BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Any discharge of a significant amount of oil into the marine environment will in all likelihood trigger a response effort to recover or dissipate the spilled oil. Although mechanical recovery of the oil is the primary means of responding to an oil spill, application of chemical dispersants is an important supplementary measure for large spills that spread quickly over a wide area. Dispersants remove oil from the surface of the water and distribute it in the water column where it is diluted by currents and can biodegrade into harmless products. Dispersants are particularly helpful in preventing oil from stranding on the shoreline where it can damage coastal habitats.

Dispersants are of three types: Water-based dispersants; hydrocarbon solvent-based dispersants (typically having between 10 and 30 percent surfactant in a hydrocarbon solvent such as kerosene); and concentrated dispersants (typically having between 30 and 80 percent surfactant in oxygenated solvents or hydrocarbon solvents). All three types of dispersants may be applied neat--that is, undiluted--and, in addition, water-based dispersants and concentrated dispersants may be diluted with seawater prior to application. Application of neat dispersant is generally regarded as being more effective and is the preferred method.

Dilute application can be wasteful of dispersant because the application systems tend to drive dispersant through the oil at high velocity rather than allowing it to fall gently on the oil surface where it is most effective.

Dispersant application systems should spray in an even distribution. The size and uniformity of spray droplets are also important to effective application. Specifically, application is more effective if the spray droplets are small enough to fall gently onto the

surface of the oil slick without penetrating the oil and passing into the water column.

However, where the droplet size is too small, the dispersant tends to mist and be carried away by the wind. The most desirable spray pattern allows the dispersant to fall vertically to the water's surface as a light rain so that the dispersant can release the surface tension of the oil.

The geometry of an oil spill is important to the effectiveness of treatment with chemical dispersants. Most dispersant application systems assume the spill to be of a uniform thickness of 0.10 to 0.20 millimeters. However, the distribution of oil is much more likely to be lens-shaped, with the thickest areas at or near the center of the spill area. One or more areas of thick oil (usually thicker than 1 millimeter) will contain most of the volume of the oil spilled, and these thick areas will be surrounded by much larger areas of very thin oil or sheen having a thickness of about 1 to 10 micrometers. As a rule of thumb, approximately 90 to 95 percent of the total spill volume is contained in 5 to 10 percent of the spill area. Thus, an efficient system is able to concentrate its application of dispersant where the oil is thickest.

Dispersant may be applied from an aircraft or a vessel. In addition, where the spill is very close to the shoreline, dispersant may be applied by hand using a portable unit or from a land vehicle. Small aircraft are typically used to guide vessels to target areas.

Aircraft are often used in treating large spills because they can spray a large area with dispersant relatively quickly. Patent No. 4,437, 630 teaches one such system for aerial swath spraying of chemical dispersants on ocean oil spills. However, aircraft-based systems exhibit a number of drawbacks. First, it is prohibitively expensive to maintain dedicated large aircraft in readiness for an oil spill to occur through a payment of a retainer or stand by fee.

Thus, considerable time is required for mobilization. A suitable aircraft must be taken out of other service, repositioned, and outfitted with an appropriate dispersant application system, which takes time. Second, the payload capacity of an airplane is much less than that of a vessel. Aircraft have a limited capacity for dispersant, particularly when the application system requires a dilute dispersant. Third, the aircraft's ability to remain on station for long periods, a function of its fuel capacity, is limited compared to that of a vessel. Fourth, since most of the spill area is covered in sheen, the application can be wasteful of dispersant. Fifth, repositioning the aircraft to make multiple passes over areas of thick oil is time consuming.

Vessel-based systems may overcome some of the drawbacks of aerial systems.

Suitable vessels are more readily available, and are much more likely to be available and at a lower cost. Although vessels are slower to transit to the spill site than aircraft, they are able to remain on station until the job is done by virtue of having much greater capacities for both fuel and dispersant. The difference in capacity between an aircraft and a vessel can be significant particularly where the staging airport for the aircraft is at some distance from the spill site. Even if a vessel requires additional fuel or dispersant, resupply can be accomplished while the vessel remains on station. Moreover, vessel speed and direction can be adjusted to concentrate treatment with dispersant where it is most needed--on the thick patches--allowing the vessel to treat the spill in one pass, rather than multiple passes as with an aircraft. Vessels have the potential to provide greater control and accuracy over dispersant application than an aircraft.

