TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to, generally, a dyestuff to be used in the field of textile, and more specifically, a natural and organic yellow-colored vegetable textile dyestuff composition and related dyeing method, which has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties, does not contain toxic and heavy metal oxides, is environmentally friendly, and saves water and energy in dyeing.

BACKGROUND ART

Many textile dyestuffs currently in use contain toxic and heavy metal ions. Such dyestuffs are commonly employed in the textile sector.

Weld (Reseda luteola L.) has been used to dye protein fibers (wool, silk, mohair, etc.) in traditional dyeing. However, it has not been widely used to dye cellulose- based fibers (cotton, linen, regenerated cellulose, etc.).

Some of the problems and deficiencies in the prior art have been described hereinbelow.

Industrial-scale dyestuff currently used in the textile sector are synthetic.

-Most of them are toxic and carcinogenic and cause environmental pollution.

-Today, yellow-colored and plant-based organic dyestuff containing natural and organic plant-based luteolin, apigenin, luteolin derivatives, and apigenin derivatives is not used sustainably and on an industrial scale.

-The natural dyestuff in use lack reproducibility. -The amount of water consumed during synthetic dyeing is at least twice as much as the amount used with the natural yellow plant-based dyestuff of the invention.

-The amount of energy consumed during synthetic dyeing is at least twice as much as the amount used with the natural yellow plant-based dyestuff of the invention.

-The dyeing times of synthetic dyes are at least twice as much as the time required when using the natural yellow plant-based dyestuff of the invention.

-The colorants are not plant-based.

-Metal oxides, metal salts, or chemical synthetic dyestuff obtained from petroleum and petroleum derivatives are used as a dyestuff.

-These dyestuffs do not possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties.

In conclusion, the abovementioned shortcomings and the inadequacy of the current practice entail an improvement in the respective technical field. Thus, there is a need for an invention to overcome the described problems.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Developed for eliminating the aforementioned disadvantages and providing new advantages to the respective technical field, the present invention relates to, generally, a dyestuff to be used in the field of textile, and more specifically, a natural and organic yellow-colored vegetable textile dyestuff composition and related dyeing method, which has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties, does not contain toxic and heavy metal oxides, is environmentally friendly, and saves water and energy in dyeing.

The dyestuff of the invention, which is obtained from weld (Reseda luteola L.), provides a significant advantage since it consumes less water and less energy and is more environmentally friendly when compared to synthetic dyestuff. The obtained dyestuff allows the industrial-scale use of both protein- and, especially, cellulose- based textiles.

We aimed to dye textile products for babies and children in particular with a safer dyestuff for health by using yellow and shades of yellow. In regard to this purpose, the most important dye among the plant-based textile dyestuff is yellow obtained from weld. It is one of the natural dyestuffs with growing significance in recent years. The parts of weld (Reseda luteola) that remain above the ground (stem, lateral shoots, leaves, and flowers), cupules of the acorns of the Valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis), and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) are ground and are extracted with water, and the extract (containing dyestuff and active substances) is turned into a dyestuff in the form of solid powder. Blended with natural white and natural yellow clay, it enables the use of natural and organic plant-based dyestuff in the textile dyeing sector.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a natural and organic plantbased textile dyestuff composition for a new yellow color and its shades, wherein it has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties, does not contain toxic and heavy metal oxides, consumes less water, spends less energy, provides shorter dyeing time, ensures less use of labor, and enables more environmentally-friendly dyeing.

Another feature of the present invention is that it provides a composition that is developed in consideration of the absence of any harm resulting from its contact with the human body by way of sweating, saliva, or skin, and a dyestuff and a dyeing method that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties, are neither toxic nor carcinogenic, are environmentally friendly, provide a natural, organic and plant-based yellow color and its shades, and consume less water and energy.

The resulting product (dyestuff) is coded as RK-Natural Yellow-RIC. The other advantages of the invention are listed below:

• It is environmentally friendly and not toxic or carcinogenic.

• It does not contain heavy metals, heavy metal salts or oxides.

• It does not contain synthetic dyestuff.

• It does not contain chemical solvents and synthetic binders.

• It possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic properties.

• It is a plant-based, natural and organic dyestuff and dyeing method that provides colors in the range of light yellow-yellow-bright yellow.

• The supply of raw materials in production is easy.

• Light fastness, washing fastness, and rubbing fastness are good.

