Technical Field

[0001] The disclosed technology relates generally to green energy and technology. In particular, this application discloses a method for producing algal oil based bio-lubricants.

Background

[0002] Lubricants have traditionally been manufactured using petroleum as a base. Unfortunately, petroleum usage has been linked to various problems. First, petroleum supply is finite, and petroleum supplies continue to be depleted through numerous demand sources, including petroleum uses in gasoline, plastics, cosmetics, oils, and lubricants, to name just a few. Moreover, petroleum processing has a large environmental footprint, including the release of greenhouse gasses and other pollutants. For example, petroleum-based lubricants are highly toxic. Accordingly, they can cause extreme damage to the environment, and wild life in particular, if spilled during transportation or use, not disposed of properly, or otherwise discharged into the environment. In response to these problems, researchers have searched for alternative sustainable lubricant base sources.

[0003] Plants have been used as one family of alternative lubricant base sources. Many different plant-based oils may be processed to form so-called bio- lubricants. For example, various types of vegetable oils have been used as a base for

- i - bio-lubricants. However, the use of vegetable oils to produce bio-lubricants also poses problems. For example, vegetable oils, and the plants used to yield vegetable oils, have other uses— particularly as a food source. In addition, although vegetable oils make excellent lubricants due to their polar functionality, high viscosity, and high flash points, they are limited by poor thermal and oxidative stability. Accordingly, they typically require additives and chemical modifications prior to incorporation into commercial lubricants. Accordingly, the cost of using vegetable oils as lubricants tends to be relatively high as compared to the use of petroleum, and wide-scale use of vegetable oils would raise demand for the corresponding plant materials and would raise the cost of the corresponding food-products produced from the same base plants.

[0004] As a solution, some researchers have attempted to produce lubricants from algal oils. Algae is traditionally not used as a food source, and tends to be relatively easy to grow. Indeed, systems and methods for efficiently growing algae using recycled flue gas have been previously disclosed. However, using algae to produce algal oils suitable for use in bio-lubricants still poses challenges. First, algal oil yield from algae grow plants has traditionally been insufficient to make algal oil based bio-lubricant production economically feasible. Second, algal oil profiles tend to be inadequate to produce a stable bio-lubricant. In particular, vegetable oils with high oleic acid contents provide improved thermal and oxidative stability, but currently available algal oils do not have sufficient levels of oleic acid, and thus suffer thermal and oxidative instability. Together, these factors have made current attempts at producing algal oil based bio-lubricants too costly to be commercially viable.

Brief Summary of Embodiments [0005] Some embodiments of the disclosed technology include a method for producing an algal oil based bio-lubricant. In particular, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed technology, a method for using an efficient flue gas recycling system that incorporates a lipid trigger to produce high oleic algal oil that can then be efficiently manufactured into bio-lubricant is described.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method includes selecting a base algae strain consistent with a target fatty acid profile and introducing that algae strain into a flue gas recycling system (FGRS). The method may also include introducing nutrients, light, flue gas (C0 ₂ ), and a lipid trigger into the FGRS to enhance lipid production rates in the algae. The method may also include harvesting and extracting algal oil from the algae following the algae growth, wherein the algal oil has a fatty acid profile that is high in oleic acid. The method may also include processing the algal oil into a lubricant using traditional oil processing techniques that may include chemical processing and/or introduction of stabilizing additives.

[0007] Some embodiments of this disclosure are also directed at an algal oil that has a fatty acid profile that is high in oleic acid. The algal oil is extracted from algae that was initially selected according to its fatty acid profile, and then was processed in a FGRS by introducing a lipid trigger during the algae growth. Specifically, in some embodiments, the fatty acid profile of the algal oil may include over 40% oleic acid.

[0008] Embodiments of the method for growing the algae may include pre-processing flue gas, mixing flue gas with water, processing the gas-water mixture, distributing the gas-water mixture into a processing cell, stimulating algae growth, and harvesting algae. Processing flue gas may include adjusting the temperature of the flue gas to be conducive to algae growth. Mixing the flue gas may include introducing the flue gas into the water through a one-way valve, or backflow preventer such that water does not flow back into the flue gas exhaust of the producing plant. Processing the gas-water mixture may include infusing the mixture with nutrients for the algae, and/or with a lipid trigger to stimulate the algae to produce bio-oil at an increased rate. Distributing the flue gas may include controlling the release-rate of gas-water mixture into the processing cells. Stimulating the algae growth may include exposing the gas-water mixture to light at optimal wavelengths for algae growth and mixing or stirring the water to move algae and nutrients.

[0009] Harvesting the algae may include promoting the algae to the top of the processing cell and skimming the surface water of the cell. For example, the algae may be promoted to the top of the processing cell by increasing the flow of gas- water mixture from bubblers at the bottom of the processing cell. In some embodiments, environmental variables are monitored with environmental sensors to enable tuning of temperatures, pressures, C0 ₂ levels, lipid trigger infusion, nutrients infusion, exhausting of gases from the system, or other environmental conditions.