Surface vessels often use diluted dispersant systems because their slow speed of advance, compared to that of an aircraft, correlates to a much lower pumping rate for application of the desired amount of dispersant. Even though the desired dose can be achieved from a surface vessel with dilution, field tests with vessels indicate that much lower rates of effectiveness are achieved with diluted application than with neat application of dispersants.

There are three principal types of application systems: boom sprayer systems, ducted- fan air blower systems, and monitor systems. Boom sprayer systems, also known as spray arm systems, are the most common type of spraying system. A boom sprayer consists of one or more pipes deployed over the side of the vessel or suspended from the aircraft.

On a vessel, the spray booms or spray arms extend horizontally from either side of the bow of the vessel. As the vessel moves slowly through the water, dispersant is sprayed from the nozzles onto the water surface. One major drawback of this type of system is that the booms cannot be deployed in rough seas due to the possibility that waves or rolling of the vessel would allow the booms to dip into the water which could damage them. Even when the operating conditions permit, however, the length of the boom, which is limited by the freeboard of the vessel and expected roll of the vessel, sets a relatively narrow sweep width

compared to an aircraft. Another drawback of vessel-based boom application systems has been the need to limit the speed of the vessel to typically between 2 and 10 knots so that the bow wave from the vessel does not wash out the dispersant before it reaches the oil/water interface. Yet another drawback associated with boom sprayer systems is the relatively complex installation required to attach them to the vessel. Not all vessels are suitable for deploying boom sprayers because of their available freeboard. In addition, many of these installations require some modification to the vessel to accommodate the relatively extensive booms, boom supporting structures, and pumping systems.

Boom sprayers used with large aircraft are relatively insensitive to the geometry of the nozzles used since wind shear tends to break the dispersant up into droplets of the desired size. However, in vessel applications of boom sprayers, nozzle geometry is quite important.

Booms typically are fitted with multiple small cone, flat, or fan-type nozzles through which the dispersant is sprayed. Rather than being adjustable, boom sprayer nozzles are typically of a fixed geometry. Several sets of nozzles are normally supplied with a given system so the nozzles can be interchanged to suit prevailing conditions at a particular spill site. This inflexibility in nozzle geometry can prove disadvantageous where conditions change from location to location or change over time while the vessel operates at a particular spill site.

Although boom sprayer systems can sometimes be converted so that they will spray dispersants neat, the low rate of flow for the dispersant generates a poor spray pattern. The low pressures which are associated with low flow rates create a situation where dispersant essentially drizzles from the nozzles. To a certain extent, nozzle geometry can be adjusted to achieve conically-shaped, overlapping spray at low rates of flow. However, when the nozzle geometry of the boom sprayer is adjusted in this manner, the sprayed dispersant becomes a very fine mist that is easily blown away by the wind without reaching the targeted area of the spill.

A variation of the boom sprayer system is a hand-held wand having a fixed-rate nozzle at one end. These wand sprayers are not very powerful, spraying dispersant at a distance on the order of 10 feet or so, and are generally regarded as being suitable for shoreline or land application only.

The ducted-fan air blower system injects dispersant into the focused air stream of a high speed fan, and is propelled over a range of up to 100 feet. The device has a pear-shaped shroud over the discharge side, inside of which spray nozzles are strategically placed to allow for the greatest range, and the most uniform distribution in terms of droplet placement and size. The spray distributed from this type of system is much less uniform than with a spray boom system.

