ALKOXYLATED AMIDES, ESTERS, AND ANTI-WEAR AGENTS ΪΝ LUBRICANT

COMPOSITIONS

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and all the advantages of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No, 62/073,267, filed October 31, 2014, and United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/205,297, filed August 14, 2015, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to an additive package for a lubricant composition including an alkoxylated amide, an ester, and an anti-wear agent including phosphorus, molybdenum, or a combination thereof, a lubricant composition that includes a base oil, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent including phosphoms, molybdenum, or a combination thereof, and to a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricant composition that includes the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent including phosphoms, molybdenum, or a combination thereof.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Performance of lubricant compositions can be improved through the use of additives. For example, certain anti-wear agents have been added to lubricant compositions in order to reduce wear and increase fuel economy. However, further improvements in fuel economy are desired.

[0004] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a combination of additives that improves the wear properties and the fuel economy of an internal combustion engine lubricated with the lubricant composition.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0005] The present disclosure provides an additive package for a lubricant composition. The additive package includes:

(A) an alkoxylated amide having a general formula (I):

i (B) an ester having a general formula (II):

wherein each R ^f , R ^z , R ³ , and R ⁴ is, independently, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hvdrocarbvl group, at least one of R ² and R ^J includes an aikoxv group, and R ⁴ includes an amine group; and

(C) an anti-wear agent including phosphorus, molybdenum, or a combination thereof.

[0006] The present disclosure also provides a lubricant composition including a base oil, the alkoxylated amide having a general formula (I), the ester having a general formula (II), and the anti-wear agent including phosphorus, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. The present disclosure further provides a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine for improving fuel economy. The method includes providing the lubricant composition and lubricating the internal combustion engine with the lubricant composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0008] Figure I is a graphical representation of a traction coefficient evaluation of one embodiment of a lubricant composition; and

[0009] Figure 2 is a graphical representation of a fuel consumption evaluation of another embodiment of the lubricant composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0010] The present disclosure provides an additive package for a lubricant composition. The additive package or the lubricant composition includes an alkoxylated amide, an ester, and an anti-wear agent including phosphorus, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. The lubricant composition also includes a base oil The additive package may be added to lubricant compositions. Both the additive package and the resultant lubricant composition (upon addition of the additive package) are contemplated and described collectively in this disclosure. It is to be appreciated that most references to the additive package throughout this disclosure also apply to the description of the lubricant composition. For example, it is to be appreciated that the lubricant composition may include, or exclude, the same components as the additive package, albeit in different amounts.

[0011] The alkoxylated amide has the following general formula (T):

In general formula (1), each R\ R ² , and R ³ , is, independently, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyl group.

[0012] The ester has the following gene

[0013] In general formula (II), each R ¹ and R ⁴ , is, independently, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyl group. It is to be appreciated that the hydrocarbyl group R ^! of the alkoxylated amide may be the same or different than the hydrocarbyl group R ^! of the ester.

[0014] As referred to herein, the hydrocarbyl groups of R ^! , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ are each, independently, a monovalent organic radical which includes, but is not limited to, hydrogen and carbon atoms. Each hydrocarbyl group designated by R ^! , R , R ³ , and R ⁴ may be, independently, linear or branched. Each hydrocarbyl group may be, independently, aromatic, aliphatic, or alicyclic. Each hydrocarbyl group may be, independently, saturated or ethylenically unsaturated. Each hydrocarbyl group may, independently, include an alkyl, afkenyf, cyeloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aryl alkyl group, or combinations thereof. Each hydrocarbyl group designated by R ³ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may, independently, include from 1 to 100, 1 to SO, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 17, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 6, or 1 to 4, carbon atoms. Alternatively, each hydrocarbyl groups designated by R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may, independently, include less than 20, less than 15, less than 12, or less than 10, carbon atoms.

[0015] Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyi, isobutyi, sec-butyl, tert-butyi, pentyl, iso-amyi, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, cetyl, 3,5,5-trimethylhexyi, 2,5,9-trimethyldecyl, hendeyl, and dodecyl groups. Exemplary cycloalkyl groups cyclopropyl, cyclopeniyl and cyclohexyl groups. Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl and nap ialenyl groups. Exemplary arylalky] groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, and (2- naphthyl)-m ethyl .

[0016] The hydrocarbyi groups designated by R ^! , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may be, independently, unsubstituted or substituted. By "un substituted," it is intended that the designated hydrocarbyi group, R. ^] for example, is free from substituent functional groups, such as alkoxy, amide, amine, keto, hydroxy! , carboxyl, oxide, thio, and/or thiol groups, and that the designated hydrocarbyi group or hydrocarbon group is free from heteroatoms and/or heterogroups.

[0017] In some embodiments, the hydrocarbyi groups of R ^! , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ are, independently, free from, or includes a limited number of certain substituent groups. For example, R ^! , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may, independently, include fewer than three, fewer than two, one, or be completely free from, carbonyl groups. In other aspects, the hydrocarbyi groups of R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ are, independently, free from an estolide groups (and is not an estolide). In still other aspects, the hydrocarbyi groups of R ^! , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may be, independently, tree from metal ions and/or other ions.

[0018] In certain aspects, each hydrocarbyi group designated by R. ¹ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may be, independently, substituted, and include at least one heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine, and/or at least one heterogroiip, such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, and imidazolyk Alternatively, or in addition to including heteroatoms and heterogroups, each hydrocarbyi group designated by R ⁵ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ may, independently, include at least one substituent group selected from alkoxy, amide, amine, carboxyl, cyano, epoxy, ester, ether, hydroxy!, keto, sulfonate, sulfuryl, and thiol groups.

[0019] in certain embodiments, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (1), R ¹ may- include from 1 to 40, 3 to 35, 5 to 30, 6 to 25, 7 to 23, 8 to 16, or 9 to 13, carbon atom(s). In some embodiments, R ¹ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C7-C2 aliphatic hydrocarbyi group which optionally includes a hydroxy] group.

[0020] In general formula (I), at least one of R ² and R ³ includes an alkoxy group. As referred to herein, an alkoxy group is defined as an alkyl group singularly bonded to an oxygen atom. The alkoxy group may be linear or branched. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxy groups include et oxy, propoxy, and butoxy groups. At least one of R ² and R ³ may include, independently, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more alkoxy group(s). As one example, R ² may include 2 alkoxy groups and R ³ may include 3 alkoxy groups. As another example, R ² may be free from alkoxy groups and R ³ may include 3 alkoxy groups. As a further example, R ² may include 2 alkoxy groups and R ^J may include 2 alkoxy groups.

[0021] In certain embodiments, R ² includes a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, R ³ includes a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, both R ² and R ^J include a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof.

[0022] R ² of the alkoxylated amide may have a general formula (III): (III).

In general formula (III), R ³ is an alkyl group, each R ⁶ is an alkoxy group, and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

[0023] In general formula (III), the alkyl group of R ^s may include from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 2 to 3, carbon atom(s). The alkyl group may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group of R ⁵ is an ethyl group or a propyl group.

10024] In general formula (III), each alkoxy group of R ^fo _n may independently be an eihoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group such that R of the alkoxylated amide may include an eihoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each alkoxy group of R ⁶ _a is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. For example, in embodiments wherein n of R ⁶ _n is 2, R ^b „ may include two propoxy groups, two butoxy groups, or one propoxy group and one butoxy group.

[0025] In various embodiments, R ³ of the alkoxylated amide is a bydrocarbyl group having a general formula. (IV):

In general formula (IV), R ⁵ is an alkyl group, each R ⁶ is an alkoxy group, and m is an integer from 0 to 5.

[0026] In general formula (IV), the alkyl group of R ³ may include from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 2 to 3, carbon atom(s). The alkyl group may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group of R ⁵ is an ethyl group or a propyl group. [0027] In general formula. (IV), each alkoxy group of R ^b m may independently be an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy groups such that R ³ of the alkoxylated amide may include one or more ethoxy groups, propoxy groups, butoxy groups, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each alkoxy group of R ⁶ _m is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. For example, in these certain embodiments wherein m of R ⁶ _m is 2, R ⁶ _m may include two propoxy groups, two butoxy groups, or one propoxy group and one butoxy group.

[0028] With regard to general formulas (III) and (IV), in some embodiments, 1 < (n+m) < 5. In other words, n+m has a sum of from 1 to 5. Alternatively, 1 (n+m) < 3, 1 < (n+m) < 2, or n+m = 1.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (I) is further defined as having a general formula (VIII):

R ¹ — C(=0)— [R ⁵ — O— R ⁶ si— H] [R ⁵ — O— R ⁶ m— -H] (VIII).

In general formula (VIII), in certain embodiments, R ^! is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C7-C23 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group, R: ¹ is an alkyl group, R ⁶ is an alkoxy group, n is an integer from 0 to 5, and m is an integer from 0 to 5. In general formula (VIII), in certain embodiments, 1 < (n+m) < 5. In one embodiment, each alkyl group of R ^s is, independently, an ethyl group or a propyl group, and each alkoxy group of R ⁶ „ and R ⁶ _m is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxy groups designated by R ⁶ include:

C¾ C ₂ H ₅

- - CH ₂ — CH— O, ~ - CH ₂ — CH— O,

CH, ( ·■;! ! ,

- ^™ CH— CH ₂ — O, and -§-CH— CH ₂ — O .

[0030] The alkoxylated amide, such as the alkoxylated amide of general formula (I), may be present in the additive package in an amount of from 0.0.1 to 75, 0.01 to 50, 0.01 to 25, 0.1 to 15, 0.5 to 10, or 1 to 5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. Alternatively, the alkoxylated amide may be present in amounts of less than 75, less than 50, less than 25, less than 15, less than 10, or less than 5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package.

[0031] The alkoxylated amide may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 20, 0.05 to 15, 0.1 to 10, 0.1 to 5, 0.1 to 2, 0.1 to 1 , or 0.1 to 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the alkoxylated amide may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 20, 0.01 to 15, 0.01 to 10, 0.01 to 5, 0.01 to 2, 0.01 to 1 , or 0.01 to 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the alkoxylated amide may be present in amounts of less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1 , or less than 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0032] Referring specifically to the ester having general formula (II), R ¹ , of general fonnula (II), may include from 1 to 40, 3 to 35, 5 to 30, 6 to 25, 7 to 23, 8 to 16, or 9 to 13, carbon atoms. In some embodiments, R ¹ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C7-C23 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group. R ^! may include a hydroxyl group.

[0033] R ⁴ , of general formula. (II), includes an amine group. The amine group may be a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. In some embodiments, the amine group is alkoxylated.

[0034] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ of the ester of general formula (II) has a general fonnula

(V):

In general fonnula (V), R ^s is an alky] group, and each R' ^' and R ⁵ is, independently, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyl group. In general fonnula (V), the alkyl group of R ⁵ may include from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 2 to 3, carbon atom(s). The alkyl group may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group of R ³ is an ethyl group or a propyl group.

[0035] In general formula (V), at least one of R' and R ⁸ includes an alkoxy group. In certain embodiments, R'' includes a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, R ⁸ includes a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, both R ⁷ and R ⁸ include a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a combination thereof

[0036] In various embodiments, R is a hydrocarbyl group having a general formula (VI):

In general formula (VI), R is an alkoxy group, and p is an integer from 0 to 5. In general formula (VI), each alkoxy group of R ⁶ _P may independently be an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. In certain embodiments, the alkoxy group of R ⁶ _P is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. For example, in embodiments wherein p of R ⁶ _P is 2, R ⁶ _P may include two propoxy groups, two butoxy groups, or one propoxy group and one butoxy group.

[0037] In various embodiments, R ^s is a hydrocarbyi group having a general formula (VII):

In general formula (VII), R ⁵ is

O to 5,

[0038] In general formula (VII), the alkyl group of R ⁵ may include from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 2 to 3, carbon aiom(s). The alkyl group may be linear or branched. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group of R ⁵ is an ethyl group or a propyl group.

[0039] In general formula (VII), each alkoxy group of R° _q may independently be an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. In certain embodiments, each alkoxy group of R ⁶ _q is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. For example, in embodiments wherein q of R ⁶ _q is 2, R ⁶ _q may include two propoxy groups, two butoxy groups, or one propoxy group and one butoxy group,

[0040] With regard to general formulas (VI) and (VII), in certain embodiments, if q is 0, p is an integer from 0 to 5. If q is > 0, p is an integer from 1 to 5, In some embodiments, 0 < (p+q) < 5. In other words, p+q has a sum of from 0 to 5. Alternatively, 0 < (p+q) < 3, 1 < (p+q) < 2, or p+q = 1. In some embodiments, p is 0 to 3 and q is 0, or p is 1 to 3 and q is 0. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, q is 0 and p is 3 and in another exemplary embodiment, q = 0 and p = 0.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the ester having general formula (II) is further defined as having a general formula (IX):

R ¹ ™C(-0) ^» -0---R ⁵ --- [R ⁵ ---0---R ⁶ _q ---T-I][R ⁶ p---T-I] (IX). In general formula (IX), in certain embodiments, R ^"! is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C7 -C23 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group, R ³ is an aikyl group, R ⁶ is an alkoxy group, q is an integer from 0 to 5, and p is an integer from 0 to 5. In general formula (IX), in certain embodiments, if q is 0, p is an integer from 0 to 5, if q is > 0, p is an integer from 1 to 5, and 0 < (p+q) < 5. In one embodiment, each aikyl group of R ³ is, independently, an ethyl group or a propyl group, and each alkoxy group of R ⁶ _q and R ⁶ _P is, independently, a propoxy group or a butoxy group. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxy groups designated by R ⁶ include:

CH ₃ C ₂ H ₅ -|-CH— CH ₂ — O, and - -CH CH ₂ — O.

[0042] The ester, such as the ester of general formula (II), may be present in the additive package in an amount of from 0.01 to 75, 0.01 to 50, 0.01 to 25, 0.1 to 15, 0.5 to 10, or 1 to 5, wt.%, each based on the total weight of the additive package. Alternatively, the ester may be present in amounts of less than 75, less than 50, less than 25, less than 15, less than 10, or less than 5, wt.%, each based on the total weight of the additive package.

[0043] The ester may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 20, 0.05 to 15, 0.05 to 10, 0.05 to 5, 0.05 to 2, 0.05 to 1, or 0.05 to 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the ester may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 2.0, 0.01 to 15, 0.01 to 10, 0.01 to 5, 0.01 to 2, 0.01 to 1, or 0.01 to 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the ester may be present in amounts of less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1, or less than 0.5, wi%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition,

[0044] The additive package or the lubricant composition may include the alkoxylated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of less than 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 25:75, 20:80, 15:85, 10:90, 5:95, 3:97, 2:98, 1 :99, or 0.1 :99.9, of the ester to the alkoxylated amide.

[0045] With regard to general formula (VIII) for the alkoxylated amide and general formula (IX) the ester, in certain embodiments, each R ^! is, independently, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C7-C23 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group. Further, in these embodiments, each R? is, independently, an ethyl group or a propyl group, and each R" is, independently, a propoxy group. Also, in these embodiments, n is an integer from 0 to 5, m is an integer from 0 to 5, and 1 < (n+m) < 5. Moreover, in these embodiments, q is an integer from 0 to 5, if q is 0, p is an integer from 1 to 5, if q is > 0, and p is an integer from 1 to 5, 1 < (p+q)≤ 5. In these embodiments, the lubricant composition includes the alkoxylaied amide and the ester in a weight ratio of less than 70:30 of the ester to the alkoxylaied amide,

i] Exemplary alkoxyl ied amides include, but are not limited to:

In these exemplary alkoxvlated amides, R ¹ is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyl group, n is an integer from 0 to 5, rn is an integer from 0 to 5, and I < (n+m) < 5.