[0010] An example FGRS includes a gas distribution system that pneumatically couples multiple watertight processing cells to flue gas exhaust from an industrial facility such as an energy plant. The multiple processing cells are filled with water and enclosed in an airtight enclosure. Each cell is isolated from the other cells to avoid cross-contamination. In addition, a bottom side, or floor of each cell may comprise a plurality of bubblers, wherein each bubbler pneumatically couples to the gas distribution system such that flue gas flowing from the industrial facility exhaust through the gas distribution system may be released into the cell. Further, each cell may comprise a plurality of light emitting columns, a movable grate, and multiple guide columns. The cell may be further configured such that: (i) the light emitting columns protrude downward from a top surface of the cell to provide a light source to effectively grow algae; (ii) the guide columns protrude upward from a bottom surface of the cell to guide the movement of the movable grate; and (iii) the grate slidably couples to the guide columns and further comprises a plurality of apertures shaped to match the profile and positioning of the light emitting columns and to enable sufficient water flow through the moving grate, and multiple ballast tanks to control movement of the grate.

[0011] In some embodiments, the light emitting columns may comprise light emitting diodes (LEDs), and in an exemplary embodiment, the LEDs emit light at optimal wavelengths for growing algae. In addition, the gas distribution system may further comprise a heat exchanger to reduce the temperature of hot flue gas exhaust to a temperature conducive to algae growth, and may also further comprise a backflow prevention system to stop water from the cells from flowing backwards through the gas distribution system and into the flue gas exhaust. The gas distribution system may also comprise a pH control system and/or a nutrient infusing system located between the backflow prevention system and the processing cells. Water will have flooded this location of the gas distribution system, allowing the flue gas to mix with water and enabling pH adjustment and nutrient addition. For example, the pH control system may use limestone to adjust the pH of the C0 ₂ -rich water. The nutrients infusion system may be used to infuse a lipid trigger into the water. Lipid triggers stimulate the algae metabolism to store excess solar energy as lipids, thus increasing the production rate of bio-oil.

[0012] In other embodiments of the disclosure, the gas distribution system may further comprise a water holding tank positioned in front of the processing cells but after the backflow prevention system such that C0 ₂ -rich flue gas and water can be mixed in holding tank.

[0013] In many embodiments of the disclosure, the enclosure further comprises a gas return system that pneumatically couples a top side of the enclosure to the gas distribution system, but that also comprises a pressure release valve to controllably release gas from the enclosure into the atmosphere. The gas return system may further comprise temperature, pressure, C0 ₂ level, and/or other sensors to monitor the environmental conditions of the enclosure. The data returned from these sensors may be used to manually or automatically adjust the pressure release valve such that more or less gas is returned to the gas distribution system. For example, if C0 ₂ readings are high, more gas may be returned. In addition, the temperature sensors, flow sensors, and other environmental monitoring sensors may be located on the gas distribution system, as well as in the processing cells themselves to monitor environmental conditions.

[0014] In some embodiments of the disclosure, an algae harvesting system may mechanically couple to the enclosure. The algae harvesting system may be a skimming device collects algae from a top surface of the water in each cell to collect and separate algae from the water. In these embodiments, algae is pushed to the top of any particular cell by increasing the amount of gas released by the cell's bubblers.

[0015] Other features and aspects of the technology described herein will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the features in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed technology. The summary is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0016] The technology described herein, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example embodiments. These drawings are provided to facilitate the reader's understanding of the disclosed technology and shall not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability thereof. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale.

[0017] Figure 1 illustrates a perspective view of a flue gas recycling system.

[0018] Figure 2A is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for recycling flue gas.

[0019] Figure 2B is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for processing input gas as part of a process for recycling flue gas. [0020] Figure 2C is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for processing a gas- water mixture as part of a process for recycling flue gas.

[0021] Figure 2D is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for distributing gas into a processing cell as part of a process for recycling flue gas.

[0022] Figure 2E is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for growing algae as part of a process for recycling flue gas.

[0023] Figure 2F is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for harvesting algae as part of a process for recycling flue gas.

[0024] Figure 2G is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for monitoring environmental variables of a flue gas recycling system.

[0025] Figure 2H is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for exhausting or recycling gas from a flue gas processing system.

[0026] Figure 3 is a cross-section diagram of a flue gas recycling system.

[0027] Figure 4 illustrates a moveable grate from of a flue gas recycling system.

[0028] Figure 5 illustrates a cross-section of a processing cell from a flue gas recycling system.

[0029] Figure 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing a algal oil based bio-lubricant, consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. [0030] Figure 7 is a molecular diagram showing the structure of a oleic acid molecule.

[0031] Figure 8A is a chart showing fatty acid profiles for various vegetable oils.

[0032] Figure 8B is a chart showing fatty acid profiles for an algal oil extracted from a base algae strain and an algal oil extracted from the base algae strain following processing by a FGRS, consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.

[0033] Figure 9 is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for an estolide capping process, consistent with embodiments disclosed herein.

[0034] Figure 10 illustrates an example computing module that may be used to implement various features of the systems and methods disclosed herein.

