POWERTRAINS

BACKGROUND

[0001] In the United States and elsewhere, advanced internal combustion engine (ICE) and aftertreatment systems in commercial vehicles are necessary to meet upcoming nitrogen oxide (NO _X ) and carbon dioxide (CO2) regulations. The addition of the low load cycle (LLC), in-use emissions compliance, and extended idle operation increase this level of stringency. One of the challenges in lowering emissions is to effectively manage emissions at ICE start-up, especially at “cold start”. One approach is to include ICE aftertreatment (AT) systems. Cold start refers to when there is an attempt to operate a vehicle when the ICE is at a temperature that is cooler than the normal operating temperature of the ICE (e.g., when the vehicle has not been operated for a time period, such as at least an hour or more).

[0002] Most aftertreatment systems include a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) device to treat the exhaust by performing nitrogen oxide (NO _X ) reduction. As is known, nitrogen oxides (NO _X ) aftertreatment systems are temperature sensitive and there is an optimal amount of heat required for the SCR device to effectively treat the exhaust. High NO _X conversion begins between 200 °C and 280 °C, depending on catalyst formulation. In general, NO _X conversion is optimal between 250 °C and 450 °C. To bring the SCR device up to favorable temperatures, heat is applied to the aftertreatment system. In this regard, an amount of time is needed for the exhaust to heat up from the typical exhaust temperatures to the elevated temperatures that satisfy the desired 95% (or above) efficiency target.

[0003] Unfortunately, the time to achieve the temperature requirements of the SCR device particularly impede the emissions treatment process when the vehicle is in cold start since the SCR device temperature is too low to perform effective NO _X reduction. Fulfilling a vehicle drive load with an ICE while the SCR device temperature is ineffective results in the release of untreated, or ineffectively treated exhaust with high levels of emissions. One solution may be to keep the vehicle drive load unfulfilled (e.g., not drive the vehicle) until the SCR device temperature is within effective temperature range. However, while delaying vehicle use until the SCR device is at an effective temperature would reduce NO _X emissions, it is an unrealistic and impractical solution. Therefore, systems and methods that increase SCR device NO _X reduction efficiency, without burdening the driver are needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Aftertreatment (AT) heat up strategies are described particularly suited for vehicles with hybrid powertrains. An aftertreatment heat up strategy in accordance with certain embodiments herein can more closely control the pollution collection characteristics of the aftertreatment.

[0005] A method of heating an aftertreatment system includes fulfilling a vehicle drive load of a vehicle via an electrical drivetrain of a vehicle hybrid powertrain, wherein the vehicle hybrid powertrain comprises the electrical drivetrain and an internal combustion engine; while the electrical drivetrain is fulfilling the vehicle drive load, operating the internal combustion engine to generate airflow for transport of heat through the aftertreatment system; and directing a heat source to raise a temperature through a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device of the aftertreatment system.

[0006] An embodiment of the method includes preheating the SCR device using an exhaust heating device and the internal combustion engine that is operated, without fuel, by the vehicle hybrid powertrain to generate airflow for transport of heat supplied by the exhaust heating device. [0007] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure 1A illustrates a vehicle hybrid powertrain with aftertreatment heat-up control. Figure IB illustrates an example method for preheating an aftertreatment system. Figure 1C illustrates an example method for aftertreatment heat-up control.

[0009] Figures 2A-2F illustrate example configurations of vehicle hybrid powertrains.

[0010] Figure 3A-B illustrate example process flows of methods for operating a vehicle hybrid powertrain in cold start to increase SCR device NO _X reduction efficiency. Figure 3A illustrates an example process flow in a case where an electrical drivetrain has sufficient power to fulfil a vehicle drive load. Figure 3B illustrates an example process flow in a case where an electrical drivetrain does not have sufficient power to fulfil a vehicle drive load.

[0011] Figure 4A and Figure 4B illustrate example vehicle hybrid powertrain systems with aftertreatment heat-up control to increase SCR device NO _X reduction efficiency.

[0012] Figures 5A-5I illustrate example internal combustion engine and aftertreatment configurations.

[0013] Figures 6A-6F illustrate additional example implementations of aftertreatment systems.

[0014] Figure 7 illustrates a timing diagram for an example operation from cold start.

[0015] Figure 8 illustrates a method of two-tier heating of a SCR device in a hybrid powertrain. [0016] Figure 9 illustrates an example method of increasing NO _X reduction of a SCR device in a vehicle hybrid powertrain.

[0017] Figure 10 illustrates method of providing airflow to the aftertreatment system using an internal combustion engine in ICE pulsing mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Aftertreatment heat up strategies are described particularly suited for vehicles with hybrid powertrains. The increasingly narrowing NO _X regulations require efficient NO _X reduction at a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device.

[0019] To maximize the efficiency of the SCR device’s NO _X reduction and improve vehicle emissions, the SCR device is heated to be in effective temperature ranges.

[0020] However, the temperature requirement of the SCR device is a particular concern during vehicle cold start operations, where the SCR device is at the lower temperatures known to be less effective at reducing NO _X .

[0021] Advantageously, through the techniques described herein, a vehicle with a vehicle hybrid powertrain can fulfil a vehicle drive load by powering the wheels of the vehicle with the electrical drivetrain (i.e., battery), instead of the exhaust producing engine, while the SCR device is heated to effective temperature ranges. When using the electrical drivetrain of the vehicle hybrid powertrain instead of the exhaust producing engine (e.g., internal combustion engine), the internal combustion engine (ICE) is not releasing the untreated, or ineffectively treated, exhaust that it otherwise would be releasing while operating to fulfil the drive load at cold start. Fulfilling a vehicle drive load with the electrical drivetrain provides further advantages by creating an opportunity for the ICE to perform alternative functions. As discussed herein, the ICE can be operated at low speeds (e.g., idle) to effectively function as a large air blower, creating airflow directed to the aftertreatment system and the SCR device. The ICE can also perform various operations (e.g., cylinder deactivation (CDA)) to provide heat to the aftertreatment system. Combinations of utilizing the vehicle hybrid powertrain system, in combination with additional methods of regulating heat, including both supply temperature and airflow to the aftertreatment system are discussed in detail herein.

[0022] Figure 1A illustrates a vehicle hybrid powertrain with aftertreatment heat-up control. Referring to Figure 1 A, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 includes an internal combustion engine (ICE) 110, an electrical drivetrain 120, an aftertreatment system 130 including a SCR device 135, and a control system 140. Here, both the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 are able to fulfil a vehicle power load of a vehicle by powering a wheel and axle of the vehicle.

[0023] The ICE 110 includes cylinders, intake valves, and exhaust valves (not shown). The electrical drivetrain 120 includes a battery (not shown). In some cases, the electrical drivetrain 120 includes a motor generator (not shown).

[0024] In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a “series hybrid” configuration as shown in Figure 2A. In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a “mixed powertrain” configuration as shown in Figure 2B. In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a parallel hybrid “P2” configuration as shown in Figure 2C. In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a parallel hybrid “P3” configuration as shown in Figure 2D. In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a parallel hybrid “P2/P3 switchable” configuration as shown in Figure 2E. In some cases, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 having the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is in a “P4” configuration as shown in Figure 2F

[0025] While operating, the ICE 110 releases exhaust 112 from a tailpipe (not shown). The exhaust 112 is directed to the aftertreatment system 130 for treatment. The aftertreatment system 130 includes a SCR device 135 to treat the NO _X in the exhaust 112. In a preferred embodiment, the ICE 110 is a diesel engine; however, the described techniques are applicable to other ICEs utilizing an aftertreatment system 130 with at least one SCR device 135. In some cases, the SCR device 135 is a primary SCR device. In some cases, the SCR device 135 is a light-off SCR (LO- SCR) device. In some cases, the SCR device 135 is a close-coupled SCR device. In some cases, there are multiple SCR devices in the aftertreatment system, for example, both a LO-SCR and a primary SCR. In some cases, the primary SCR is a single brick. In some cases, the primary SCR includes a plurality of SCR modules in parallel. In some cases, the primary SCR includes a plurality of SCR modules in series. One some or all the SCR devices of the multiple SCR devices can be the focus of the heating strategies described herein.