[0047] Exemplary esters include, but are not limited to:

In these exemplary esters, R ^! is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyi group, q is an integer from 0 to 5, if q is 0, p is an integer from 0 to 5; if q is > 0, p is an integer from 1 to 5, and 0 < (p+q) < 5.

[0048] It should be appreciated that various mechanisms may be used to prepare the alkoxylated amide and the ester of the additive package or the lubricant composition. For example, in one embodiment, the alkoxylated amide and the ester may be prepared by reacting (a) at least one fatty acid, at least one fatty acid ester, or a mixture thereof, with (b) a dialkanolamide. In this embodiment, 1 mole of the amide and the ester resulting from steps (a) and ib) may then be reacted with from 1 to 5 moles of propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide to fonn the alkoxylated amide having general foramla (I) and ester having general formula (II). In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (I) and ester having general formula (II) are free of ethoxy groups which can result from alkoxylation with ethylene oxide.

[0049] Particularly, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) which further defines the alkoxylated amide having general formula (I) and the ester having general formula (IX) which further defines the ester having general formula (11) may be prepared by first reacting at least one fatty acid and/or at least one fatty acid ester with a dialkanolamine to form a dialkanolamide having general formula (X) and ester having general formula. (XI), as shown below. Next, 1 mole of the dialkanolamide having general formula (X) and ester having general formula (XI) may be reacted with 1 to 5 moles of propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide to form the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and ester having general formula (LX), In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and ester having general formula (IX) are free of ethoxy groups which can result from alkoxylation with ethylene oxide. The major product is the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII), with the ester of general formula (IX) being present in an amount of up to 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, or 0.1 , wt.%, by total weight of the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and ester having general formula (IX).

[0050] The alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and ester having general formula (IX) may be formed as follows:

R ^; — C( =0)OR ^C + MH(R ^f ¾H) ₂

R ^D OH

/

_R ⁱ ^. _{c( =} ry _{N + R} ⁱ ·····( =n i Ok" -- M l— R ^d OH

\

R ^D OH

(X) ⁽ xn

R ^! is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbyl group. R° is hydrogen or Ci- 3 alkyl, and R ^d is an alkylene group containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms. If R° is C1.3 alkyl, the R ^c OH by-product can remain in the reaction mixture (not shown). Optionaliy, the R ^c OH byproduct can be removed from the reaction mixture. The amide having general formula (X) and ester having general formula (XT) may then be reacted with propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide to provide the alkoxylated amide having general formula. (VIII) and ester having general formula (IX).

[0051] Alternatively, the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) can be prepared from a vegetable oil, animal oil, or triglyceride as follows:

R ^! is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydroearbyl group. R ^d is an alkylene group containing 2 or 3 carbon atoms. The amide having general formula (X) may be reacted with propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide. In certain embodiments, the propoxylation/butoxylation is the presence of the glycerin by-product. In other embodiments, the propoxylation/butoxylation is after separation of the amide having general formula (X) from the glycerin by-product. It is to be appreciated that the ester having general formula (XI) is formed and, after propoxylation/butoxylation, the ester having general formula (IX) is also formed.

[0052] The fatty acid and/or fatty acid ester used in the reaction to form the amide contains from 2 to 24 carbon atoms, from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 8 to 18 carbon atoms. The fatty acid and/or fatty acid ester therefore can be, but not limited to, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, octanoic acid, peiargonic acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid, monotanic acid, lignoceric acid, doeglic acid, erucic acid, linoleic acid, isanic acid, stearodonic acid, arachidonic acid, chypanodoic acid, ricinoleic acid, capric acid, decanoic acid, isostearic acid, gadoleic acid, rayrisioleic acid, palraitoleic acid, linderic acid, oleic acid, petroselenic acid, esters thereof, or combinations thereof In certain embodiments, the fatty acid/fatty acid ester includes lauric acid, or a compound having a lauric acid residue, e.g., coconut oil.

[0053] The fatty acid/fatty acid ester also can be derived from a vegetable oil or an animal oil, for example, but not limited to, coconut oil, babassu oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, castor oil, peanut oil, jojoba oil, soy oil, sunflower seed oil, walnut oil, sesame seed oil, rapeseed oil, rape oil, beef tallow, lard, whale blubber, seal oil, dolphin oil, cod liver oil, corn oil, tali oil, cottonseed oil, or combinations thereof. The vegetable oils contain a mixture of fatty acids. For example, coconut oil may contain the following fatty acids: caprylic (8%), capric (7%), lauric (48%), myristic (17.5%), palmitic (8.2%), stearic (2%), oleic (6%), and linoieic (2.5%).

[0054] The fatty acid/fatty acid ester can also be derived from fatty acid esters, such as, for example, glyceryl trilaurate, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl tripalmitate, glyceryl dilaurate, glyceryl monostearate, ethylene glycol dilaurate, pentaerythriiol tetrastearate, pentaerythritoi trilaurate, sorbitol monopalmitate, sorbitol pentastearate, propylene glycol monostearate, or combinations thereof.

[0055] The fatty acid/fatty acid ester may include one or more fatty acids, one or more fatty acid methyl ester, one or more fatty acid ethyl ester, one or more vegetable oil, one or more animal oil, or combinations thereof The amide resulting from the reaction can contain byproducts, such as glycerin, ethylene glycol, sorbitol, and other poiyliydroxy compounds. In certain embodiments, the water, methanol, and/or ethanol by-products may be removed from the reaction to substantially reduce the amount of unwanted by-products. In some embodiments, the by-product polyhydroxy compounds are allowed to remain in the reaction mixture because these compounds may not adversely affect the alkoxyiated amide having general formula (VIII). In certain embodiments, the by-products resulting from the reaction which remain in the reaction mixture may be incl ded in the additive package or the lubricant composition.

[0056] The fatty a.cid/fatty acid ester is reacted with a dialkanolamine to provide an amide having general formula (X), such as dialkanolarnide. Dialkanolamines contain a hydrogen atom for reaction with the carboxyl or ester group of the fatty acid/fatty acid ester. Dialkanolamines also contain two hydroxy groups for subsequent reaction with alkylene oxides, such as propylene oxide and/'or butylene oxide. A portion of the dialkanolamine reacts with the fatty acid/fatty acid ester to provide the ester having general formula (XI) by reaction of a. hydroxy group of the dialkanolamine with the fatty acid/fatty acid ester. The amino group of the dialkanolamine is available for a subsequent reaction with alkylene oxides, such as propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide to form the ester having general formula (XI). In some embodiments, dialkanolamines contain two or three carbons in each of the two alkanol groups, such as diethanolamine, di-isopropylarnine, and di-n-propylamine. In one embodiment, the dialkanolamine is diethanolamine.

[0057] In a preparation of the alkoxylated amide having general formula (X) and ester having general formula (XI), the dialkanolamine can be present in an equivalent molar amount to the fatty acid residues in the fatty acid/fatty acid ester. In another embodiment, the dialkanolamine is present in a molar amount different from the moles of fatty acid residues, i.e., a molar excess or deficiency. In one embodiment, the number of moles of dialkanolamine is substantially equivalent to the number of moles of fatty acicl residue. As used herein, the term "fatty acid residue" is defined as R ^! C(=0). Therefore, a methyl ester of a fatty acid, i.e., contains one fat y acid residue, and the method may utilize a substantially equivalent number of moles of dialkanolamine to methyl ester. triglyceride contains three fatty acid residues, and the method may utilize about three moles of dialkanolamine per mole of triglyceride. The mole ratio of dialkanolamine to fatty acid residue may be from 0.3 to 1 .5, from 0.6 to 1.3, from 0.8 to 1.2, or from 0.9 to 1 .1 moles per mole of fatty acid residue.

[0058] The reaction to prepare the amide having formula general (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) can be performed in the presence or absence of a catalyst. In certain embodiments, a basic catalyst is employed. In one embodiment, a catalyst can be an alkali metal aieo olate, such as sodium methylate, sodium ethyiate, potassium methylate, or potassium ethyiate. Alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide acid, and alkali metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, also can be used as the catalyst.

[0059] If employed, the catalyst may be present in an amount of from 0.01 to 5, 0.05 to 4, 0.1 to .3, or 0.5 to 2, wt.%, based on the total weight of the amide having formula (X) and the ester having formula. (XI) to be produced. The reaction temperature to form the amide having formula (X) and the ester having formula (XI) may be from 50° C to about 200° C. The reaction temperature may be higher than the boiling point of an alcohol, e.g.. methanol, and/or water produced during the reaction to eliminate water and/or the alcohol as it is generated in the reaction. The reaction may be performed for from 2 to 24 hours.

[0060] Depending on the starting materials, the final reaction mixture in the preparation of the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) may contain by-product compounds. These compounds can include, for example: (i) a by-product hydroxy compound, e.g., glycerin or other alcohol; (ii) a by-product mono-ester of a triglyceride, e.g., glyceryl mono-cocoate; (iii) a by-product di-ester of a triglyceride, e.g., glyceryl di-cocoate; and (iv) a dialkanolamine, if an excess molar amount of dialkanolamine is employed. The reaction mixture contains the ester having general formula. (XI) wherein one or more of the hydroxy groups of the dialkanolamine reacts with the acid, and also can contain ester-amides wherein both ester and amide groups are formed. In certain embodiments, such by-product compounds are allowed to remain in the final reaction mixture containing the alkoxyiated amide having general formula (VIII) and the ester having general formula (LX), As a result, in certain embodiments, the by-product compounds that remain in the final reaction mixture may be included in the additive package or the lubricant composition. In other embodiments, the by-product compounds that remain in the final reaction mixture may be excluded from the additive package or the lubricant composition.

[0061] After the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) are formed, by-products optionally can be separated therefrom. For example, if a vegetable oil is used as the starting material for the fatty acid residues, the glycerin by-product can be removed from the reaction mixture, hi certain embodiments, the reaction mixture including the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) is used without further purification, except for the removal of solvents, water, and/or low molecular weight alcohols, e.g., methanol and ethanoi. To avoid the generation of a glycerin by-product, a fatty acid or a fatty acid methyl ester can be used as the fatty acid residue source.

[0062] After formation of the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI), 1 mole of the amide and ester (in total) is reacted with from I to 5 or from I to 3, total moles of alkylene oxide, such as propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide. In this step, the amide and ester can be reacted with propylene oxide first, then with butylenes oxide; or with butylenes oxide first, then with propylene oxide; or with propylene oxide and butylene oxide simultaneously. The amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) also can be solely reacted with propylene oxide or solely be reacted with butylene oxide. In certain embodiments, 1 mole of the amide having general fonnula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI), in total, is solely reacted with about 1 to about 3 moles of propylene oxide.

[0063] The propoxyiation/butoxyiation reaction often is performed under basic conditions, for example by employing a basic catalyst of the type used in the preparation of the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general fonnula (XI). Additional basic catalysts are nitrogen-containing catalysts, for example, an imidazole, -N- dimethyleraanoiamine, and ,Ν-dimethylbenzylamine. It also is possible to perform the alkoxylation reaction in the presence of a Lewis acid, such as titanium trichloride or boron trifiuoride. If employed, the amount of catalyst utilized is from 0,5% to 0.7%, by weight, based on the amount of the amide having general fonnula (X) and the ester having general fonnula (XI), in total, used in the alkoxylation reaction. In some embodiments, a catalyst is omitted from the reaction.

[0064] The temperature of the alkoxylation reaction may be from 80° C to 180° C. The alkoxylation reaction may be performed in an atmosphere that is inert under the reaction conditions, e.g., nitrogen.

[0065] The alkoxylation reaction also can be performed in the presence of a solvent. The solvent may be inert under the reaction conditions. Suitable solvents are aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as hexane, toluene, and xylene. Halogenated solvents, such as chloroform, or ether solvents, such as dibutyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, also can be used.

[0066] In various embodiments, the reaction mixture that yields the amide having general formula (X) and the ester having general formula (XI) is used without purification in the alkoxylation reaction to provide the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and the ester having general formula (IX). In other embodiments, the reaction mixture that provides the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and the ester having general formula (IX) also is used without purification. As a result, the reaction product may include a variety of products and by-product compounds including, for example, alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII), the ester having general formula (IX), the amide having general formula (X), the ester having general formula (XI), unreacted dialkanolamine, by-product hydroxy compounds (e.g., glycerin or other alcohol), mono- and/or di-esters of a starting triglyceride, polyalkylene oxide oligomers, aminoesters, and ester-amides. As a result, in certain embodiments, the by-product compounds that remain in the reaction mixture with the products may be included in the additive package or the lubricant composition. In other embodiments, the by-product compounds that remain in the reaction mixture may be excluded from the additive package or the lubricant composition.

[0067] it also should be understood that the propoxylaiion butoxylation reaction may yield a mixture of the alkoxylated amide having general formula (VIII) and the ester having general formula (IX). In particular, both CH ₂ CH ₂ OH groups of the amide having general formula (X) can be alkoxylated, either to a different degree (i.e., n>0, m>0, and n≠m) or to the same degree (i.e., n>0, m>0, and n=m). In certain embodiments, only one CH2CH2OH of the amide having general formula (X) is alkoxylated (i.e., one of n or m is 0). In other embodiments, the amide having general formula (X), such as dialkanolamide, is alkoxylated with one mole of aikyiene oxide and one mole of propylene oxide. It is to be appreciated that a portion of the amide having general formula (X) will not be alkoxylated, thus n+m can be less than 1, i.e., a lower limit of 0.5.

[0068] In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated amide and the ester are utilized as a fuel economy agent in the lubricant composition. Fuel economy agents may be utilized in mixed and boundary lubricant applications to reduce the friction coefficient of the lubricant composition. Specifically, without intending to be bound by theoiy, in an engine, it is contemplated that the fuel economy agent may absorb onto metal surfaces of the engine to form a monolayer. It is believed that this monolayer may decrease direct metal-to-metal contacts in the engine when utilized in mixed and boundary lubricant applications. This decrease of metal -to-metal contacts may reduce wear of the engine. In lubricant compositions including the anti-wear agent, it is also believed that the fuel economy agent absorbs onto a layer of the anti-wear agent that is present on metal surfaces of the engine, such as a tribofilm, to reduce the friction coefficient of the layer of the anti-wear agent present on the surface of the engine.

[0069] With regard to the anti-wear agent of the additive package or the lubricant composition introduced above, the anti-wear agent includes phosphorus, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the additive package or the lubricant composition may include an anti-wear agent including phosphorus. The anti-wear agent including phosphorus may be exemplified by a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt. The dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt may be represented by the following general formula (XII):

[R ⁹ O(R ^J0 O)PS(S)] ₂ M (XII).

