CYNAMON MICHAEL (US)
HEARN MICHAEL (US)
JP2004025834A | 2004-01-29 |
WALKER G. N., MOORE M. A., WEAVER B. N.: "APPLICATION OF SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE, REDUCTION TO SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED AMINOPIPERIDINES, AMINOPIPERAZINES, AMINOPYRIDINES AND HYDRAZINES.", THE JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 26., no. 08., 14 August 1961 (1961-08-14), pages 2740 - 2747., XP002071843, ISSN: 0022-3263, DOI: 10.1021/jo01066a030
DATABASE CAS STNext; ANONYMOUS : "1-Piperazinamine, 4-methyl-N-(3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl)- (CA INDEX NAME)", XP093144153, retrieved from Registry
R. FERNANDO MARTNEZ; MARTN VALOS; REYES BABIANO; PEDRO CINTAS; MARK E. LIGHT; JOS L. JIMNEZ; JUAN C. PALACIOS; ESTHER M.S. PREZ; V: "Hydrazones from hydroxy naphthaldehydes and-aminoheterocycles: structure and stereodynamics", TETRAHEDRON, ELSEVIER SIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 67, no. 11, 22 January 2011 (2011-01-22), AMSTERDAM, NL , pages 2025 - 2034, XP028148967, ISSN: 0040-4020, DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.065
CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A compound having a structure represented by a formula: , wherein is a single bo n an s se ec e rom and N(C1-C4 alkyl), or wherein is a double bond and Z is N; wherein n is selected from 0 and 1; wherein each of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, and R1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein m, when present, is selected from 0, 1, and 2; wherein each of R10, R11a, R11b, and R12, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R13, when present, is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH2Ar1, and Ar1; wherein Ar1, when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; wherein Cy1, when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1- C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; or wherein two adjacent R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, and R1e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein R2 is selected from C1- C4 alkyl, ‒CH2Ar2, and Ar2; and wherein Ar2, when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein is a single bond and Z is selected from NH and N(C1-C4alkyl). 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein is a double bond and Z is N. 4. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein n is 0. 5. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein n is 1. 6. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein each of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, and R1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, and ‒OC(O)Cy1. 7. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein Cy1, when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least one of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, and R1e is a non-hydrogen group. 9. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least two of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, and R1e is a non-hydrogen group. 10. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein R1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11a, R11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, and ‒OC(O)Cy1. 11. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein R1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, and ‒OC(O)Cy1. 12. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein Cy1, when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. 13. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R d is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11a, R11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, and ‒OC(O)Cy1. ogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, and ‒OC(O)Cy1. 15. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein Cy1, when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. 16. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein R1a is hydrogen. 17. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein R1b is hydrogen. 18. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein R1e is hydrogen. 19. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein R2 is methyl. 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , wh , , , p y y g n, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , , or a pharmaceutically a 23. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 24. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 25. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compound is selected from: , , , , or . 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 27. The compound of claim 26, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , , wherein each of R20a, lected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , , or a pharmaceuticall 29. The compound of claim 26, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acc eptable salt thereof. 30. The compound of claim 26, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 31. The compound of claim 26, wherein the compound is selected from: H3C N OCH3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically accep a e sa e eo . 33. The compound of claim 32, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , wherein each of R20a, R20b, R20c, and R20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptab 34. The compound of claim 33, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 35. The compound of claim 32, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 36. The compound of claim 32, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acce . 37. The compound of claim 32, wherein the compound is selected from: , , , , , 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , .or a pharmaceutically ac . 39. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: R20b R2 R20a R20c N , w herein each of R20a, R20b, R20c, and R20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R10, ‒OCO2R10, ‒C(O)NR11aR11b, ‒OC(O)NR11aR11b, ‒SO2R12, ‒SO3R12, ‒OSO3R12, Cy1, ‒O(CH2)mCy1, ‒C(O)Cy1, ‒OC(O)Cy1, and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 40. The compound of claim 39, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , or a p armaceu ca y accepa e sa ereo . 41. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 42. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 43. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is selected from: , or 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1 to 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 45. A method for treating an microbial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1 to 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 46. The method of claim [0007], wherein the microbial infection is a bacterial infection. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the bacterial infection is selected from M Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, Mycobacterium bovis infection, infection by Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, infection by a BCG substrain, Mycobacterium avium infection, Mycobacterium intracellulare infection, Mycobacterium africanum infection, Mycobacterium kansasii infection, Mycobacterium marinum infection, Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Nocardia asteroids infection, infection by other Nocardia species, Legionella pneumophila infection, infection by other Legionella species, Salmonella typhi infection, infection by other Salmonella species, infection by a Shigella species, Yersinia pestis infection, Pasteurella haemolytica infection, Pasteurella multocida infection, infection by other Pasteurella species, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection, Listeria monocytogenes infection, Listeria ivanovii infection, Brucella abortus infection, infection by other Brucella species, Cowdria ruminantium infection, Chlamydia pneumonia infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Chlamydia psittaci infection, Coxiella burnetti infection, infection by other Rickettsial species, Ehrlichia species infection, Staphylococcus epidermidis infection, Streptococcus pneumonia infection, Streptococcus pyogenes infection, Streptococcus agalactiae infection, Bacillus anthracis infection, Vibrio cholera infection, Campylobacter species infection, Neiserria meningitides infection, Neiserria gonorrhea infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, infection by other Pseudomonas species, Haemophilus influenzae infection, Haemophilus ducreyi infection, infection by other Hemophilus species, Clostridium tetani infection, infection by other Clostridium species, Yersinia enterolitica infection, and infection by other Yersinia species. 48. The method of claim 46 or claim 47, wherein the bacterial infection is a mycobacterial infection. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the mycobacterial infection is selected from infection by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus infection, and Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis infection. 50. The method any one of claims 45 to 49, wherein the bacterial infection is selected from infection by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus infection, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. 51. The method of claim 46, wherein the bacterial infection is not Staphylococcus aureus infection or Escherichia coli infection. 52. The method of claim [0007], wherein the microbial infection is a fungal infection. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the fungal infection is selected from ringworm, a Candida infection, a fungal nail infection, Blastomyces infection, Cryptococcus gattii infection, Paracoccidioides infection, Coccidioides infection, and Histoplasmosis infection. 54. The method of claim 52 or claim 53, wherein the fungal infection is a candidiasis fungal infection. 