[0035] The figures are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed. It should be understood that the technology described herein can be practiced with modification and alteration, and that the invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

Detailed Description of the Embodiments of the Invention

[0036] The technology described herein is directed towards a method for producing a bio-lubricant from algal oil. In particular, in accordance with some embodiments, a method for producing bio-lubricant from algal oil includes selecting a base algae strain based on a target fatty acid profile of the algae strain's algal oil, introducing the base algae strain to a flue gas recycling system (FGRS), introducing a lipid trigger, nutrients, light, and C0 ₂ into the flue gas recycling system to grow the algae, and then harvesting the algae. The method may also include extracting algal oil and biomass from the harvested algae. In some embodiments, the algal oil is high in oleic acid (e.g., greater than 40% by weigh of oleic acid). The method may also include processing the algal oil to convert the oil into bio-lubricant through chemical processing and/or the incorporation of stabilizing additives. In addition, example bio- lubricants are disclosed herein to be those bio-lubricants produced through the processes disclosed herein.

[0037] From time-to-time, the technology is described herein in terms of example embodiments, environments and applications. Description in terms of these embodiments, environments and applications is provided to allow the various features and embodiments of the disclosed technology to be portrayed in the context of an exemplary scenario. After reading this description, it will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art how the technology can be implemented in different and alternative embodiments, environments and applications.

[0038] Figure 1 is a perspective view illustrating a flue gas recycling system. Referring now to Figure 1, a flue gas recycling system comprises a gas distribution system 200, an enclosure 100 comprising one or more processing cells 101, and a gas recovery system 400. A flue gas exhaust system from an industrial plant - for example a power plant - pneumatically couples to a gas distribution system 300 such that C0 ₂ -rich flue gas 305 flows into the gas delivery system. Gas distribution system 300 pneumatically couples to a bottom surface of the enclosure through a plurality of bubblers 370. In some exemplary embodiments, a top surface of the enclosure is extended or bowed outward to create a cavity above the water surface in each processing cell 101 to collect accumulating gas percolating up or leaving solution from the water.

[0039] Still referring to Figure 1, each cell 101 comprises a plurality of guide columns 130, a plurality of light emitting columns 156, and a moveable grate 150, the moveable grate comprising a plurality of ballast tanks 110 and a plurality of apertures. The guide columns 130 may protrude upward from a bottom surface of the cell, and the light columns 156 may protrude downward from a top surface of the cell. The moveable grate 150 may be shaped to fit the profile of the cell, and to slidably couple to the guide columns such that the grate may freely slide up or down within the cell cavity. In addition, the apertures in the grate are shaped to accept the profile of the light emitting columns 156 with sufficient clearance to also enable water to freely flow through the grate when it moves. Further, the apertures are positioned on the grate to match the orientation of the light emitting columns. As such, when the grate 150 is positioned in the cell cavity and coupled to the guide columns 130, the light columns 156 protruding from the top surface of the cell also fit through the apertures. As a result, the grate may move freely without interfering with or contacting the light columns.

[0040] In some embodiments, brushes or scrapes protrude from the inside edge of the apertures and contact the guide columns and/or light columns such that organisms and/or debris is scraped from the surface of the guide columns and/or light columns when the grate moves up or down.

[0041] Still referring to Figure 1, each ballast tank 110 may be pneumatically coupled to the gas distribution system through a valve such that flue gas may be controllably be diverted into the tank. Each ballast tank may further comprise a hydraulic valve to controllably enable water to fill the tank. Thus, each tank may be controllably filled with either water, gas, or a combination thereof to control the buoyancy of the tank, and of the attached grate 150, in the water-filled cell 101. Accordingly, filling the ballast tanks with air will increase their buoyancy and cause the grate to float in an upward direction, and filling the ballast tanks with water will decrease their buoyancy, causing the grate to sink in a downward direction. These steps of filling the tank with gas and then with water may be repeated to cause the grate to move up and down repeatedly. This grate movement may be used to move and mix algae growing in the cell, as well as nutrients, to increase the probability that any particular algae specimen will have adequate and balanced exposure to nutrients and light.

[0042] Still referring to Figure 1, the bottom surface of the enclosure

100 may also serve as the bottom surface of each cell 101. A subset of the plurality of bubblers may be dispersed throughout the bottom surface of each cell. Each bubbler 370 comprises a valve enabling C0 ₂ and nutrient rich gas or gas-solution to be controllably released into the cell 101. Under normal operation, the release of this gas or gas- solution may be controlled to create an optimal growing environment for the algae. As the algae grow, it also converts light energy into starch and lipids. These lipids are a type of oil that may be used as biofuel, bioplastic, biochemical, biocosmetic, or other bio-oil based products. When the algae has generated sufficient quantities of this bio-oil, it may be harvested by increasing the rate at which the bubblers release gas into the cell, thus pushing the algae to the surface of the water where it may be skimmed and collected. [0043] In some embodiments, the light emitting columns comprise protective translucent tubes and an inner light emitting element 154. In an exemplary embodiment, this light emitting element comprises LEDs configured to emit light at optimal wavelengths conducive to algae growth. In some embodiments, these light emitting columns 156 protrude from the top surface of the cell and extend downward to approximately 1 meter from the bottom surface of the cell. Further, in some of these embodiments, the light emitting columns 156 are positioned in a grid pattern with the centers of each adjacent light emitting column separated by between 60cm and 100cm. However, these dimensions are exemplary, and other configurations with other light emitting column length, positioning, and spacing may be used depending on optimal growing conditions. For example, the light emitting columns may extend downward to between 5 meters and 0.1 meters of the bottom surface of the cell, and they may be positioned in multiple different orientations with the centers of adjacent light emitting columns spaced from between 0.1 meters to 5 meters apart. These special orientations and parameters may be optimized for particular algae strains.