In general formula (XII), R ⁹ and R ³⁰ are each hydrocarbyi groups, independently, having from 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, carbon atoms. Furthermore, in general formula (XII), M is a metal atom or an ammonium group. For example, R ⁹ and R ⁱ⁰ may each independently be Ci _-2 o alkyl groups, C2-20 alkenyl groups, C3-20 cycloalkyl groups, Ci- ₂ o aralkyl groups or C3-20 aryl groups. The groups designated by R ⁹ and R ^!u may be substituted or unsubstituted. The metal atom may be selected from the group including aluminum, lead, tin, manganese, cobalt, nickel, or zinc. The ammonium group may be derived from ammonia or a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. The ammonium group may be of the formula R ¹¹ R ¹² R ¹³ R ^{!4 +} , wherein R ¹¹ , R ³ , R ¹³ , and R ¹⁴ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyi group having from 1 to 150 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R", R' ² , R ^{i 3} , and R ⁱ⁴ may each independently be hydrocarbyi groups having from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt is zinc diaikyi dithiophosphate (ZDDP). The lubricant composition may include mixtures of different dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salts, hi some embodiments, the anti-wear agent may be ashless.

[0070] In certain embodiments, the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt includes a mixture of primary and secondary alkyl groups for, R ⁹ and R ⁱ⁰ , wherein the secondary alkyl groups are in a major molar proportion, such as at least 60, at least 75, or at least 85, mole %, based on the number of moles of alkyl groups in the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt. In these embodiments, the dihydrocarbyl dithiop osphate salt may include primary alkyl groups and secondary alkyl groups, hi general, ZDDP may be formed by reacting alcohols with thiophosphates. ZDDP is generally described by the alcohol that is used in the synthesis process to donate the alkyl groups to the ZDDP molecule. So for instance, a "primary" ZDDP is formed from primary alcohols including, but not limited to, n-decanol, n-octanol, 2 -ethyl- 1-hexanol, 1 -hexanol, 4-methyl- 1 -pentanol, 2 -methyl- 1 -propanol, 1-pentanoi, 1-butanol, 1- propanol and mixtures thereof. Similarly, a "secondary" ZDDP is formed from secondary alcohols including, but not limited to, 2-propan.ol, 2-butanol, 2-pen.tanol, 4-methyi-2- pentanol, 2-hexanol, 2-octanol and 2-decanol and mixtures thereof. An "aiyl" ZDDP may include those formed from phenol, buiyiated phenol, 4-dodecyi phenol and 4-nonyl phenol, and combinations thereof.

[0071] The anti-wear agent may be further defined as a phosphate. In another embodiment, the anti-wear agent is further defined as a. phosphite. In stiil another embodiment, the anti- wear agent is further defined as a phosphorothionaie. The anti-wear agent may alternatively be further defined as a phosphorodithioate. In one embodiment, the anti-wear agent is further defined as a dithiophosphate. The anti-wear agent may also include an amine such as a secondary or tertiary amine, in one embodiment, the anti-wear agent includes an alkyl and/or diaikyi amine. The anti-wear agent may be acidic, basic, or neutral. Stmctures of suitable no -limiting examples of anti-wear agents are set forth immediately below:

T ^r i he* Phosphorothionate Boated T^eny] p¾osphorotbionate on-yi T¾hen _y i P osp orothion te

Decyi Diphen-ylphOSphite Neutra{ Diaikyi Dithiophosphate Acidic Diaik i Dithiophosphate

IsopTOpyi Phosphorodithioate + Acidic Diaikyi Dithiophosphate +

Dit¾iecyj Amine Dit¾ec _v i Amine Ditrid cyl A^pe

Di ^m eth loct¾ecyi phosphonate iso ^' octyi Phosphate + C _i2 ^~ C ₁₄ A™pe

OH O

,P_OH OH

DiiauTyi Hydrogen Phosphite iso QCtyl Phosphat + c _i2 C, _.

OH

A

Dioieyi Hydrogen PI

O OH

P

·¾

Oieyl P osphate D]b ^li tyl Hydrogen Pho phite

[0072] In other embodiments, the anti-wear agent may include molybdenum. For example, the anti-wear agent including molybdenum may be exemplified by any suitable oil-soluble organo-molybdenum compound. Typically, the anti-wear agent including molybdenum includes a molybdenum-sulfur core formed from one or more molybdenum atoms and one or more sulfur atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-wear agents including molybdenum include molybdenum dithiocarbamaies, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum dithiophosphinates, molybdenum xanthates, molybdenum alkyl xanthates, molybdenum alkylthioxanthates, molybdenum thioxanthates, molybdenum sulfides, and combinations thereof.

[0073] in certain embodiments, the anti-wear agent including molybdenum is dinuciear or trinuclear. In one embodiment, the anti-wear agent including molybdenum is a tri-rmclear molybdenum compound that may be represented by the following general formula (XIII):

MOiSkLnQz (XIII).

In general formula (XIII), L is an independently selected ligand having organo groups with a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compounds soluble or dispersibie in the oil In general formula (ΧΓΠ), n is a number from 1 to 4. Also in general formula (XIII), k is a number from 4 to 7. Further in general formula (XIII), Q is selected from the group of neutral electron donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers. Also in general formula (XIII), z is a number from 0 to 5. in certain embodiments, at least 21, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35, total carbon atoms should be present among all the ligands' organo groups of the anti-wear agent including molybdenum.

[0074] In various embodiments, the anti-wear agent of the additive package or the lubricant composition may include phosphorus and molybdenum in a single compound. It is to be appreciated that one or more of the anti-wear agents including phosphorus described above may include phosphorus and molybdenum in a single compound. It is also to be appreciated that one or more of the anti-wear agents including molybdenum described above may include phosphorus and molybdenum in a single compound.

[0075] In other embodiments, the additive package or the lubricant composition may include the anti-wear agent including phosphorus, such as any of the anti-wear agents including phosphorus described above, and the anti-wear agent including molybdenum, such as any of the anti-wear agents including molybdenum described above. For example, the additive package or the lubricant composition may include a ZDDP and molybdenum dithiocarbamate. The additive package or the lubricant composition may also include any other type of anti-wear agent understood in the art.

[0076] The anti-wear agent may be present in the additive package in an amount of from 0.01 to 80, 0.05 to 50, 0.1 to 25, 0.1 to 15, 0.1 to 10, 0.1 to 5, 0.1 to 2, or 0.1 to 1, wt.%, each based on the total weight of the additive package. Alternatively, the anti-wear agent may be present in amounts of less than 80, less than 50, less than 25, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, or less than 1 , wt.%, each based on the total weight of the additive package.

[0077] The anti-wear agent may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.001 to 30, 0.005 to 20, 0.005 to 10, 0.01 to 5, 0.01 to 2, 0.01 to 1 , 0.01 to 0.5, or 0.01 to 0.2, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the anti-wear agent may be present in amounts of less than 30, less than 20, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1 , less than 0.5, or less than 0.2, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition,

[0078] The additive package or the lubricant composition may include the anti-wear agent including phosphorus and the anti-wear agent including molybdenum in a weight ratio of from 99: 1 to 1 :99, 90: 10 to 10:90, 80:20 to 20:80, 70:30 to 30:70, 60:40 to 40:60, or 55:45 to 45:55, of the anti-wear agent including phosphorus to the anti-wear agent including molybdenum.

[0079] In other embodiments, the additive package may consist, or consist essentially of the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent. It is also contemplated that the additive package may consist of, or consist essentially of, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent in addition to at least one of the additives that do not materially affect the functionality or performance of the alkoxylated amide, the ester, or the anti-wear agent. When used in reference to the additive package, the term "consisting essentially of refers to the additive package being free of compounds that materially affect the overall performance of the additive package. For example, compounds that materially affect the overall performance of the additive package may include compounds which impact the TBN boost, the lubricity, the corrosion inhibition, the acidity, the detergency, or the metal surface cleanliness of the additive package.

[0080] In various embodiments, the additive package is substantially free of water, e.g., the additive package includes less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1 , wt.%, of water based on the total weight of the additive package. Alternatively, the additive package may be completely free of water,

[0081] As introduced above, the additive package may be formulated to provide the desired concentration in the lubricant composition. In these embodiments, the lubricant composition includes the alkoxylated amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, and a base oil. It is to be appreciated that most references to the lubricant composition throughout this disclosure also apply to the description of the additive package. For example, it is to be appreciated that the additive package may include, or exclude, the same components as the lubricant composition, albeit in different amounts.

[0082] The base oil is classified in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeabiiity Guidelines. In other words, the base oil may be further described as at least one of five types of base oils: Group I (sulphur content >0.03 wt. %, and/or <90 wt. % saturates, viscosity index 80-1 19); Group II (sulphur content less than or equal to 0.03 wt. %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt. % saturates, viscosity index 80-119); Group III (sulphur content less than or equal to 0.03 wt. %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt. % saturates, viscosity index greater than or equal to 1 19); Group TV (all polyalphaolefins (PAO's)); and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV). [0083] In some embodiments, the base oil is selected from the group of API Group I base oils; API Group II base oils; API Group III base oils; API Group IV base oils; API Group V base oils; and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the lubricant composition is free from Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, or Group V, base oils, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the base oil includes API Group II base oils,

[0084] The base oil may have a viscosity of from 1 to 50, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 25, or 1 to 22, cSt, when tested according to ASTM D445 at 100°C. Alternatively, the viscosity of the base oil may range from 3 to 22, 3 to 17, or 5 to 14, cSt, when tested according to ASTM D445 at 100°C.

[0085] The base oil may be further defined as a crankcase lubricant composition for spark- ignited and compression-ignited internal combustion engines, including automobile and truck engines, two-cycle engines, aviation piston engines, marine engines, and railroad diesel engines. Alternatively, the base oil can be further defined as an oil to be used in gas engines, diesel engines, stationary power engines, and turbines. The base oil may be further defined as heavy or light duty engine oil

[0086] In still other embodiments, the base oil may be further defined as synthetic oil that includes at least one alkyiene oxide polymers and interpolyrners, and derivatives thereof. The terminal hydroxy! groups of the alkyiene oxide polymers may be modified by esterification, etherifieation, or similar reactions. These synthetic oils may be prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to form poiyoxvalkvlene polymers which can be further reacted to form the synthetic oil. For example, alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyOxyalkylene polymers may be used. For example, methylpolyisopropylene glycol ether having a weight average molecular weight of 1000; diphenyi ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1000; or diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight of 1000-1500 and/or mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, such as acetic acid esters, mixed Cs-Cs fatty acid esters, and the C13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol may also be utilized as the base oil. Alternatively, the base oil may include a substantially inert, normally liquid, organic diluent, such as mineral oil, napfha, benzene, toluene, or xylene.

[0087] The base oil may include less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, less than 10, less than 5, less than .3, less than 1, wt.%, or be free from, an estolide compound (i.e., a compound including at least one estolide group), based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0088] The base oil may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 1 to 99.9, 50 to 99.9, 60 to 99.9, 70 to 99.9, 80 to 99.9, 90 to 99.9, 75 to 95, 80 to 90, or 85 to 95, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the base oil may be present in the lubricant composition in amounts of greater than 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, or 99, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. In various embodiments, the amount of base oil in a fully formulated lubricant composition (including diluents or carrier oils present) ranges from 50 to 99, 60 to 90, 80 to 99.5, 85 to 96, or 90 to 95, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the base oil may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.1 to 50, 1 to 25, or 1 to 15, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. In various embodiments, the amount of base oil in an additive package, if included, (including diluents or carrier oils present) ranges from 0.1 to 50, ! to 25, or 1 to 15, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package.

[0089] The lubricant composition can be employed in a variety of lubricants based on diverse oils of lubricating viscosity, including natural and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. These lubricants include crankcase lubricating oil for spark-ignited and compression- ignited internal combustion engines, including automobile and truck engines; two cylinder engines; aviation piston engines; marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like.

[0090] The lubricant composition may include less than 50, less than 25, less than 10, less than 5, less than I, less than 0.1 , or less than 0.01, wt.%, of a fluorinated base oil, or the lubricant composition may be free from a fluorinated base oil. The phrase "fluorinated base oil" may be understood to include any fluorinated oil components, such as perfluoropolyethers or fluorocarbons.

[0091] In some aspects, the fluorinated base oil may also be generally defined as any component that includes more than 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 fluorine atoms per molecule.

[0092] In some embodiments, the lubricant composition is a 'wet' lubricant composition that includes at least one liquid component. The lubricant composition is not a dry lubricant as it requires at least one liquid component to properly lubricate.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, the lubricant composition may be classified as a low SAPS lubricant having a sulfated ash content of no more than 3, 2, 1 , or 0.5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. "SAPS" refers to sulfated ash, phosphorous and sulfur.

[0094] One method of evaluating the anti-wear properties of a lubricant composition is to determine the friction coefficient of the lubricant composition. In certain embodiments, the friction coefficient of the lubricant composition is determined according to a modified ASTM D 6079 method. The modified ASTM D 6079 method utilizes a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) for determining the friction coefficient. During the determination, the HFRR reciprocates at 10 Hz and has a 1 mm stroke. The determination is conducted at a temperature of 100° C for duration of 120 minutes with a 400 gram load. The lubricant composition may have a friction coefficient of less than or equal to 0.19, less than or equal to 0.18, less than or equal to 0.17, less than or equal to 0.16, less than or equal to 0.15, according to the modified ASTM D 6079 method.

[0095] Another method of evaluating the anti-wear properties of a lubricant composition is to determine the ball scar diameter of the lubricant composition. In certain embodiments, the bail scar diameter of the lubricant composition is determined by a laser profilometer. During the determination, standard HFRSSP steel balls are utilized with the laser profilometer. The lubricant composition may have a ball scar diameter of less than or equal to 260, less than or equal to 250, less than or equal to 240, less than or equal to 230, less than or equal to 220, μπι,

[0096] The fuel economy increase for vehicles utilizing a lubricant composition may be determined according to the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET). HWFET is a chassis dynamometer driving schedule developed by the U.S. EPA for the determination of fuel economy of light duty vehicles, in accordance with HWFET, each vehicle utilizing the lubricant composition is tested for 765 seconds to a distance of 10.26 miles at an average speed of 48.3 miles per hour. The lubricant composition including the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent may improve fuel economy by at least 0.75, at least 1, at least 1.25, at least 1.3, or at least 1.35, %, according to HWFET.

[0097] The fuel consumption of an engine may be determined by operating the engine at controlled steady state conditions simulating highway temperatures, speed, and load over a designated time period, such as a 70 hour period. During the designated time period, the fuel consumption may be measured with a Coriolis-type fuel flow meter. The engine utilized for the fuel consumption determination may be a 5.7 liter GM crate engine. The fuel consumption of an engine utilizing the lubricant composition including the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent may reduce fuel consumption by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6, %.

[0098] The lubricant composition may have a TBN value of at least 1 , at least 3, at feast 5, at least 7, at least 9, mg KOH/g of lubricant composition, when tested according to ASTM D2896. Alternatively, the lubricant composition has a TBN value of from 3 to 100, 3 to 75, 50 to 90, 3 to 45, 3 to 35, 3 to 25, 3 to 15, or 9 to 12, mg KOH/g of lubricant composition, when tested according to ASTM D2896.

[0099] In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition is a multigrade lubricant composition identified by the viscometric descriptor SAE15WX, SAE 10WX, SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX, where X is 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, or 50. The characteristics of at least one of the different viscometric grades can be found in the SAE J300 classification.