[0026] The aftertreatment system 130 can be implemented in any variety of configurations having at least one SCR device 135 and can include additional filters and components. Nonlimiting example configurations are shown in Figures 5A-5H and 6A-6F.

[0027] The control system 140 directs cylinder deactivation (CDA) of the ICE 110 (when the ICE 110 is CDA-enabled) and controls heat applied to the SCR device 135. In some cases, the control system 140 can further be used to direct which of the ICE 110 and the electrical drivetrain 120 is to be used to fulfil the vehicle drive load. For example, control system 140 can direct the electrical drivetrain 120 to fulfil the vehicle drive load instead of the ICE 110 when the vehicle is operating in a temperature management mode.

[0028] In some cases, the ICE 110 is CDA-enabled (i.e., can perform cylinder deactivation). CDA is a technique where combinations of cylinders of the ICE 110 are able to be systematically disabled. CDA effectively reduces the ICE’s displacement, which can improve efficiency and fuel economy. CDA is achieved by deactivating the intake and exhaust valves of the ICE for the deactivated cylinder. During CDA, injection of fuel to into the cylinder stops. A by-product of deactivating a cylinder is increased temperature at the ICE and, in certain implementations, can be used to supply temperature to the aftertreatment system 130. When used in this manner, the ICE 110 can be considered an exhaust heating device.

[0029] The control system 140 can further direct the ICE 110 to operate in idle to generate airflow that transports heat applied to the SCR device 135. Indeed, as described in more detail herein, the ICE 110 can be used to supply both temperature and airflow to the aftertreatment system 130. In some cases, the ICE is not CDA-enabled. When the ICE is not CDA-enabled, the ICE can still supply airflow using the methods discussed herein. The ICE can also supply temperature, using the methods (other than CDA) discussed herein. [0030] Idle refers to operation of the engine in a manner that generally does not result in the ICE being able to move a vehicle. The particular range of speeds considered idle can vary depending on make and model. In some cases, operating the ICE 110 in idle includes operating the ICE 110 between 500-900 RPMs. In some cases, operating the ICE 110 in idle includes operating the ICE 110 between 600-800 RPMs. During idle, the ICE 110 is not providing power to the wheels of the vehicle. In some cases, the idle includes a low-load operation of less than 3 bar BMEP. In a preferred embodiment, the idle includes a low-load operation of less than 1 bar BMEP. For certain accessory loads, the load operation for idle can be less than 0.3 bar BMEP (e.g., accessory loads that may run an air conditioner). In some cases, the ICE 110 is operated where the normal idle speed is at 0 load, up to a 400 RPM delta for elevated idle and a load to up to 3 bar BMEP. In some cases, the ICE 110 is operated at normal idle speed at 0 load, up to a 400 RPM delta with a load up to 1 bar BMEP. In some cases, the ICE 110 is operated where the normal idle speed is at 0 load, up to a 200 RPM delta and a load up to 1 bar BMEP.

[0031] The control system 140 can control heat applied to the SCR device 135 by controlling the ICE 110 and/or a separate exhaust heating device (e.g., an electric heater or fuel burner). The control system 140 can receive information from various sensors in the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100, including temperature information from a location at or near the SCR device 135 as well as information about the status of vehicle components including electrical drivetrain 120 (e.g., battery power status) in order to assist with control processes for applying heat to the SCR device 135. As mentioned above, the control system 140 can activate the CDA and use CDA to apply heat to the SCR device 135. In some cases, the control system 140 directs the ICE 110 to perform CDA as part of the application of heat when the ICE 110 is operating below a 3 -bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) ICE load.

[0032] The control system 140 can perform these operations of directing CDA of the ICE 110 and controlling heat applied to the SCR device 135 from a single controller or from separate controllers that may each perform a corresponding operation. For example, the control system 140 can include an ICE controller that includes operations to direct CDA of the ICE 110 and a heating controller that controls a separate exhaust heating device (or devices). An example implementation of such an embodiment is shown in Figure 4A. Both the ICE controller and the heating controller can be used to supply temperature, where the ICE controller supplies temperature using the CDA technique and the heating controller is used to control one or more separate exhaust heating devices. In some cases, the heating controller can be used to direct the ICE controller to perform the CDA technique as part of a comprehensive temperature management operation. In some cases, the ICE controller includes a temperature management feature that independently directs the performance of the CDA technique as part of an aftertreatment heat up strategy. In some of such cases, vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 may use just the ICE 110 to supply the temperature (as opposed to also or instead using another exhaust heating device), such as described with respect to the example implementation of Figure 4B.

[0033] For implementations using separate controllers, the separate controllers may be single purpose or may perform other types of control operations for the vehicle. Indeed, one or more of the operations described herein may be integrated in existing controllers of a vehicle as software code and/or hardware modules. That is, the control system 140 can include one or more standalone controllers and/or incorporated in various controllers in or associated with a vehicle.

[0034] Accordingly, the control system 140 includes processor(s) 141 and memory 142. The processor(s) 141 can include one or more of any suitable processing devices (“processors”), such as a microprocessor, central processing unit (CPU), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic circuits, and state machines. Memory 142 can include any suitable storage media that can store instructions (e.g., to carry out methods of vehicle hybrid powertrain management disclosed herein including method 160 with respect to Figure IB, method 150 with respect to Figure 1C, method 300 described with respect to Figure 3 A, method 350 described with respect to Figure 3B, method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, method 900 described with respect to Figure 9, and/or method 1000 described with respect to Figure 1A). Example storage media include, but are not limited to, read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), flash, magnetic memory, and the like. As used herein “memory” and “storage media” do not consist of transitory, propagating waves.

[0035] Figure IB illustrates an example method for preheating a SCR device. Referring to Figure IB, the method 160 begins during a preheat of an SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) in a vehicle hybrid powertrain (e.g., vehicle hybrid powertrain 100 of Figure 1A). The method 160 includes applying (162) heat using an exhaust heating device and generating (164) airflow for transport of the heat applied by the exhaust heating device using an ICE (e.g., ICE 110), without fuel, operated by a vehicle hybrid powertrain electric motor. The method 160 can be carried out by a control system (e.g., control system 140 of Figure 1A). [0036] Preheat (161) occurs during the time before a vehicle drive load is fulfilled/ before ICE is fuelled/before the ICE fulfils a vehicle drive load.

[0037] Applying (162) heat using an exhaust heating device includes applying heat to an SCR device. In some cases, applying (162) heat includes applying heat to an aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A). Applying (162) heat using an exhaust heating device can include applying heat using an e-Heater or a fuel burner. During preheat 161, the ICE does not receive fuel, and as such, CDA of the engine is not used as a heat source during preheat 161. In some cases, applying (162) heat includes using method 800 of Figure 8, using method 900 of Figure 9, using method 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof.

[0038] Generating (164) airflow for transport of the heat applied by the exhaust heating device using an ICE without fuel, operated by a vehicle hybrid powertrain through the electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A). The vehicle hybrid powertrain provides the power to the ICE to generate 164 airflow, because during preheat 161 the ICE does not receive fuelling. In some cases, generating (164) airflow includes operating the engine (via the vehicle hybrid powertrain) in idle. In some cases, generating (164) airflow includes using method 900 of Figure 9, using method 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof.

[0039] In some cases, a CDA- enabled ICE, when defueled, can operate with one or more cylinders deactivated to reduce ICE friction (which can be especially significant during cold starts). Operating the CDA-enabled ICE in this manner reduces electrical energy consumed by the electrical machine (e.g., electrical drivetrain 140 of Figure 1A). During this operation, ICE speeds can be adjusted and/or selected to achieve/satisfy appropriate airflow requirements for the particular situation/conditions.