[0044] In some embodiments, a processing cell may further comprise an auger system mechanically coupled to a bottom surface of the cell to remove particulate matter and other more dense materials that will sink instead of float to surface.

[0045] Several embodiments disclosed herein are directed towards systems and methods for growing algae. However, one of skill in the art would appreciate that the same systems and methods may also be utilized to efficiently grow and harvest other C0 ₂ -breathing and/or photosynthesis-capable organisms, such as any type of cyanobacteria, plankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, or other C0 ₂ -breathing and/or photosynthesis-capable organisms.

[0046] Figure 2A is a flow chart of a method for recycling flue gas.

Referring now to Figure 2A, a method for recycling flue gas, 200, comprises processing input gas and mixing with water at step 210 to create a gas- water mixture, processing the gas-water mixture at step 220; distributing the gas-water at step 230, growing algae at step 250, harvesting the algae at step 260, and exhausting or recycling exhaust gas at step 280. In many embodiments, method 200 may be performed using the system for recycling flue gas as illustrated in Figure 1. For example, the processing flue gas and mixing with water of step 210 may include sub- steps performed by gas distribution system 300 and heat exchanger 310; the processing the gas-water mixture of step 220 may include sub-steps performed using nutrients infuser 330 and lipid trigger infuser 340; the distributing gas-water mixture into processing cell 101 of step 230 may include sub-steps performed using gas bubblers 370; the growing algae of step 250 may include sub-steps performed using light emitting columns 156 and moveable grate 150; the harvesting algae of step 260 may include sub-steps performed by a skimmer at the surface of cell 101; and the exhausting or recycling of exhaust gas of step 280 may include sub-steps performed using gas recovery system 400.

[0047] Figure 2B is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for processing input gas and mixing with water. Referring now to Figure 2B, a method for processing input gas comprises receiving input gas at step 212, cooling the input gas at step 214, mixing the input gas with water at step 216, and processing the gas- water mixture at step 220. In many embodiments, the cooling the input gas at step 214 may be performed by a heat exchanger 310 as illustrated in Figure 1. Further, the mixing of the input gas with water may be performed by allowing flue gas to flow through a backflow prevention system 320 as illustrated in Figure 1 wherein the backflow prevention system includes a one-way valve that allows gas to flow into water contained on the other side of the one-way valve.

[0048] Figure 2C is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for processing a gas-water mixture as part of a process for recycling flue gas. Referring now to Figure 2C, a method for processing a gas-water mixture comprises adjusting the pH at step 222, infusing nutrients at step 224, and infusing a lipid trigger at step 226. For example, as illustrated by Figure 1, the adjusting of pH may include sub- steps performed by pH control system 330 and the infusing of nutrients and a lipid trigger may include sub-steps performed by nutrients infusion system 340.

[0049] Figure 2D is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for distributing gas into a processing cell as part of a process for recycling flue gas. Referring now to Figure 2D, a method for distributing gas into a processing cell comprises determining desired levels of C0 ₂ , nutrients, and lipid trigger at step 232, infusing more nutrients if the nutrients level is insufficient, infusing more lipid trigger if the lipid trigger is insufficient, and releasing more gas-water mixture into the cell if the C0 ₂ level is insufficient at step 238. For example, referring again to Figure 1, the releasing of more gas-water mixture into processing cell 101 may include sub-steps performed by adjusting bubbler valves 370.

[0050] Figure 2E is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for growing algae as part of a process for recycling flue gas. Referring now to Figure 2E, a method for growing algae comprises exposing the mixture of water, gas, lipid trigger, and nutrients to light at step 252, stirring the mixture at step 254, and determining if the algae is ready to harvest at step 256. For example, referring again to Figure 1, the exposing to light of the mixture contained in processing cell 101 may include sub-steps performed by light emitting columns 156. Further, the stirring of the mixture contained in processing cell 101 may include sub-steps performed by moveable grate 150. In particular, moveable grate 150 may be moved up or down by adjusting buoyancy, wherein the buoyancy may be adjusted by adjusting the water-to- air ratio in ballast tanks 110. The determining of whether the algae is ready to harvest at step 256 may be accomplished through manual inspection, electronic sensors, a computer program or module, timing of anticipated growth intervals, or other means that may be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0051] Figure 2F is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for harvesting algae as part of a process for recycling flue gas. Referring to Figure 2F, a method for harvesting algae comprises promoting algae to the top of the processing cell at step 262 and skimming the surface of the water contained within the processing cell at step 264. For example, referring again to Figure 1, promoting the algae to the top of the processing cell 101 may include sub-steps that are performed by gas bubblers 370. In particular, gas bubblers 370 comprise gas bubble valves that may be adjusted to release the gas-water mixture into the processing cell at an increased rate, thus creating an upward current surge and forcing the solid algae to the water surface where it may be skimmed. In some embodiments, solid matter that may fall to the bottom of processing cell 101 may be removed using an auger system at step 266. [0052] In many embodiments, the harvested algae is evaluated for size.