The other principal type of system is a monitor system. Monitor systems are typically used on vessels and land vehicles. Monitor systems generally consist of eductor units used with standard fire monitors to spray dilute dispersant. Existing monitor systems use fire monitors, which are swivelling devices that usually bolt to the deck of the host vehicle and connect the fire hose or piping to the spray nozzle. An eductor or venturi draws concentrate dispersant into a stream of seawater at a rate of between 2 and 15 percent of the flow. The rate of output is controlled by the pumping rate or by bleeding off excess water to obtain the desired concentration of dispersant.

Fire monitor systems have been shown to be useful in spreading dilute dispersants over oil spills under conditions where modified nozzles are used in conjunction with appropriate pressures and flow rates. Standard adjustable fire nozzles do not create a uniform distribution over the swath extending from the location of the nozzle to the full reach of the spray.

However, placing a 0.25 inch mesh screen over the orifice of a straight stream fire fighting nozzle causes the droplets to scatter relatively evenly. Fire monitors are low-cost, rugged, and easily installed and operated.

Monitor systems do have distinct advantages over boom sprayers in some applications.

The monitor can be rotated to direct the spray toward the spill without the necessity to reposition the vessel. In addition, because no appendage is suspended from the vessel, the system is more tolerant of rough water application. Tests performed in 1988 by Exxon found that vessels equipped with fire monitors spraying dilute dispersant, while less effective than application by conventional spray boom, projected further from the vessel than the reach of the boom, and allowed application at a much greater rate of speed of the vessel.

Consequently, the conventional wisdom is that fire monitors are suitable for situations where

treating the oil spill quickly is more important than achieving the highest effectiveness for each gallon of dispersant used.

From the standpoint of operational effectiveness, however, existing monitor systems have distinct drawbacks. Even as modified, the systems have been unable to achieve the level of spray uniformity of a boom sprayer. The monitor system typically generates flow that hits the water at high velocity, driving the dispersant through the oil layer before it is able to react with it. Accordingly, existing monitor systems tend to be wasteful of dispersant. Moreover, pressure and velocity have been such that the systems have been unable to apply neat dispersants. Therefore, monitor units have been inappropriate for use with hydrocarbon solvent-based dispersants because predilution with water inactivates the surfactant.

Some monitor systems utilize the bilge or ballast pumps of the host vessel to pump seawater for mixing with the dispersant, which has a number of disadvantages. First, use of an existing pump requires running hose through the vessel and closing manifold isolation valves to take the pump off line. Second, use of the pump for an intake can lead to contamination of the pump if oil from the spill is ingested. Third, use of a vessel pump may require a person to remain in the engine room to stop, start, and adjust the pump during the application process. Alternatively, a dedicated pump can be provided for use with the monitor system. This is heavy and costly and essentially limits the portability of the system between vessels.

Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide a monitor-type dispersant application system that can be used effectively with neat dispersants. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that can be moved easily between platforms and staged where it is needed. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that can operate effectively in rough water. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that sprays a uniform, gentle rain of dispersant. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that can be adjusted for different flow rates to suit different application conditions. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that is not wasteful of dispersant. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that can be directed manually toward the targeted area of the spill. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that is able

to selectively treat areas of an oil spill according to thickness thereby removing the oil in one pass without the need for multiple passes. A further object of this invention is to provide a system that can be placed quickly on virtually any vessel or land vehicle and be ready to operate within a very short period of time.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention provides a means of effectively applying neat dispersant using a monitor-type system where the distinguishing feature is direction of spray through one or more gentle, uniform rain producing nozzles such as turbo-nozzles. (For the purposes of this application, a"turbo-nozzle"is defined as a nozzle which has a moving part which breaks the flow stream into droplets having a size distribution with desirable properties More particularly, the moving part can be a rotating device with teeth for breaking up the stream into droplets.) Producing a distribution of droplet size such that the fraction of droplets smaller in size than 100 microns is very important to the effectiveness of the current invention. The Ohio State University Extension Division has published a Bulletin, Bulletin 816-00. (Available on the internet at www. ag. ohio-state. edu/~ohioline/b816/b816_10. html.) The section entitled "Droplet Size"describes the effect of droplet size on the off-target drift of liquid sprays It indicates, for example, that 20 micron droplets take 4 minutes to fall 10 feet and will drift 1056 feet laterally in a 3 mph wind Conversely, 400 micron droplets fall 10 feet in 2 seconds and will drift only 9 feet in a 3 mph wind. Particles smaller than about 50 microns tend to remain suspended in air until they evaporate. Id. The section of the Bulletin entitled"Spray Pressure" indicates that droplet size is generally inversely proportional to pressure upstream of the nozzle.

