radiation incident on the primary mirror 31 is reflected fro the secondary mirror 33 to enter the optical cavity defined 0 the small opening provided in the shutter 153 surrounding th lens 15. This solar energy is repeatedly reflected from the reflective inner surfaces of the optical cavity defined by t inner walls of the pipes 11 and 13 and a movable flat mirror structure including the mirrors 173 and 179. At all times 5 during operation of this system, the entire volume of the pipes 11, 13 is filled with fluid, the density of which is equal to the liquid density of the working medium. Thus,

_ once the triple point has been exceeded, the fluid within the -._ optical cavity will have the properties of a gas, but will nevertheless have the density of liquid since a sufficiently

5 high pressure is maintained on the system to maintain this density. For the purpose of the remainder of this description, the fluid within the black body cavity will be referred to, therefore, as a liquid, regardless of its temperature. Water is supplied from a reservoir 273 through a manual control

10 valve 67 and high pressure pump 69 to the inlet pipe 125 of the pipe 13. The pump 69 may be designed to maintain a given pressure head within the system and this pressure head will be selected to maintain the density of the working fluid within the system equal to the liquid density of the fluid. Fluid

15 pumped into the system will pass through the flat mirror 173, 179 to enter the black body cavity and be heated through direct absorption of solar energy. The extremely high temperature, high pressure liquid resulting from this absorption is conducted by means of the outlet pipe 263 through an

20. automatically controlled valve 275 to a steam turbine 277 used to drive, for example, an electrical generator 279. The rotational rate of the turbine 277 and generator 279 may be controlled, for example, by an electronic control system 281 used to regulate the valve 275. It will be understood

25 that a pressure differential exists across the valve 275, such that a much lower pressure exists at the inlet 283 of the turbine 277 than within the black body cavity, so that the liquid immediately vaporizes to produce a high volume, high pressure vapor source for driving the turbine 277. It

30will likewise be recognized that the exhaust steam or other gas from the turbine 277 may be exhausted to atmosphere or may be condensed to supply water to the reservoir 273.

The clockwork motor 59 , which through the gear box 61 drives the cassegrain mirror system about the diurnal axis

35on a daily basis, is typically energized from an electronic motor control system 285 which may be connected, for example, to the generator 279 as a source of power and which operates

in response to signals produced by an electronic clock 287.

A similar electronic clock 289 and hydraulic control system 291 responsive thereto may be utilized to drive the actuators 45 and 47 to adjust the relative axes of the pipes 11, 13 and cassegrain mirror system 31, 33 for seasonal variations in the direction of the earth's axis relative to the position of the sun.

As is well known, the relative movement of the earth an sun is extremely predictable and the motor control 285 and hydraulic control 291 will, in substantially all instances, effectively direct the axis of the cassegrain mirror system 31, 33 to assure that the focused solar energy will be applied to the aperture in the shutter 153 and thus to the black body cavity. As a backup system, however, optical sensors 293 and 295, shown in Figures 4 and 9, may be utiliz to produce error signals for the hydraulic actuator 291 and motor control 285, respectively. If the focused solar energ is not centrally located within the small end of the conical tube 151 used to mount the sensors 293 and 295, an imbalance will occur between oppositely located sensor pair 293 or a similar oppositely located pair of sensors 295. The opposit located sensors 293 may thus be used to produce a differenti error signal for the hydraulic actuator 291, and may overrid the clock signals 289 to adjust the motor control system 285 in the event of error signals from the clock 287.

The system thus far described is an extremely efficient solar energy conversion apparatus which may be mounted at various locations on the surface of the earth through a simp support structure, and which adjusts for both diurnal and seasonal variations in the relative position of the sun and earth while always maintaining the focal point of the cassegrain mirror system 31, 33 at a single location on a stationary cavity 11, 13. The maintenance of a stationary cavity such as that shown is extremely beneficial, in that no rotating or moving seals are required which would increas system expense, since such seals would be required to withst

the extreme pressures and temperatures expected in this

- installation. Thus all diurnal motion of the cassegrain

^" mirror system 31, 33 is about a single axis, permitting the 5 toroidal lens 15, although located in a stationary position, to refract all incident energy along the length of the high pressure pipes 11, 13. In addition, the use of direct absorption of this solar energy by the transparent or translucent fluid medium itself is extremely efficient, no

10 intermediary absorption plate or heat exchangers being required for*the absorption of energy. By maintaining the optical aperture extremely small, no energy is.permitted to reradiate from the system, since such radiation would require a radiation back toward the sun which would violate the first

15 law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, by maintaining convection losses at a minimum through a dewar-type construction and other insulating techniques, the energy- absorption efficiency of this system may be maintained at: an extremely high level. In addition, the system operates as a means of storing the

20 energy thus absorbed, both efficiently and without the use of heat exchangers or dangerous materials, the inventor having found that the high pressure, high temperature working fluid itself may be utilized to store large amounts of energy for use during periods of total or partial darkness. Since the

25 movable flat mirror 173, 179 effectively varies the size of the black body cavity to control the temperature within the . cavity, the cavity size may be made larger when high levels of solar energy are available. In this respect, Figure 10 shows a temperature sensing probe 297 connected to ;a motor

30 control system 299 used to drive the motor 197 for adjusting the position of the flat mirrors 173 and 179. In the morning, when the bulk of the stored energy within the pipes 11, 13 has been utilized, the temperature within the vessel will be relatively low and the motor control system 299, in response