Algae that is more plump will usually contain more bio-oil. These larger, plump algae may be separated from the smaller, less plump algae, and the smaller algae may be reintroduced to a processing cell to continue growth and bio-oil production. The larger algae may be processed by separating the lipids contained inside the algae from the algae shell. The algae shell may then be used for as feedstock, or may be reintroduced as nutrients through the nutrients infuser. The lipids, or bio-oil, may then be processed and converted to biofuel, bioplastic, pharmacological products, or other bio-chemical products.

[0053] Figure 2G is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for monitoring environmental variables of a flue gas recycling system. Referring now to Figure 2G, monitoring environmental variables comprises monitoring sensors at step 272, comparing to optimal environmental settings at step 274, and adjusting environmental controls at step 276. For example, referring now to Figure 3, monitoring environmental sensors may include sub-steps performed by monitoring environmental sensors 312, 352, and 354. Determining of optimal environmental conditions may be manually observed, or performed by computer programmable media as illustrated in Figure 6. Referring again to Figure 3, adjusting of environmental conditions may include sub-steps performed by adjusting heat exchanger 310 settings, adjusting pressure control valve 350, adjusting gas bubbler 370 settings, or adjusting pressure release valve 410 settings.

[0054] Figure 2H is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for exhausting or recycling gas from a flue gas processing system. Referring now to Figure 2H, a method for exhausting or recycling gas from the flue gas processing system comprises monitoring pressure and C0 ₂ levels inside enclosure 100 at step 282, and selectably releasing gas into the atmosphere at step 290 or selectably returning gas to the gas distribution system at step 288. For example, referring again to Figure 3, the monitoring of pressure and C0 ₂ levels may include sub-steps performed by environmental sensors 312, 352, and 354. In some embodiments, monitoring may also include sub-steps performed manually. Alternatively, monitoring may include sub-steps performed by computer readable media, as illustrated in Figure 6. Referring again to Figure 3, selectably returning gas to gas distribution system 300 or releasing gas into the atmosphere may include sub-steps performed by pressure release valve 410.

[0055] Figure 3 is a cross-section schematic diagram of the gas distribution system 300 and the gas return system 400. Referring now to Figure 3, the industrial plant's flue gas exhaust 305 pneumatically couples to the gas distribution system 300, the gas distribution system 300 pneumatically couples to the enclosure 100, and the enclosure 100 pneumatically couples to gas return system 400, wherein gas return system 400 also pneumatically couples to gas distribution system 300.

[0056] Still referring to Figure 3, the gas distribution system may further comprise a heat reducing system 310 to reduce the heat of the flue gas such that gas released into the processing cells 101 are safe and conducive for algae growth. For example, the heat reducing system may be a heat exchanger. The gas distribution system may further comprise temperature sensors 312 to monitor temperature of the flue gas before and/or after being processed through the heat exchanger, as well as for monitoring the temperature within the cells and the enclosure to ensure that optimal growing conditions for the algae are maintained. Additionally, the gas distribution system may further comprise a backflow prevention system 320 to prevent water from the cells from flowing back through the gas distribution system and into the power plant's furnaces or other equipment. Notably, water may flow into and fill the gas distribution system from the cells 101 through the bubblers 370 all the way up to the backflow reduction system 320. Thus, water and flue gas may mix in the flooded parts of the gas distribution system. In some embodiments, the gas distribution system may further comprise a water holding tank to facilitate mixing of flue gas and water.

[0057] Still referring to Figure 3, in some embodiments, the gas distribution system further comprises a pH control system 330. For example, the pH control system may use a limestone additive to adjust the pH of the water and C0 ₂ solution to safe and optimal levels for algae growth. Further, in some embodiments, the gas distribution system may also comprise a nutrients infusion system 340. The nutrients infusion system enables the addition of nutrients into the C0 ₂ solution to further stimulate algae growth and lipid production. In some exemplary embodiments, the nutrients infusion system is configured to introduce a lipid trigger into gas distribution system. The lipid trigger is an compound known to trigger algae to rapidly produce and store lipids. These lipids are the raw material that can be used to produce a biofuel that may be harvested from the algae.

[0058] Still referring to Figure 3, in some embodiments the gas distribution system may further comprise flow control valve 350 and flow meter 352, enabling control of the overall rate at which flue gas is released into the enclosure. Additionally, the gas return system 400 may comprise pressure release valve 410 to controllably vent gas into the atmosphere or return gas to the gas distribution system 300. Temperature, pressure, C0 ₂ level, and other environmental sensors 312, 352, and 354 may be located at various positions within the enclosure to monitor environmental conditions. One example of possible positions for these sensors is illustrated in Figure 3. Feedback from these sensors may be used to control environmental conditions in the flue gas recycling system. For example, the feedback data may be used to determine whether and how much gas is vented into the atmosphere as opposed to returned to the gas distribution system. For example, if detected C0 ₂ rates are relatively high, then more C0 ₂ -rich gas may be returned to the gas distribution system, but if C0 ₂ rates are relatively low and 0 ₂ rates are high, than more gas may be vented into the atmosphere. In addition, the feedback data may be used to control release rates of gas into specific processing cells, pH adjustments, and release rates of nutrients.