It further indicates that for effective spraying, minimizing the percentage of droplets smaller in size than 100 microns is highly desirable. The section entitled"Nozzle Type and Size"further emphasizes that nozzle selection is critical to minimizing the fraction of the spray that goes into small droplet sizes and thereby promotes drift. The instant invention is directed to producing such a spray in the context of spraying neat oil dispersant onto oil spills and to specific means for producing the droplet size distribution necessary to success in such an endeavor. Accordingly, for the purposes of this application, the term"gentle, uniform rain"is defined as an aggregation of droplets which have a size distribution such that the fraction or portion of

droplets with a size under 100 microns is minimized to minimize drifting.

The use of gentle, uniform rain producing nozzles such as turbo-nozzles for spraying chemical dispersants on oil spills is at the heart of the present invention. A turbo-nozzle is type of nozzle that breaks up the fluid stream into a gentle, uniform rain. The invention sprays a uniform, gentle rain of dispersant where the user directs the flow. The present invention is able to selectively treat areas of an oil spill according to thickness, thereby removing the oil in one pass without the need for multiple passes. The turbo-nozzle is fully adjustable for different flow rates to suit particular applications. This ensures that dispersant is not wasted. The turbo-nozzle is hydraulically connected to the pumping system or reservoir of pressurized dispersant either by mounting it on a monitor or attaching it using a hose. As configured in the preferred embodiment, the monitor-mounted turbo-nozzle is fully adjustable so that it can be directed manually toward the targeted area of the spill while a second turbo- nozzle is attached by a hose for additional flexibility.

The present invention, when packaged in a skid-mounted configuration, can be easily moved onto and off of a vessel or land vehicle so that it can be positioned where it is most needed and is ready to operate within a very short period of time. It is amenable to operating effectively in rough water since it does not compromise the operation of the vessel or subj ect any of its parts to wave action.

The present invention requires neither attachment to nor modification of the host vehicle prior to operation, although it is amenable to permanent installation on a vessel or land vehicle if desired. The units are inexpensive which lowers the cost of maintaining a readiness capability.

The present invention is an apparatus for applying undiluted chemical dispersants to oil spills in a gentle, uniform spray that is able to be used on either a vessel or land vehicle, said apparatus comprising: a reservoir containing pressurized chemical dispersant; and a turbo- nozzle or other gentle, uniform rain producing nozzle hydraulically connected to said reservoir whereby pressurized chemical dispersant contained in said reservoir is sprayed through said turbo-nozzle. Alternatively, the present invention is an apparatus for applying

undiluted chemical dispersants to oil spills in a gentle, uniform spray that is able to be used on either a vessel or land vehicle, said apparatus comprising: a turbo-nozzle or other gentle, uniform rain producing nozzle; a pump having an inlet and outlet side, said outlet side hydraulically connected to said turbo-nozzle; whereby said pump pumps the chemical dispersant to said turbo-nozzle from whence it is sprayed through said turbo-nozzle.

Alternatively, the present invention is an apparatus for applying undiluted chemical dispersants to oil spills in a gentle, uniform spray that is able to be used on either a vessel or land vehicle, said apparatus comprising: a pressure manifold; a turbo-nozzle or other gentle, uniform rain producing nozzle hydraulically connected to said pressure manifold; a pump having an inlet and outlet side, said outlet side hydraulically connected to said pressure manifold; and an inlet manifold hydraulically connected to said inlet side of said pump; whereby said pump receives and pressurizes the undiluted chemical dispersant by pumping the chemical dispersant into said pressure manifold from whence it is sprayed through said turbo- nozzle.