[00100] In other embodiments, the lubricant composition has a lower viscosity grade than SAE 30, such as SAE 20, SAE 16, SAE 15 SAE 12, SAE 10, SAE 10W, SAE 8, SAE 5, SAE 5W, SAE 4, SAE 0W, and combinations thereof, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J300.

[00101] The lubricant composition may have a phosphorus content of less than 1500, less than 1200, less than 1000, less than 800, less than 600, less than 400, less than 300, less than 200, or less than 100, or 0, ppm, as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, or as measured according to the ASTM D49 1 standard. The lubricant composition may have a sulfur content of less than 3000, less than 2500, less than 2000, less than 1500, less than 1200, less than 1000, less than 700, less than 500, less than 300, or less than 100, ppm, as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, or as measured according to the ASTM D4951 standard.

[00102] Alternatively, the lubricant composition may have a phosphorous content of from 1 to 1000, 1 to 800, 100 to 700, or 100 to 600, ppm, as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard.

[00Ϊ 03] The lubricant composition may be unreactive with water. By unreactive with water, it is meant that less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.1, wt.,%, of the lubricant composition reacts with water at 1 atmosphere of pressure and 25 °C.

[00104] The lubricant composition may include less than 50, less than 25, less than 10, less than 5, less than 1, less than 0.1 , or less than 0.01 , wt,%, of a halogen-containing compound, such as a compound that includes fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine, such as alky! haiides or halogen ether compounds, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00105] In one embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM 135185, API GF- 5, and/or API CJ-4 for phosphorus content, ASTM D5185 is a standard test method for determination of additive elements in lubricant compositions by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

[00106] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ACEA 2012 for engine oils. ACEA 2012 is a certification for sequences that define the minimum quality level of a engine oil.

[00107] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6795, which is a standard test method for measuring the effect on filterability of lubricant compositions after treatment with water and dry ice and a short (30 min) heating time. ASTM D6795 simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil. ASTM D6795 is designed to determine the tendency of a lubricant composition to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter,

[00108] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6794, which is a standard test method for measuring the effect on filterability of lubricant composition after treatment with various amounts of water and a long (6 h) heating time. ASTM D6794 simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil. ASTM D6794 is also designed to determine the tendency of the lubricant composition to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter.

[00109] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6922, which is a standard test method for determining homogeneity and miscibility in lubricant compositions. ASTM D6922 is designed to determine if a lubricant composition is homogeneous and will remain so, and if the lubricant composition is miscible with certain standard reference oils after being submitted to a prescribed cycle of temperature changes.

[00110] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D5133, which is a standard test method for low temperature, low shear rate, viscosity/temperature dependence of lubricating oils using a temperature-scanning technique. The low-temperature, low-shear viscometric behavior of a. lubricant composition determines whether the lubricant composition will flow to a sump inlet screen, then to an oil pump, then to sites in an engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperature starting.

[00111] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D5800 and/or ASTM D6417, both of which are test methods for determining an evaporation loss of a lubricant composition. The evaporation loss is of particular importance in engine lubrication, because where high temperatures occur, portions of a lubricant composition can evaporate and thus alter the properties of the lubricant composition.

[00112] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6557, which is a standard test method for evaluation of rust preventive characteri tics of lubricant compositions. ASTM D6577 includes a. Bail Rust Test (BRT) procedure for evaluating the anti-aist ability of lubricant compositions. This BRT procedure is particularly suitable for the evaluation of lubricant compositions under low-temperature and acidic sendee conditions. |00113] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D4951 for sulfur content. ASTM D4951 is a standard test method for determination of additive elements in lubricant compositions by ICP-OES. In addition, the lubricant composition also passes ASTM D2622, which is a standard test method for sulfur in petroleum products by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry.

[00114] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6891 , which is a standard test method for evaluating a lubricant composition in a sequence TV A spark-ignition engine. ASTM D6891 is designed to simulate extended engine idling vehicle operation. Specifically, ASTM D6891 measures the ability of a lubricant composition to control camshaft lobe wear for spark-ignition engines equipped with an overhead valve-train and sliding cam followers.

[00115] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6593, which is a standard test method for evaluating lubricant compositions for inhibition of deposit formation in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled with gasoline and operated under low-temperature, light-duty conditions. ASTM D6593 is designed to evaluate a lubricant composition's control of engine deposits under operating conditions deliberately selected to accelerate deposit formation. |00II6] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6709, which is a standard test method for evaluating lubricant compositions in a sequence VIII spark-ignition engine. ASTM D6709 is designed to evaluate lubricant compositions for protection of engines against bearing weight loss.

[00117] In yet another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes ASTM D6984, which is a standard test method for evaluation of automotive engine oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition. In other words, the viscosity increase of the lubricant composition at the end of the test is less than 275% relative to the viscosity of the lubricant composition at the beginning of the test.

[00118] In another embodiment, the lubricant composition passes two, three, four, or more of the following standard test methods: ASTM 134951 , ASTM D6795, ASTM D6794, ASTM D6922, ASTM D5133, ASTM D6557, ASTM D6891, ASTM D2622, ASTM D6593, and ASTM D6709.

[00119] The lubricant composition, such as a crankcase lubricant composition, may include the additive package in amount of (or have a total additive treat rate of) at least 0.1, at least 1 , at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8, wi.%, based on a total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the lubricant composition may include the additive package in amount of (or have a total additive treat rate of) from 3 to 20, 4 to 18, 5 to 16, or 6 to 14, wt.%, based on a total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the lubricant composition may include the additive package in amount of (or have a total additive treat rate of) from 0.1 to 10, 0.1 to 5, 0.1 to 1, wt.%, based on a total weight of the lubricant composition. The additive package may be blended into the base oil to make the lubricant composition. The term "total additive treat rate" refers to the total weight percentage of additives included in the lubricant composition,

[00120] In certain embodiments, an additive is any compound in the lubricant composition other than the base oil. In other words, the total additive treat rate calculation does not account for the base oil as an additive. However, it is to be appreciated that certain individual components can be independently and individually added to the lubricant composition separate from the addition of the additive package to the lubricant composition, yet still be considered part of the additive package once the additive which was individually added into the lubricant composition is present in the lubricant composition along with the other additives. As just one example, a base oil which includes the aikoxylatcd amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, and the dispersant, each added to the base oil separately, could be interpreted to be a lubricant composition that includes an additive package including the alkoxylated amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, and the dispersant.

[00121] In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition may consist, or consist essentially of, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, and the base oil. It is also contemplated that the lubricant composition may consist of, or consist essentially of, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, and the base oil, in addition to at least one of the additives that do not materially affect the functionality or performance of the alkoxylated amide, the ester, the anti-wear agent, or the base oil. When used in reference to the lubricant composition, the term "consisting essentially of refers to the lubricant composition being free of compounds that materially affect the overall performance of the lubricant composition. For example, compounds that materially affect the overall performance of the lubricant composition may include compounds which impact the TBN boost, the lubricity, the corrosion inhibition, the acidity, the detergency, or the metal surface cleanliness of the lubricant composition.

|00122] In various embodiments, the lubricant composition is substantially free of water, e.g., the lubricant composition includes less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, less than 1, less than 0.5, or less than 0.1 , wt.%, of water, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the lubricant composition may be completely free of water.

[00123] The additive package or lubricant composition may additionally include at feast one additive to improve various chemical and/or physical properties of the resultant lubricant composition. Specific examples of the additives include, but are not limited to, anti- wear additives in addition to the anti-wear agent, antioxidants, metal deactivators (or passivators), rust inhibitors, friction modifiers (or antifriction additives), viscosity index improvers (or viscosity modifiers), pour point depressants (or pour point depressors), dispersants, detergents, anti-foam additives, amine compounds, and combinations thereof. Each of the additives may be used alone or in combination. The additive(s) can be used in various amounts, if employed.

[00124] If employed, the anti- wear additive can be of various types. Suitable examples of anti-wear agents include, but are not limited to, sulfur- and/or phosphorus- and/or halogen- containing compounds, e.g., sulfurised olefins and vegetable oils, alkylated triphenyS phosphates, tritolyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, chlorinated paraffins, alkyl and aryl di- and trisulfides, amine salts of mono- and dialkyl phosphates, amine salts of methylphosphonic acid, diethanolaminomethyltolyltriazole, bis(2- ethylhexyl)ammomethylto1ykriazole, derivatives of 2,5-dimercapto- 1 ,3 ,4-thiadiazole, ethyl 3- [(diisopropoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]propionate, triphenyl thiophosphate

(triphenylphosphorothioate), tris(alkylphenyl) phosphorothioate and mixtures thereof, diphenyl monononylphenyl phosphorothioate, isobutylpl enyl diphenyl phosphorothioate, the dodecylamine salt of 3-hydroxy- 1 ,3-thiaph.osphetane 3 -oxide, trithiophosphoric acid 5,5,5- tris[isooetyl 2-acetaie], derivatives of 2-mercapiobenzothiazole such as l-[N,N-bis (2- ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-2-mercapto- 1 H- 1 ,3-benzothiazole, ethoxycarbonyl-5-octyldithio carbamate, and/or combinations thereof.

[00125] If employed, the antioxidant can be of various types which include, but are not limited to, aminic antioxidants and phenolic antioxidants. Suitable examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alkylated monophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethyiphenoi, 2,6-di-teri- butyl-4-n-buiylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methyiphenol, 2-( -methy3cyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethyiphenoL 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylpheno3, 2,4,6- tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methyiphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6( 1 '-methylundec- 1 '-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyi-6-( I'-methylheptadec- 1 '-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimet yl-6-( 1 '-methyltridec- 1 '-yl)phenol, and combinations thereof.

[00126] Further examples of suitable antioxidants includes alkylthiomethylphenols, for example, 2,4-diociylthiomethyi-6-tert-buiylphenol, 2,4-diocty3thiomethyi-6-methylphenoL 2,4-dioctylihiomethyl-6-eihyiphenoi, 2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol, and combinations thereof. Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, for example, 2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6- diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-buiy hydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized.

[00127] Furthermore, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert- butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-tl iobis(4-octylpl enol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-buty]-3-methyIprienol), 4,4'-tliiobis(6-tert-butyl~2~methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4'-bis-(2,6- dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide, and combinations thereof, may also be used.

[00128] It is also contemplated that alkylidenebisphenols, for example 2,2'- methylenebi.s(6-tert-buty]-4-methyIphenol), 2,2'-methylenebi.s(6-tert-bi3ty]-4-etl ylphenol), 2,2'-methyl6nebis[4-methyl-6-(a-methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6- cyelohexylphenol), 2,2'-metliylenebis(6-nony1-4-methyfphenof), 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di- terf-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethyiidenebis (4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyI- 4-isobutylphenol), 2,2'-mefhylenebis [6-( -methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2'- metiiylenebisr6-(a,a-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert- butylphenol), 4,4'-methylenebis(6-tert-biityl-2-methylphenol), ί , 1 -bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydr oxy- 2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-liydroxybenzyl)-4-met ^' hylphenol, l,l,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl) butane, 1 , 1 -bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2- methyi-phenyi)-3-n-dodecylmercapto butane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3'-iert-butyl-4'- hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene , bis[2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylbenzyl)-6-te^

l, l -bis-(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n- dodecylmercaptobutane, l ,l,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl phenyl)pentane, and combinations thereof may be utilized as antioxidants in the lubricant composition.

[00129] 0-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, for example 3,5,3',5'-tetra-teri-butyl-4,4'- dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylber!zylmercaptoacetate, tris-(3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyI-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimet ^' hylbenzyl)dithiol terephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy benzylmercaptoacetate, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized.

[00130] Hydroxybenzylated malonates, for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert- butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-ma3onate, di-octadecyl-2-(3 -tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)- malonate, di-dodecy3mercaptoetliyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-iert- uiyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis [4-(l ,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-buty3-4- hydroxybenzyl)rna3or]ate, and combinations thereof are also suitable for use as antioxidants,

[00131] Triazine compounds, for example, 2,4-bis(ocrylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-

4-hydroxyani3ino)-3,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)- 1 ,3 ,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)- 1.3.5- triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3 ,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)- 1 ,2,3 -triazine, l,3,5-tris(3,5-di- tert-buiyl-4-hydfoxybenzyl)isocyanuraie, l ,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6- dimethylbenzyl 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-buty]-4- ydroxyphenylet yr)-l,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5- tris(3,5-di-tert.-bi3ty]-4-bydroxyphenyl propionyl)-hexabydro-l ,3,5-triazine, l,3,5-tris-(3,5- dicycloliexyl-4-liydroxybenzyl)-isocyanui-ate, and combinations thereof, may also be used, [00132] Additional examples of antioxidants include aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, for example l,3,5-tris-(3 _! 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyben2yl)-2,4,6- trimethylbenzene, l _! 4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybei)2yl)-2,3,5,6-tetr amethylbenzeiie _!

2.4.6- iris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol, and combinations thereof. Benzylphosphonates, for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzy3phospbonate, diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphooate, dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyiphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-bulyl-4-hydroxy3-methylbenzylpb.ospb.onat e, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-teri-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized. In addition, acylaminopbenols, for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4- hydroxys tearanilide, octyi N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyi)c arbam ate.

[00133] Esters of [3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-bydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanoi, octadecanoi, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,9- nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, (Methylene glycol, methylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyeihyi) isocyanurate, Ν,Ν'- bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimetbylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydrox\anethyl-l-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and combinations thereof, may also be used. It is further contemplated that esters of -(5-tert- butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylpbenyl)-propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanoi, octadecanoi, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2- propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, dieihyiene glycol, triethyiene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3- thiaundecanol, 3-th.iapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4- hydroxymethyl- 1 -phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo octane, and combinations thereof, may be used.

[00134] Additional examples of suitable antioxidants include those that include nitrogen, such as amides of -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyS)propionic acid, e.g., ,Ν'- bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)h6xamethylene diamin6, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-llydlΌX}φhenylpropionyl)trimeίhylenedian ine, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazme. Other suitable examples of antioxidants include aminic antioxidants such as N,N'-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N -di-sec-butyl-p- phenylenediamine, ,Ν'-bis (l,4-dimethy3pentyi)--p-phenylenedia.mine, N,N'-bis(l-ethyi-3- meihylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N, '-bis( l-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, Ν,Ν'- dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, Ν,Ν'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-naphthyl)- p-phenylenediamine, -isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediatnine, N-( 1 ,3 -dimethyl-butyl)-N'- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, -( l-methylheptyl)- '-phenyl-p-phenylenedianiine, - cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, Ν,Ν'- dimethyl-N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-ally3diphenylamine, 4- isopropoxydiphenylamine, N -phenyl- l-naphthylamme, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylated diphenylamine, for example p,p'-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol, 4- butyrylarmnophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoyl aminophenol, 4- octadeeanoylaminophenol, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimet ^' hylamino methylphenol, 2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, Ν,Ν, ',Ν'- tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminodipheny3methane, l,2-bis[(2-methy3-pheny3)amino]ethane, 1,2- bis(phenylamino)propane, (o-tolyi)biguamde, bis[4-(l',3'-dimet.hylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert- octyiated N -phenyl - 1 -naphmylamine, a. mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert- octyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyldiphenylamines, mixtures of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H- 1 ,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, N-allyiplienotliiazine, Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'-tetraplienyl- 1 ,4- diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2 _> 6,6-tetramethylpiperid-4-yl-hexamethylenediamine _> bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperid-4-yl)sebacate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethy3piperidin-4-one and 2,2,6,6- tetramethyl piperidin-4-o3, and combinations thereof.