55. The method of any one of claims 52 to 54, wherein the fungal infection is selected from Candida krusei infection, Candida albicans infection, Candida auris infection, and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. 56. The method of claim 52, wherein the fungal infection is not Candida tropicalis or Candida glabrata. 57. The method of any one of claims 45 to 56, wherein the subject is a mammal. 58. The method of any one of claims 45 to 57, wherein the mammal is a human. 59. The method of any one of claims 45 to 58, further comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one agent known to have antimicrobial activity. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the agent known to have antimicrobial activity is selected from amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam, azlocillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefdinir, cefditorin, cefepime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, cilastin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clofazimine, cloxacillin, colistin, dalbavancin, dalfopristin, demeclocycline, dicloxacillin, dirithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, enoxacin, enviomycin, ertepenem, ethambutol, flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, furazolidone, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, isoniazid, kanamycin, linezolid, lomefloxacin, loracarbef, mafenide, moxifloxacin, meropenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin, minocycline, mupirocin, nafcillin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oritavancin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, piperacillin, platensimycin, polymixin B, quinupristin, retapamulin, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, sulbactam, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, telithromycin, telavancin, temafloxacin, tetracycline, thioacetazone, thioridazine, ticarcillin, tinidazole, tobramycin, torezolid, tosufloxacin, trimethoprim, troleandomycin, trovafloxacin, and vancomycin. 61. The method of claim 59 or claim 60, wherein the agent is selected from an antibiotic agent and an antifungal agent. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the antibiotic agent. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the antibiotic agent is selected from a lipopeptide, fluoroquinolone, a lipoglycopeptide, a macrolide, a β-lactam (e.g., a penicillin, a cephalosporin, a monobactam, a carbapenem), a lincosamide, a streptogramin, an aminoglycoside, a quinolone, a sulfonamide, a tetracycline, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrofurantoin, a glycopeptide, a lipoglycopeptide, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, a polypeptide, and a tuberactinomycin. 64. The method of any one of claims 61 to 63, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the antifungal agent. 65. The method of any one of claims 61 to 64, wherein the antifungal agent is selected from clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin. 66. The method of any one of claims 59 to 65, wherein the compound and the agent are administered simultaneously. 67. The method of any one of claims 59 to 65, wherein the compound and the agent are administered sequentially. 68. The method of any one of claims 45 to 67, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of the microbial infection prior to the administering step. 69. The method of any one of claims 45 to 68, further comprising the step of identifying a subject in need of treatment of the microbial infection. 70. The method of any one of claims 45 to 69, wherein administering is topical, oral, intranasal, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration. 71. The method of any one of claims 45 to 70, wherein the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. 72. The method of any one of claims 45 to 70, wherein the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 73. A kit comprising the compound of any one of claims 1 to 43, and one or more selected from: (a) an agent known to have antimicrobial activity; (b) instructions for treating a microbial infection; and (c) instructions for administering the compound in connection with treating a microbial infection. 74. The kit of claim 73, wherein the compound and the agent are co-packaged. 75. The kit of claim 73, wherein the compound and the agent are co-formulated. 76. The kit of any one of claims 73 to 75, further comprising a plurality of dosage forms, the plurality comprising one or more doses; wherein each dose comprises an effective amount of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity. 77. The kit of claim 76, wherein an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. 78. The kit of claim 76, wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 79. The kit of claim 76, wherein each dose of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity are co-formulated. 80. The kit of claim 76, wherein each dose of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity are co-packaged. |
, , or a p a aceu ca y accepa e sa eeo. [00115] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00116] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , , wherein each of R 20a , R 20 ed from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00117] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00118] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically accep . [00119] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically accept able salt thereof. [00120] In various aspects, the compound is selected from: H 3C N OCH3 , or a ph armaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00121] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00122] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , wherei , , , p y y g , alogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00123] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , , or a pharmaceutically acce [00124] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptab le salt thereof. [00125] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00126] In various aspects, the compound is selected from: , ,
, H3C N Cl N N H 3 , or a phar [00127] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically accepta ble salt thereof. [00128] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: R 20b R 2 R 20a R 20c , wherein each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy , ‒OC(O)Cy , and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable sa . [00129] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00130] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00131] In various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically accept . [00132] In various aspects, the compound is selected from: , or a ph . [00133] In various aspects, is a single bond and Z is selected from NH and N(C1- C4 alkyl). Thus, in various further aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is selected from NH and N(C1-C4 alkyl). [00134] In various aspects, is a double bond and Z is N. Thus, in various further aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00135] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , and ‒OC(O)Cy . In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. [00136] In various aspects, R 1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6- C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. [00137] In various aspects, R 1d is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6- C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. [00138] In various aspects, n is selected from 0 and 1. In a further aspect, n is 0. In a still further aspect, n is 1. [00139] In various aspects, m, when present, is selected from 0, 1, and 2. In a further aspect, m, when present, is selected from 0 and 1. In a still further aspect, m, when present, is selected from 1 and 2. In yet a further aspect, m, when present, is selected from 0 and 2. In an even further aspect, m, when present, is 0. In a still further aspect, m, when present, is 1. In yet a further aspect, m, when present, is 2. a. Z GROUPS [00140] In one aspect, Z is selected from NH and N(C1-C4 alkyl). In a further aspect, Z is selected from NH, NCH3, NCH2CH3, NCH2CH2CH3, and NCH(CH3)2. In a still further aspect, Z is selected from NH, NCH 3 , and NCH 2 CH 3 . In yet a further aspect, Z is selected from NH and NCH3. In an even further aspect, Z is NH. [00141] In one aspect, Z is N. b. R , R , R C , R , AND R GROUPS [00142] In one aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: , or wherein two adjacent R 1a , R 1b , R c , R , and R e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00143] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, C1-C4 alkylthiol, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C4)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R , R , R , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, propenyl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH(CH3)CH2F, ‒CH2CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CH(CH3)CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CH2CN, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒SCH(CH3)2, ‒SCH2CH2CH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2F, ‒OCH2CH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒NHCH(CH3)CH3, ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CH(CH3)CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR a R b , ‒SO2R , ‒SO3R , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of , , , , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒NHCH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00144] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, C1-C4 alkylthiol, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, ‒CH2CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒SCH(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2F, ‒OCH2CH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: om xy, F, , In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00145] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, and C1-C8 alkylthiol. In a further aspect, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, and C1-C4 alkylthiol. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH2CH3, ‒SCH(CH3)2, ‒SCH2CH2CH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2Cl, and ‒OCH2CH2CH2Cl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, and ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 OH, methoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, and ‒OCH2Cl. [00146] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, and C1-C8 alkylthiol. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, and C1-C4 alkylthiol. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒SCH(CH3)2, ‒SCH2CH2CH3, ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2Cl, and ‒OCH2CH2CH2Cl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, and ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH 2 OH, methoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl2, and ‒OCH2Cl. [00147] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR a R b , ‒OC(O)NR a R b , ‒SO2R , ‒SO3R , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , , , s independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C4)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒NHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒NHCH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00148] In various aspects, e ac o , , , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C8)N3. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C4)N3. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒NHCH(CH3)CH3, ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CH(CH3)CH2N3, and ‒CH2CH2CH2N3. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, and ‒CH2CH2N3. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒N(CH3)2, and ‒CH2N3. [00149] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C8)N3. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C4)N3. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒NHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N 3 , and ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N 3 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , and ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 . In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH3, ‒N(CH3)2, and ‒CH 2 N 3 . [00150] In various aspects, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , , , an s independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒CH2CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, 1 0 10 11 11b , . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of , , , , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00151] In various aspects, e ac o R a , R , R c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 haloalkyl, and C1-C8 cyanoalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 cyanoalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH(CH3)CH2F, ‒CH2CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CN, and ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, and ‒CH 2 CN. [00152] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 haloalkyl, and C1-C8 cyanoalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 cyanoalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH(CH3)CH2F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CH(CH3)CH2CN, and ‒CH2CH2CH2CN. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, and ‒CH2CN. [00153] In various aspects, each of R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , , , a s independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, propenyl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR a R b , ‒SO2R , ‒SO3R , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00154] In various aspects, ea , , , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, and C2-C8 alkenyl. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkyl, and C2-C4 alkenyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, and propenyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, and ethenyl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, and methyl. [00155] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and C2-C8 alkenyl. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, and C2-C4 alkenyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, and propenyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and ethenyl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00156] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and halogen. In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, and ‒Br. In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, and ‒Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒Cl. In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒F. [00157] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy , ‒OC(O)Cy , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00158] In a further aspect, e , , , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CO2R 10 , and ‒OCO2R 10 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒CO2R 10 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OCO2R 10 . [00159] In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , and ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b . [00160] In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , and ‒OSO3R 12 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒SO2R 12 , and ‒SO3R 12 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒SO2R 12 . In an even further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒SO3R 12 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OSO3R 12 . [00161] In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , and ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . [00162] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, one of R 1a , R 1b , , , a structure represented by a formula: . [00163] In various aspects, e ac o , , , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, (C1-C4)(C1- Ca4) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, methoxy, ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . [00164] In various aspects, R 1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a , R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, R 1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, R 1c is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-Cd4 alkoxy, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . [00165] In various aspects, R d is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a , R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, R 1d is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, R 1d is selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . [00166] In various aspects, R 1a is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R 1b is hydrogen. In a still further aspect, R 1c is hydrogen. In an even further aspect, R 1d is hydrogen. In a still further aspect, R 1e is hydrogen. [00167] In various aspects, at least one of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is a non-hydrogen group. In a further aspect, at least two of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is a non-hydrogen group. In a still further aspect, at least three of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is a non-hydrogen group. In yet a further aspect, at least four of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is a non-hydrogen group. [00168] In various aspects, each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is hydrogen. [00169] In various aspects, two adjacent R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00170] Thus, in various aspects, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: R 20b R 2 R 20a R 20c N , , wher , , , p y y g , ogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. c. R 2 GROUPS [00171] In one aspect, R 2 is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . In a further aspect, R 2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ‒CH2Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . In a still further aspect, R 2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . In yet a further aspect, R 2 is selected from methyl, ‒CH2Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . [00172] In various aspects, R 2 is C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 2 is selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 2 is ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 2 is methyl. [00173] In various aspects, R is selected from ‒CH2Ar and Ar . In a further aspect, R 2 is ‒CH 2 Ar 1 . In a still further aspect, R 2 is Ar 2 . [00174] In various aspects, R 2 is selected from ‒CH2C6H5 and C6H5. In a further aspect, R 2 is ‒CH 2 C 6 H 5 . In a still further aspect, R 2 is C 6 H 5 . d. R 10 , R 11A , R 11B , AND R 12 G ROUPS [00175] In one aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and ethyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00176] In various aspects, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is ethyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is methyl. [00177] In various aspects, each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is hydrogen. [00178] In various aspects, R 10 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00179] In various aspects, R 10 , when present, is C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 10 , when present, is selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 10 , when present, is ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 10 , when present, is methyl. [00180] In various aspects, R 10 , when present, is hydrogen. [00181] In various aspects, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, each of R a and R b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and ethyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00182] In various aspects, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently C1- C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is independently selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is ethyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is methyl. [00183] In various aspects, each of R 11a and R 11b , when present, is hydrogen. [00184] In various aspects, R 12 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00185] In various aspects, R 12 , when present, is C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 12 , when present, is selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 12 , when present, is ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 12 , when present, is methyl. [00186] In various aspects, R 12 , when present, is hydrogen. e. R 13 GROUPS [00187] In one aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 1 . In a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . In a still further aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, ‒CH2Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . In yet a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from methyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 2 . [00188] In various aspects, R 13 , when present, is C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl. In a still further aspect, R 13 , when present, is selected from methyl and ethyl. In yet a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is ethyl. In an even further aspect, R 2 is methyl. [00189] In various aspects, R 3 , when present, is selected from ‒CH2Ar and Ar . In a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is ‒CH 2 Ar 1 . In a still further aspect, R 13 , when present, is Ar 2 . [00190] In various aspects, R 13 , when present, is selected from ‒CH 2 C 6 H 5 and C 6 H 5 . In a further aspect, R 13 , when present, is ‒CH2C6H5. In a still further aspect, R 13 , when present, is C 6 H 5 . f. R 20A , R 20B , R 20C , R 20D , AND R 20E G ROUPS [00191] In one aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 2 0 b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, C1-C4 alkylthiol, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C4)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, propenyl, ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CH(CH3)CH2CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒SCH(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2F, ‒OCH2CH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒NHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R , R c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒NHCH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00192] In various aspects, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 2 , , an s independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1- C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, C1-C4 alkylthiol, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . er aspect, each of R 20 In a still furth a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒SCH(CH3)2, ‒SCH2CH2CH3, ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH2CH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR a R b , ‒SO2R , ‒SO3R , ‒OSO3R , Cy , ‒O(CH2)mCy , ‒C(O)Cy , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of , , , d R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00193] In various aspects, e ach of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, and C1-C8 alkylthiol. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, and C1-C4 alkylthiol. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒CH(CH3)CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒SCH(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF 3 , ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 F, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2F, ‒OCH2CH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, ‒OCH2CH2Cl, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, and ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, and ‒OCH2CH2Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF 2 , ‒OCH 2 F, ‒OCCl 3 , ‒OCHCl 2 , and ‒OCH 2 Cl. [00194] In various aspects, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, and C1-C8 alkylthiol. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 thioalkyl, and C1-C4 alkylthiol. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, ‒CH2CH2CH2OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒CH2CH2SH, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒SCH(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCH(CH3)CH2F, ‒OCH2CH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl 2 , ‒OCH 2 Cl, ‒OCH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, and ‒OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH 2 OH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 OH, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒CH 2 SH, ‒CH 2 CH 2 SH, ‒SCH 3 , ‒SCH 2 CH 3 , ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCH2CH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl2, ‒OCH2Cl, and ‒OCH2CH2Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CH2OH, methoxy, ‒CH2SH, ‒SCH3, ‒OCF3, ‒OCHF2, ‒OCH2F, ‒OCCl3, ‒OCHCl 2 , and ‒OCH 2 Cl. [00195] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C4)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒NHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , , , an d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒NHCH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00196] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1- C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C8)N3. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C4)N3. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒NHCH(CH3)CH3, ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 N 3 , and ‒CH2CH2CH2N3. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, and ‒CH2CH2N3. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒NHCH3, ‒N(CH3)2, and ‒CH2N3. [00197] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C8)N 3 . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, C1-C4 alkylamino, and ‒(C1-C4)N 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH3, ‒NHCH2CH3, ‒NHCH(CH3)CH3, ‒NHCH2CH2CH3, ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ‒CH 2 N 3 , ‒CH2CH2N3, ‒CH(CH3)CH2N3, and ‒CH2CH2CH2N3. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH 3 , ‒NHCH 2 CH 3 , ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒CH2N3, and ‒CH2CH2N3. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒NHCH 3 , ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , and ‒CH2N3. [00198] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 20 , , , 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 F, ‒CH2CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00199] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 haloalkyl, and C1-C8 cyanoalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 cyanoalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH(CH3)CH2F, ‒CH2CH2CH2F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH(CH3)CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CN, and ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CN. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, and ‒CH 2 CN. [00200] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 haloalkyl, and C1-C8 cyanoalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 cyanoalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH2F, ‒CH2CH2F, ‒CH(CH3)CH2F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, ‒CH 2 CN, ‒CH2CH2CN, ‒CH(CH3)CH2CN, and ‒CH2CH2CH2CN. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 CH 2 F, ‒CH2Cl, ‒CH2CH2Cl, ‒CH2CN, ‒CH2CH2CN. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CH 2 F, ‒CH 2 Cl, and ‒CH2CN. [00201] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In a still further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, propenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , , , an d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , methyl, ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00202] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, and C2-C8 alkenyl. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C4 alkyl, and C2-C4 alkenyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, and propenyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, methyl, ethyl, and ethenyl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , and methyl. [00203] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and C2-C8 alkenyl. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, and C2-C4 alkenyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, and propenyl. In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and ethenyl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl. [00204] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and halogen. In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, and ‒Br. In yet a further aspect, eeach of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, and ‒Cl. In an even a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒Cl. In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒F. [00205] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: . [00206] In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒CO2R 10 , and ‒OCO2R 10 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒CO 2 R 10 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OCO2R 10 . [00207] In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , and ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b . [00208] In a further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , and ‒OSO 3 R 12 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒SO2R 12 , and ‒SO3R 12 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒SO2R 12 . In an even further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒SO 3 R 12 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒OSO3R 12 . [00209] In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, Cy 1 , and ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and ‒C(O)Cy 1 . [00210] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen and a structure represented by a formula: . In a further aspect, one of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is a structure represented by a formula: . [00211] In various aspects, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, (C1-C4)(C1- Ca4) dialkylamino, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In a still further aspect, each of R 0a , R 0b , R 0c , and R 0d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, ‒N(CH3)2, ‒N(CH3)CH2CH3, ‒N(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In yet a further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, ‒N(CH 3 ) 2 , ‒N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . In an even further aspect, each of R 20a , R 20b , R 20c , and R 20d is independently selected from hydrogen, ‒F, ‒Cl, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , methyl, methoxy, ‒N(CH3)2, Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , and ‒OC(O)Cy 1 . g. AR 1 GROUPS [00212] In one aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2- C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0 or 1 groups selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted 6-membered aryl. [00213] In various aspects, Ar 1 , when present, is C6H5. h. AR 2 GROUPS [00214] In one aspect, Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Ar 2 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0 or 1 groups selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Ar 2 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Ar 2 , when present, is an unsubstituted 6-membered aryl. [00215] In various aspects, Ar 2 , when present, is C 6 H 5 . i. C Y1 G ROUPS [00216] In one aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2- C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2- C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1- C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is unsubstituted. [00217] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl and a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1- C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl and a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl and a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, and is substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl and a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, and is monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl and a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, and is unsubstituted. [00218] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is a C3-C6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. Examples of C3-C6 cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicycle[4.4.0]hexane, and spiro[3.3]pentane. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C3-C6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy , when present, is a C3-C6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C3-C6 cycloalkyl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from an unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl. [00219] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1- C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. Examples of C2-C6 heterocycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, thiirane, oxirane, aziridine, thietane, azetidine, oxetane, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrofuran, piperidine, piperazine, thiane, and morpholine. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1- C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl. [00220] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1- C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1- C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C6-C14 aryl and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is unsubstituted. [00221] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is a C6-C14 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. Examples of C6-C14 aryls include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C6-C14 aryl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C6- C14 aryl substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1- C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C6-C14 aryl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from an unsubstituted C6-C14 aryl. [00222] In various aspects, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C10 heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. Examples of C2-C10 heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, furan, pyrrole, thiophene, oxazole, isothiazole, pyridine, triazine, quinoline, and isoquinoline. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C10 heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, or 2 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C10 heteroaryl substituted with 0 or 1 group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In yet a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is a C2-C10 heteroaryl monosubstituted with a group selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino. In an even further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroaryl. 2. EXAMPLE COMPOUNDS [00223] In one aspect, a compound can be present as: , , ,
, , , 3. PROPHETIC COMPOUND EXAMPLES [00225] The following compound examples are prophetic, and can be prepared using the synthesis methods described herein above and other general methods as needed as would be known to one skilled in the art. It is anticipated that the prophetic compounds would be active as antimicrobial agents, and such activity can be determined using the assay methods described herein below. [00226] In one aspect, a compound can be selected from: , , , , , , , , or a [00227] In one aspect, a compound can be selected from: H 3C N OCH3 , or a p [00228] It is contemplated that one or more compounds can optionally be omitted from the disclosed invention. [00229] It is understood that the disclosed compounds can be used in connection with the disclosed methods, compositions, kits, and uses. [00230] It is understood that pharmaceutical acceptable derivatives of the disclosed compounds can be used also in connection with the disclosed methods, compositions, kits, and uses. The pharmaceutical acceptable derivatives of the compounds can include any suitable derivative, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts as discussed below, isomers, radiolabeled analogs, tautomers, and the like. C. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS [00231] In one aspect, disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thus, in one aspect, disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound having a structure represented by a formula: , wherein is a single bond and Z is selected from NH and N(C1-C4 alkyl), or wherein is a double bond and Z is N; wherein n is selected from 0 and 1; wherein each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein m, when present, is selected from 0, 1, and 2; wherein each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R 13 , when present, is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 1 ; wherein Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; or wherein two adjacent R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein R 2 is selected from C1-C4 a lkyl, ‒CH2Ar , and Ar 2 ; and wherein Ar 2 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [00232] In various aspects, the compounds and compositions of the invention can be administered in pharmaceutical compositions, which are formulated according to the intended method of administration. The compounds and compositions described herein can be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. For example, a pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for local or systemic administration, intravenous, topical, or oral administration. [00233] The nature of the pharmaceutical compositions for administration is dependent on the mode of administration and can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. In various aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is sterile or sterilizable. The therapeutic compositions featured in the invention can contain carriers or excipients, many of which are known to skilled artisans. Excipients that can be used include buffers (for example, citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer), amino acids, urea, alcohols, ascorbic acid, phospholipids, polypeptides (for example, serum albumin), EDTA, sodium chloride, liposomes, mannitol, sorbitol, water, and glycerol. The nucleic acids, polypeptides, small molecules, and other modulatory compounds featured in the invention can be administered by any standard route of administration. For example, administration can be parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral. A modulatory compound can be formulated in various ways, according to the corresponding route of administration. For example, liquid solutions can be made for administration by drops into the ear, for injection, or for ingestion; gels or powders can be made for ingestion or topical application. Methods for making such formulations are well known and can be found in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA 1990. [00234] In various aspects, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise the disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The instant compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. [00235] In various aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. The compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. [00236] The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. [00237] In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media can be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like can be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. [00238] A tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. [00239] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents or adjuvants. The instant compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. [00240] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms. [00241] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof. [00242] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations can be prepared, utilizing a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt% to about 10 wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. [00243] Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds. [00244] In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical formulations described above can include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form. [00245] In a further aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a still further aspect, tje effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. [00246] In a further aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal. In a still further aspect, the mammal is a human. In an even further aspect, the human is a patient. [00247] In a further aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is used to treat a microbial infection. In a still further aspect, the microbial infection is a bacterial infection. In yet a further aspect, the bacterial infection is a mycobacterial infection. In a still further aspect, the microbial infection is a fungal infection. [00248] It is understood that the disclosed compositions can be prepared from the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the disclosed compositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. D. METHODS OF MAKING A COMPOUND [00249] The compounds of this invention can be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature, exemplified in the experimental sections or clear to one skilled in the art. For clarity, examples having a single substituent are shown where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions disclosed herein. [00250] Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following Reaction Schemes, as described and exemplified below. In certain specific examples, the disclosed compounds can be prepared by Routes I-II, as described and exemplified below. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood, are illustrative only, and should not be construed as limiting. 1. ROUTE I [00251] In one aspect, substituted aminopiperazine analogs can be prepared as shown below. SCHEME 1A. [00252] Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. SCHEME 1B. [00253] In one aspect, compounds of type 1.6, and similar compounds, can be prepared according to reaction Scheme 1B above. Thus, compounds of type 1.6 can be prepared by nucleophilic addition of an appropriate aminopiperazine, e.g., 1.4 as shown above, and an appropriate aldehyde, e.g., 1.5 as shown above. Appropriate aminopiperazines and appropriate aldehydes are commercially available or prepared by methods known to one skilled in the art. The nucleophilic addition is carried out in the presence of an appropriate protic solvent, e.g., ethanol. As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the above reaction provides an example of a generalized approach wherein compounds similar in structure to the specific reactants above (compounds similar to compounds of type 1.1 and 1.2), can be substituted in the reaction to provide substituted aminopiperazine analogs similar to Formula 1.3. 2. R OUTE II [00254] In one aspect, substituted aminopiperazine analogs can be prepared as shown below. S CHEME 2A. [00255] Compounds are represented in generic form, wherein R is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, and with other substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. SCHEME 1B. [002 p , p yp . , p , prepared according to reaction Scheme 2B above. Thus, compounds of type 2.6 can be prepared by reductive amination of an appropriate aminopiperazine, e.g., 2.4 as shown above, and an appropriate aldehyde, e.g., 2.5 as shown above. Appropriate aminopiperazines and appropriate aldehydes are commercially available or prepared by methods known to one skilled in the art. The reductive amination is carried out in the presence of an appropriate reducing agent, e.g., sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and an appropriate acid, e.g., acetic acid, in an appropriate solvent, e.g., tetrahydrofuran. As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the above reaction provides an example of a generalized approach wherein compounds similar in structure to the specific reactants above (compounds similar to compounds of type 2.1 and 2.2), can be substituted in the reaction to provide substituted aminopiperazine analogs similar to Formula 2.3. E. M ETHODS OF T REATING A M ICROBIAL I NFECTION [00257] In one aspect, disclosed are methods of treating a microbial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Examples of microbial infections for which the disclosed compounds, compositions, and methods can be useful include, but are not limited to, bacterial infections and fungal infections. [00258] Thus, in one aspect, disclosed are methods of treating a microbial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having a structure represented by a formula: , wherein is a single bond and Z is selected from NH and N(C1-C4 alkyl), or wherein is a double bond and Z is N; wherein n is selected from 0 and 1; wherein each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein m, when present, is selecte , , wherein each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R 13 , when present, is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 1 ; wherein Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; or wherein two adjacent R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , ‒N 3 , C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO 3 R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH 2 ) m Cy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein R 2 is selected from C1-C4 d Ar 2 ; and wherein Ar 2 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00259] In a further aspect, the microbial infection is a bacterial infection. Examples of bacterial infections include, but are not limited to, from M Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, Mycobacterium bovis infection, infection by Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, infection by a BCG substrain, Mycobacterium avium infection, Mycobacterium intracellulare infection, Mycobacterium africanum infection, Mycobacterium kansasii infection, Mycobacterium marinum infection, Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Nocardia asteroids infection, infection by other Nocardia species, Legionella pneumophila infection, infection by other Legionella species, Salmonella typhi infection, infection by other Salmonella species, infection by a Shigella species, Yersinia pestis infection, Pasteurella haemolytica infection, Pasteurella multocida infection, infection by other Pasteurella species, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection, Listeria monocytogenes infection, Listeria ivanovii infection, Brucella abortus infection, infection by other Brucella species, Cowdria ruminantium infection, Chlamydia pneumonia infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Chlamydia psittaci infection, Coxiella burnetti infection, infection by other Rickettsial species, Ehrlichia species infection, Staphylococcus epidermidis infection, Streptococcus pneumonia infection, Streptococcus pyogenes infection, Streptococcus agalactiae infection, Bacillus anthracis infection, Vibrio cholera infection, Campylobacter species infection, Neiserria meningitides infection, Neiserria gonorrhea infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, infection by other Pseudomonas species, Haemophilus influenzae infection, Haemophilus ducreyi infection, infection by other Hemophilus species, Clostridium tetani infection, infection by other Clostridium species, Yersinia enterolitica infection, and infection by other Yersinia species. [00260] In a further aspect, the bacterial infection is a mycobacterial infection. Examples of mycobacterial infections include, but are not limited to, infection by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus infection, and Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis infection. [00261] In a further aspect, the bacterial infection is selected from infection by Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus infection, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In a still further aspect, the bacterial infection is not Staphylococcus aureus infection or Escherichia coli infection. [00262] In a further aspect, the microbial infection is a fungal infection. Examples of fungal infections include, but are not limited to, ringworm, a Candida infection, a fungal nail infection, Blastomyces infection, Cryptococcus gattii infection, Paracoccidioides infection, Coccidioides infection, and Histoplasmosis infection. In a still further aspect, the fungal infection is a candidiasis fungal infection. In yet a further aspect, the fungal infection is selected from Candida krusei infection, Candida albicans infection, Candida auris infection, and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. In an even further aspect, the fungal infection is not Candida tropicalis or Candida glabrata. [00263] In a further aspect, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of a microbial infection prior to the administering step. In a still further aspect, the subject is at risk for developing a microbial infection prior to the administering step. [00264] In a further aspect, the subject is a mammal. In a still further aspect, the mammal is a human. [00265] In a further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a subject in need of treatment of a microbial infection. [00266] In a further aspect, administering is topical, oral, intranasal, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration. [00267] In