The method of the present invention is to treat oil spills using undiluted chemical dispersants with a uniform spray using either a vessel or a land vehicle, said method comprising spraying pressurized chemical dispersant through a turbo-nozzle or other gentle, uniform rain producing nozzle onto the oil spill.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 sets forth an isometric view of the turbo-nozzle monitor system.

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the turbo-nozzle monitor system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in system 100 dispersant enters multiple-inlet suction manifold 1 through valves 15. Dispersant is pumped from multiple-inlet suction manifold 1 through pump 3 and into pressure manifold 4. From pressure manifold 4, dispersant flows into monitor 5 and through turbo-nozzle 6, from which it is sprayed onto the oil spill.

Alternatively, upon opening valve 7 dispersant may flow into hose 8 and be dispersed through turbo-nozzle 9. Since the system is designed for use in the marine environment (either on a vessel or along shore), all of the metallic components and fittings are preferably of non-

corrosive materials such as aluminum, bronze, copper or galvanized steel and are designed for marine use. Similarly, non-metallic components are chosen preferably for their compatibility with the marine environment and with the chemicals of the dispersants used by the system.

The present invention is more useful than any other dispersant application system now in existence to treat a wide variety of oil spills. It is able to spread effectively and efficiently any neat dispersant including water based dispersants, hydrocarbon solvent-based dispersants, and concentrate dispersants. The ability to treat using neat dispersants, which are generally regarded to be more effective than dilute dispersants in treating oil spills, represents a decided advantage over existing monitor systems. Furthermore, unlike other systems using fire monitors, the present invention is able to treat spills using hydrocarbon solvent-based dispersants, which cannot be diluted with water before application.

In the skid-mounted configuration of the preferred embodiment, the apparatus typically would be situated on the bow of a vessel where the user or users have the greatest ability to access the area to be treated, although other on-deck locations may be chosen in particular situations. For example, in heavy seas, greater protection may be achieved for the user by placing the unit aft. The relatively small size and portable nature of the invention allows great flexibility in this regard.

After the unit is sited, the user or users would hook up hoses 11 or other hydraulic connectors between the tanks or drums of dispersant and intake manifold 1 of the unit.

Dispersant is typically supplied in 55 gallon drums. Therefore, the preferred embodiment provides for multiple simultaneous hook-ups via connections 15 so that the unit can be operated continuously when hydraulically connected to 55 gallon drums (or similarly small receptacles) without the need to stop the process of application while tanks are changed. For convenience, the preferred embodiment packages compatible suction straws 10 and hoses 11 on skid 12 for use with the system. Each suction straw 10 fitted with valve 2, which is a 1.5 inch ball valve, can be inserted into a drum such that dispersant will be pulled from the drum through hose 11 through connection 15 and into multiple-inlet suction manifold 1. As configured, up to four drums of dispersant may be hydraulically connected to the system simultaneously. Alternatively, multiple-inlet suction manifold 1 could be replaced by a simple

2.5 inch tee having one port capped by connection 15, a second port connecting to hose 13 or other hydraulic connector to pressure manifold 4, and the third port connecting to pump 3 via nipple 21. This arrangement would be appropriate where the platform was a tank truck or where the apparatus was installed permanently on a vessel which then stored dispersant in one or more of its cargo tanks and hydraulically connected the apparatus to its cargo piping system. The inlet to the pump should, however, be sized such that ample flow of dispersant is available to the pump during operation. For example, in the preferred embodiment, connections 15 are 2 inch Camlock Female, such that fittings for flexible hoses 11 running to the drums can be attached. Other sizes and type of valves or fittings are possible. The valve or fitting must be able to accept a hose fitting or an appropriate fitting for another hydraulic connector attachment to the dispersant tank, and must be able to be closed off or sealed when a tank is not hydraulically connected. Furthermore, it is desirable that dispersant not be allowed to reverse direction and reenter hose 11 after it has entered multiple-inlet suction manifold 1.

