ANALYTE SENSOR

Field

[0001] This disclosure relates generally to apparatus, systems and methods of detecting an analyte via spectroscopic techniques using an analyte sensor that includes a detector array (also referred to as an antenna array), wherein the detector array operates in the radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Background

[0002] There is interest in being able to detect and/or measure an analyte within a target. One example is measuring glucose in biological tissue. In the example of measuring glucose in a patient, current analyte measurement methods are invasive in that they perform the measurement on a bodily fluid such as blood for fmgerstick or laboratory-based tests, or on fluid that is drawn from the patient often using an invasive transcutaneous device. There are non-invasive methods that claim to be able to perform glucose measurements in biological tissues. However, many of the non-invasive methods generally suffer from: lack of specificity to the analyte of interest, such as glucose; interference from temperature fluctuations; interference from skin compounds (i.e. sweat) and pigments; and complexity of placement, i.e. the sensing device resides on multiple locations on the patient’s body.

Summary

[0003] This disclosure relates generally to apparatus, systems and methods of detecting an analyte via spectroscopic techniques using non-optical frequencies such as in the radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. An analyte sensor described herein includes a detector array having a plurality of detector elements (also referred to as antenna elements or antennas) at least one of which can transmit an electromagnetic signal in the radio or microwave frequency range and at least one of which can receive an electromagnetic signal in the radio or microwave frequency range resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic signal.

[0004] A detector array described herein has a plurality of detector elements (also referred to as antennas) which have a minimum perimeter length and a maximum perimeter length. A detector array with detector elements having at least the minimum perimeter length functions better (i.e. has improved analyte detection performance) than a detector array with detector elements that do not have the minimum perimeter length. In addition, a detector array with detector elements with a perimeter length no greater than the maximum perimeter length allows the size of the detector array to be minimized while still achieving the desired detection performance. The perimeter length refers to the total length or distance of the perimeter boundary or edge of each detector element.

[0005] In one embodiment described herein, a detector array for a non-invasive sensor system includes a plurality of detector elements, each detector element comprising an elongated strip of conductive material with a longitudinal axis, and each detector element has a perimeter length that is at least about 20.0 mm and no greater than about 90.0 mm.

[0006] In another embodiment described herein, an antenna array for a non-invasive sensor system includes at least three antennas, each antenna comprising an elongated strip of conductive material with a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axes are parallel to each other, one of the antennas has a rectangular shape, one of the antennas has a stadium shape, and one of the antennas has a rounded rectangle shape, and each antenna has a perimeter length that is at least about 20.0 mm and no greater than about 90.0 mm.

Drawings

[0007] Figure 1 is a schematic depiction of an analyte sensor system with an analyte sensor relative to a target according to an embodiment.

[0008] Figures 2A-C illustrate different example orientations of antenna arrays that can be used in an embodiment of a sensor system described herein.

[0009] Figures 3A-3C illustrate different examples of transmit and receive antennas with different geometries.

[0010] Figures 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D illustrate additional examples of different shapes that the ends of the transmit and receive antennas can have.

[0011] Figure 5 illustrates another example of an antenna array that can be used. [0012] Like reference numbers represent like parts throughout.

Detailed Description

[0013] The following is a detailed description of apparatus, systems and methods of detecting an analyte via spectroscopic techniques using non-optical frequencies such as in the radio or microwave frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. An analyte sensor described herein includes a detector array having a plurality of detector elements (also referred to as antenna elements or antennas) at least one of which can transmit an electromagnetic signal in the radio or microwave frequency range and at least one of which can receive an electromagnetic signal in the radio or microwave frequency range resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic signal. For sake of convenience, the detector array will hereinafter be referred to as an antenna array and the detector elements will hereinafter be referred to as antennas.

[0014] In one embodiment, the sensor systems described herein can be used to detect the presence of at least one analyte in a target. In another embodiment, the sensor systems described herein can detect an amount or a concentration of the at least one analyte in the target. The target can be any target containing at least one analyte of interest that one may wish to detect. The target can be human or non-human, animal or non-animal, biological or non- biological. For example, the target can include, but is not limited to, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, a fluid, genetic material, or a microbe. Non limiting examples of targets include, but are not limited to, a fluid, for example blood, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid or urine, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, genetic material, or a microbe.