• It saves water and energy.

• It reduces dyeing time.

• It saves labor.

• The waste water amount is quite low.

• The waste water can be reused for dyeing with the same color without any pretreatment or treatment.

• It is a dyestuff and a dyeing method that comply with ZDHC (Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals) dyeing standards.

• It provides surface smoothness in dyeing, and also dyeing steps are easy to apply.

• The produced dyestuff can be used in all types of textile dyeing machines.

• The produced dyestuff is reproducible.

• It combines at least four separate stages (biomordanting (tanning), mordanting, dyeing, and fixation) in the dyeing of protein-cased and particularly cellulose-based fabrics or products with natural dyes into a single stage.

• Being easy to use in dyeing, the produced dyestuff does not contain any additional substances. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The preferred embodiments of the natural and organic yellow-colored textile dyestuff composition and dyeing method according to the present disclosure, which are mentioned in this detailed description, are only intended for providing a better understanding of the subject-matter, and should not be construed in any restrictive sense.

The dyestuff (RK-Natural-Yellow-Rt) in the form of powder of the present invention contains [luteolin-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); apigenin-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); luteolin derivatives-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); apigenin derivatives- aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative)], citric acid, alum [KAI(SO4).12H2O], white bentonite natural clay, yellow natural clay, vegetable tannin extract, and saponin, wherein it is homogeneously suspended in water and/or dissolved, behaving like a single compound over the course of dyeing.

The ratios, by weight, of the contents of the yellow-colored dyestuff of the present invention are given below: The stem, lateral shoots, leaves, and flowers of weld (Reseda luteola L.), which grows in the wild or can also be cultivated, contain primary dyestuff luteolin, luteolin derivatives, apigenin, and apigenin derivatives in the structure of flavonoid. Natural dyestuffs obtained from the stem, lateral shoots, leaves, and flowers of this plant enable the formation of shades of light yellow, yellow, and bright yellow.

- Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is an annual plant that grows in the wild and can also be cultivated, containing saponin (C58O27H94). By dissolving wax and oils from dyer's rocket and the Valonia oak, it increases the efficiency of extraction, reduces the surface tension of the solution, helps the formation of complexes, and provides smoothness on fabric surface in dyeing.

- Aluminum ions in natural alum whose chemical formula is KAI(SO4)2.12H2O or aluminum ions in aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)s form complexes with luteolin, luteolin derivatives, apigenin, and apigenin derivatives contained in weld, increasing the dissolution of dyestuff in the plant and the formation of complexes aluminum- luteolin, aluminum-luteolin derivatives, aluminum-apigenin, and aluminum-apigenin derivatives, and also improving the depth of color. During the dyeing process, it creates a covalent bond with the fabric and thus enables dyeing.

- Cupule of the acorns of the Valonia oak contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and its derivatives (tannin). They form the following ternary complexes: luteolin-aluminum- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), apigenin-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), luteolin derivatives-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), and apigenin derivatives-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative). It facilitates dye's bonding with the fabric and increases the depth of color. It also gives the fabric antimicrobial and antifungal properties in dyeing.

- Sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate increases the pH of the extract, which becomes acidic after the extraction process, and thus enables the formation of dyestuff complexes. - Bentonite natural white clay provides surface smoothness in dyeing by suspending the substances that are in the form of suspension and remain insoluble during dyeing.

- Natural yellow clay increases the depth of color and improves fastness values in dyeing.

- Vegetable tannin plays a role in the cationization of the fabric and ensures that the colorants adhere to the fabric.

-The obtained dyestuff in the form of powder (RK-Natural Yellow-RIC) contains [luteolin-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); apigenin-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); luteolin derivatives-aluminum-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative); apigenin derivatives-aluminum- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative)], KAI(SO4)2.12H2O, citric acid, white bentonite natural clay, yellow natural clay, and vegetable tannin.

The amounts of the obtained plant-based dyestuff compounds in the solid powder form (RK-Natural Yellow-RI) are given below in percentages (%).

- The amounts of the elements in the obtained product in the solid powder form (RK- Natural Yellow-RtC) are given below in percentages (%). - The amounts of the plant-based dyestuff compounds in dyed fabrics (RK-Natural Yellow-RIC) are given below in percentages (%).