[00135] Even further examples of suitable antioxidants include aliphatic or aromatic phosphites, esters of thiodipropionic acid or of thiodiacetic acid, or salts of diihiocarbaniic or dithiophosphoric acid, 2,2, 12, 12-tetramethyl-5,9-dihydroxy-3,7,l trit iatridecane and 2,2, 15, 15- tetramethyl- 5, 12-dihydroxy-3,7,10, 14-tetra.fhiahexadecane, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, sulfurized fatty esters, sulfurized fats and suifurized olefins, and combinations thereof, may be used. [00136] If employed, the antioxidant can be used in various amounts. The antioxidant may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The antioxidant may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 5, from 0.1 to 3, or from 0.5 to 2, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00137] If employed, the metal deactivator can be of various types. Suitable examples of metal deactivators include, but are not limited to, benzotriazofes and derivatives thereof, for example 4- or 5 alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. tolutriazole) and derivatives thereof, 4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzotriazole and 5,5'-methyienebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole or tolutriazole, e.g. l-[bis(2-ethy]hexyl)aminomethy])toiutriazoie and l -[bis(2- ethylhexyl)aminomethyl)benzotriazole; and alkoxyalkylbenzotriazoles such as 1- (nonyloxymethyl)benzotriazole, l-(l-butoxyethyl)benzotriazole and 1-(1 - cyclohexyloxybutyl) tolutriazole, and combinations thereof.

[00Ϊ 38] Additional examples of suitable metal deactivators include 1,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 3 a!kyl(or aryl)- 1,2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4- triazoles, such as l-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl-l,2,4-triazole; alkoxyalkyl- 1,2,4-triazoles such as l -(l -butoxyetbyl)-.l ,2,4-triazole; and acylated 3-amino-l ,2,4-triazoles, imidazole derivatives, for example 4,4'-methylenebis(2-undecy1-5-methylimidazole) and bisjYN- methyl)imidazol-2-yi]carbinol octyl ether, and combinations thereof. Further examples of suitable metal deactivators include sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, for example 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto- 1 ,3 ,4-thi adiazole and derivatives thereof; and 3,5- bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-l ,3,4-thiadiazolin-2-one, and combinations thereof. Even further examples of metal deactivators include amino compounds, for example salicyiidenepropylenediamine, salicylaminoguanidine and salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

[00139] If employed, the metal deactivator can be used in various amounts. The metal deactivator may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The metal deactivator may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0,07 to 0.1, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. [00140] If employed, the rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier can be of various types.

Suitable examples of rust inhibitors and/or friction modifiers include, but are not limited to, organic acids, their esters, metal salts, amine salts and anhydrides, for example alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids and their partial esters with alcohols, diols or hydroxycarboxylic acids, partial amides of aikyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids, 4-nonyiphenoxyacetic acid, alkoxy- and aikoxyethoxycarboxylic acids such as dodecyloxyacetic acid, dodecyloxy(ethoxy)acetic acid and the amine salts thereof, and also N-oleoylsarcosine, sorbitan monooleate, lead naphthenatc, alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, for example, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, 2- carboxymethyl-l-dodecyl-3-methylglycerol and the amine salts thereof, and combinations thereof. Additional examples include nitrogen-containing compounds, for example, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines and amine salts of organic and inorganic acids, for example oil-soluble alkylammonium carboxylates, and also l-[N,>J-bis(2- hydroxyeihyi)amino]-3-(4-nony3phenoxy)propan-2-oL and combinations thereof. Further examples include heterocyclic compounds, such as substituted imidazolines and oxazolines, and 2-heptadecenyl-l-(2~hydroxyethyl)imidazoline, phosphorus -containing compounds, for example: amine salts of phosphoric acid partial esters or phosphonie acid partial esters, molybdenum containing compounds, such as molydbenum dithiocarbamate and other sulphur and phosphorus containing derivatives, sulfur-containing compounds, for example: barium dinonymaphthaienesuifonates, calcium petroleum sulfonates, aikylthio -substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters of aliphatic 2-sulfocarboxylic acids and salts thereof, glycerol derivatives, for example: glycerol monooleate, !-(alkylphenoxy)-3-(2- hydroxyetl yl)glycero3s, l-(alkylphenoxy)-3-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycerols and 2- carboxyalkyi-l,3-diaikyiglycerols, and combinations thereof.

[00141] If employed, the rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier can be used in various amounts. The rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 , from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0.07 to 0.1, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 5, from 0.1 to 3, from 0.1 to 1, from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0.07 to 0.1, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition,

[00142] If employed, the viscosity index improver (VII) can be of various types.

Suitable examples of VHs include, but are not limited to, polyacrylates, poiymethacrylates, vinylpyrrolidone/methaerylate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polybutenes, olefin copolymers, styrene/acrylate copolymers and polyemers, and combinations thereof.

[00143] If employed, the VII can be used in various amounts. The VII may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 20, from I to 15, or from 1 to 10, wt%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The VII may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 20, trom 1 to 15, or from 1 to 10, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00144] If employed, the pour point depressant can be of various types. Suitable examples of pour point depressants include, but are not limited to, polymethacrylaie and alkylated naphthalene derivatives, and combinations thereof.

[00145] If employed, the pour point depressant can be used in various amounts. The pour point depressant may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or trom 25 to 50, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The pour point depressant may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0.07 to 0.1, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00146] If employed, dispersant can be of various types. Suitable examples of dispersants include, but are not limited to, amine dispersants, alkenyi radicals, polybutenyisuccinic amides or -imides, polybutenylphosphonic acid derivatives and basic magnesium, calcium and barium sulfonates and phenolaies, succinate esters and alkylphenol amines (Mannich bases), and combinations thereof.

[00147] If employed, the amine dispersant may have a total base number of at least 15, at least 25, or at least 30, mg KOH/g of the amine dispersant when measured according to ASTM D4739. Alternatively, the TBN value of the amine dispersant may range from 15 to 100, from 15 to 80, or from 15 to 75, mg KOH/'g of the amine dispersant, when measured according to ASTM D 4739.

[00148] In some embodiments, the amine dispersant includes a polyalkene amine including a polyalkene moiety. The polyalkene moiety is the polymerization product of identical or different, straight-chain or branched C2-6 olefin monomers. Examples of suitable olefin monomers are ethylene, propylene, I -butene, isobutene, l -pentene, 2 -methyl butene, 1- hexene, 2-methylpentene, 3-rnethylpentene, and 4-methylpentene. The polyalkene moiety has a weight average molecular weight of from 200 to 10000, from 500 to 10000, or from 800 to 5000.

[00149] The amine dispersant may include moieties derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxy! and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups. For example, the amine dispersant may be derived from poiyisobutenylsuecinic anhydride which is obtainable by reacting conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene having a weight average molecular weight of from 500 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by a thermal route or via the chlorinated polyisobutene. For examples, derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetrianiine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine may be used.

[00150] To prepare the polyalkene amine, the polyaikene component may be animated in a known manner. An exemplary process proceeds via the preparation of an oxo intermediate by hydroformylation and subsequent reductive animation in the presence of a suitable nitrogen compound.

[00151] If employed, suitable examples of alkenyl radicals include mono- or polyunsaturated, such as mono- or diunsaturated analogs of alkyi radicals has from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, in which the double bonds may be in any position in the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of C ₄ -Cis cycloalkyl radical include cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, and also the analogs thereof substituted by 1 to 3 Ci-C* alkyl radicals. The C1-C4 alkyl radicals are, for example, selected from methyl, ethyl, iso- or n-propyl, 11-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl. Examples of the arylaikyl radical include a C1-C18 alkyi group and an aryl group which are derived from a monocyclic or bicyclic fused or nonfused 4- to 7-membered, in particular 6 membered, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, such as phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl and biphenyl. Other examples of the alkenyl radicals include poly(oxyalkyl) radicals and a poiyalkylene polyamine radicals.

[00152] If employed, the dispersant can be used in various amounts. The dispersant may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99.9, from 0.1 to 50, from 5 to 25, or from 5 to 20, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The dispersant may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 15, 0.1 to 12, 0.5 to 10, or 1 to 8, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the dispersant may be present in amounts of less than 15, less than 12, less than 10, less than 5, or less than I, wt.%, each based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. [00153] If employed, the detergent can be of various types. Suitable examples of detergents include, but are not limited to, overbased or neutral metal sulphonates, phenates and salicylates, and combinations thereof.

[00154] If employed, the detergent can be used in various amounts. The detergent may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0, 1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The detergent may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 5, from 0.1 to 4, from 0.5 to 3, or from 1 to 3, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the detergent may be present in amounts of less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1 , wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00155] If employed, anti-foam additive can be of various types and used in various amounts. The anti-foam additive may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 1 , from 0.01 to 0.5, from 0.01 to 0, 1 , or from 0.02 to 0.08, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The anti-foam additive may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 1 , 0.001 to 0.05, 0.001 to 0.01, or 0,002 to 0.008, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00156] If employed, amine compound can be of various types. The amine compound includes at least one nitrogen atom. Furthermore, in some configurations, the amine compound does not include triazoles, triazines, or similar compounds where there are three or more nitrogen atoms in the body of a cyclic ring. The amine compound may be aliphatic.

[00157] In certain embodiments, the amine compound has a total base number (TBN) value of at least 10 mg KOH/g when tested according to ASTM D4739. Alternatively, the amine compound has a TBN value of at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, or at least 160, mg KOH/g, when tested according to ASTM D4739, Alternatively still, the amine compound may have a TBN value of from 80 to 600, from 90 to 500, from 100 to 300, or from 100 to 200, mg KOH/g, when tested according to ASTM D4739.

[00158] In some embodiments, the amine compound does not negatively affect the TBN of the lubricant compositions. Alternatively, the amine compound may improve the TBN of the lubricant composition by, at least 0.5, at least I, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 10, or at least 15, mg KOH/g of the amine compound. The TBN value of the lubricant composition can be determined according to ASTM D2896.

[00159] In some embodiments, the amine compound consists of, or consists essentially of, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Alternatively, the amine compound may consist of, or consist essentially of, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. In the context of the amine compound, the phrase "consist essentially of refers to compounds where at least 95 mole% of the amine compound are the recited atoms (i.e., hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen; or hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen). For example, if the amine compound consists essentially of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, at least 95 mole% of the amine compound is hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. In certain configurations, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 99.9, mole%, of the amine compound are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, or, in other embodiments, are carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

[00160] The amine compound may consist of covalent bonds. The phrase "consist of covalent bonds" is intended to exclude those compounds which bond to the amine compound through an ionic association with at least one ionic atom or compound. That is, in configurations where the amine compound consists of covalent bonds, the amine compound excludes salts of amine compounds, for example, phosphate amine salts and ammonium salts. As such, in certain embodiments, the lubricant composition is free of a salt of the amine compound. For example, the lubricant compositions may be free of a phosphate amine salt, ammonium salt, and/or amine sulfate salt.

[001 1 ] The amine compound may be a monomeric acyclic amine compound having a weight average molecular weight of less than 500. Alternatively, the monomeric acyclic amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of less than 450, less than 400, less than 350, less than 300, less than 250, less than 200, or less than 150, Alternatively still, the amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of at least 30, at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, or at least 250.

[00162] The term "acyclic" is intended to refer to amine compounds which are free from any cyclic structures and to exclude aromatic structures. For example, the monomeric acyclic amine compound does not include compounds having a ring having at least three atoms bonded together in a cyclic structure and those compounds including benzyl, phenyl, or triazole groups. [00163] The monomeric acyclic amine includes monoamines and polyamines (including two or more amine groups). Exemplary monomeric acyclic amine compounds include, but are not limited to, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

[00164] The monomeric acyclic amine compound may alternatively include at least one other primary amines such as ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butyiamine, isobutylamine, sec-buiylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamme, and hexyiamine; primary amines of the formulas: CH ₃ — O— C ₂ H ₄ — NH ₂ , C2H5— O— C2H4— H ₂ , CH ₃ — O— C ₃ H ₆ — NH ₂ , C2H5— O— C jHe— H ₂ , CM, O ⁽ il l .. N i l >. HO— C ₂ H ₄ — H ₂ , HO— CjHe— IT2 and HO C ₄ H ₈ -NH ₂ ; secondary amines, for example diethylamine, methylethylamme, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, diisobutylamine, di-sec-butylamine, di-tert-butylamine, dipentyf amine, dihexyf amine; and also secondary amines of the formulas: (CH3— O— C ₂ H ₄ ) ₂ NH, M ! -- C >H, >>\ 1 ! . (CH ₃ --0--C ₃ H ₆ ) ₂ H, (C2H5— O— CsH^NH, (n-

C4H9 0 ⁽ il l };NH. (HO C ₂ H ₄ ) ₂ H, (HO C H ₆ ) ₂ NH and (HO ( ^' ,Η ΛΊ Ι: and polyamines, such as n-propylenediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 1 ,6-hexanediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethyienepentamines, and also their alkyiation products, for example 3-(dimethylamino)-n-propylamine, N,N- dimethylethylenediamine, Ν, -diethylethyienediamine, and Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'- tetramethyldiethySenetriamine.

[00165] Alternatively, the amine compound may be a. monomeric cyclic amine compound. The monomeric cyclic amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 1200, from 200 to 800, or from 200 to 600. Alternatively, the monomeric cyclic amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of less than 500, or at least 50. In some embodiments, the monomeric cyclic amine compound is tree from aromatic groups, such as phenyl and benzyl rings. In other embodiments, the monomeric cyclic amine compound is aliphatic.

[00166] The monomeric cyclic amine compound may include two or fewer nitrogen atoms per molecule. Alternatively, the monomeric cyclic amine compound may include only one nitrogen per molecule. The phrase "nitrogen per molecule" refers to the total number of nitrogen atoms in the entire molecule, including the body of the molecule and any substituent groups. In certain embodiments, the monomeric cyclic amine compound includes one or two nitrogen atoms in the cyclic ring of the monomeric cyclic amine compound. [00167] In some embodiments, the amine compound, such as the monomeric acyclic amine compound or the monomeric cyclic amine compound, may be a sterically hindered amine compound. The sterically hindered amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 1200. Alternatively, the sterically hindered amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of from 200 to 800, or from 200 to 600. Alternatively still, the sterically hindered amine compound may have a weight average molecular weight of less than 500.

[00168] The sterically hindered amine compound may include a single ester group. However, the sterically hindered amine compound may alternatively be free from ester groups. In certain embodiments, the sterically hindered amine compound may include at least one, or only one, piperidine ring.

[00169] If employed, the amine compound can be used in various amounts. The amine compound may be present in the additive package in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50, from 0.1 to 25, from 0.1 to 15, from 0.1 to 10, from 0.1 to 8, or from 1 to 5, wt.%, based on the total weight of the additive package. The dispersant may be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 25, from 0.1 to 20, from 0.1 to 15, from 0.1 to 10, from 0.5 to 5, from 1 to 3, or from 1 to 2, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[00170] The present disclosure also provides a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine for improving fuel economy of the internal combustion engine. The method includes providing the lubricant composition. The lubricant composition, as described above, includes the base oil, the alkoxylated amine, the ester, and the anti-wear agent. The method further includes lubricating the internal combustion engine with the lubricant composition.