[0015] The detection by the sensors described herein can be non-invasive meaning that the sensor remains outside the target, such as the human body, and the detection of the analyte occurs without requiring removal of fluid or other removal from the target, such as the human body. In the case of sensing in the human body, this non-invasive sensing may also be referred to as in vivo sensing. In other embodiments, the sensors described herein may be an in vitro sensor where the material containing the analyte has been removed, for example from a human body. [0016] The analyte(s) can be any analyte that one may wish to detect. The analyte can be human or non-human, animal or non-animal, biological or non-biological. For example, the analyte(s) can include, but is not limited to, one or more of blood glucose, blood alcohol, white blood cells, or luteinizing hormone. The analyte(s) can include, but is not limited to, a chemical, a combination of chemicals, a virus, a bacteria, or the like. The analyte can be a chemical included in another medium, with non-limiting examples of such media including a fluid containing the at least one analyte, for example blood, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid or urine, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, genetic material, or a microbe. The analyte(s) may also be a non-human, non-biological particle such as a mineral or a contaminant.

[0017] The analyte(s) can include, for example, naturally occurring substances, artificial substances, metabolites, and/or reaction products. As non-limiting examples, the at least one analyte can include, but is not limited to, insulin, acarboxyprothrombin; acylcarnitine; adenine phosphoribosyl transferase; adenosine deaminase; albumin; alpha-fetoprotein; amino acid profiles (arginine (Krebs cycle), histidine/urocanic acid, homocysteine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, tryptophan); andrenostenedione; antipyrine; arabinitol enantiomers; arginase; benzoylecgonine (cocaine); biotinidase; biopterin; c-reactive protein; carnitine; pro- BNP; BNP; troponin; camosinase; CD4; ceruloplasmin; chenodeoxycholic acid; chloroquine; cholesterol; cholinesterase; conjugated l-b hydroxy-cholic acid; cortisol; creatine kinase; creatine kinase MM isoenzyme; cyclosporin A; d-penicillamine; de-ethylchloroquine; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DNA (acetylator polymorphism, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha 1 -antitrypsin, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin A, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C, hemoglobin D, hemoglobin E, hemoglobin F, D-Punjab, beta-thalassemia, hepatitis B virus, HCMV, HIV-1, HTLV-1, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, MCAD, RNA, PKU, Plasmodium vivax, sexual differentiation, 21-deoxy cortisol); desbutylhalofantrine; dihydropteridine reductase; diptheria/tetanus antitoxin; erythrocyte arginase; erythrocyte protoporphyrin; esterase D; fatty acids/acylglycines; free b-human chorionic gonadotropin; free erythrocyte porphyrin; free thyroxine (FT4); free tri-iodothyronine (FT3); fumarylacetoacetase; galactose/gal- 1- phosphate; galactose- 1 -phosphate uridyltransf erase; gentamicin; analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glutathione; glutathione perioxidase; glycocholic acid; glycosylated hemoglobin; halofantrine; hemoglobin variants; hexosaminidase A; human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I; 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; immunoreactive trypsin; lactate; lead; lipoproteins ((a), B/A-l, b); lysozyme; mefloquine; netilmicin; phenobarbitone; phenytoin; phytanic/pristanic acid; progesterone; prolactin; prolidase; purine nucleoside phosphorylase; quinine; reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3); selenium; serum pancreatic lipase; sissomicin; somatomedin C; specific antibodies (adenovirus, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-zeta antibody, arbovirus, Aujeszky's disease virus, dengue virus, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Entamoeba histolytica , enterovirus, Giardia duodenalisa, Helicobacter pylori , hepatitis B virus, herpes virus, HIV-1, IgE (atopic disease), influenza virus, Leishmania donovani , leptospira, measles/mumps/rubella, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Myoglobin, Onchocerca volvulus , parainfluenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum , polio virus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , respiratory syncytial virus, rickettsia (scrub typhus), Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Trepenoma pallidium, Trypanosoma cvv/z/Vrangeli, vesicular stomatis virus, Wuchereria bancrofti , yellow fever virus); specific antigens (hepatitis B virus, HIV-1); succinylacetone; sulfadoxine; theophylline; thyrotropin (TSH); thyroxine (T4); thyroxine-binding globulin; trace elements; transferrin; UDP- galactose-4-epimerase; urea; uroporphyrinogen I synthase; vitamin A; white blood cells; and zinc protoporphyrin.