In the preferred embodiment, pump 3 is a diesel-driven centrifugal pump. Pump 3 is 9 horsepower with a capacity of 210 gallons per minute ("gpm") at a pressure of 117 pounds per square inch ("psi"). Pump 3 has inlet and outlet orifices of 2.5 inches. Other pump capacities and other types of pumps are possible. The pump should be sized to provide an adequate flow of dispersant to all possible turbo-nozzles or gentle, uniform rain producing nozzles that the unit will supply. In the preferred embodiment, pump 3 supplies dispersant adequate to power either or both turbo-nozzles 6 and 9. Larger units having more turbo- nozzles or turbo-nozzles of greater throughput capacity would require a larger or more powerful pump; however, this could affect adversely the weight and portability of the system. Similarly, a less flexible unit having only a single turbo-nozzle, or having smaller throughput capability turbo-nozzles, perhaps would be able to operate with a smaller pump.

The hydraulic connection between pump 3 and pressure manifold 4 is made by hose 20 or other hydraulic connector attached by nipples 21. Hose 20 provides a flexible hydraulic connection that ensures that vibration from pump 3 is not transmitted to pressure manifold 4.

A similar function is provided by hose 13 being of a flexible material. Either of these connections alternatively may be made by another type of hydraulic connector. Vibration

transmitted directly to monitor 5 and nozzle 6 would have the potential to disturb the uniformity of the spray pattern or affect droplet size. In addition, vibration would pose a nuisance to the user operating nozzle 6. An ancillary advantage is ease of manufacturing, since alignment and fabrication difficulties are thereby avoided.

In the preferred embodiment, pressure manifold 4 is cross-connected by hose 13 or other hydraulic connector to multiple-inlet suction manifold 1. In the preferred embodiment, backflow of dispersant through the hydraulic connection made by hose 13 between pressure manifold 4 and multiple-inlet suction manifold 1 is controlled by relief valve 14, which is set to 115 psi. Relief valve 14 ensures that backflow from pressure manifold 4 to multiple-inlet suction manifold 1 does not occur during normal operation unless excessive pressure builds up in pressure manifold 4. Relief valve 14 also allows pump 3 to be started when connection 22 serving turbo-nozzle 6 is not completed and valve 7 serving turbo-nozzle 9 is closed without heat developing in pump 3 or losing pump prime. Pressure manifold 4 on the preferred embodiment is equipped with back mount gage 16 rated at 150 psi so that the user may observe the pressure in pressure manifold 4 to ensure that adequate pressure has developed before bringing nozzle 6 or nozzle 9 on line for spraying. This ensures that no dispersant is wasted due to inadequate pressurization being available to project the desired spray.

To operate the spraying unit, the user would adjust the orientation and angle of turbo- nozzle 6 and select its throughput. Turbo-nozzle 6 is a gentle, uniform rain producing nozzle.

In the preferred embodiment, the user would select a desired throughput from among 13,25, 40, and 60 gpm. This selection would depend on the thickness and viscosity of the oil, the ambient conditions of sea and air (including water temperature, wave conditions, and wind speed and direction), the speed of the vessel, the type and concentration of the dispersant, and the desired sweep width. The user would then start the motor for pump 3 and, when adequate pressure for the dispersant was achieved, either open valve 7 or complete connection 22 to begin spraying. Adjustments to turbo-nozzle orientation, angle, and throughput, as well as to the speed and direction of the vessel, would be made during the application process to optimize the use of dispersant accounting for the shape and thickness of the area of the oil spill being treated.

The key enabling feature associated with the apparatus and method of this invention is the use of one or more gentle, uniform rain producing nozzles such as turbo-nozzles--turbo- nozzle 6 and turbo-nozzle 9 in the preferred embodiment. Spinning teeth in turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 break up the fluid stream into a gentle, uniform rain while pattern detents assist in positioning the spray pattern. Turbo-nozzle 6 and turbo-nozzle 9 selected for use in this invention are designed for high pressure applications and allow the user to select the number of gallons per minute that will be dispersed. The genre of turbo-nozzle being utilized was developed for fighting brush fires in hill country where the amount of water that can be trucked in is limited. The turbo-nozzle enables firefighters to aim precisely to hit hot spots while retaining tight control over flow rate, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of the small amount of water available to fight the fire. Similar benefits accrue in this application of turbo-nozzle technology to treating oil spills.