[00171] It is to be appreciated that many changes may be made to the following examples, while still obtaining like or similar results. Accordingly, the following examples, illustrating embodiments of the additive package and resultant lubricant composition of the present disclosure, are intended to illustrate and not to limit the disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Exemplary Method 1 for Formation of the Alkoxylated Amide and Ester

A. Condensation Reaction to Form a Coconut Oil Diethanolamide Mixture [00172] Coconut oil (3.80 kg, 5.78 mol) was added to a reactor and heated to about

130° C. Diethanolamine (DEA) ( 1.22 kg, 1 1.6 mol, 2 eq.) was added, and the resulting mixture was maintained at a reaction temperature of about 130° C, with stirring, for an additional 6 hours. The product was a viscous yellow to brown oil (5.01 kg), which was used in the alkoxylation reaction without purification.

[00173] The condensation reaction was performed using the following starting materials.

The molecular weight of the coconut oil was calculated from the saponification value.

B, Amine Catalyzed Alkoxylation

[00174] The diethanolamide reaction product of step A (869 g, 2.02 mol) was admixed with an amine catalyst (4.9 g N,N-dimethylethanolamine, 0.06 mol, 0.5 w/w %). The resulting mixture was heated to about 1 10° C. Propylene oxide ( 117 g, 2.02 mol, 1.0 eq) was added, and the mixture was stirred for additional 12 hours at the reaction temperature. Unreached propylene oxide was removed under reduced pressure and/or by flushing with nitrogen gas to yield the reaction product.

[00175] The following Scheme illustrates the reactions of steps A and B, and the reaction products present after step B.

iSN!O tMty Λϊίά

ill ····· coco J&av addst

ίϊϊ) jptfjpykiie xkle, «;iaS sl

[00176] It is noted that an ester also forms irs step A, together with the diethanoiamide.

This ester and unreacted diethanolamine are present during the alkoxylation step B, and may be allowed to remain in the final product. As noted in the above reaction scheme, the ester of step A also was propoxviated. It is further noted that the above Scheme only depicts the main reaction products. The degree of propoxylation is subject to statistic distribution, and further reaction products in minor amounts such as various ethers and heterocycles, e.g., bishydroxyethylpiperazine, as well as residual unreacted compounds, can be found. Exemplary Method 2 for Formation of the Alkoxylated Amide and Ester

A. Condensation Reaction to Form a Coconut Fatty Acid Diethanolamide Mixture

[00177] Coconut fatty acid (3.05 kg, 14.4 mol) was placed irs a reactor and heated to about 80° C. Diethanolamine (1.52 kg, 14.4 mol, 1.0 eq.) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated to reaction temperature of about 150° C, then stirred for additional 8 hours. The product was a viscous yellow to brown oil (3.95 kg), which was used in the alkoxylation reaction without further purification.

[00178] The condensation reaction was performed using the following starting materials.

The molecular weight of the coconut fatty acid was calculated from the acid number. B, Amine Catalyzed Alkoxylation Reaction

[00179] The diethanolamide reaction product of step A (495 g, 1.72 mol) was admixed with an amine catalyst (.3.0 g Ν,Ν-dimet ylethanolamine, 0.03 mol, 0,5 w/w %). The resulting mixture was heated to about 1 15° C Propylene oxide (100 g, 1.72 mol, 1.0 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred for additional 12 hours at about 115° C, Unreaeted propylene oxide was removed under reduced pressure and/or by flushing with nitrogen to yield the reaction product.

[00180] The following scheme illustrates the reactions of steps A and B, and the reaction products present after step B.

|00I81] An ester also is formed in step A, together with the diethanolamide. This and any unreacted diethanolamme are present during the alkoxylation step B, and may be allowed to remain in the final product. As noted in the above reaction scheme, the ester of step A also was propoxyiated. It is further noted that the above Scheme only depicts the main reaction products. The degree of propoxylation is subject to statistic distribution, and further reaction products in minor amounts such as various ethers and heterocycles, e.g., bishydroxyethylpiperazine, as well as residual unreacted compounds, can be found. Evaluation of Lubricant Compositions including the Base Oil, the Alkoxylated Amide, the

Ester, and the Anti-Wear Agent

A. Friction Coefficient and Ball Scar Diameter Evaluation I

[00182] The friction coefficient and the ball scar diameter for lubricant compositions including a base oil, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and an anti-wear agent were evaluated. The friction coefficient of the lubricant composition was determined according to a modified ASTM D 6079 method. The modified ASTM D 6079 method utilized a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) for determining the friction coefficient. During the determination, the HFRR reciprocated at 10 Hz with a 1 mm stroke. The determination was conducted at a temperature of 100° C for duration of 120 minutes with a 400 gram load using standard HFRSSP steel balls. The bail scar diameter of the lubricant composition was determined by a laser profilometer.

[00183] Example 1 includes 100 wt.% of a Group II base oil. Examples 2-7 include a mixture of Group II base oil and an antiwear agent containing phosphorous. Examples 8-13 a mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester in an amount as shown in Table 1 , and a Group II base oil. Examples 14-19 include an antiwear agent including phosphorous, a mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester, and a Group II base oil. Examples 8-19 each also include a minor amount of by-products resulting and reactants remaining from the preparation of the alkoxylated amide of general formula (I) and the ester of general formula (II).

[00184] The mixture of alkoxylated amide and ester in Examples 8-19 include the alkoxylated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of 75:25 of the ester to the alkoxylated amide. The anti-wear agent including phosphorous included in Examples 2-7 and 14-19 is zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.

[00185] Results of the evaluation are provided in Table 1 below.

Table 1

B. Friction Coefficient and Ball Scar Diameter Evaluation II

[00186] The friction coefficient and the ball scar diameter for lubricant compositions including the base oil, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent were further evaluated against lubricant compositions including comparative friction modifiers. The friction coefficient of each of the lubricant compositions was determined according to a modified ASTM D 6079 method. The modified ASTM D 6079 method utilized a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) for determining the friction coefficients. During the determination, the HFRR reciprocated at 10 Hz with a 1 mm stroke. The determination was conducted at a temperature of 100° C for duration of 120 minutes with a 400 gram load using standard HFRSSP steel bails. The ball scar diameter of each of the lubricant compositions was determined by a laser profilometer.

[00187] Examples 20-86 include a Group II base oil (Base oil).

[00188] Examples 21-32, 39-44, 51 -56, 63-68, and 75-80 further include zinc dialkyldithiophosphate as the anti-wear agent including phosphorous (Anti-wear agent).

[00189] Examples 27-38 further include glycerol mono oleate as the ester free of nitrogen (Friction modifier I).

[00190] Examples 39-50 further include lauryl amide as the amide free of alkoxylation

(Friction modifier II).

[00191 ] Examples 51 -62 further include lauryl amide and glycerol mono oleate.

[00192] Examples 63-74 further include a mixture of the alkoxviated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of 75:25 of the ester to the alkoxviated amide (Fuel economy agent).

[00193] Examples 75-86 further include the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and the ester, and glycerol mono oleate.

[00194] Examples 63-86 also include a minor amount of by-products resulting and reactants remaining from the preparation of the alkoxviated amide of general formula (I) and the ester of general formula (II).

[00195] Results of the evaluation are provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2

Anti- Fuel

Friction Friction Friction Ball scar

Base oil wear economy

modifier modifier coefficient diameter (wt.%) agent agent

I (wt.%) II (wt.%) (μ) (μηι) (wt.%) (wt.%)

Ex, 20 100 - - 0.411 440

Ex. 21 99.985 0.015 - 0.22 303.5

00 97 0.03 - - - 0.19 294

Ex. 23 99.94 0.06 - - - 0.22 301

Ex. 24 99.92 0.08 - - - 0.221 303

Ex, 25 99.88 0.12 - - 0.21 296

Ex. 26 99.8 0.2 - - - 0.23 264.5

Ex. 27 99.89 0.08 0.03 - - 0.1 4 236

Ex. 28 99.82 0.08 0.1 - - 0.161 259

Ex. 29 99.62 0.08 0.3 - 0.134 168

Ex, 30 99.32 0.08 0.6 - 0.12 155

Ex. 31 98.92 0.08 I - - 0.1 18 157

Ex. 32 97.92 0.08 - - 0.135 168

Ex. 33 99.97 - 0.03 - - 0.168 229

Ex. 34 99.9 - 0.1 - 0.13 206

Ex. 35 99.7 - 0.3 - - 0.106 209

Ex. 36 99.4 - 0.6 - - 0.1 12 203

Ex. 37 99 - 1 - - 0.1 15 199

Ex, 38 98 2 - 0.1 19 185

Ex. 39 99.89 0.08 - 0.03 - 0.15 135

Ex. 40 99.82 0.08 - 0.1 - 0.15 165

Ex. 41 99.62 0.08 - 0.3 - 0.15 184

Ex. 42 99.32 0.08 0.6 0.16 194

Ex. 43 98.92 0.08 - i - 0.16 169

Ex. 44 97.92 0.08 - - 0.17 172 Ex. 45 99.97 - - 0.03 - 0.16 237

Ex. 46 99.9 - - 0.1 - 0.17 256

Ex. 47 99.7 - 0.3 - 0.16 257

Ex. 48 99.4 - - 0.6 - 0.16 271

Ex. 49 99 - - 1 - 0.17 258

Ex. 50 98 - - - 0.16 252

Ex. 51 99.89 0.08 0.015 0.015 0.154 212

Ex. 52 99.82 0.08 0.05 0.05 - 0.157 168

Ex. 53 99.62 0.08 0.15 0.15 - 0.145 189

Ex. 54 99.32 0.08 0.3 0.3 - 0.147 181

Ex. 55 98.92 0.08 0.5 0.5 - 0.142 176

Ex. 56 97.92 0.08 1 1 0.141 172

Ex. 57 99.97 - 0.015 0.015 - 0.1 88 238

Ex. 58 99.9 - 0.05 0.05 - 0.160 231

Ex. 59 99.7 - 0.15 0.15 - 0.169 243

Ex, 60 99.4 0.3 0.3 - 0.148 218

Ex. 61 99 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.148 206

Ex, 62 98 - 1 1 - 0.140 200

Ex. 63 99.89 0.08 - - 0.03 0.22 198

Ex. 64 99.82 0.08 - - 0.1 0.15 190

Ex. 65 99.62 0.08 - - 0.3 0.17 186.5

Ex. 66 99.32 0.08 - - 0.6 0.18 186

Ex. 67 98.92 0.08 - - 1 0.18 208

Ex. 68 97.92 0.08 - - 2 0.17 206.5

Ex. 69 99.97 - - 0.03 0.33 302.5

Ex. 70 99.9 - - - 0.1 0.16 284.5

Ex. 71 99.7 - - - 0.3 0.18 274.5

Ex. 72 99.4 - - - 0.6 0.18 285

Ex. 73 99 - 1 0.18 288.5

Ex. 74 98 - - - 2 0.17 266

Ex. 75 99.89 0.08 0.015 - 0.015 0.151 193 Ex. 76 99.82 0.08 0.05 - 0.05 0.154 171

Ex. 77 99.62 0.08 0.15 - 0.15 0.158 186

Ex. 78 99.32 0.08 0.3 0.3 0.161 182

Ex. 79 98.92 0.08 0.5 - 0.5 0.165 180

Ex. 80 97.92 0.08 1 - 1 0.1 8 192

Ex. 81 99.97 - 0.015 - 0.015 0.155 225

Ex. 82 99.9 - 0.05 - 0.05 0.158 258

Ex. 83 99.7 - 0.15 - 0.15 0.158 233

Ex. 84 99.4 - 0.3 - 0.3 0.160 228

Ex. 85 99 - 0.5 - 0.5 0.149 212

Ex. 86 98 - 1 - 1 0.146 184

C. Traction Coefficient Evaluation

[00Ϊ 96] The traction coefficients for lubricant compositions including the base oil, the alkoxylated amide, the ester, and the anti-wear agent were evaluated against lubricant compositions including a comparative friction modifier. The traction coefficient of each of the lubricant compositions was determined by utilizing a Mini-Traction Machine (MTM), specifically MTM 2 from PCS Instruments. During the determination, standard steel ball (19.05mm) and discs (46mm) were utilized in the MTM, the load of the MTM was set to IGPa, and the lubricant compositions were pre-heated to 125°C. The traction coefficient of each of the lubricant compositions was measured from speeds between 0 and 2000 mm/s utilizing a 25% slide/roll ratio.

[00197] Examples 87-314 include a Group II base oil (Base oil).

[00198] Examples 315-428 include a Group 11 base oil with an additive package including a dispersant, an antioxidant, a detergent, a pour point depressant, and a viscosity modifier (Base oil with additive package).

[00199] Examples 201 -428 further include zinc dialkyldithiophosphaie as the anti-wear agent including phosphorous (Anti-wear agent),

[00200] Examples 125-162, 239-276, and 353-390 further include glycerol mono oleate as the ester free of nitrogen (Friction modifier 1). |00201] Examples 163-200, 277-314, and 391-428 further include a mixture of the alkoxylated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of 75:25 of the ester to the alkoxylated amide (Fuel economy agent).

[00202] Examples 163 -200, 277-314, and 391 -428 also include a minor amount of byproducts resulting and reactants remaining from the preparation of the alkoxylated amide of general formula (I) and the ester of general formula (II).

[00203] Results of the evaluation are provided in Table 3 below and graphically in

Figure 1.