[0018] The analyte(s) can also include one or more chemicals introduced into the target. The analyte(s) can include a marker such as a contrast agent, a radioisotope, or other chemical agent. The analyte(s) can include a fluorocarbon-based synthetic blood. The analyte(s) can include a drug or pharmaceutical composition, with non-limiting examples including ethanol; cannabis (marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, hashish); inhalants (nitrous oxide, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, chlorohydrocarbons, hydrocarbons); cocaine (crack cocaine); stimulants (amphetamines, methamphetamines, Ritalin, Cylert, Preludin, Didrex, PreState, Voranil, Sandrex, Plegine); depressants (barbiturates, methaqualone, tranquilizers such as Valium, Librium, Miltown, Serax, Equanil, Tranxene); hallucinogens (phencyclidine, lysergic acid, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin); narcotics (heroin, codeine, morphine, opium, meperidine, Percocet, Percodan, Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Talwin, Lomotil); designer drugs (analogs of fentanyl, meperidine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and phencyclidine, for example, Ecstasy); anabolic steroids; and nicotine. The analyte(s) can include other drugs or pharmaceutical compositions. The analyte(s) can include neurochemicals or other chemicals generated within the body, such as, for example, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, noradrenaline, 3-methoxytyramine (3MT), 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT), and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (FHIAA).

[0019] The sensor systems illustrated in Figures 1-5 operate by transmitting an electromagnetic signal in the radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum toward and into a target using a transmit antenna. A returning signal that results from the transmission of the transmitted signal is detected by a receive antenna. The signal(s) detected by the receive antenna can be analyzed to detect the analyte based on the intensity of the received signal(s) and reductions in intensity at one or more frequencies where the analyte absorbs the transmitted signal.

[0020] Figures 1-5 illustrate a non-invasive analyte sensor system that uses two or more antennas including one that functions as a transmit antenna and one that functions as a receive antenna. The transmit antenna and the receive antenna can be located near the target and operated as further described herein to assist in detecting at least one analyte in the target. The transmit antenna transmits a signal, which has at least two frequencies in the radio or microwave frequency range, toward and into the target. The signal with the at least two frequencies can be formed by separate signal portions, each having a discrete frequency, that are transmitted separately at separate times at each frequency. In another embodiment, the signal with the at least two frequencies may be part of a complex signal that includes a plurality of frequencies including the at least two frequencies. The complex signal can be generated by blending or multiplexing multiple signals together followed by transmitting the complex signal whereby the plurality of frequencies are transmitted at the same time. One possible technique for generating the complex signal includes, but is not limited to, using an inverse Fourier transformation technique. The receive antenna detects a response resulting from transmission of the signal by the transmit antenna into the target containing the at least one analyte of interest.

[0021] The transmit antenna and the receive antenna are decoupled (which may also be referred to as detuned or the like) from one another. Decoupling refers to intentionally fabricating the configuration and/or arrangement of the transmit antenna and the receive antenna to minimize direct communication between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna, preferably absent shielding. Shielding between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna can be utilized. However, the transmit antenna and the receive antenna are decoupled even without the presence of shielding.

[0022] An example of detecting an analyte using a non-invasive spectroscopy sensor operating in the radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum is described in WO 2019/217461, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The signal(s) detected by the receive antenna can be complex signals including a plurality of signal components, each signal component being at a different frequency. In an embodiment, the detected complex signals can be decomposed into the signal components at each of the different frequencies, for example through a Fourier transformation. In an embodiment, the complex signal detected by the receive antenna can be analyzed as a whole (i.e. without demultiplexing the complex signal) to detect the analyte as long as the detected signal provides enough information to make the analyte detection. In addition, the signal(s) detected by the receive antenna can be separate signal portions, each having a discrete frequency.

[0023] Referring now to Figure 1, an embodiment of a non-invasive analyte sensor system with a non-invasive analyte sensor 5 is illustrated. The sensor 5 is depicted relative to a target 7 that contains an analyte of interest 9. In this example, the sensor 5 is depicted as including an antenna array that includes a transmit antenna/element 11 (hereinafter “transmit antenna 11”) and a receive antenna/element 13 (hereinafter “receive antenna 13”). The sensor 5 further includes a transmit circuit 15, a receive circuit 17, and a controller 19. As discussed further below, the sensor 5 can also include a power supply, such as a battery (not shown in Figure 1). In some embodiments, power can be provided from mains power, for example by plugging the sensor 5 into a wall socket via a cord connected to the sensor 5.