[0040] Figure 1C illustrates an example method for aftertreatment heat-up control. Referring to Figure 1C, the method 150 includes fulfilling (152) a vehicle drive load of a vehicle via an electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 140 of Figure 1A) of a vehicle hybrid powertrain (e.g., vehicle hybrid powertrain 100 of Figure 1A), while the electrical drivetrain is fulfilling the drive load, operating (154) the ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A) to generate airflow for transport of heat through the aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A), and directing (156) a heat source to raise a temperature through a SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) of the aftertreatment system. The method 150 can be carried out by a control system (e.g., control system 140 of Figure 1A). [0041] Fulfilling (152) the drive load of the vehicle via an electrical drivetrain includes powering a wheel an axle of the vehicle. When the drive load of the vehicle is fulfilled 152 by the electrical drivetrain, the ICE is free to perform additional operations. Operating (154) the ICE to generate airflow to the aftertreatment system can include operating the ICE in idle, as described herein.

[0042] In some cases, directing (156) a heat source to raise a temperature through a SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) of the aftertreatment system includes directing an exhaust heating device (e.g., an e-Heater or a fuel burner) to apply heat to the aftertreatment system. In some cases, directing (156) a heat source to raise a temperature through the SCR device includes directing the engine to produce heat. In some cases, directing (156) a heat source to raise a temperature through the SCR device includes activating CDA of a CDA-enabled ICE.

[0043] In some cases, directing (156) a heat source to raise a temperature through the SCR device includes using method 800 of Figure 8, using method 900 of Figure 9, using method 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof.

[0044] Figures 2A-2F illustrate example configurations of vehicle hybrid powertrains.

[0045] Figure 2A illustrates a hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a “series hybrid” configuration. The series hybrid powertrain system 200 includes an ICE 201 (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an aftertreatment system 203 for treating exhaust 202 from the ICE 201 (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A), a battery 204, a first motor generator 205, a second motor generator 206, and a wheel and axle 207 (e.g., for a front or rear wheel drive). The transmission is not shown. The first motor generator 205 can be used to spin the ICE 201 without fueling the ICE 201.

[0046] The aftertreatment 203 can be electrically coupled to the battery 204 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 203). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 204. The aftertreatment system 203 can be electrically coupled to the first motor generator 205.

[0047] Here, the vehicle drive load (e.g., power to the wheels) is fulfilled by the electric motor (e.g., second motor generator 206) coupled to the wheel and axle 207 using the battery 204 (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A) or by the first motor generator 205, which can be run by the ICE 201 (and also used to recharge the battery 204). In this manner, the wheels are solely driven by the electrical drivetrain. Figure 2B illustrates the vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a “mixed powertrain” configuration. The mixed powertrain system 210 includes an ICE 211 (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an aftertreatment system 213 for treating exhaust 212 from the ICE 211 (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A), a battery 214, a first motor generator 215, a second motor generator 216, a first wheel and axle 217, and a second wheel and axle 218. The transmission is not shown. The first motor generator 215 can be used to spin the ICE 211 without fueling the ICE 211.

[0048] The aftertreatment 213 can be electrically coupled to the battery 214 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 213). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 214. The aftertreatment system 213 can be electrically coupled to the first motor generator 215. Here, the vehicle drive load (e.g., power to the wheels) can be operated as front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, or all-wheel drive. The power to the second wheel and axle 218 can operate similar to the series hybrid where the second motor generator 216 operates the second wheel and axle 218 using the battery 214 (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A) or by the first motor generator 215 (which can also recharge the battery 214). However, in the mixed powertrain configuration, the first motor generator 215, which can be run by the ICE 211 (or the battery 214), can directly drive the first wheel and axle 217.

[0049] Accordingly, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 210 in mixed powertrain configuration can be driven (1) on the first wheel and axle 217 via power supplied by the ICE 211 and/or (2) electrically on the second wheel and axle 218 via power supplied by the electrical drivetrain.

[0050] Figure 2C illustrates the vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a parallel hybrid “P2” configuration. The parallel hybrid powertrain system 220 includes an ICE 221 (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an aftertreatment system 223 for treating exhaust 222 from the ICE 221 (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A), a battery 224, a motor generator 225, a hybrid transmission 226, and a wheel and axle 227. In the P2 configuration, the motor generator 225 is in front of the hybrid transmission 226 (for example by being side attached to the transmission using a belt or integrated in the transmission using a gear mesh). The first motor generator 225 can be used to spin the ICE 221 without fueling the ICE 221. [0051] The aftertreatment 223 can be electrically coupled to the battery 224 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 223). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 224. The aftertreatment system 223 can be electrically coupled to the first motor generator 225.

[0052] Here, the ICE 221 and the battery 224 can both drive the wheel and axle 227 through the motor generator 225. The hybrid transmission 226 can use either the electrical drive train (e.g., via battery 224) or the ICE 221 to fulfil the vehicle drive load.

[0053] Figure 2D illustrates a vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a parallel hybrid “P3” configuration. The parallel hybrid powertrain system 230 includes an ICE 231 (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an aftertreatment system 233 (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) for treating exhaust 232 from the ICE 231, a battery 234, a motor generator 235, a hybrid transmission 236, and a wheel and axle 237. The hybrid transmission 236 and/or the motor generator 235 can be used to spin the ICE 231 without fueling the ICE 231.

[0054] The aftertreatment 233 can be electrically coupled to the battery 234 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 233). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 234. The aftertreatment system 233 can be electrically coupled to the first motor generator 235.

[0055] In the P3 configuration of the parallel hybrid powertrain system 230, the motor generator 235 is connected at the back of the hybrid transmission 236 such that the hybrid transmission 236 is between the ICE 231 and the motor generator 235 (for example by being attached on the hybrid transmission 236 on the output shaft).

[0056] Figure 2E illustrates a vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a “P2/P3 switchable” configuration. The switchable parallel hybrid powertrain system 240 includes an ICE 241 (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an aftertreatment system 243 (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) for treating exhaust 242 from the ICE 241, a battery 244, a motor generator 245, a hybrid transmission 246, and a wheel and axle 247. The hybrid transmission 246 and/or the motor generator 245 can be used to spin the ICE 241 without fueling the ICE 241.

[0057] The aftertreatment 243 can be electrically coupled to the battery 244 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 243). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 244. The aftertreatment system 243 can be electrically coupled to the first motor generator 245.

[0058] In the P2/P3 switchable configuration of the parallel hybrid powertrain system 240, the motor generator 245 connection to the hybrid transmission 246 is switchable between P2 and P3 configurations. Therefore, the motor generator 245 can either be connected in the P2 configuration (i.e., in front of the hybrid transmission 246) or in the P3 configuration (i.e., at the back of the hybrid transmission 246). The hybrid transmission 246 and/or the motor generator 245 can be used to spin the ICE 241 without fueling the ICE 241.

[0059] Figure 2F illustrates a vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) in a parallel hybrid “P4” configuration. The parallel hybrid powertrain system 250 includes an ICE 251, an aftertreatment system 253 for treating exhaust 252 from the ICE 251, a battery 254, a motor generator 255, a hybrid transmission 256, and a wheel and axle 257. The hybrid transmission 256 can be used to spin the ICE 251 without fueling the ICE 251. In the P4 configuration of the parallel hybrid powertrain system 250, the motor generator 255 is positioned on the wheel and axle 257 (for example on the rear axle drive or wheel hubs). The aftertreatment 253 can be electrically coupled to the battery 254 (e.g., when a device requiring power, such as an e-Heater, is located in the aftertreatment 253). In some cases, the aftertreatment system is not electrically coupled to the battery 254.

[0060] Figure 3A and 3B illustrate an example process flows of methods for operating a vehicle hybrid powertrain in cold start to increase SCR device NO _X reduction efficiency. The method 300 begins when a vehicle with a vehicle hybrid powertrain (e.g., vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) is at a cold start (301). A control system, such as control system 140 of Figure 1A, can carry out the method 300. In Figure 3A, the electric drivetrain has sufficient power to fulfil a vehicle drive load.