various aspects, the microbial infection is selected from a bacterial infection, a mycobacterial infection, or a fungal infection. [00268] In a further aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a still further aspect, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. [00269] In a further aspect, the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one agent known to have antimicrobial activity. Examples of agents known to have antimicrobial activity include include, but are not limited to, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam, azlocillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefdinir, cefditorin, cefepime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, cilastin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clofazimine, cloxacillin, colistin, dalbavancin, dalfopristin, demeclocycline, dicloxacillin, dirithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, enoxacin, enviomycin, ertepenem, ethambutol, flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, furazolidone, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, isoniazid, kanamycin, linezolid, lomefloxacin, loracarbef, mafenide, moxifloxacin, meropenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin, minocycline, mupirocin, nafcillin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oritavancin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, piperacillin, platensimycin, polymixin B, quinupristin, retapamulin, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, sulbactam, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, telithromycin, telavancin, temafloxacin, tetracycline, thioacetazone, thioridazine, ticarcillin, tinidazole, tobramycin, torezolid, tosufloxacin, trimethoprim, troleandomycin, trovafloxacin, and vancomycin. [00270] In a further aspect, the agent is selected from an antibiotic agent and an antifungal agent. [00271] In a further aspect, the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibiotic agent. Examples of antibiotic agents include, but are not limited to, a lipopeptide, fluoroquinolone, a lipoglycopeptide, a macrolide, a β-lactam (e.g., a penicillin, a cephalosporin, a monobactam, a carbapenem), a lincosamide, a streptogramin, an aminoglycoside, a quinolone, a sulfonamide, a tetracycline, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrofurantoin, a glycopeptide, a lipoglycopeptide, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, a polypeptide, and a tuberactinomycin. [00272] In a further aspect, the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an antifungal agent. Examples of antifungal agents include, but are not limited to, clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin. [00273] In a further aspect, the compound and the agent are administered sequentially. In a still further aspect, the compound and the agent are administered simultaneously. [00274] In a further aspect, the compound and the agent are co-formulated. In a still further aspect, the compound and the agent are co-packaged. [00275] In a further aspect, the compound is administered as a single active agent. F. ADDITIONAL METHODS OF USING THE COMPOUNDS [00276] The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are useful in treating or controlling microbial infections such as, for example, bacterial infections and fungal infections. [00277] To treat or control the condition, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are administered to a subject in need thereof, such as a vertebrate, e.g., a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. The subject can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. The subject is preferably a mammal, such as a human. Prior to administering the compounds or compositions, the subject can be diagnosed with a need for treatment of a microbial infection such as, for example, a bacterial infection or a fungal infection. [00278] The compounds or compositions can be administered to the subject according to any method. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, sublingual administration, buccal administration and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can be continuous or intermittent. A preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition. A preparation can also be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a microbial infection such as, for example, a bacterial infection or a fungal infection. [00279] The therapeutically effective amount or dosage of the compound can vary within wide limits. Such a dosage is adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case including the specific compound(s) being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, as well as the patient being treated. In general, in the case of oral or parenteral administration to adult humans weighing approximately 70 Kg or more, a daily dosage of about 10 mg to about 10,000 mg, preferably from about 200 mg to about 1,000 mg, should be appropriate, although the upper limit may be exceeded. The daily dosage can be administered as a single dose or in divided doses, or for parenteral administration, as a continuous infusion. Single dose compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof of the compound or composition to make up the daily dose. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any contraindications. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. 1. USE OF COMPOUNDS [00280] In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method. In a further aspect, a use relates to the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a microbial infection such as, for example, a bacterial infection or a fungal infection. [00281] Also provided are the uses of the disclosed compounds and products. In one aspect, the invention relates to use of at least one disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a further aspect, the compound used is a product of a disclosed method of making. [00282] In a further aspect, the use relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament. [00283] In a further aspect, the use relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intimately mixed with a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or the product of a disclosed method of making. [00284] In various aspects, the use relates to a treatment of a microbial infection. In one aspect, the use is characterized in that the subject is a human. In one aspect, the use is characterized in that the microbial infection is a bacterial infection. In a further aspect, the use is characterized in that that microbial infection is a fungal infection. [00285] It is understood that the disclosed uses can be employed in connection with the disclosed compounds, products of disclosed methods of making, methods, compositions, and kits. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a disclosed product in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of microbial infection in a mammal. In a further aspect, the microbial infection is a bacterial infection. In a further aspect, the microbial infection is a fungal infection. 2. M ANUFACTURE OF A M EDICAMENT [00286] In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a microbial infection in a subject having the condition, the method comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or product of a disclosed method with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. [00287] As regards these applications, the present method includes the administration to an animal, particularly a mammal, and more particularly a human, of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound effective in the treatment of a microbial infection (e.g., a bacterial infection or a fungal infection). The dose administered to an animal, particularly a human, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to affect a therapeutic response in the animal over a reasonable timeframe. One skilled in the art will recognize that dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including the condition of the animal and the body weight of the animal. [00288] The total amount of the compound of the present disclosure administered in a typical treatment is preferably between about 0.05 mg/kg and about 100 mg/kg of body weight for mice, and more preferably between 0.05 mg/kg and about 50 mg/kg of body weight for mice, and between about 100 mg/kg and about 500 mg/kg of body weight for humans, and more preferably between 200 mg/kg and about 400 mg/kg of body weight for humans per daily dose. This total amount is typically, but not necessarily, administered as a series of smaller doses over a period of about one time per day to about three times per day for about 24 months, and preferably over a period of twice per day for about 12 months. [00289] The size of the dose also will be determined by the route, timing and frequency of administration as well as the existence, nature and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of the compound and the desired physiological effect. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that various conditions or disease states, in particular chronic conditions or disease states, may require prolonged treatment involving multiple administrations. [00290] Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to the manufacture of a medicament comprising combining a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 3. K ITS [00291] In one aspect, disclosed are kits comprising a disclosed compound, and one or more of: (a) an agent known to have antimicrobial activity; (b); instructions for treating a microbial infection, and (c) instructions for administering the compound in connection with treating a microbial infection. [00292] Thus, in one aspect, disclosed are kits comprising a compound having a structure represented by a formula: , wherein is a single bond an s se ecte rom an N(C1-C4 alkyl), or wherein is a double bond and Z is N; wherein n is selected from 0 and 1; wherein each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1-C8)N3, ‒CO2R 10 , ‒OCO2R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO2R 12 , ‒SO3R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein m, when present, is selected from 0, 1, and 2; wherein each of R 10 , R 11a , R 11b , and R 12 , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R 13 , when present, is selected from C1-C4 alkyl, ‒CH 2 Ar 1 , and Ar 1 ; wherein Ar 1 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from a C3-C6 cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, a C6-C14 aryl, and a C2-C10 heteroaryl, and is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH 2 , ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino; or wherein two adjacent R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , and R 1e groups are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise a C6 aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒SH, ‒OH, ‒NO2, ‒N3, C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 cyanoalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 thioalkyl, C1-C8 alkylthiol, C1-C8 alkylamino, (C1-C8)(C1-C8) dialkylamino, C1-C8 alkylamino, ‒(C1- C8)N 3 , ‒CO 2 R 10 , ‒OCO 2 R 10 , ‒C(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒OC(O)NR 11a R 11b , ‒SO 2 R 12 , ‒SO 3 R 12 , ‒OSO3R 12 , Cy 1 , ‒O(CH2)mCy 1 , ‒C(O)Cy 1 , ‒OC(O)Cy 1 , and a structure represented by a formula: ; wherein R 2 is selected from C1-C4 , , d Ar 2 ; and wherein Ar 2 , when present, is a 6-membered aryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, ‒CN, ‒NH2, ‒OH, ‒NO2, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1- C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 alkylamino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: (a) an agent known to have antimicrobial activity; (b); instructions for treating a microbial infection, and (c) instructions for administering the compound in connection with treating a microbial infection. [00293] In a further aspect, the kit comprises the agent known to have antimicrobial activity. Examples of agents known to have antimicrobial activity include, but are not limited to, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam, azlocillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefdinir, cefditorin, cefepime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, cilastin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clofazimine, cloxacillin, colistin, dalbavancin, dalfopristin, demeclocycline, dicloxacillin, dirithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, enoxacin, enviomycin, ertepenem, ethambutol, flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, furazolidone, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, isoniazid, kanamycin, linezolid, lomefloxacin, loracarbef, mafenide, moxifloxacin, meropenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin, minocycline, mupirocin, nafcillin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oritavancin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, piperacillin, platensimycin, polymixin B, quinupristin, retapamulin, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, sulbactam, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, telithromycin, telavancin, temafloxacin, tetracycline, thioacetazone, thioridazine, ticarcillin, tinidazole, tobramycin, torezolid, tosufloxacin, trimethoprim, troleandomycin, trovafloxacin, and vancomycin. [00294] In various aspects, the agent known to have antimicrobial activity is an antibiotic agent. In a further aspect, the antibiotic agent is selected from from a lipopeptide, fluoroquinolone, a lipoglycopeptide, a macrolide, a β-lactam (e.g., a penicillin, a cephalosporin, a monobactam, a carbapenem), a lincosamide, a streptogramin, an aminoglycoside, a quinolone, a sulfonamide, a tetracycline, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrofurantoin, a glycopeptide, a lipoglycopeptide, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, a polypeptide, and a tuberactinomycin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00295] In various aspects, the agent known to have antimicrobial activity is an antifungal agent. In a further aspect, the antifungal agent is selected from clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00296] In a further aspect, the compound and the agent are co-formulated. In a further aspect, the compound and the agent are co-packaged. [00297] In a further aspect, the kit further comprises a plurality of dosage forms, the plurality comprising one or more doses; wherein each dose comprises an effective amount of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity. In a still further aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In yet a further aspect, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In an even further aspect, each dose of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity are co-formulated. In a still further aspect, each dose of the compound and the agent known to have antimicrobial activity are co-packaged. [00298] The kits can also comprise compounds and/or products co-packaged, co- formulated, and/or co-delivered with other components. For example, a drug manufacturer, a drug reseller, a physician, a compounding shop, or a pharmacist can provide a kit comprising a disclosed compound and/or product and another component for delivery to a patient. [00299] It is understood that the disclosed kits can be prepared from the disclosed compounds, products, and pharmaceutical compositions. It is also understood that the disclosed kits can be employed in connection with the disclosed methods of using. [00300] The foregoing description illustrates and describes the disclosure. Additionally, the disclosure shows and describes only the preferred embodiments but, as mentioned above, it is to be understood that it is capable to use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the invention concepts as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings and/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. The embodiments described herein above are further intended to explain best modes known by applicant and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the disclosure in such, or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses thereof. Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Also, it is intended to the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments. [00301] All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference, and for any and all purposes, as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the event of an inconsistency between the present disclosure and any publications or patent application incorporated herein by reference, the present disclosure controls. G. EXAMPLES [00302] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. [00303] The Examples are provided herein to illustrate the invention, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. Examples are provided herein to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. 1. SYNTHESIS OF (E)-1-(4-METHOXYNAPHTHALEN-1-YL)-N-(4- METHYLPIPERAZIN-1-YL)METHANIMINE (COMPOUND NO.5) [00304] 4-methoxy-1-naphthaldehyde (1.86 g, 10.0 mmol) was brought to a boil in 20 mL of absolute ethanol in a 125 mL Florence flask to give a 0.50 M solution. A 2.0 M solution of 1-amino-4-methylpiperazine (II) was prepared by dissolving 1.15 g (10.0 mmol) of II in 5 mL of absolute ethanol, and this solution was added in 5 sequential portions to the boiling 4-methoxy-1-naphthaldehyde in such a way that boiling was maintained. Compound II was chased into the reaction mixture with a further portion (5 mL) of absolute ethanol. The mixture was boiled for 20 min, allowed to cool to ambient temperature and to stand overnight. Concentration of the mixture to half volume and scratching the reaction vessel with a glass rod produced a voluminous white solid (I, R1-R2 = C4H4, R3 = 4-OCH3, R4 = R5 = H, 2.45 g, 86%), readily recrystallized from 15 mL of absolute ethanol, mp 126°C (uncorr); FT-IR (ATR, cm- 1 ): 3010, 2978, 2935, 2833, 2801, 1582, 1556, 1510, 1274, 1158; 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , δ): 8.79-6.98 (7H, m, Ar and azomethine), 3.98 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 3.18 (4H, m, piperazine ring), 2.50 (m, piperazine ring, overlaps with NMR solvent), 2.24 (3H, s, N-CH 3 piperazine); 13 C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , δ): 155.3, 135.6, 131.4, 127.3, 126.5 125.6, 125.3, 124.8, 124.6, 122.2, 104.7, 56.1, 54.5, 51.3, 46.0. Anal. Calcd for C17H21N3O: C, 72.05; H, 7.47; N, 14.83. Found: C, 72.16; H, 7.35; N, 14.94. [00305] Additional exemplary compounds were prepared using the method detailed above. 2. E VALUATION OF A MINOPIPERAZINE A NALOGS FOR A NTIMICROBIAL A CTIVITY [00306] Aminopiperazines evaluated for antimicrobial activity are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. Compound # Structure Compound # Structure Compound # Structure Compound # Structure Compound # Structure [00307] ntration values for the synthesized compounds as tested on bacterial strains. T ABLE 2. C. auris C. neoformans M. M. Cm nd b i m 8 6 8 C. auris C. neoformans M. M. Compound abscessus avium 8 TABLE 3. C. auris Compound # growth observed. **The entire contents of well #1 (256 µg/ml), well #2 (128 µg/ml), well #3 (64 µg/ml), well #4 (32 µg/ml), well #5 (16 µg/ml), and the positive control well were plated on MH agar. The positive control well had a thick even lawn with no discernible colonies, Well #5 (MIC at 50% inhibition) had a lawn, but was less dense than the positive control, Well #4 (MIC at 90% inhibition) had significantly less growth with the ability to count colonies, Well #3 (4X MIC at 50% inhibition) had no growth, Well #2 (8X MIC at 50% inhibition) had no growth, Well #1 (16X MIC at 50% inhibition) had no growth. [00308] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.