[0059] Figure 4 is top-down view of a movable grate 150. Referring to

Figure 4, the grate comprises a plurality of ballast tanks 110 and a plurality of apertures 152. The apertures are shaped and positioned such that the light emitting columns will fit through the apertures with sufficient clearance to also enable water to flow through the grate when the grate moves up or down within the cell. Further, as discussed, the grate is slidably coupled to support columns 130 to guide the vertical movement of the grate caused by adjusting the levels of gas and water in ballast tanks 110. While Figure 4 illustrates four support columns and four ballast tanks, it should be noted that other configurations are possible incorporating different varying quantities of ballast tanks and support columns. Further, the particular configuration, shape, and size of apertures 152 is shown for exemplary purposes only and different shapes, sizes, and configurations are possible and contemplated. [0060] Figure 5 is a cross-section diagram illustrating a cell 101.

Referring to Figure 5, ballast tanks 110 pneumatically couple to gas delivery system 200 through connector 112. This illustration further depicts an exemplary configuration of the cell wherein the moveable grate 150 is slightly below the surface of the water contained within the cell 101. However, as previously described, the grate's vertical position may be adjusted by varying the levels of gas and/or water in ballast tanks 110 to float or submerge the grate to desired depths.

[0061] In some embodiments, a mechanical or robotic skimmer may be utilized to harvest oil-rich algae. Algae may be promoted to the top of a particular cell by increasing the gas release rate from the bubblers coupled to that cell. In another exemplary embodiment, a compressed air tank or air compressor may be incorporated into the gas distribution system to further control the air pressure and allow for increased airflow through the system during algae harvest. Accordingly, the gas will push the algae to the top of the cell and a mechanical or robotic skimming device can be used to collect the algae. In one such example, the skimming device is a robotic floating device, similar to a floating pool sweep.

[0062] Figure 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing a algal oil based bio-lubricant. Referring now to Figure 6, the method for manufacturing the bio-lubricant includes selecting a base algae strain according to selection parameters at step 605 and introducing that algae strain to an FGRS at step 315. For example, the selection parameters may include the base algae strain's fatty acid profile and the FGRS may be consistent with embodiments disclosed above with respect to Figures 1 and 3-5. [0063] Still referring to Figure 6, the method for manufacturing the bio- lubricant may also include introducing the base algae strain to nutrients, light, flue gas that includes C0 ₂ , and a lipid trigger at step 625 and growing the algae at step 635. For example, methods for growing the algae within an FGRS may be consistent with the embodiments disclosed above with respect to Figures 2A-2H.

[0064] Embodiments of a method for manufacturing the bio-lubricant may further include harvesting the algae at step 645 and extracting an algal oil from the algae at step 655. For example, the algal oil may be targeted to have a fatty acid profile that is high in oleic acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid profile includes over 40% oleic acid.

[0065] In one example, a bio-lubricant was manufactured using an algal oil extracted from an algae grown in a FGRS. In a first step, a base algae strain was selected. Through experimentation, fatty acid profiles of multiple types of vegetable oil were compared. The fatty acid profile is a description of the proportional compositions of fatty acids that comprise the oil being analyzed. In particular, different fatty acids lend themselves to different purposes. For example, bio-lubricants using oils with fatty acid profiles that have high levels of oleic acid exhibit improved thermal and oxidation stability, and thus require less stabilizing additive and/or chemical modification. Oleic acid is a mono-unsaturated fatty acid described by the chemical formula Ci ₈ H ₃₄ 0 ₂ and has a molecular structure of CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₇ CH=CH(CH ₂ ) ₇ COOH, cis-Δ ⁹ configuration (C18: l), as illustrated in Figure 7. [0066] Figure 8A is a chart illustrating the comparison of fatty acid profiles for the various vegetable oils compared. In particular, soy oil, palm oil, and canola oil were compared. The fatty acid profile analysis focused on proportional levels of myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. As discussed, variations of these fatty acid profiles are suggestive of a particular oil's propensity for particular uses. As illustrated by Figure 8 A, soy oil, palm oil, and canola oil were found to comprise an average of 25%, 39%, and 61% oleic acid by weight, respectively.

[0067] Figure 8B is a chart illustrating a comparison of fatty acid profiles for the base algal oil and the resulting algal oil as extracted from the algae after being processed through an FGRS, consistent with embodiments disclosed herein. As described, the algae growing process included the introduction of a lipid trigger to stimulate lipid production within the algae during growth, greatly increasing the lipid yield and specifically generating the desired fatty acid profile. Specifically, as illustrated in Figure 8B, the base algae was found to have a fatty acid profile that comprises over 3% oleic acid (3.75% on average), and less than 3% stearic acid, less than 40% linoleic acid, and less than 20% linolenic acid.

[0068] Following multiple experiments using the same base algae and the same FGRS to process the algae, fatty acid profiles were compared to the base algae's fatty acid profile. The experiments were performed using the same parameters (i.e., same lipid trigger, flue gas, and nutrients levels). As illustrated in Figure 8B, the resulting fatty acid profile for the lipid trigger exposed algae demonstrates an oleic acid level of over 40% (44.7% on average). As described, this resulting fatty acid profile lends itself to production of efficient bio-lubricants that require minimal or no chemical modification and minimal incorporation of stabilizing additives.