[0061] When a vehicle is in cold start (301), the control system can, in some cases, determine (302) whether an electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A) of the vehicle hybrid powertrain has sufficient power (e.g., battery charge) to fulfil a vehicle drive load. For example, the control system may receive battery power status information of the electrical drivetrain and compare the battery power status information to a threshold value indicating that the battery/electrical drivetrain has sufficient power. The battery power status information may indicate the current charge status of a battery in the electrical drivetrain. In some cases, the battery power status information specifies a charge percentage of the battery’s power (e.g., the battery is at 50% charge). If the control system determines that the electrical drivetrain has sufficient battery charge to fulfil the vehicle drive load during operation 302, the control system directs (303) the electrical drivetrain to fulfil the vehicle drive load. If the control system determines that the electrical drivetrain does not have sufficient battery charge to fulfil the vehicle drive load during operation 302, the control system may exit (304) the aftertreatment heat up strategy or enter a different mode of operation for aftertreatment heat up (either of which may include operating the ICE to fulfil the vehicle drive load). In some cases, if the control system determines that the electrical drivetrain does not have sufficient battery charge to fulfil the vehicle drive load during operation 302, the control system may perform method 350 described with respect to Figure 3B. In some cases, operation 302 is omitted and the electrical drivetrain is always selected to be operated during cold start.

[0062] While the vehicle drive load is fulfilled by the electrical drivetrain initiated in operation 303, the control system directs the vehicle hybrid system to apply heat (305) to an aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) using the ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A) in order to heat up a SCR device of the aftertreatment system. In some cases, applying (305) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes performing CDA at the ICE while the ICE is not fulfilling the vehicle drive load. In some cases, applying (305) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes using the ICE and one or more external exhaust heating devices. In some cases, applying (305) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes using method 800 of Figure 8, using method 900 of Figure 9, using method 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof.

[0063] Method 300 further includes determining (306) whether the SCR device of the aftertreatment system (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) is within an effective temperature range (e.g., for NOx reduction). In some cases, the effective temperature range is in a range of 250 °C - 450 °C. In some cases, the effective temperature range is in a range of 200 °C - 450 °C. The effective temperature range can be a range within either of these identified ranges and may even change, depending on factors including SCR device materials/configuration and heating strategy (e.g., two-tier heating such as described with respect to Figure 8). In some cases, the SCR device is within an effective temperature range when the SCR device is at or above an operating temperature. [0064] When the SCR device is determined in operation 306 to be within an effective temperature range, the control system can direct (307) the ICE to fulfil the vehicle drive load. In some cases, the electrical drivetrain may continue to be used to fulfil the vehicle drive load until some other condition is satisfied (e.g., such as for fuel efficiency or driver selection) before enabling the ICE to fulfil the vehicle drive load.

[0065] By operating the electrical drivetrain during conditions that are not optimal for operating the SCR device it is possible to ensure that NO _X is treated by the SCR device most effectively to optimize emission reduction.

[0066] Referring to Figure 3B, the method 350 begins when a vehicle with a vehicle hybrid powertrain (e.g., vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A) is at a cold start (351). A control system, such as control system 140 of Figure 1A, can carry out the method 350. In Figure 3B, the electric drivetrain does not have sufficient power to fulfil a vehicle drive load.

[0067] In some cases, the control system determines that the vehicle is in cold start (351) after receiving first temperature information of an SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) of an aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) and determining, from the received first temperature information, that the SCR device is not within an effective temperature range. In some cases, the SCR device is not within an effective temperature range when the SCR device temperature is below an SCR device operating temperature. In some cases, the SCR device operating temperature is the lowest temperature that the SCR device can be at to perform NO _X reduction.

[0068] When a vehicle is in cold start (351), the control system can, in some cases, determine (352) whether an electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A) of the vehicle hybrid powertrain has sufficient power (e.g., battery charge) to fulfil a vehicle drive load.

[0069] If the control system determines that the electrical drivetrain has sufficient battery charge to fulfil the vehicle drive load during operation 352, the control system can perform (353) the method 300 (e.g., beginning at operation 303) described with respect to Figure 3A.

[0070] If the control system determines that the electrical drivetrain does not have sufficient battery charge to fulfil the vehicle drive load during operation 352, the control system may apply (354) heat to the aftertreatment system using the ICE. At operation (354), the vehicle drive load fulfilment is delayed while the SCR temperature is below an operating temperature. [0071] While the vehicle drive load is unfulfilled, the control system directs the vehicle hybrid system to apply heat (354) to an aftertreatment system using the ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A) in order to heat up a SCR device of the aftertreatment system. In some cases, applying (354) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes performing CDA at the ICE while the ICE is not fulfilling the vehicle drive load. In some cases, applying (354) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes using the ICE and one or more external exhaust heating devices. In some cases, applying (354) the heat to the aftertreatment system includes using method 800 of Figure 8, using method 900 of Figure 9, using method 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof.

[0072] Method 350 further includes determining (355) whether the SCR device of the aftertreatment system (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A) is within an effective temperature range (e.g., for NO _X reduction). In some cases, the effective temperature range is in a range of 250 °C - 450 °C. In some cases, the effective temperature range is in a range of 200 °C - 450 °C. The effective temperature range can be a range within either of these identified ranges and may even change, depending on factors including SCR device materials/configuration and heating strategy (e.g., two-tier heating such as described with respect to Figure 8). In some cases, the SCR device is within an effective temperature range when the SCR device is at or above an operating temperature.

[0073] When the SCR device is determined in operation 355 to be within an effective temperature range, the control system can direct (356) the ICE to fulfil the vehicle drive load.

[0074] By delaying the fulfilment of the vehicle drive load until the SCR device temperature is within an effective temperature range, is possible to ensure that NO _X is treated by the SCR device most effectively to optimize emission reduction.

[0075] Figure 4A and 4B illustrate example vehicle hybrid powertrain systems with aftertreatment heat-up control to increase SCR device NO _X reduction efficiency.

[0076] Referring to Figure 4A, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 includes the ICE 110, the aftertreatment system 130 including the SCR device 135, and the electrical drivetrain 120 such as described with respect to the hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A. In the example shown in Figure 4A, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 includes a control system with an ICE controller 420 and a heating controller 425. Here at least one exhaust heating device 430 is included to supply the temperature. The aftertreatment system 130 and exhaust heating device 430 configurations can include, but are not limited to, those shown in Figures 5A-5C, 5E, 5G-5H, and 6A-6F.

[0077] The ICE controller 420 can direct the ICE 110 to fulfil the drive load of a vehicle in accordance with any of the hybrid configurations described herein or available in the future. When operating, the ICE 110 releases exhaust 410 from a tailpipe (not shown). The exhaust 410 includes several pollutants regulated worldwide, including NO _X and CO2. The aftertreatment system 130 is coupled to the ICE such that the exhaust 410 released by the ICE 110 is directed to the aftertreatment system 130. As regulations on the emissions from exhaust 410 tighten, more effective methods of treating the exhaust 410 are required.

[0078] To achieve highly effective exhaust 410 treatment, the SCR device 135 is preferably heated to a temperature within an effective temperature range (i.e., the temperature range for effective NO _X reduction) as quickly as possible. Here, the ICE controller 420 and the heating controller 425 are used to apply heat, for example by generating airflow 415 from the ICE 110 and supplying temperature 435 from the exhaust heating device 430.

[0079] Advantageously, the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 can use the electrical drivetrain 120 to fulfil the drive load of the vehicle by powering a wheel and axle of the vehicle (not shown) of the vehicle while still using the ICE 110 for other purposes, including heating the SCR device 135 (e.g., by at least providing airflow). An example method of using the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 is shown in method 160 with respect to Figure IB, and in method 150 with respect to Figure 1C.

[0080] While the drive load of the vehicle is fulfilled by the electrical drivetrain 120, the ICE 110 releases very low, to no, exhaust 410 (depending on current ICE 110 operation). Fulfilling the vehicle drive load with the electrical drivetrain 120 reduces emissions of the vehicle while the SCR device is at lower temperatures, where the drive load would otherwise be fulfilled by the ICE 110 releasing inadequately treated exhaust 410. The vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 maximizes SCR device 135 NO _X reduction efficiency without restricting user access to standard vehicle operation while the SCR device 135 is at cooler temperatures. Indeed, while the vehicle drive load is supported by the electrical drivetrain 120, the ICE 110 can be utilized for aftertreatment temperature control strategies.