[0024] The transmit antenna 11 is positioned, arranged and configured to transmit a signal 21 that is in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the target 7. The transmit antenna 11 can be an electrode or any other suitable transmitter of electromagnetic signals in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range. The transmit antenna 11 can have any arrangement and orientation relative to the target 7 that is sufficient to allow the analyte sensing to take place. In one non-limiting embodiment, the transmit antenna 11 can be arranged to face in a direction that is substantially toward the target 7. [0025] The signal 21 transmitted by the transmit antenna 11 is generated by the transmit circuit 15 which is electrically connectable to the transmit antenna 11. The transmit circuit 15 can have any configuration that is suitable to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the transmit antenna 11. Transmit circuits for generating transmit signals in the RF or microwave frequency range are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the transmit circuit 15 can include, for example, a connection to a power source, a frequency generator, and optionally filters, amplifiers or any other suitable elements for a circuit generating an RF or microwave frequency electromagnetic signal. In an embodiment, the signal generated by the transmit circuit 15 can have at least two discrete frequencies (i.e. a plurality of discrete frequencies), each of which is in the range from about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz. In another embodiment, each of the at least two discrete frequencies can be in a range from about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz. In an embodiment, the transmit circuit 15 can be configured to sweep through a range of frequencies that are within the range of about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz, or in another embodiment a range of about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz. In an embodiment, the transmit circuit 15 can be configured to produce a complex transmit signal, the complex signal including a plurality of signal components, each of the signal components having a different frequency. The complex signal can be generated by blending or multiplexing multiple signals together followed by transmitting the complex signal whereby the plurality of frequencies are transmitted at the same time.

[0026] The receive antenna 13 is positioned, arranged, and configured to detect one or more electromagnetic response signals 23 that result from the transmission of the transmit signal 21 by the transmit antenna 11 into the target 7 and impinging on the analyte 9. The receive antenna 13 can be an electrode or any other suitable receiver of electromagnetic signals in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range. In an embodiment, the receive antenna 13 is configured to detect electromagnetic signals having at least two frequencies, each of which is in the range from about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz, or in another embodiment a range from about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz. The receive antenna 13 can have any arrangement and orientation relative to the target 7 that is sufficient to allow detection of the response signal(s) 23 to allow the analyte sensing to take place. In one non-limiting embodiment, the receive antenna 13 can be arranged to face in a direction that is substantially toward the target 7.

[0027] The receive circuit 17 is electrically connectable to the receive antenna 13 and conveys the received response from the receive antenna 13 to the controller 19. The receive circuit 17 can have any configuration that is suitable for interfacing with the receive antenna 13 to convert the electromagnetic energy detected by the receive antenna 13 into one or more signals reflective of the response signal(s) 23. The construction of receive circuits are well known in the art. The receive circuit 17 can be configured to condition the signal(s) prior to providing the signal(s) to the controller 19, for example through amplifying the signal(s), filtering the signal(s), or the like. Accordingly, the receive circuit 17 may include filters, amplifiers, or any other suitable components for conditioning the signal(s) provided to the controller 19. In an embodiment, at least one of the receive circuit 17 or the controller 19 can be configured to decompose or demultiplex a complex signal, detected by the receive antenna 13, including a plurality of signal components each at different frequencies into each of the constituent signal components. In an embodiment, decomposing the complex signal can include applying a Fourier transform to the detected complex signal. However, decomposing or demultiplexing a received complex signal is optional. Instead, in an embodiment, the complex signal detected by the receive antenna can be analyzed as a whole (i.e. without demultiplexing the complex signal) to detect the analyte as long as the detected signal provides enough information to make the analyte detection.

[0028] The controller 19 controls the operation of the sensor 5. The controller 19, for example, can direct the transmit circuit 15 to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the transmit antenna 11. The controller 19 further receives signals from the receive circuit 17. The controller 19 can optionally process the signals from the receive circuit 17 to detect the analyte(s) 9 in the target 7. In one embodiment, the controller 19 may optionally be in communication with at least one external device 25 such as a user device and/or a remote server 27, for example through one or more wireless connections such as Bluetooth, wireless data connections such a 4G, 5G, LTE or the like, or Wi-Fi. If provided, the external device 25 and/or remote server 27 may process (or further process) the signals that the controller 19 receives from the receive circuit 17, for example to detect the analyte(s) 9. If provided, the external device 25 may be used to provide communication between the sensor 5 and the remote server 27, for example using a wired data connection or via a wireless data connection or Wi Fi of the external device 25 to provide the connection to the remote server 27.