[0069] While the precise algal oil profile may vary in different algae plants, it is expected that any algae plant selected from the same algal family used in these experiment would exhibit fatty acid profiles within 10% of the profile described. Accordingly, algae strain selection may be guided by comparing the algal oil fatty acid profile for the target base algae strain with the expected algal oil fatty acid profile depicted in Figure 8B. The target base algae strain should be selected if its algal oil fatty acid profile is within 10% of the levels shown in Figure 8B for the "Identified Algae." The resulting algae grown using the FGRS grow process disclosed herein should then have an expected algal oil fatty acid profile within 10% of the profile shown in Figure 8B, such that it comprises at least 40% oleic acid, and less than 30% linoleic acid.

[0070] It should be noted that the same FGRS grow process may be used on other algae strains with other algal oil fatty acid profiles, resulting in a post- FGRS grow process algal oil fatty acid profile that is ideal for other particular uses. For example, some example algae strains have been found to have ideal fatty acid profiles for use as a bio-oil base for manufacturing adhesives, composites, powder coatings, plasticizer, ultraviolet cured coatings, polymers, or bio-synthetic gasoline, to name a few examples.

[0071] Referring back to Figure 6, the step of extracting algal oil from the post-FGRS processed algae at step 655 may also include extracting biomass from the post-FGRS processed algae. For example, the algae shells may be extracted and set aside for use as biomass for use as carbon-based nutrients, fillers in plastics, particle boards, or packing materials, or for uses in jet engine fuel, to name a few examples.

[0072] Still referring to Figure 6, the step of processing the algal oil into a bio-lubricant at step 665 may include chemical processing. Chemical processing may include alkylation, radical addition, acylation, ene-reaction, aminoalkylation, co- oligomerization, hydroformylation, acyloxylation, estolide capping or other chemical processes used to transform bio-oils into lubricants as known in the art.

[0073] Figure 9 is a process flow diagram illustrating a method for an estolide capping process. As illustrated in Figure 9, fatty acids (e.g., the fatty acids that comprise the algal oil extracted in bio-lubricant manufacturing process step 665), may be capped with 2-ethylhexanol. The estolide capping method may include starting with a fatty acid base at step 905, introducing HC10 ₄ to create a free acid estolide at step 915, introducing 2-Ethylhexanol to make a 2-Ethylhexyl estolide ester at step 925, and introducing KOH and H20/EtOH to separate out excess 2- Ethylhexanol at step 935. This processing method is only one of many such methods, as known in the art, that could be used to convert fatty acids into bio-lubricants— particularly those fatty acids that comprise high levels of oleic acid, similar to the algal oil extracted in step 665.

[0074] Still referring to Figure 6, the step of processing the algal oil into a bio-lubricant at step 665 may include adding a stabilizing additive. Such additives may include antioxidants such as BHT, or other phenols, deactivators such as benzotriazoles, corrosion inhibitors such as ester sulfonates, anti-wear additives such as Zn dithiophosphonates, pour point depressants such as maleic-styrene copolymers, hydrolysis protection such as carbodiimides, and/or other stabilizing additives as would be known in the art. The total additive concentration required for stabilization of most bio-lubricants (e.g., bio-lubricant manufactured from canola oil) will generally fall in the range of 10% to 15% of the total bio-lubricant composition by weight. Some embodiments of the algal oil based bio-lubricant disclosed herein may comprise approximately the same concentration of additive, in the range of 10% to 15% of the total bio-lubricant by weight. Other embodiments of the disclosed algal oil based bio-lubricant may comprise less than 10% additive by weight, due to existing stabilizing properties of the high oleic acid based oil, as well as the removal of destabilizing unsaturation sites through chemical processing.

[0075] Many embodiments of the disclosure recite monitoring of environmental sensors, such as temperature, C0 ₂ or 0 ₂ level, pH, pressure, and flow sensors, as well as adjusting multiple valve settings to control hydraulic and pneumatic flow or release rates. The monitoring of these sensors and adjustment of these controls may be accomplished manually or automatically. In either of these scenarios, computing modules and software may be utilized to accurately and efficiently enable control of optimal environmental conditions. For example, a computer processing module may be programmed to: (i) monitor the aforementioned environmental sensors, (ii) calculate optimal growing conditions for the algae based on data from the environmental sensors and known target conditions, and (iii) adjust settings on the heat exchanger, nutrients infuser, pH control system, bubblers, or any of the pressure release or flow valves to optimize and achieve those environmental conditions. [0076] As used herein, the term module might describe a given unit of functionality that can be performed in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present application. As used herein, a module might be implemented utilizing any form of hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more processors, controllers, ASICs, PLAs, PALs, CPLDs, FPGAs, logical components, software routines or other mechanisms might be implemented to make up a module. In implementation, the various modules described herein might be implemented as discrete modules or the functions and features described can be shared in part or in total among one or more modules. In other words, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this description, the various features and functionality described herein may be implemented in any given application and can be implemented in one or more separate or shared modules in various combinations and permutations. Even though various features or elements of functionality may be individually described or claimed as separate modules, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these features and functionality can be shared among one or more common software and hardware elements, and such description shall not require or imply that separate hardware or software components are used to implement such features or functionality.