35 to the temperature sensor 297, will have adjusted the flat mirrors 173, 179 to a position adjacent the toroidal lens 15. During the day, as solar energy is absorbed, if more solar

OMPI

energy is absorbed into the fluid within the black body cavit than is requied for maintaining operation of the turbine 277 and generator 279, the temperature sensed by the probe 297 will increase, causing the motor control system 299 to move t flat mirrors 173, 179 upstream toward the inlet 125 of the pi 13, increasing the effective size of the black body cavity an permitting the storage of this additional available energy. As is recognized by those skilled in the art, the manufacture of a large primary mirror 31 which may be mounted and rotated using systems such as those shown has not heretof been possible. The present invention therefore includes nove techniques and materials for the manufacture of the primary mirror 31 to provide an extremely rigid, lightweight structur of sufficient optical quality to focus the solar radiation through the toroidal lens 15. This is accomplished using the method outlined in Figures 11, 12 and 13. Initially, a large ring 301 may be fabricated by using, for example, corrugated cardboard material impregnated with epoxy to make it rigid. sheet of aluminized Mylar 303 is stretched across one face the ring 301 and attached thereto, as by epoxy. This sheet 303, as viewed in Figure 11, has an aluminum layer on the top and a Mylar layer for strength and corrosion resistance on the underside. This material is presently available in irror-like highly flexible, highly reflective sheets. This assembly of the ring 301 and stretched sheet 303 is pressed, as shown by the arrows 305, over a large male mold 307 formed as a paraboloid and defining the curvature of the primary mir 31. A cylinder 309 may extend from the central axis of the ale mold 307 to provide the aperture 41 for the completed mirror, and the sheet 303 may be cut to pass over the cylindrical form 309.

When the ring 301 and its attached sheet 303 are pressed down over the male mold 307, as shown in Figure 12, the resilience of the sheet 303 will make this sheet conform

OMP , W WIIPP

precisely to the contours of the male mold 307. The ring 301 is held depressed, and a layer of epoxy and glass 311 is applied to the aluminum backing of the aluminized Mylar sheet 5301. Cardboard honeycomb material 313, with honeycomb axes vertical as viewed in Figure 12, is then placed over the epoxy and glass layer 311 to conform with the shape of the male mold 311, and the cardboard 313 is coated with epoxy to lend rigidity. A backing layer of epoxy and glass 315 is then 0applied to seal the open ends of the cardboard honeycomb material 313, and may be epoxied thereto. A final layer of low density foairi material 317 is then attached to the epoxy material 315 to complete the assembly. This completed assembly is shown in Figure 13. Each of the layers 311 5through 317 are placed on the sheet 303 to conform with the male mold 307 and are epoxied in place in this configuration, resulting in an extremely rigid, very lightweight structure. Each of the layers 311 through 317 may be apertured.to receive the cylindrical extension 309, thus -forming the central

20aperture -41 for the primary mirror 31.

Figure 14 shows a perspective view, partially cut away, of the primary mirror 31 with the reflective surface uppermost in this figure. This structure includes an aluminum and Mylar layer 303, the Mylar layer being uppermost, and epoxy layer 5311 attached to the aluminum of the layer 303 as well as the cardboard honeycomb layer 313, a second epoxy layer 315 and the low density foam layer 317. It will be appreciated that each layer is bonded to the next, forming a lightweight sandwich structure having extremely high compression strength. 0 his assembly is surrounded by the original epoxy-impregnated cardboard ring 301 which is bonded to each of the layers, and this ring 301 may, in turn, be surrounded by and bonded to a protective metal ring 319. The ring 319 may be used, through an extension bracket 321, to mount the struts 43 used to

35support the secondary mirror 31 (Figure 1) . These struts 43 may be made adjustable in length through the use of a turnbuckle connection 323, as shown in Figure 14, permitting

the axes of the mirrors 31 and 33 to be accurately aligned during installation of the system.

The sun subtends approximately 30 arc minutes at the ea and the optical system as described herein is capable of approximately one arc minute of optical quality, which will permit a collection of over 90% of the sun's energy falling on its aperture. At the same time, the primary mirror 31 is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and may be manufacture in extremely large sizes. As an example, the primary mirror of the preferred embodiment may be 20 meters in diameter whi still providing sufficient rigidity to maintain the required optical quality _P all without excessive weight which would interfere with rotation of the system as required by the relative motion of the sun and earth.

The combination of this unique mirror system with the direct solar absorption .apparatus described in reference to Figures 1 through 10 permits a relatively low cost, extremel efficient energy absorption and storage system which may ^' be effectively mass produced, shipped and installed in various locations to supply electrical and thermal energy requiremen to replace the utilization of fossil fuels. The high efficiency and energy storage of the present system makes it far more practical than prior art solar energy conversion systems which have been developed and provides an extremely practical energy source.

In addition to other changes to the specific structure disclosed which will be apparent to those skilled in the art and which permit the practice of this invention while deviat only from the details, those skilled in the art will realize also that the interior surface of the pipes 11, 13 need not reflective. So long as the energy is transmitted directly t the interior of the pipes 11, 13, even highly absorptive wal will immediately attain the same temperature as the included fluid such that they will reradiate as much energy as they absorb, the net effect being that the working fluid directly absorbs radiated energy rather than being heated by convecti from the container walls.