[0081] For the implementations described herein, the ICE controller 420 includes appropriate instructions stored thereon to enable the ICE controller 420 to direct CD A of the ICE 110. The ICE controller 420 can receive a variety of signals from the vehicle (such as via sensors and other components). In some cases, the ICE controller 420 receives ICE speed information of the ICE 110. ICE speed information may be used to perform speed density equations and/or be used to provide results of speed density equations performed elsewhere (as may be used to determine ICE control signals).

[0082] The heating controller 425 controls the exhaust heating device 430. The heating controller 425 can receive temperature information 440 of the aftertreatment system 130 from temperature sensors (not shown) located in the aftertreatment system 130. Example sensor locations for certain configurations can be seen in Figures 6A-6F. The heating controller 425 can also receive the ICE speed information. In some cases, the heating controller 425 receives information from the ICE 110 (or ICE controller 420). In some cases, the heating controller 425 receives exhaust mass flowrate information from sensors in the aftertreatment system 130. The heating controller 425 can direct the exhaust heating device 430 to supply temperature 435 to the aftertreatment system 130 in accordance with certain heating strategies including method 300 described with respect to Figure 3A, method 350 described with respect to Figure 3B and method 800 described with respect to Figure 8.

[0083] For example, the exhaust heating device 430 can supply temperature 435 at setpoint locations in the aftertreatment system 130. There are several locations in the aftertreatment system that would be a suitable setpoint location, including, but not limited to, at the SCR device mid-bed (LO-SCR or primary SCR), at the SCR average (Avg.) (LO-SCR or primary SCR), at a diesel particulate filter (DPF) outlet, and at a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) outlet. In some cases, the exhaust heating device 430 is an electric heater (e-Heater). In some cases, the exhaust heating device 430 is a fuel burner. The ICE 110 can provide airflow 415 under control of the ICE controller 420 and optionally also the heating controller 425. In some cases, the ICE 110 further provides a supply of temperature by performing CD A. In some cases, the heating controller 425 directs the ICE controller 420 to control ICE 110 to perform the CDA and/or operate at certain speeds. In some cases, the heating controller 425 and the ICE controller 420 are part of the same controller.

[0084] As mentioned above, the ICE 110 can provide the airflow 415 to heat the SCR device. While the electrical drivetrain 120 is supporting the drive load or even while the vehicle drive load remains unfulfilled (i.e., the vehicle is not moving), the ICE 110 can operate in idle. [0085] While the ICE 110 is in idle, the ICE 110 acts as a large air blower, moving air downstream the aftertreatment system 130. Advantageously, using the ICE 110 in idle eliminates the need for an additional component (e.g., external blower) to provide the required airflow 415 to the aftertreatment system 130.

[0086] In some cases, the ICE 110 can provide heat to the aftertreatment system 130 while in a “thermal management mode”. The thermal management mode can be used to temporarily operate the ICE in a fuel-inefficient way to elevate exhaust gas temperature. Example thermal management mode operations include turbine bypass, early electronic exhaust valve opening, elevated EGR at low loads, additional fuelling, etc.). The thermal management mode can also be available for internal combustion engines that do not have CDA capabilities to provide a mechanism to apply heat using the ICE.

[0087] When the vehicle’s drive load is supported by the electrical drivetrain 120, the vehicle can still drive normally while simultaneously using the ICE 110 as an air blower. Example methods are described with respect to Figures 9 and 10. These operations maintain low emission rates, because while the ICE 110 is in idle, the emissions contain minimal NO _X content (less than lOmg NOx/hp-hr). This keeps the emissions total low while the aftertreatment system 130 is being heated to efficient temperatures to treat the exhaust 410 from the ICE 110 (when the ICE 110 is used to support the vehicle drive load instead of or with the electrical drivetrain 120. This hybrid functionality of the hybrid powertrain system 100 is favorable when the vehicle is in cold start. An example operation of vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 in cold start is shown in Figure 7.

[0088] As mentioned above, the ICE 110 can be used to apply heat while the electrical drivetrain 120 is supporting the vehicle drive load. In some of such implementations, a separate exhaust heating device can be omitted (e.g., where aftertreatment system 130 is configured such as illustrated in Figure 5D and 5F, where there is no separate exhaust heating device) and/or not used. Referring to Figure 4B, a vehicle hybrid powertrain system 450 can be implemented where the ICE 110 performs as an exhaust heating device under the control of controller 460, which controls heat 435 applied to the aftertreatment system 130 and controls CDA of the ICE 110 based on temperature information 440 of the aftertreatment system and ICE information (e.g., speed, temperature, etc.) of the ICE 110. In some cases, controller 460 performs method 900 of Figure 9 or method 1000 of Figure 1A. In some cases, controller 460 can apply a two-tier temperature approach such as described with respect to method 800 of Figure 8 (and also shown in the process illustrated in Figure 7) using the CDA technique to generate temperature set points. As with the vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400, the hybrid configuration can be, but is not limited to, any of the configurations shown in Figures 2A-2F.

[0089] Figures 5A-5H illustrate example ICE and aftertreatment configurations. The configurations shown in Figures 5A-5C and 51 utilize a non-CDA enabled ICE. The configurations shown in Figure 5D-5H utilize a CDA-enabled internal combustion engine (e.g., “CDA engine” or “CDA-enabled engine”). The CDA-engine can provide heat using CDA, as well as by performing other methods. The non-CDA enabled ICE engines can provide heat to the aftertreatment system using the non-CDA methods of providing heat with an ICE discussed herein. Figures 5A-5C, Figure 5E, and Figures 5G-H further include a separate (from the ICE) exhaust heating device.

[0090] The configurations shown in Figures 5C and 5F-5I utilize a light-off SCR (LO-SCR) device in the aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment system in accordance with the examples shown in Figures 5C and 5F-5I can thus include both a LO-SCR and a primary SCR (which may be one or more SCR devices downstream a DPF and/or DOC), where the LO-SCR is an upstream SCR device that is located proximate to and downstream from the ICE (e.g., CDA-engine or a non-CDA enabled ICE). Advantageously, by being positioned closer to the exhaust inlet of the aftertreatment system without other dense filters (e.g., DPF and/or DOC) before it, the LO-SCR can heat up much faster than the primary SCR device and therefore improve NO _X reduction efficiency from cold start.

[0091] Referring to Figure 5A, configuration 500 includes an ICE 501, an e-Heater 502, and a primary SCR device 503. The ICE 501 does not perform CDA. However, the ICE 501 can supply heat and airflow to the primary SCR device 503, using any of the methods discussed herein. The primary SCR device 503 is located downstream from the ICE 501. The e-Heater 502 is located upstream from the primary SCR device 503 and is used to supply heat to heat the SCR device 503. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NOx released at tailpipe was dropped to 0.023 g/hp-hr.

[0092] Referring to Figure 5B, configuration 510 includes an ICE 511, a fuel burner 512, and a primary SCR device 513. The ICE 511 does not perform CDA. However, the ICE 511 can supply heat and airflow to the primary SCR device 513, using any of the methods discussed herein. The primary SCR device 513 is located downstream from the ICE 511. The fuel burner 512 is located upstream from the primary SCR device 513 and is used to supply heat to heat the primary SCR device 513. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NOx released at tailpipe was dropped to 0.023 g/hp-hr. In some cases, the ICE 511 can also be operated to supply heat, for example, using a thermal management mode as described above.

[0093] Referring to Figure 5C, configuration 520 includes an ICE 521, an e-Heater 522, and a light-off SCR (LO-SCR) device 523. The ICE 521 does not perform CD A. However, the ICE 521 can supply heat and airflow to the LO-SCR device 523 using any of the methods discussed herein. The LO-SCR device 523 is located downstream from the ICE 521. The e-Heater 502 is located upstream from the LO-SCR device 523 and is used to supply heat to heat the LO-SCR device 523. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NOx released at tailpipe was dropped to 0.018/0.0190 g/hp-hr. In some cases, the ICE 521 can also be operated to supply heat, for example, using a thermal management mode as described above.