[0077] Where components or modules of the application are implemented in whole or in part using software, in one embodiment, these software elements can be implemented to operate with a computing or processing module capable of carrying out the functionality described with respect thereto. One such example computing module is shown in Figure 10. Various embodiments are described in terms of this example-computing module 1000. After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the application using other computing modules or architectures.

[0078] Referring now to Figure 10, computing module 1000 may represent, for example, computing or processing capabilities found within desktop, laptop, notebook, and tablet computers; hand-held computing devices (tablets, PDA's, smart phones, cell phones, palmtops, smart-watches, smart-glasses etc.); mainframes, supercomputers, workstations or servers; or any other type of special-purpose or general-purpose computing devices as may be desirable or appropriate for a given application or environment. Computing module 1000 might also represent computing capabilities embedded within or otherwise available to a given device. For example, a computing module might be found in other electronic devices such as, for example, digital cameras, navigation systems, cellular telephones, portable computing devices, modems, routers, WAPs, terminals and other electronic devices that might include some form of processing capability.

[0079] Computing module 1000 might include, for example, one or more processors, controllers, control modules, or other processing devices, such as a processor 1004. Processor 1004 might be implemented using a general-purpose or special-purpose processing engine such as, for example, a microprocessor, controller, or other control logic. In the illustrated example, processor 1004 is connected to a bus 1002, although any communication medium can be used to facilitate interaction with other components of computing module 1000 or to communicate externally.

[0080] Computing module 1000 might also include one or more memory modules, simply referred to herein as main memory 1008. For example, preferably random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, might be used for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 1004. Main memory 1008 might also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 1004. Computing module 1000 might likewise include a read only memory ("ROM") or other static storage device coupled to bus 1002 for storing static information and instructions for processor 1004.

[0081] The computing module 1000 might also include one or more various forms of information storage mechanism 1010, which might include, for example, a media drive 1012 and a storage unit interface 1020. The media drive 1012 might include a drive or other mechanism to support fixed or removable storage media 1014. For example, a hard disk drive, a solid state drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a CD or DVD drive (R or RW), or other removable or fixed media drive might be provided. Accordingly, storage media 1014 might include, for example, a hard disk, a solid state drive, magnetic tape, cartridge, optical disk, a CD or DVD, or other fixed or removable medium that is read by, written to or accessed by media drive 1012. As these examples illustrate, the storage media 1014 can include a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software or data.

[0082] In alternative embodiments, information storage mechanism

1010 might include other similar instrumentalities for allowing computer programs or other instructions or data to be loaded into computing module 1000. Such instrumentalities might include, for example, a fixed or removable storage unit 1022 and a storage interface 1020. Examples of such storage units 1022 and storage interfaces 1020 can include a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memory module) and memory slot, a PCMCIA slot and card, and other fixed or removable storage units 1022 and storage interfaces 1020 that allow software and data to be transferred from the storage unit 1022 to computing module 1000.

[0083] Computing module 1000 might also include a communications interface 1024. Communications interface 1024 might be used to allow software and data to be transferred between computing module 1000 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 1024 might include a modem or softmodem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet, network interface card, WiMedia, IEEE 802.XX or other interface), a communications port (such as for example, a USB port, IR port, RS232 port Bluetooth® interface, or other port), or other communications interface. Software and data transferred via communications interface 1024 might typically be carried on signals, which can be electronic, electromagnetic (which includes optical) or other signals capable of being exchanged by a given communications interface 1024. These signals might be provided to communications interface 1024 via a channel 1028. This channel 1028 might carry signals and might be implemented using a wired or wireless communication medium. Some examples of a channel might include a phone line, a cellular link, an RF link, an optical link, a network interface, a local or wide area network, and other wired or wireless communications channels.

[0084] In this document, the terms "computer program medium" and

"computer usable medium" are used to generally refer to transitory or non-transitory media such as, for example, memory 1008, storage unit 1020, media 1014, and channel 1028. These and other various forms of computer program media or computer usable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processing device for execution. Such instructions embodied on the medium are generally referred to as "computer program code" or a "computer program product" (which may be grouped in the form of computer programs or other groupings). When executed, such instructions might enable the computing module 1000 to perform features or functions of the present application as discussed herein.

[0085] The presence of broadening words and phrases such as "one or more," "at least," "but not limited to" or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the term "module" does not imply that the components or functionality described or claimed as part of the module are all configured in a common package. Indeed, any or all of the various components of a module, whether control logic or other components, can be combined in a single package or separately maintained and can further be distributed in multiple groupings or packages or across multiple locations.

[0086] Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration. [0087] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or other configuration for the disclosure, which is done to aid in understanding the features and functionality that can be included in the disclosure. The disclosure is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but the desired features can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Indeed, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art how alternative functional, logical or physical partitioning and configurations can be implemented to implement the desired features of the present disclosure. Also, a multitude of different constituent module names other than those depicted herein can be applied to the various partitions. Additionally, with regard to flow diagrams, operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which the steps are presented herein shall not mandate that various embodiments be implemented to perform the recited functionality in the same order unless the context dictates otherwise.

[0088] Although the disclosure is described above in terms of various exemplary embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that the various features, aspects and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of the other embodiments of the disclosure, whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.