[0029] With continued reference to Figure 1, the sensor 5 may include a sensor housing 29 (shown in dashed lines) that defines an interior space 31. Components of the sensor 5 may be attached to and/or disposed within the housing 29. For example, the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 are attached to the housing 29. In some embodiments, the antennas 11, 13 may be entirely or partially within the interior space 31 of the housing 29. In some embodiments, the antennas 11, 13 may be attached to the housing 29 but at least partially or fully located outside the interior space 31. In some embodiments, the transmit circuit 15, the receive circuit 17 and the controller 19 are attached to the housing 29 and disposed entirely within the sensor housing 29.

[0030] The receive antenna 13 is decoupled or detuned with respect to the transmit antenna 11 such that electromagnetic coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is reduced. The decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 increases the portion of the signal(s) detected by the receive antenna 13 that is the response signal(s) 23 from the target 7, and minimizes direct receipt of the transmitted signal 21 by the receive antenna 13. The decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 results in transmission from the transmit antenna 11 to the receive antenna 13 having a reduced forward gain (S21) and an increased reflection at output (S22) compared to antenna systems having coupled transmit and receive antennas.

[0031] In an embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 95% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 90% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 85% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 75% or less.

[0032] Any technique for reducing coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be used. For example, the decoupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be achieved by one or more intentionally fabricated configurations and/or arrangements between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 that is sufficient to decouple the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 from one another.

[0033] For example, in one embodiment described further below, the decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be achieved by intentionally configuring the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 to have different geometries from one another. Intentionally different geometries refers to different geometric configurations of the transmit and receive antennas 11, 13 that are intentional. Intentional differences in geometry are distinct from differences in geometry of transmit and receive antennas that may occur by accident or unintentionally, for example due to manufacturing errors or tolerances.

[0034] Another technique to achieve decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is to provide appropriate spacing between each antenna 11, 13 that is sufficient to decouple the antennas 11, 13 and force a proportion of the electromagnetic lines of force of the transmitted signal 21 into the target 7 thereby minimizing or eliminating as much as possible direct receipt of electromagnetic energy by the receive antenna 13 directly from the transmit antenna 11 without traveling into the target 7. The appropriate spacing between each antenna 11, 13 can be determined based upon factors that include, but are not limited to, the output power of the signal from the transmit antenna 11, the size of the antennas 11, 13, the frequency or frequencies of the transmitted signal, and the presence of any shielding between the antennas. This technique helps to ensure that the response detected by the receive antenna 13 is measuring the analyte 9 and is not just the transmitted signal 21 flowing directly from the transmit antenna 11 to the receive antenna 13. In some embodiments, the appropriate spacing between the antennas 11, 13 can be used together with the intentional difference in geometries of the antennas 11, 13 to achieve decoupling.

[0035] In one embodiment, the transmit signal that is transmitted by the transmit antenna 11 can have at least two different frequencies, for example upwards of 7 to 12 different and discrete frequencies. In another embodiment, the transmit signal can be a series of discrete, separate signals with each separate signal having a single frequency or multiple different frequencies.

[0036] In one embodiment, the transmit signal (or each of the transmit signals) can be transmitted over a transmit time that is less than, equal to, or greater than about 300 ms. In another embodiment, the transmit time can be less than, equal to, or greater than about 200 ms. In still another embodiment, the transmit time can be less than, equal to, or greater than about 30 ms. The transmit time could also have a magnitude that is measured in seconds, for example 1 second, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, or more. In an embodiment, the same transmit signal can be transmitted multiple times, and then the transmit time can be averaged. In another embodiment, the transmit signal (or each of the transmit signals) can be transmitted with a duty cycle that is less than or equal to about 50%. [0037] Figures 2A-2C illustrate examples of antenna arrays 33 that can be used in the sensor system 5 and how the antenna arrays 33 can be oriented. Many orientations of the antenna arrays 33 are possible, and any orientation can be used as long as the sensor 5 can perform its primary function of sensing the analyte 9.