[0094] Referring to Figure 5D, configuration 530 includes a CDA engine 531 and a primary SCR device 532. The primary SCR device 532 is located downstream from the CDA engine 501. In this configuration, there is no separate exhaust heating device. Instead, the primary SCR device 532 is heated by application of the CDA technique by the CDA engine 531. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NOx released at tailpipe was dropped to 0.50 g/hp-hr (projected) and CO2 reduction was also achieved. [0095] Referring to Figure 5E, configuration 540 includes a CDA engine 541, a fuel burner 542, and a primary SCR device 543. The fuel burner 542 is positioned downstream from the CDA engine 541. The fuel burner 542 is located upstream from the primary SCR device 543 and is used to supply heat to heat the primary SCR device 543. In configuration 540, the CDA engine 541 can supply airflow to the primary SCR device 543, including airflow by operating in idle, as discussed herein. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8 (and a 50/20 kW fuel burner), NO _X released at tailpipe was dropped to about 0.020 g/hp-hr.

[0096] Referring to Figure 5F, configuration 550 includes a CDA engine 551 and a LO-SCR device 552. The LO-SCR device 552 is located downstream from the CDA engine 551. In this configuration, there is no separate exhaust heating device. Instead, the LO-SCR device 552 is heated by application of the CD A technique by the CD A engine 551. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NO _X released at tailpipe was dropped to between 0.014 and 0.018 g/hp-hr and CO2 reduction was also achieved.

[0097] Referring to Figure 5G, configuration 560 includes a CDA engine 561, an e-Heater 562, and a LO-SCR device 563. The e-Heater 562 is positioned between the CDA engine 561 and the LO-SCR 563 to supply temperature to heat the LO-SCR. In configuration 560, the CDA engine 561 can be used to supply the airflow for the temperature supplied by the e-Heater 562 and can also provide additional heat through application of the CDA technique. Thus, the e-Heater 562 can be a smaller heater, for example, in one non-limiting implementation, the e-Heater 562 is a 2.4 kW e-Heater. During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, NO _X released at tailpipe was dropped to about 0.012 g/hp-hr and CO2 reduction was also achieved.

[0098] Referring to Figure 5H, configuration 570 includes a CDA engine 571, a LO-SCR device 572, and a fuel burner 573. The LO-SCR device 572 is located downstream from the CDA engine 571 and is heated by application of the CDA technique by the CDA engine 571. The fuel burner 573 is located downstream from the LO-SCR device 572 and used to supply temperature to heat the primary SCR 574. Again, the CDA engine 571 can supply the airflow for applying heat to the primary SCR 574 (and the LO-SCR device 572). During certain experiments utilizing an implementation of method 800 described with respect to Figure 8 (and a 50/20 kW fuel burner), NO _X released at tailpipe was dropped to about 0.012 g/hp-hr.

[0099] Referring to Figure 51, configuration 580 includes an ICE 581 and a LO-SCR 582. The LO-SCR device 582 is located downstream from the ICE 581. The ICE 581 can supply temperature to heat the LO-SCR 582, using one of the methods for providing heat with an ICE, as described herein.

[0100] Figures 6A-6F illustrate examples of compatible aftertreatment heating configurations. Configurations 1-6, which correspond to Figures 6A-6F, are working examples of aftertreatment systems (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A). Configurations 1-6 illustrate non-limiting configurations of aftertreatment systems and aftertreatment systems may include any combination of the parts described below. In addition, although the primary SCR is shown as a plurality of SCR modules in series, implementations of the illustrated configurations can use other configurations of the primary SCR. [0101] Referring to Figure 6A, Configuration 1 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), a DOC 601, a first e-Heater 602, a LO-SCR device 603, a first ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) 604, a DPF 605, a second e-Heater 606, a first SCR device 607, a second SCR 608, and a second ASC 609.

[0102] Referring to Figure 6B, Configuration 2 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), an exhaust heating device 611, a LO-SCR device 612, a first ASC 613, a DOC 614, a DPF 615, a first e-Heater 616, a first SCR device 617, a second SCR device 618, and a second ASC 619. In some cases, the exhaust heating device 611 is a second e-Heater. In some cases, the exhaust heating device 611 is a fuel burner.

[0103] Referring to Figure 6C, Configuration 3 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), a LO-SCR device 621, a first ASC 622, a DOC 623, a DPF 624, an e-Heater 625, a first SCR device 626, a second SCR device 627, and a second ASC 628.

[0104] Referring to Figure 6D, Configuration 4 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), a LO-SCR device 631, a first ASC 632, an exhaust heating device 633, a DOC 634, a DPF 635, a first SCR device 636, a second SCR device 637, and a second ASC 638. In some cases, the exhaust heating device 633 is an e-Heater. In some cases, the exhaust heating device 633 is a fuel burner.

[0105] Referring to Figure 6E, Configuration 5 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), a first exhaust heating device 641, a LO-SCR device 642, a first ASC 643, a second exhaust heating device 644, a DOC 645, a DPF 646, a first SCR device 647, a second SCR device 648, and a second ASC 649. In some cases, the first exhaust heating device 641 is an e- Heater. In some cases, the first exhaust heating device 641 is a fuel burner. In some cases, the second exhaust heating device is an e-Heater. In some cases, the second exhaust heating device is a fuel burner.

[0106] Referring to Figure 6F, Configuration 6 includes, for an output of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), a first exhaust heating device 651, a first DOC 652, a LO-SCR device 653, a first ASC 654, a second DOC 655, a second e-Heater 656, a DPF 657, a first SCR device 658, a second SCR device 659, and a second ASC 660. The first exhaust heating device 651 may be an e-Heater or a fuel burner.

[0107] Figure 7 illustrates a timing diagram for an example operation from cold start. Referring to Figure 7, operation of a vehicle hybrid powertrain, such as hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A, from cold start is shown. It should be noted that the timing diagram does not illustrate exact values and that the operations are simplified for illustrative purposes (e.g., additional components may be involved and additional processes may occur during the cold start operation). The diagram of Figure 7 follows electrical drivetrain power output 711, ICE power output 712, exhaust heating device setpoint 713 (of a separate exhaust heating device and/or the ICE operating as the heating device), and SCR device temperature 714 during a vehicle cold start where an electrical drivetrain of the vehicle hybrid powertrain has sufficient power to fulfil a vehicle drive load. The shaded region 710 illustrates an effective temperature range for the SCR device.

[0108] At time 701, the vehicle is OFF and the electrical drivetrain power output 711, the ICE power output 712, the exhaust heating device setpoint 713, and the SCR device temperature 714 are all at a base level.

[0109] At time 702, the vehicle is turned “ON”. Because the vehicle is in cold start, the SCR device temperature is not within the effective temperature range 710. Therefore, the vehicle drive load is fulfilled by the electrical drivetrain. The electrical drivetrain power output 711 spikes at time 702, illustrating the power output to support the vehicle drive load. At time 702, when the vehicle turns “ON”, the heating device setpoint level spikes, illustrating that the exhaust heating device has been turned on to provide heat to the aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) is provided at a first setpoint to heat the SCR device. At time 702, there is a small increase in ICE power output 712, which illustrates that the ICE is being operated in idle (or ICE pulsing mode) to provide air flow to the aftertreatment system. At time 702, the SCR device temperature 714 begins to increase, illustrating that the heat applied by the exhaust heating device is heating the SCR device, and increasing the SCR device temperature.

[0110] At time 703, the SCR device temperature 714 has reached a temperature within the effective temperature range 710. At time 703, the exhaust heating device setpoint 713 drops, illustrating that the exhaust heating device has been set to a lower temperature setpoint because the SCR device is within the effective temperature range 710, and thus does not require the same amount of heat as when the SCR device temperature 714 was lower. While the SCR device temperature 714 is within the effective temperature range 710, the SCR device can effectively treat exhaust released by the ICE. At time 703, the ICE power output 712 increases while the electrical drivetrain power output 711 drops to base level. These simultaneous changes in ICE power output 712 and electrical drivetrain power output 711 illustrate that the ICE is now being used to fulfil the vehicle drive load (as opposed to the electrical drivetrain). Since the SCR device temperature 714 is within effective temperature range 710, the SCR device can effectively treat the exhaust from the ICE. The ICE can now be used to fulfil the drive load of the vehicle, while maintaining low emissions levels.