The preferred embodiment envisions that the primary spill treatment will be provided by the first turbo-nozzle, shown as turbo-nozzle 6, while a second turbo-nozzle, turbo-nozzle 9, could be brought on line in a variety of ways that increase the flexibility of the system In one scenario, turbo-nozzle 9 could allow the user to apply dispersant from both sides of the vessel at the same time, thereby doubling the sweep width. Alternatively, turbo-nozzle 9 could be used for touching up particular spots that were not completely cleared by the first sweep of the first turbo-nozzle. Alternatively, the flows from both turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 could be directed at a particular area in tandem to increase the amount of dispersant being applied in a given area. It would also be possible to operate the system only using turbo- nozzle 9 by keeping turbo-nozzle 6 off line. More importantly, the second turbo-nozzle could be brought on line to perform any or all of these functions at particular times during the application process without the need to stop or restart the system. In the preferred embodiment using a skid-mounted configuration, having one fixed and one hose-mounted turbo-nozzle allows the unit to spray dispersant from both sides of the vessel while keeping the skid, skid 12, to a modest size. Hose 8 allows turbo-nozzle 9 and turbo-nozzle 6 to operate from opposite sides of the vessel. Other hydraulic connectors may be substituted for monitor 5 or hose 8 to suit particular applications. For instance, in an alternative embodirnent where a permanent vessel-mounted installation is effected, both turbo-nozzles might mount on monitors affixed to opposite sides of the vessel. In that installation, it might further prove

desirable to have hook-ups available to support one or more hose installations as well, so that the same level of flexibility could be achieved as with the skid-mounted system.

In the preferred embodiment, turbo-nozzle 6 is a 1.5 inch by 1 inch turbo-nozzle designed for mounting on a fire monitor. Turbo-nozzle 9 is a 1.5 inch by 1 inch turbo-nozzle with a pistol grip and is attached to pressure manifold 4 via hose 8. In the preferred embodiment, turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 are variable flow turbo-nozzles manufactured by Akron Brass that allow application of dispersant at a constant flow rate of 13,25, 40, or 60 gpm which rate is selected by the user. Turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 were chosen because of their ability to produce a uniform spray over a wide area and produce droplets in the desired size range.

The ability to select between flow rates enhances the flexibility of the system to treat a wide variety of spills. Other turbo-nozzles exhibiting different throughput capacities may prove desirable in other dispersant application scenarios.

The system pumps only neat dispersants, therefore both the volume that must be pumped and the rate of pumping are relatively modest. One practical effect of this is that pump 3 can be relatively small and lightweight. Another practical effect is that the user is able to hold either turbo-nozzle 6 or 9 with ease and direct the flow manually. This attribute is particularly important to the utility of turbo-nozzle 9 which, in the preferred embodiment, operates without supporting structure. The invention's ability to allow the user free control of dispersant flow rate and spray orientation provides a degree of directional and distance flexibility that was not previously possible. The maximum reach of the present invention (up to 131 feet) is an order of magnitude greater than the maximum reach of existing hand-held systems (typically consisting of a fan-or cone-shaped spray turbo-nozzles attached to a spray lance or spray wand), which is on the order of 10 to 15 feet.