- The amounts of the elements that are received directly from the dyestuff by the fabrics dyed with “RK-Natural Yellow Rl” are given below in percentages (%) and by excluding the elements already present in the fabric's structure.

- Improving fastness properties of the dyed fabric, the fixative ensures that the dyed fabric reaches desired fastness values.

- It is dissolved with water in a dosing unit and then dosed.

The production method of the present invention is as follows: a) Weld (Reseda luteola L.) is ground in the 30-70 micron range. In 20 liters of water, 2 kilograms of ground dyer's rocket and 500 grams of cupules of the acorns of the Valonia oak ground in the 30-70 micron range are mixed with 8% alum [KAI(SO4)2.12H2O] or 3% Al2(SO4)s (percentages to be determined based on the total weight of weld and cupules of the acorns of the Valonia oak) at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the temperature is increased to 85-90 °C and kept at 85-90 °C for 90 minutes. (Mixing is continued over the course of the extraction process.) b) The extraction is left to cool and filtered at room temperature, and the existing plant pulp is removed from the extraction. c) Na2COs or K2CO3 is added to the filtrate until the pH of the medium reaches 5.0-6.5; it is mixed and left at room temperature for 24 hours. d) After the precipitated and suspended Al-luteolin-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al-luteolin derivative- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al-apigenin-tannin tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative) and Al-apigenin derivative- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative) complex, in solid form, is transferred to centrifuge, it is centrifuged at 2000-4000 rpm and separated into two as solid and liquid phases. The solid phase is taken and rinsed thrice with water. e) The precipitated [Al-luteolin-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al-luteolin derivative-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al- apigenin-tannin tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative) and Al-apigenin derivative- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative) complex], in solid phase, is dried at 45-55 °C. f) The dried solid dyestuff [Al-luteolin-tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al-luteolin derivativetannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative), Al-apigenin-tannin tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative) and Al-apigenin derivative- tannin (gallic acid, gallic acid derivative, ellagic acid, ellagic acid derivative)] is ground in the 3 - 30 micron range and turned into powder. g) Citric acid is added as much as the amount of dyestuff in powder form, and they are mixed thoroughly to achieve a homogeneous distribution. h) Natural alum [KAI(SO4)2.12H2O] as much as the total amount of dyestuff and citric acid or Al2(SO4)3 at an amount equivalent to the amount of element aluminum contained in the added alum is added to the mix and distributed homogeneously. (For example, 400 grams of alum [KAI(SO4)2.12H2O] contain 22.8 grams of aluminum. Instead of 400 grams of alum, 144.4 grams of Al2(SO4)3 can be used since it contains the same amount of aluminum.) i) 3% natural white clay and 4% natural yellow clay of the total weight of the obtained product are added and mixed to make it homogeneous. j) The obtained product (RK-Natural Yellow- RIC) is ground in the 3-20 micron range and then mixed to make it homogeneous.

Dyeing process: (to dye 15 kilograms of fabric)

90-100 grams of powder dyestuff is dissolved with water in the dosing unit and dosed slowly to a 225-liter dyeing machine.

The dyeing recipe is given below:

Dyeing Stages:

1. Dyestuff in powder form (RK-Natural Yellow-RI) is added to the dosing unit, water twice the amount of the dye is added, it is dissolved by mixing at 85-90 °C and then diluted with water and dosed.

2. It is dyed at 25-30 °C for 30 minutes.

3. The temperature is raised to 40 °C and dyeing is continued for 30 minutes. pH is set to 6.0-6.5 after 30 minutes.

4. The temperature is raised to 60 °C and dyeing is continued for 30 minutes.

5. The temperature is raised to 90 °C and dyeing is continued for 60 minutes.

6. The temperature is reduced to 45-50 °C, and at this temperature, the fixative is added and fixation is performed for 30 minutes. It is rinsed twice at 60 °C.

Dyeing

The dyestuff (RK-Natural Yellow-RIC) is dissolved with water in the dosing unit. The obtained dyestuff solution is dosed to the dyeing machine. Dissolving dyestuff binds to the fabric. Upon completion of dyeing, guar gum is added.

Below are the fastness and color values of the fabric dyed in colors light yellow- yellow-bright yellow as a result of the process.

The dyeing fastness of the dyestuff (RK-Natural Yellow-RIC) in cotton fabric is given below.

The color values of the dyestuff (RK-Natural Yellow-RIC) in the cotton fabric are given below.