Table 3

Base oil

Anti- Fuel

with Friction Rolling

Base oil wear economy Traction additive modifier Speed

(wt.%) agent agent Coef package I (wt.%) (mm/s)

(wt.%) (wt.%)

(wt.%)

Ex. 87 Too - - - - 0.962 0.0158

Ex. 88 100 - - - - 1.677 0.1029

Ex. 89 100 - - - - 3.013 0.1033

Ex. 90 100 - - - - 3.8 0.10433

Ex. 91 100 - - - - 5.1 15 0.1078

Ex. 92 100 - - - - 5.405 0.1162

Ex. 93 100 - - - - 7.042 0.1104

Ex. 94 100 - 7.929 0.1184

Ex. 95 100 - - - - 9.056 0.1102

Ex. 96 100 - - - - 9.667 0.1166

Ex. 97 100 - - - - 19.897 0.0847

Ex. 98 100 - - - - 30.435 0.081 1

Ex. 99 100 - 39.999 0.074

Ex. 100 100 - - - - 50.195 0.0601

Ex. 101 100 - - - - 59.658 0.0625

Ex. 102 100 - - - - 70.085 0.0622

Ex. 103 100 - - - - 80.296 0.0582

Ex. 104 100 - 89.799 0.0568

Ex. 105 100 - - - - 100.296 0.0586

Ex. 106 100 - - - - 200.254 0.0457

Ex. 107 100 - - - - 299.662 0.0391

Ex. 108 100 - - - - 400.033 0.0346

Ex. 109 100 - - - - 500.059 0.0309

Ex. 110 100 - - - - 600.25 0.0276

Ex. 11 1 100 - - - - 699.664 0.0257 Ex, 112 100 - - 799.768 0.0245

Ex. 113 100 900.358 0.0234

Ex. 114 100 - - - 1000.968 0.0223

Ex. 115 100 - - - - 1 100.521 0.0214

Ex. 1 16 100 - - - - 1200.297 0.0206

Ex. 117 100 - - - - 1299.564 0.0198

Ex. 118 100 1400.009 0.0191

Ex. 119 100 - - - 1500.357 0.0187

Ex. 120 100 - - - - 1600.239 0.0182

Ex. 121 100 - - - - 1700.373 0.0178

Ex. 122 100 - - - - 1799.935 0.0174

Ex. 123 100 1900.163 0.0171

Ex. 124 100 - - - 1999.889 0.0168

Ex. 125 99.5 - - 0.5 - 0.949 -0.0016

Ex. 126 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1.989 0.05

Ex. 127 99.5 - - 0.5 - 2.882 0.0998

Ex. 128 99.5 0.5 3.891 0.088

Ex. 129 99.5 - 0.5 5.193 0.0951

Ex. 130 99.5 - - 0.5 - 6.147 0.0929

Ex. 131 99.5 - - 0.5 - 7.01 0.0872

Ex. 132 99.5 - - 0.5 - 8.01 1 0.0849

Ex. 133 99.5 0.5 9.461 0.0823

Ex. 134 99.5 - 0.5 9.984 0.0785

Ex. 135 99.5 - - 0.5 - 19.664 0.0778

Ex. 136 99.5 - - 0.5 - 29.561 0.0659

Ex. 137 99.5 - - 0.5 - 39.263 0.064

Ex. 138 99.5 - - 0.5 - 49.865 0.0628

Ex. 139 99.5 - 0.5 59.777 0.0591

Ex. 140 99.5 - - 0.5 - 69.944 0.055

Ex. 141 99.5 - 0.5 - 81.048 0.0552

Ex., 142 99.5 - - 0.5 - 90.596 0.0541

Ex. 143 99.5 - - 0.5 - 99.734 0.0537

Ex. 144 99.5 - - 0.5 - 200.362 0.0505

Ex. 145 99.5 - - 0.5 - 300.581 0.0459

Ex. 146 99.5 - 0.5 - 399.704 0.0405

Ex. 147 99.5 - - 0.5 - 500.203 0.0297

Ex. 148 99.5 - - 0.5 - 600.131 0.026

Ex. 149 99.5 - - 0.5 - 700.143 0.023

Ex. 150 99.5 0.5 800.486 0.0211

Ex. 151 99.5 - 0.5 - 899.639 0.0197

Ex. 152 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1000.152 0.01 86

Ex. 153 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1099.66 0.0182

Ex. 154 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1 199.61 1 0.0177 Ex, 155 99.5 - 0.5 1300.467 0.0172

Ex. 156 99.5 0.5 1400.157 0.0167

Ex. 157 99.5 - 0.5 - 1500.177 0.0163

Ex. 158 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1600.206 0.016

Ex. 159 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1699.844 0.0158

Ex. 160 99.5 - - 0.5 - 1799.844 0.0156

Ex. 161 99.5 0.5 1899.764 0.0153

Ex. 162 99.5 - 0.5 - 2000.249 0.0151

Ex. 163 99.5 - - - 0.5 1.092 0.011

Ex. 164 99.5 - - - 0.5 1.934 0.03

Ex. 165 99.5 - - - 0.5 2.961 0.0595

Ex. 166 99.5 0.5 4.092 0.0552

Ex. 167 99.5 - - 0.5 4.815 0.0757

Ex. 168 99.5 - - - 0.5 6.335 0.0746

Ex. 169 99.5 - - - 0.5 7.213 0.0734

Ex. 170 99.5 - - - 0.5 8.136 0.0702

Ex. 171 99.5 0.5 9.169 0.0708

Ex. 172 99.5 - - 0.5 10.071 0.0729

Ex. 173 99.5 - - - 0.5 20.335 0.068

Ex. 174 99.5 - - - 0.5 30.159 0.0648

Ex. 175 99.5 - - - 0.5 40.4 0.062

Ex. 176 99.5 0.5 49.618 0.0557

Ex. 177 99.5 - - 0.5 60.643 0.0523

Ex. 178 99.5 - - - 0.5 70.061 0.0516

Ex. 179 99.5 - - - 0.5 78.409 0.0473

Ex. 180 99.5 - - - 0.5 89.589 0.0446

Ex. 181 99.5 - - - 0.5 100.523 0.042

Ex. 182 99.5 - - 0.5 200.258 0.0272

Ex. 183 99.5 - - - 0.5 300.799 0.0222

Ex. 184 99.5 - - 0.5 399.724 0.0204

Ex. 185 99.5 - - - 0.5 500.002 0.0193

Ex. 186 99.5 - - - 0.5 600.839 0.0187

Ex. 187 99.5 - - - 0.5 700.435 0.0182

Ex. 188 99.5 - - - 0.5 799.378 0.0176

Ex. 189 99.5 - - 0.5 899.755 0.0173

Ex. 190 99.5 - - - 0.5 1000.626 0.0168

Ex. 191 99.5 - - - 0.5 1100.092 0.0165

Ex. 192 99.5 - - - 0.5 1200.543 0.0162

Ex. 193 99.5 0.5 1299.109 0.0159

Ex. 194 99.5 - - 0.5 1400.676 0.0156

Ex. 195 99.5 - - - 0.5 1400 959 0.01 4

Ex. 196 99.5 - - - 0.5 1600.312 0.0152

Ex. 197 99.5 - - - 0.5 1699.875 0.0151 Ex, 198 99.5 - - 0.5 1799.9 0.0149

Ex. 199 99.5 0.5 1899.832 0.0148

Ex. 200 99.5 - - 0.5 1999.948 0.0147

Ex. 201 99.92 - 0.08 - - 0.998 -0.0382

Ex. 202 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1.981 0.0433

Ex. 203 99.92 - 0.08 - - 3.09 0.01 14

Ex. 204 99.92 0.08 4.067 0.0745

Ex. 205 99.92 - 0.08 - - 5.155 0.1139

Ex. 206 99.92 - 0.08 - - 5.823 0.1137

Ex. 207 99.92 - 0.08 - - 6.766 0.115

Ex. 208 99.92 - 0.08 - - 8.003 0.11 13

Ex. 209 99.92 0.08 8.949 0.1 191

Ex. 210 99.92 - 0.08 - - 9.94 0.1195

Ex. 21 1 99.92 - 0.08 - - 19.993 0. 121

Ex. 212 99.92 - 0.08 - - 29.823 0.1099

Ex. 213 99.92 - 0.08 - - 39.196 0.1104

Ex. 214 99.92 0.08 49.696 0.107

Ex. 215 99.92 0.08 - 60.12 0.1057

Ex. 216 99.92 - 0.08 - - 69.925 0.1022

Ex. 217 99.92 - 0.08 - - 79.972. 0.102.2

Ex. 218 99.92 - 0.08 - - 89.122 0.0992

Ex. 219 99.92 0.08 99.381 0.0999

Ex. 220 99.92 0.08 - 199.857 0.0866

Ex. 221 99.92 - 0.08 - - 300.272. 0.0801

Ex. 222 99.92 - 0.08 - - 400.761 0.0709

Ex., 223 99.92 - 0.08 - - 500.016 0.0625

Ex. 224 99.92 - 0.08 - - 600.159 0.0582

Ex. 225 99.92 0.08 - 700.005 0.0561

Ex. 226 99.92 - 0.08 - - 799.183 0.055

Ex. 227 99.92 - 0.08 - - 900.07 0.0541

Ex., 22 ¾ 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1000.144 0.0534

Ex. 229 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1 100.143 0.0529

Ex. 230 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1 199.947 0.0525

Ex. 231 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1299.983 0.0521

Ex. 232 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1400.134 0.0516

Ex. 233 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1499.927 0.0514

Ex. 234 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1599.967 0.0509

Ex. 235 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1699.728 0.0506

Ex. 236 99.92 0.08 1799.952 0.0506

Ex. 237 99.92 - 0.08 - - 1899.795 0.0501

Ex. 238 99.92 - 0.08 - - 2000.191 0.0493

Ex. 239 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 0.968 0.0128

Ex. 240 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 2.082 0.06 Ex, 2 1 99.42 0.08 0.5 2.951 0.06

Ex. 242 99.42 0.08 0.5 3.543 0.0613

Ex. 243 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 4.822 0.072

Ex. 244 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 5.747 0.0631

Ex. 245 99.42. - 0.08 0.5 - 7.162 0.0596

Ex. 246 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 7.964 0.072.6

Ex. 247 99.42 0.08 0.5 9.393 0.0653

Ex. 248 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 10.077 0.0623

Ex. 249 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 19.795 0.0514

Ex. 2.50 99.42. - 0.08 0.5 - 30.625 0.0474

Ex. 251 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 39.887 0.0462

Ex. 252 99.42 0.08 0.5 49.646 0.046

Ex. 253 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 59.844 0.0436

Ex. 254 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 69.66 0.0416

Ex. 255 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 79.606 0.0403

Ex. 256 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 89.916 0.0414

Ex. 257 99.42 0.08 0.5 101.33 0.042

Ex. 258 99.42 0.08 0.5 199.705 0.0451

Ex. 259 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 300.217 0.0447

Ex. 260 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 400.016 0.0431

Ex. 261 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 499.984 0.04

Ex. 262 99.42 0.08 0.5 600.592 0.0372

Ex. 263 99.42 0.08 0.5 700.426 0.0344

Ex. 264 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 799.998 0.0319

Ex. 265 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 899.399 0.0294

Ex. 266 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 999.906 0.0272

Ex. 2.67 99.42. - 0.08 0.5 - 1100.165 0.0246

Ex. 268 99.42 0.08 0.5 1199.845 0.0221

Ex. 269 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1299.45 0.0208

Ex. 270 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1399.648 0.0198

Ex., 2 / 1 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1500.139 0.019

Ex. 2.72 99.42. - 0.08 0.5 - 1599.762 0.0183

Ex. 273 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1699.62.8 0.0178

Ex. 274 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1800.018 0.0172

Ex. 275 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1900.062 0.017

Ex. 276 99.42 - 0.08 0.5 - 1999.752 0.0166

Ex. 2.77 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1.01 -0.0295

Ex. 278 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 2.139 0.0503

Ex. 279 99.42 0.08 0.5 3.01 0.06

Ex. 280 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 3.517 0.1155

Ex. 281 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 5.01 0.1313

Ex. 2.82 99.42. - 0.08 - 0.5 6.098 0.1264

Ex. 283 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 7.166 0.1084 Ex, 284 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 8.218 0.1347

Ex. 285 99.42 0.08 0.5 8.971 0.1227

Ex. 286 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 9.661 0.126

Ex. 287 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 19.994 0.1077

Ex. 288 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 30.248 0.0892

Ex. 289 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 39.726 0.0851

Ex. 290 99.42 0.08 0.5 50.022 0.0769

Ex. 291 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 60.777 0.07

Ex. 292 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 70.601 0.0691

Ex. 293 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 80.435 0.0632

Ex. 294 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 90.376 0.0573

Ex. 295 99.42 0.08 0.5 98.829 0.0578

Ex. 296 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 200.266 0.0384

Ex. 297 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 299.232 0.0294

Ex. 298 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 400.699 0.0244

Ex. 299 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 499.802 0.0213

Ex. 300 99.42 0.08 0.5 599.696 0.0195

Ex. 301 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 700.453 0.0182

Ex. 302 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 799.721 0.0172

Ex. 303 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 900.499 0.0166

Ex. 304 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 999.852 0.0161

Ex. 305 99.42 0.08 0.5 1099.712 0.0156

Ex. 306 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1199.554 0.0153

Ex. 307 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1299.555 0.0151

Ex. 308 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1400.34 0.0148

Ex. 309 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1500.271 0.0146

Ex. 310 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1599.869 0.0144

Ex. 311 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1699.814 0.0142

Ex. 312 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1800.113 0.014

Ex. 313 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 1899.877 0.014

Ex. 314 99.42 - 0.08 - 0.5 2000.132 0.014

Ex. 315 - 99.92 0.08 - - 0.995 -0.0266

Ex. 316 - 99.92 0.08 - - 2.126 0.0419

Ex. 317 - 99.92 0.08 - - 3.029 -0.0178

Ex. 318 - 99.92 0.08 - - 4.486 0.0436

Ex. 319 - 99.92 0.08 - - 4.549 0.072

Ex. 320 - 99.92 0.08 - - 5.818 0.1085

Ex. 321 - 99.92 0.08 - - 6.79 0.115

Ex. 322 - 99.92 0.08 8.098 0.1076

Ex. 323 - 99.92 0.08 - - 8.928 0.105

Ex. 324 - 99.92 0.08 - - 10.136 0.1055

Ex. 325 - 99.92 0.08 - - 19.869 0.0984

Ex. 326 - 99.92 0.08 - - 29.702 0.078 Ex, 327 99.92 0.08 - 39.919 0.0766

Ex. 328 - 99.92 0.08 50.076 0.0752

Ex. 329 - 99.92 0.08 - - 60.442 0.072

Ex. 330 - 99.92 0.08 - - 69.47 0.0697

Ex. 331 - 99.92. 0.08 - - 79.842 0.0697

Ex. 332 - 99.92 0.08 - - 90.06 0.0673

Ex. 333 - 99.92 0.08 99.358 0.0665

Ex. 334 - 99.92 0.08 - - 201.009 0.0543

Ex. 335 - 99.92 0.08 - - 300.042 0.0476

Ex. 336 - 99.92 0.08 - - 401.2 0.0434

Ex. 337 - 99.92 0.08 - - 499.924 0.0404

Ex. 338 - 99.92 0.08 599.516 0.038

Ex. 339 - 99.92 0.08 - - 699.622 0.0358

Ex. 340 - 99.92 0.08 - - 800.535 0.0339

Ex. 341 - 99.92 0.08 - - 900.402 0.0323

Ex. 342 - 99.92 0.08 - - 999.932 0.0308

Ex. 343 - 99.92 0.08 1100.061 0.0294

Ex. 344 99.92 0.08 - 1200.049 0.0281

Ex. 345 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1300.53 0.027

Ex. 346 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1399.517 0.026

Ex. 347 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1499.903 0.025

Ex. 348 - 99.92 0.08 1600.511 0.0242

Ex. 349 99.92 0.08 - 1699.766 0.0234

Ex. 350 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1799.715 0.0226

Ex. 351 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1900.233 0.022

Ex. 352 - 99.92 0.08 - - 1999.653 0.0215

Ex. 353 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 0.981 0.0139

Ex. 354 99.42 0.08 0.5 2.11 0.0084

Ex. 355 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 3.164 0.0659

Ex. 356 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 4.289 0.1201

Ex. 357 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 5.329 0.0989

Ex. 358 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 5.88 0.1219

Ex. 359 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 7.336 0.115

Ex. 360 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 8.356 0.1177

Ex. 361 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 8.958 0.1071

Ex. 362 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 10.261 0.105

Ex. 363 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 20.472 0.0916

Ex. 364 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 29.983 0.0915

Ex. 365 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 39.756 0.0897

Ex. 366 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 49.896 0.0829

Ex. 367 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 60.301 0.0799

Ex. 368 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 69.536 0.0812

Ex. 369 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 79.903 0.0783 Ex, 370 99.42 0.08 0.5 90.371 0.0764