In the preferred embodiment, turbo-nozzle 6 is mounted on fire monitor 5. A monitor is a type of hydraulic connector. Fire monitor 5 is 1.5 inch and attaches to pressure manifold 4 via valve 15, a 2 inch Camlock male/female joint. This allows fire monitor 5 and nozzle 6 to be removed from pressure manifold 4 to prevent damage during shipment. Valve 7, a 1.5 inch angle valve acts as a shutoff for turbo-nozzle 9. Hose 8 is a 1.5 inch diameter 50-foot fire hose. Hose 8 acts as the hydraulic connector for turbo-nozzle 9. The length of hose 8

determines how far turbo-nozzle 9 can operate from turbo-nozzle 6 or from the unit itself. It is desirable to make hose 8 of sufficient length to allow operation of turbo-nozzle 9 on the opposite side of the vessel from turbo-nozzle 6. Other configurations are possible and may prove desirable in certain applications. For instance, both turbo-nozzles could be attached to pressure manifold 4 via hose connections rather than having turbo-nozzle 6 mounted on a fire monitor. Fixed operation could be achieved by adding a mounting cradle for each turbo- nozzle to skid 12 that would act to secure the location, angle and orientation of the turbo- nozzle in one mode of operation while adding flexibility by enabling both turbo-nozzles to operate from locations remote to the system as required.

Since the present invention has a larger effective sweep than boom sprayers and application can be undertaken at significantly at higher vessel speeds, large spills can be treated much more quickly and effectively than they can with boom sprayers. The present invention, configured with pump 3 and nozzles 6 and 9 as described in the preferred embodiment, is able to treat much larger swaths than a typical spray boom system, which is the only existing type of vessel-based system capable of applying neat dispersants. Vessel- mounted spray boom systems typically use a 20-to 30-foot boom mounted on each side of the vessel. Assuming a vessel beam between 24 feet and 60 feet, a boom sprayer sweeps about 44 to 90 feet. In comparison, the present invention as configured has a maximum reach of 131 feet from a single turbo-nozzle (turbo-nozzle 6 or turbo-nozzle 9) at high volume, which is 60 gpm. Optimizing the spray pattern for uniformity of distribution at 60 gpm yields a reach of 60 feet per side. Thus, with turbo-nozzle 6 and turbo-nozzle 9 both operating at 60 gpm, one turbo-nozzle operating on each side of the vessel, the present invention will sweep between 144 and 184 feet, depending on the beam of the vessel. Varying the application rate also varies the sweep width of the present invention. However, even operating at the reduced application rate of 13 gpm, two sides dispersing in an optimum pattern will sweep between 104 and 140 feet depending on the width of the vessel, which is still significantly more than can be achieved using a boom sprayer.

Boom sprayers are typically operated at vessel speeds in the range of 2 to 5 knots whereas, using the present invention, effective treatment can be achieved at vessel speeds of up to 20 knots. This means that the present invention could treat a given spill area between 4

and 10 times faster than a boom sprayer. This result is enhanced by the significantly greater sweep associated with the present invention which, depending on the scenario, can be as much as two or three times the sweep of the boom sprayer.

System 100 is conveniently packaged on skid 12. A battery, not shown, may be attached to skid 12 to facilitate electric starting of pump 3. In the preferred embodiment, skid 12 is provided with attachment points 18 that can be used to lift the system on and off a vessel. A storage box, not shown, may also be attached to skid 12 so that turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 can be stored to prevent loss or damage during shipment and personal protective gear, monitoring devices, small spare parts, and other items can be stored for convenient access.

Hoses 8 and 11, or other similarly sized hydraulic connectors, may be coiled and set on top of pump 3 in skid 12 for shipment. In this way, system 100 is entirely self-contained and ready to be set-up and operated immediately after it is placed on the vessel or vehicle platform.

Pressure manifold 4 in an alternative embodiment could be any reservoir of pressurized chemical dispersant. For example, one or more gentle, uniform rain producing nozzles such as turbo-nozzles could be fed from a pressure chamber containing pressurized chemical dispersant. Such an embodiment could be envisioned for either application using a land vehicle or a vessel as the host platform. Where turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 as in the preferred embodiment were selected, pressure in the reservoir should be in the range of 50 to 200 psi, and would more preferably be regulated to provide constant safe working pressure of between approximately 75 and 150 psi. Pressures less than 50 psi would be inadequate to generate the desired spray pattern at the turbo-nozzle. Although turbo-nozzles 6 and 9 are rated to withstand pressures in excess of 500 psi, very high pressures would produce spray that failed to settle gently and uniformly on the oil's surface.