[0111] While it is shown in Figure 7 that the vehicle power load fulfilment was switched between the electrical drivetrain to the ICE, this is merely an example for illustrative purposes. In some cases, the electrical drivetrain will continue to fulfil the vehicle power load. Additionally, in some cases, even when the vehicle drive load is fulfilled by the ICE at time 703, the electrical drivetrain power output 711 may not fall to base level, as the electrical drivetrain power may be used for another function.

[0112] At time 704, the SCR device temperature 714 exceeds the highest temperature of the effective temperature range 710. As a result, the exhaust heating device setpoint 713 falls to base level, illustrating that the exhaust heating device has been turned off.

[0113] As mentioned above, there are several strategies that can be employed for effectively heating up a SCR device. One strategy is a “two-tier” heating strategy. Figure 8 illustrates a method of two-tier heating of a SCR device in a hybrid powertrain. This two-tier heating strategy (e.g., method 800) can be carried out by a control system (e.g., control system 140 of Figure 1A, ICE controller 420 and/or heating controller 425 of Figure 4A, or controller 460 of Figure 4A) of a vehicle hybrid system. The described two-tier strategy directs an exhaust heating device (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A and Figures 4A-4B, or exhaust heating device of Figures 4A) to apply heat to an aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A). It should be understood that the two-tier heating strategy can be applied independently to multiple exhaust heating devices that may be in the system.

[0114] The exhaust heating device applies heat to the aftertreatment system to heat the SCR device to effective temperatures for NO _X reduction. High NO _X conversion begins between 200 °C and 280 °C, depending on catalyst formulation and may be considered optimal between 250 °C and 450 °C. It is desirable to sustain these temperatures at the SCR device.

[0115] Referring to Figure 8, the method 800 includes fulfilling (801) a vehicle drive load of a vehicle with an electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A, directing (802) an exhaust heating device to apply heat using a first temperature setpoint, receiving (803) temperature data from a temperature sensor proximate to a SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A or LO-SCR 512, 523, 532 and/or primary SCR devices of Figures 5B-5D) in the aftertreatment system, determining (804) from the temperature data that a first temperature is at a first threshold temperature, and directing (805) the exhaust heating device to apply heat using a second temperature setpoint.

[0116] In cases where the ICE of the hybrid powertrain is used to supply both air flow and temperature (i.e., acting as an exhaust heating device) instead of or in addition to a separate exhaust heating device, the directing (802) an exhaust heating device in an aftertreatment system to apply heat using a first temperature setpoint can include directing the ICE to operate in CDA mode in a manner that generates the desired first temperature setpoint.

[0117] Directing (802) an exhaust heating device in an aftertreatment system to apply heat using a first temperature setpoint can include directing the exhaust heating device (e.g., fuel burner or e-Heater) to apply heat at a first setpoint location. The setpoint location is the location in the aftertreatment system where heat enters the aftertreatment system. There are several locations in the aftertreatment system that would be a suitable setpoint location, including, but not limited to, at the SCR device (LO-SCR or primary SCR) mid-bed, at the SCR average (Avg.) (LO-SCR or primary SCR), at a DPF outlet, and at a DOC outlet.

[0118] The first temperature setpoint is the temperature target that the exhaust heating device is set to when applying heat to aftertreatment system. In some cases, the first temperature setpoint is higher than the effective temperature range of the SCR device. In some cases, the first temperature setpoint is within a range of 300-400 °C. In some cases, the first temperature setpoint is within a range of 200-275 °C. In some cases, the first temperature setpoint is within a range of 225-290 °C.

[0119] As seen in Figures 5A-5H and Figures 6A-6F, a DPF (e g., DPF 605 of Figure 6A, DPF 615 of Figure 6B, DPF 624 of Figure 6C, DPF 635 of Figure 6D, or DPF 646 of Figure 6F) can be upstream and proximate to a primary SCR device in an aftertreatment system. A DPF is a large thermal mass that requires a substantial amount of heat before heat from the DPF can be transferred downstream to the SCR device. In some cases, the DPF contributes to the effectiveness of method 800 by assisting in heating up the primary SCR device because the DPF can act as a thermal reservoir to heat up (and maintain heat of) the proximate SCR device. In some cases, the temperature setpoint location is a DPF inlet, encouraging faster heat up of the DPF, which can act as a thermal reservoir to heat up (and maintain heat of) the proximate SCR device. [0120] Receiving (803) temperature data from a temperature sensor proximate to a SCR device in the aftertreatment system can include receiving temperature data from a temperature sensor located at, the LO-SCR device inlet, the LO-SCR device mid-bed, the LO-SCR device Avg., the primary SCR device inlet, the primary SCR device mid-bed, the primary SCR device Avg., the DPF outlet, and/or the DOC outlet. In some cases, alternate locations within the aftertreatment system may be used in conjunction with algorithms to calculate expected temperatures at the alternate locations. Of course, multiple temperature sensors may be used by the controller.

[0121] Once the controller has received (803) the temperature data from the temperature sensor, the controller may determine (804) from the temperature data that a first temperature is at a first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature is a predefined temperature that once reached, prompts the controller to direct the exhaust heating device to apply heat at a lower temperature setpoint.

[0122] Once the controller determines that a first temperature is at a first temperature threshold, the controller directs (805) the exhaust heating device to apply heat using a second temperature setpoint, which is less than the first temperature setpoint. By setting the second temperature setpoint, the controller prevents overheating to the aftertreatment system. In some cases, the second temperature setpoint is within a range of 190-225 °C. In some cases, the second temperature setpoint is 0 °C (e.g., the control system directs the exhaust heating device to turn off). Operations to direct the exhaust heating device to apply heat at the second temperature setpoint can be carried out similarly to those described with respect to directing the exhaust heating device to apply heat at the first temperature setpoint.

[0123] In some cases, the controller performs a three-tier heating of a SCR device. The “three- tier” heating method expands on method 800, adding a second temperature setpoint and a second threshold temperature. While heat is applied at the second temperature setpoint, the control system receives second temperature data from the temperature sensor proximate to the SCR device and determines, from the second temperature data, that a second temperature is at a second threshold temperature which is less than the second temperature setpoint.

[0124] In some cases, once the control system determines that the second temperature is at a second threshold temperature, the control system directs the exhaust heating device to turn off. In some cases, once the control system determines that the second temperature is at a second threshold temperature, the control system directs the exhaust heating device to apply heat using a third temperature setpoint, which is less than the second temperature setpoint

[0125] Table 1 illustrates example Two-Tier method temperature setpoints and threshold temperatures.

[0126] Table 1

[0127] Table 2 illustrates example Three-Tier method temperature setpoints and threshold temperatures.

[0128] Table 2.

[0129] Figure 9 illustrates an example method of increasing NO _X reduction of a SCR device in a vehicle hybrid powertrain. The method 900 includes directing (901) an electrical drivetrain to fulfil a vehicle drive load of a vehicle, directing (902) an exhaust heating device to apply heat to an aftertreatment system of the vehicle, and directing (903) an ICE to operate in idle to generate airflow from the ICE that moves the applied heat from the exhaust heating device downstream the aftertreatment system.

[0130] The method 900 can be carried out by a control system (e.g., control system 140 of Figure 1A or ICE controller 420 or heating controller 425 of Figure 4A) of a vehicle hybrid powertrain system (e.g., vehicle hybrid powertrain system 100 of Figure 1A, vehicle hybrid powertrain system 400 of Figure 4A, or vehicle hybrid powertrain system 450 of Figure 4B). The method 900 is particularly effective when the vehicle is in cold start, as it allows the vehicle power load to be fulfilled by an electric drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A and Figure 4A-4B), while effectively providing the heat and airflow required to the aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A and Figure 4A-4B) to heat a SCR device (e.g., SCR device 135 of Figure 1A and Figure 4A-4B) to an effective temperature range.