Ex. 371 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 99.592 0.0743

Ex. 372 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 200.567 0.0602

Ex. 373 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 299.461 0.0545

Ex. 374 - 99.42, 0.08 0.5 - 400.511 0.0489

Ex. 375 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 500.106 0.0446

Ex. 376 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 600.226 0.0413

Ex. 377 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 700.554 0.0385

Ex. 378 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 800.185 0.0362

Ex. 379 - 99.42, 0.08 0.5 - 899.774 0.0341

Ex. 380 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 999.701 0.0324

Ex. 381 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 1100.55 0.0309

Ex. 382 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1199.651 0.0294

Ex. 383 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1299.973 0.0282

Ex. 384 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1399.995 0.027

Ex. 385 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1499.916 0.026

Ex. 386 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 1599.649 0.0251

Ex. 387 99.42 0.08 0.5 1699.539 0.0243

Ex. 388 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1800.048 0.0237

Ex. 389 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1899.699 0.0229

Ex. 390 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 - 1999.722 0.0223

Ex. 391 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 0.972 0.016

Ex. 392 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1.989 -0.0398

Ex. 393 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 3.093 0.0272

Ex. 394 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 3.81 0.0674

Ex. 395 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 5.287 0.0479

Ex. 396 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 5.994 0.1307

Ex. 397 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 6.401 0.1235

Ex. 398 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 8.28 0.1223

Ex. 399 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 8.803 0.125

Ex. 400 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 9.71 1 0.1189

Ex. 401 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 20.279 0.1092

Ex. 402 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 30.583 0.11 17

Ex. 403 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 39.219 0.1038

Ex. 404 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 49.983 0.0937

Ex. 405 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 59.881 0.094

Ex. 406 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 69.946 0.0925

Ex. 407 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 78.827 0.0886

Ex. 408 - 99.42 0.08 0.5 90.666 0.0879

Ex. 409 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 99.16 0.0856

Ex. 410 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 200.997 0.0692

Ex. 41 1 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 299.773 0.0605

Ex. 412 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 399.718 0.0545 Ex, 413 99.42 0.08 - 0,5 499.974 0.0502

Ex. 414 - 99,42 0.08 0.5 599.895 0.0463

Ex. 415 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 700.405 0.0432

Ex. 416 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 800.176 0.0405

Ex. 417 - 99,42 0.08 - 0.5 899.676 0.0382

Ex. 418 - 99.42 0.08 - 0,5 1000.108 0.036

Ex. 419 - 99,42 0.08 0.5 1099.482 0.0342

Ex. 420 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1200.132 0.0326

Ex. 421 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1299.578 0.0311

Ex. 422 - 99,42 0.08 - 0.5 1399.476 0.0298

Ex. 423 - 99.42 0.08 - 0,5 1499.769 0.0285

Ex. 424 - 99,42 0.08 0.5 1600.026 0.0274

Ex. 425 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1700.468 0.0265

Ex. 426 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1799.821 0.0256

Ex. 427 - 99.42 0.08 - 0.5 1899.981 0.0248

Ex. 428 - 99.42 0.08 - 0,5 2000.19 0.024

[00204] In Figure 1 , the traction coefficients for each of the lubricant compositions are plotted against the corresponding rolling speeds from 200 mm/s to 2000 mm/s as provided in Table 3 above. Lubricant compositions including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and the ester (fuel economy agent) and the anti-wear agent including phosphorous exhibit lower traction coefficients at rolling speeds of at least 200 mm/s as compared to lubricant compositions including glycerol mono oleate (friction modifier I) and the anti-wear agent including phosphorous. At rolling speeds of less than 200 mm/s, the traction coefficients for the lubricant compositions including glycerol mono oleate (friction modifier I) and the anti- wear agent including phosphorous exhibit lower traction coefficients as compared to lubricant compositions including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and the ester (fuel economy agent), and the anti-wear agent including phosphorous..

D. Fuel Economy Evaluation According to EPA Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HwFET)

[00205] The fuel economy improvement for vehicles utilizing lubricant composition was determined according to HwFET which is a chassis dynamometer driving schedule developed by the U.S. EPA for the determination of fuel economy of light duty vehicles. A 2012 Honda Civic (1.8L PFI), a 2004 Mazda 3 (2.0L PFI), a 2012 Buick Regal (2.0L GDI), and a 2012 Ford Explorer (2.0L TGDI) were utilized for the determination. [00206] A total of four cycles were averaged to calculate the baseline fuel economy for each vehicle with each cycle including two HwFETs for a total of eight measurements. A mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester, or an ester free of nitrogen was then introduced into the lubricant composition at the specified treat rate and four additional cycles were 5 measured to calculate the impact of the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester, or the ester that is free of nitrogen on fuel economy. Ill accordance with HwFET, each vehicle was tested for 765 seconds to a distance of 10.26 miles at an average speed of 48.3 miles per hour. The results in Table 3 for each vehicle utilizing each lubricant composition are based on an average of 6 tests.

0 [00207] Examples 429-436 include the anti-wear agent including phosphorous, the ester free of nitrogen, and a Group II base oil. Examples 437-444 include an anti-wear agent including phosphorous, a mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester, and a Group II base oil. Examples 437-444 also include a minor amount of by-products resulting and reactants remaining from the preparation of the alkoxylated amide of general formula (I) and the ester5 of general formula (II). The Group II base oil of Examples 429-444 also includes an additive package including each of the following additives in an amount based on a total weight percent of the Group II base oil: a dispersant at 3.4 wt.%, a phenolic antioxidant at 0.85 wt.%, an aminic antioxidant at 1.4 wt.%, a detergent at 1.8 wt.%, a diluent at 1 wt.%, a viscosity index improver at 3.2 wt.%, a. pour point depressant, and antifoam agent,

0 [00208] The anti-wear agent including phosphorous is zinc diaikyldithiophosphate.

The ester free of nitrogen is glycerol mono oleate. The mixture of alkoxylated amide and ester includes the alkoxylated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of 75:25 of the ester to the alkoxylated amide. Descriptions of the formulations of Examples of 87-102 are provided in Table 4 below. Results of the testing of Examples of 87-102 are provided in Table 5 below.,5

Table 4

Table 5

[00209] Lubricant compositions including the ester free of nitrogen at 0,30 wt.% based on total weight of the lubricant composition exhibited increased fuel economy by an average of 0.50% as compared to the lubricant compositions free of the ester free of nitrogen as measured by the HwFET. Lubricant compositions including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester at 0.30 wt.% based on total weight of the lubricant composition exhibited increased fuel economy by an average of 1.36% as compared to the lubricant compositions free of the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester as measured by the HwFET.

[00210] Lubricant compositions including the ester free of nitrogen at 0,60 wt.% based on total weight of the lubricant composition exhibited increased fuel economy by an average of 0.73% as compared to the lubricant compositions free of the ester free of nitrogen as measured by the HwFET. Lubricant compositions including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester at 0.60 wt.% based on total weight of the lubricant composition exhibited increased fuel economy by an average of 1.45% as compared to the lubricant compositions free of the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester as measured by the HwFET. E. Fuel Consumption Evaluation by Engine Dynamometer

[00211 ] The fuel consumption evaluation by engine dynamometer was conducted on an engine utilizing a lubricant composition.

[00212] The fuel consumption evaluation provides fuel consumption results at several time points over a 67.81 hour period. The engine utilized for the evaluation was a 5.7 liter GM crate engine. The engine was operated at controlled steady state conditions simulating highway temperatures, speed, and load. Fuel consumption was measured constantly with a Coriolis-type fuel flow meter.

[00213] At 0 hours, the lubricant composition included only Group II base oil The engine was operated until the fuel consumption stabilized at .14.41 hours. This period from 0 hours to 14,41 hours is described as the "aging period." At 14.41 hours, an anti-wear agent including phosphorous in an amount of 0.03 wt.% was added to the lubricant composition such that the lubricant composition included the Group II base oil in combination with the anti-wear agent including phosphorous. At 17.08 hours, a mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester in an amount of 0.3 wt.% was added to the lubricant composition such that the lubricant composition included the Group II base oil, the anti-wear agent including phosphorous and the mixture of the alkoxylaied amide and ester.

[00214] The anti-wear agent including phosphorous was zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.

The mixture of the alkoxylaied amide and ester is a mixture of the alkoxviated amide of general formula (I) and the ester of general formula (Π) along with a minor amount of by- products resulting and reactants remaining from the preparation of the alkoxylated amide of general formula (I) and the ester of general formula (II). The mixture of alkoxylated amide and ester includes the alkoxylated amide and the ester in a weight ratio of 75:25 of the ester to the alkoxylated amide. Results of the evaluation are provided in Table 6 below and graphically in Figure 2. Table 6

[00215] As shown in Table 6 and Figure 2, during the aging period from 0 hours to 14.41 hours (time point A at 14.41 hours), fuel consumption of the engine stabilized at 2.388 g sec. After addition of the anti-wear agent including phosphorous to the lubricant composition, fuel consumption of the engine was 2.458 g/sec at 17.08 hours (time point B at 17.08 hours). This addition of the anti-wear agent including phosphorous resulted in an increase of fuel consumption of 2.85% relative to the lubricant composition of the aging period. After addition of the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester to the lubricant composition, fuel consumption of the engine was 2.392 g/sec at 19.58 hours (time point C at 19.58 hours). Thus, the addition of the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester resulted in a decrease of fuel consumption of 2.76% compared to the lubricant composition without the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester. After 67.81 hours (time point D at 67.81 hours), fuel consumption of the engine was 2.307 g/sec.

[00216] The fuel consumption of the engine at 67.81 hours utilizing the lubricant composition that included the anti-wear agent including phosphorous, and the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and the ester, decreased 3.51% compared to the fuel consumption of the engine at 14.41 hours utilizing the lubricant composition thai included only the anti-wear agent including phosphorous. The fuel consumption of the engine at 67.81 hours utilizing the lubricant composition decreased 6.55% compared to the fuel consumption of the engine at 17.08 hours. It is believed that the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester in the lubricant composition including the anti-wear agent including phosphorous mitigates the increased fuel consumption of the engine utilizing a. lubricant composition including the anti-wear agent including phosphorous.

[00217] In addition to the Fuel Consumption Evaluation by Engine Dynamometer described above, a further Fuel Consumption Evaluation by Engine Dynamometer was conducted. During this evaluation, the mixture of the alkoxvlated amide and the ester was added to the lubricant composition after the aging period. After 3 hours, the anti-wear agent including phosphorus was added to the lubricant composition. The results of this evaluation provided that the fuel consumption of the engine only increased after addition of the anti- wear agent including phosphorus. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the performance of the alkoxvlated amide and the ester may be dependent upon the presence of a tribofilm formed from the anti-wear agent including phosphorus.

F. Effectiveness of Bench Tests in Determining Fuel Economy

[002Ϊ 8] The evaluations described above utilizing HFRR and MTM for determining concepts related to friction are commonly considered to be bench tests. These tests may be utilized to quickly and cost-effectively screen a large number of lubricant compositions for concepts related to friction. However, looking at the evaluations described above as a whole, concepts related to friction may not necessarily correlate to fuel economy. For example, if one were to only evaluate a lubricant composition including glycerol mono oleate against a lubricant composition including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester utilizing bench tests, one may incorrectly determine that lubricant compositions including glycerol mono oleate exhibit increased fuel economy based on concepts related to friction as compared to lubricant compositions including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester. In view of the HwFET evaluation describe above, which is commonly utilized by OEMs to determine the fuel economy of vehicles, the lubricant composition including the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester exhibits increased fuel economy in engines as compared to the lubricant composition including glycerol mono oleate in engines.

[002Ϊ ] It is believed that bench tests which screen lubricant compositions for concepts related to friction may be unable to simulate the complex environment of an operating engine due to bench tests only simulating one set of conditions. The complex environment of an engine includes many moving parts all moving at different speeds, each of the parts with different metallurgy, hardness, stiffness, and geometry with these parts contacting with varying loads and temperatures and with different degrees of boundary lubrication and transient conditions. Further, the lubricant composition is continuously changing as it ages due to heat, the accumulation of combustion products, and changes in chemistry as additives activate, react, and decompose. For example, an engine operating for a longer duration and at a higher temperature may be more likely to exhibit tribofilm formed from the anti-wear additive on surfaces of metal parts of the engine. As described above, it is believed that the mixture of the alkoxylated amide and ester may absorbs onto the tribofilm to reduce the friction coefficient of the layer of the anti-wear agent present on the surface of the engine. Without the formation of the tribofilm during bench tests, the alkoxylated amide and ester may not reduce the friction coefficient of the layer of the anti-wear agent present on the surface of the engine. Accordingly, it is believed that bench tests which screen lubricant compositions for concepts related to friction may not be an effective method of determining the fuel economy of a lubricant composition in an engine.

[00220] It is to be understood that the appended claims are not limited to express and particular compounds, compositions, or methods described in the detailed description, which may vary between particular embodiments which tali within the scope of the appended claims. With respect to any Markush groups relied upon herein for describing particular features or aspects of various embodiments, it is to be appreciated that different, special, and/'or unexpected results may be obtained from each member of the respective Markush group independent from ail other Markush members. Each member of a Markush group may be relied upon individually and or in combination and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

|00221] It is also to be understood that any ranges and subranges relied upon in describing various embodiments of the present disclosure independently and collectively fall within the scope of the appended claims, and are understood to describe and contemplate all ranges including whole and/ ^' or fractional values therein, even if such values are not expressly written herein. One of skill in the art readily recognizes that the enumerated ranges and subranges sufficiently describe and enable various embodiments of the present disclosure, and such ranges and subranges may be further delineated into relevant halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, and so on. As just one example, a range "of from 0, 1 to 0.9" may be further delineated into a lower third, i.e., from 0.1 to 0.3, a middle third, i.e., from 0.4 to 0.6, and an upper third, i.e., from 0.7 to 0.9, which individually and collectively are within the scope of the appended claims, and may be relied upon individually and/or collectively and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

[00222] In addition, with respect to the language which defines or modifies a range, such as "at least," "greater than," "less than," "no more than," and the like, it is to be understood that such language includes subranges and/or an upper or lower limit. As another example, a range of "at least 10" inherently includes a subrange of from at least 10 to 35, a subrange of from at least 10 to 25, a subrange of from 25 to 35, and so on, and each subrange may be relied upon individually and/or collectively and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. Finally, an individual number within a disclosed range may be relied upon and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. For example, a range "of from 1 to 9" includes various individual integers, such as 3, as well as individual numbers including a decimal point (or fraction), such as 4.1, which may be relied upon and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

[00223] The subject matter of all combinations of independent and dependent claims, both single and multiple dependent, intervening or otherwise, is herein expressly contemplated. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:

Claim 3 can depend from claims 1 or 2;

Claim 5 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 4;

Claim 6 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 5;

Claim 8 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 7;

Claim 10 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 9;

Claim 12 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 1 1 ;

Claim 13 can depend from any one of claims I through 12;

Claim 14 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 13;

Claim 15 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 14;

Claim 16 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 15; and

Claim 17 can depend from any one of claims 1 through 16.

[00224] The present disclosure has been described herein in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Many modifications and variations of the present disclosure are possible in light of the above teachings. The present disclosure may be practiced othenvise than as specifically described within the scope of the appended claims. The subject matter of ail combinations of independent and dependent claims, both single and multiple dependent, is herein expressly contemplated.