[0131] Directing (901) an electrical drivetrain to fulfil a vehicle drive load of a vehicle includes directing the electrical drivetrain to power a wheel and axle of a vehicle. In some cases, the controller directs the electrical drivetrain to fulfil a vehicle drive load of a vehicle after receiving battery power status information of a battery in the electrical drivetrain in order to determine that the electrical drivetrain power is sufficient (e.g., as described with respect to method 300 of Figure 3A).

[0132] Directing (902) an exhaust heating device to apply heat to an aftertreatment system of the vehicle can include any of the methods for supplying temperature as described herein. The control system/controller can direct the exhaust heating device to apply heat at a first temperature to an aftertreatment system of the vehicle. In some cases, the controller directs (902) the exhaust heating device (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A or exhaust heating device 430 of Figure 4A) to apply heat to an aftertreatment system of the vehicle after receiving temperature information (e.g., temperature information 440 of Figure 4A-4B) of the aftertreatment system from temperature sensors located in the aftertreatment system. In some cases, the controller determines from the temperature information of the aftertreatment system that a SCR temperature of a SCR device is insufficient. In some cases, the temperature information indicates that the vehicle is in cold start.

[0133] In some cases, directing (902) an exhaust heating device to apply heat to an aftertreatment system of the vehicle includes performing the method 800 described in Figure 8.

[0134] In some cases, directing (903) an ICE to operate in idle to generate airflow from the ICE that moves the applied heat from the exhaust heating device downstream the aftertreatment system includes directing the ICE to operate at idle. In some cases, the ICE is directed to operate at “elevated idle mode”. During “elevated idle” the RPMs of the ICE are increased over normal idle range (e.g., elevating from 600 RPMs during regular idle to 800 RPMs in elevated idle mode). In some cases, once the SCR is heated up to operating temperatures, elevated idle mode can be exited. Using elevated idle during vehicle cold start operation increases “heat flux” to the SCR device because more fuel is consumed by the ICE. In some cases, elevated idle mode is advantageous, because the increased RPMs of elevated idle may cool the SCR device by blowing air at cooler temperatures to the SCR device, prolonging the need to power the exhaust heating device. In some cases, control system may direct the ICE to run elevated idle mode while the ICE is performing CD A.

[0135] Idle (including elevated idle) can be used during the application of heat, including as described in the method 800 of Figure 8.

[0136] The directing (903) step introduces airflow (e.g., airflow 415 of Figure 4A-4B) to the aftertreatment system. This airflow helps disperse heat and regulate aftertreatment and SCR device temperatures to ensure that the SCR device is heated to the efficient temperature range. Because the drive load is simultaneously supported by the electrical drivetrain, the vehicle will still operate normally, while the ICE is freed up to perform functions that produce airflow to the aftertreatment system.

[0137] In some cases, the control system uses the ICE speed information to determine whether to direct the ICE to operate at a particular ICE speed or in idle. In some cases, the control system uses exhaust mass flowrate information to determine that airflow is needed in the aftertreatment system. In some cases, operations 902 and 903 can be used without fulfilling the vehicle drive load of operation 901 and instead be used as part of a pre-heating operation where the vehicle hybrid drivetrain (e.g., from battery) is used to support ICE operation.

[0138] Figure 10 illustrates method of providing airflow to the aftertreatment system using an ICE in ICE pulsing mode. Referring to Figure 10, the method 1000 includes fulfilling (1001) a vehicle drive load of a vehicle via an electrical drivetrain (e.g., electrical drivetrain 120 of Figure 1A), directing (1002), an exhaust heating device (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A, exhaust heating device 430 of Figure 4A) in an aftertreatment system (e.g., aftertreatment system 130 of Figure 1A) to apply heat to the aftertreatment system, opening (1003) one or more intake valves and one or more exhaust valves of an ICE (e.g., ICE 110 of Figure 1A), and pulsing (1004), by an ICE starter of the ICE, the ICE to generate airflow. Method 1000 can be performed by a control system (e.g., control system 140 of Figure 1A). In some cases, operations 1001, 1002, 1003, and 1004 can be used without fulfilling the vehicle drive load of operation 1001 and instead be used as part of a pre-heating operation where the vehicle hybrid drivetrain (e.g., from battery) is used to support ICE operation. [0139] The method 1000 utilizes the ICE in an “ICE pulsing mode,” which includes opening intake and exhaust valves and pulsing the ICE via an ICE starter to produce air. The ICE acts as air pump to provide airflow to the aftertreatment system.

[0140] Fulfilling (1001) the vehicle drive load of a vehicle via an electrical drivetrain includes directing an electrical drivetrain of a vehicle hybrid powertrain to provide power to an axle and wheels of the vehicle. Fulfilling (1001) the vehicle drive load of a vehicle with the electrical drivetrain enables the ICE of the vehicle hybrid powertrain to perform functions other than fulfilling the drive load. Additionally, when method 1000 is performed at cold start, fulfilling (1001) the vehicle drive load with the electrical drivetrain, as opposed to the ICE, prevents untreated exhaust from being released while the aftertreatment system, and the SCR device of the aftertreatment system is being heated.

[0141] In some cases, directing (1002) the exhaust heating device in the aftertreatment system to apply heat to the aftertreatment system includes directing the exhaust heating device to perform the two-tier heat up method 800 described in Figure 8. As the aftertreatment system is being heated by the exhaust heating device, airflow (e.g., airflow 415 of Figure 4A-4B) can be introduced to the aftertreatment system. The ICE can supply airflow to the aftertreatment system by operating in ICE pulsing mode. In ICE pulsing mode, the ICE produces airflow that can be introduced to the aftertreatment system. The controller can direct the ICE to operate in ICE pulsing mode.

[0142] To enter ICE pulsing mode, the ICE is directed to open (1003) one or more intake valves and one or more exhaust valves. While the one or more intake and one or more exhaust valves of the ICE are open, there is no fuel supplied to the ICE (e.g., fueling is eliminated). After the one or more intake valves and the one or more exhaust valves are open, the ICE may be pulsed at low speeds.

[0143] The controller of the vehicle hybrid powertrain directs the vehicle hybrid powertrain to pulse (1004), by an ICE starter of the ICE, the ICE to generate airflow. In some cases, the ICE is pulsed at an ICE starting speed, for example, at or above 550 rpms. The ICE starter may be, for example, an air starter, an electric motor, or the vehicle hybrid powertrain. Essentially, the ICE is turning (“cranking over”) without fuel burning. Unlike cylinder cut-out (a similar ICE operation), the ICE pulsing mode utilizes low RPMs.

[0144] Advantageously, the method 1000 illustrates an additional method for using the ICE of a hybrid power train as an air pump. For example, on a 15 L ICE in ICE pulsing mode at a typical starting speed of 135 RPM can produce 74.4 kg/hr of air flow. As another example, spinning the ICE at 550 rpm yields 303 kg/hr air flow.

[0145] In some cases, the controller directs the ICE to operate in ICE pulsing mode at a 5 second pulse pattern, which includes directing the ICE to pulse for 5 seconds, and then turning off ICE pulsing mode for 25 seconds, such that there are 10 seconds of pulsing every minute. For example, directing the ICE to operate in 5 second pulse pattern every minute for 10 minutes can produce: 1.5 kg of air pulsing at ICE starting speed of 100 RPM, 2.1 kg of air pulsing at ICE starting speed of 150 RPM, 2.3 kg of air pulsing at ICE starting speed of 150 RPM, and 3.1 kg of air pulsing at ICE starting speed of 200 RPM. A hybrid-electric vehicle that cranks-over at 600 RPMs does not need to be pulsed as often as a diesel ICE cranking over at 100-150 RPMs.

[0146] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as examples of implementing the claims and other equivalent features and acts are intended to be within the scope of the claims.