[0038] In Figure 2A, the antenna array 33 includes the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 disposed on a substrate 35 which may be substantially planar. This example depicts the array 33 disposed substantially in an X-Y plane. In this example, dimensions of the antennas 11, 13 in the X and Y-axis directions can be considered lateral dimensions, while a dimension of the antennas 11, 13 in the Z-axis direction can be considered a thickness dimension. In this example, each of the antennas 11, 13 has at least one lateral dimension (measured in the X-axis direction and/or in the Y-axis direction) that is greater than the thickness dimension thereof (in the Z-axis direction). In other words, the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 are each relatively flat or of relatively small thickness in the Z-axis direction compared to at least one other lateral dimension measured in the X-axis direction and/or in the Y-axis direction.

[0039] In use of the embodiment in Figure 2 A, the sensor and the array 33 may be positioned relative to the target 7 such that the target 7 is below the array 33 in the Z-axis direction or above the array 33 in the Z-axis direction whereby one of the faces of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned to the left or right sides of the array 33 in the X-axis direction whereby one of the ends of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned to the sides of the array 33 in the Y-axis direction whereby one of the sides of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7.

[0040] The sensor 5 can also be provided with one or more additional antenna arrays in addition the antenna array 33. For example, Figure 2A also depicts an optional second antenna array 33a that includes the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 disposed on a substrate 35a which may be substantially planar. Like the array 33, the array 33a may also be disposed substantially in the X-Y plane, with the arrays 33, 33a spaced from one another in the X-axis direction. [0041] In Figure 2B, the antenna array 33 is depicted as being disposed substantially in the Y- Z plane. In this example, dimensions of the antennas 11, 13 in the Y and Z-axis directions can be considered lateral dimensions, while a dimension of the antennas 11, 13 in the X-axis direction can be considered a thickness dimension. In this example, each of the antennas 11, 13 has at least one lateral dimension (measured in the Y-axis direction and/or in the Z-axis direction) that is greater than the thickness dimension thereof (in the X-axis direction). In other words, the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 are each relatively flat or of relatively small thickness in the X-axis direction compared to at least one other lateral dimension measured in the Y-axis direction and/or in the Z-axis direction.

[0042] In use of the embodiment in Figure 2B, the sensor and the array 33 may be positioned relative to the target 7 such that the target 7 is below the array 33 in the Z-axis direction or above the array 33 in the Z-axis direction whereby one of the ends of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned in front of or behind the array 33 in the X-axis direction whereby one of the faces of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned to one of the sides of the array 33 in the Y-axis direction whereby one of the sides of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7.

[0043] In Figure 2C, the antenna array 33 is depicted as being disposed substantially in the X- Z plane. In this example, dimensions of the antennas 11, 13 in the X and Z-axis directions can be considered lateral dimensions, while a dimension of the antennas 11, 13 in the Y-axis direction can be considered a thickness dimension. In this example, each of the antennas 11, 13 has at least one lateral dimension (measured in the X-axis direction and/or in the Z-axis direction) that is greater than the thickness dimension thereof (in the Y-axis direction). In other words, the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 are each relatively flat or of relatively small thickness in the Y-axis direction compared to at least one other lateral dimension measured in the X-axis direction and/or in the Z-axis direction.

[0044] In use of the embodiment in Figure 2C, the sensor and the array 33 may be positioned relative to the target 7 such that the target 7 is below the array 33 in the Z-axis direction or above the array 33 in the Z-axis direction whereby one of the ends of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned to the left or right sides of the array 33 in the X-axis direction whereby one of the sides of each one of the antennas 11, 13 face toward the target 7. Alternatively, the target 7 can be positioned in front of or in back of the array 33 in the Y-axis direction whereby one of the faces of each one of the antennas

11, 13 face toward the target 7.

[0045] The arrays 33, 33a in Figures 2A-2C need not be oriented entirely within a plane such as the X-Y plane, the Y-Z plane or the X-Z plane. Instead, the arrays 33, 33a can be disposed at angles to the X-Y plane, the Y-Z plane and the X-Z plane.

[0046] Decoupling antennas using differences in antenna geometries

[0047] As mentioned above, one technique for decoupling the transmit antenna 11 from the receive antenna 13 is to intentionally configure the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 to have intentionally different geometries. Intentionally different geometries refers to differences in geometric configurations of the transmit and receive antennas 11, 13 that are intentional, and is distinct from differences in geometry of the transmit and receive antennas

11, 13 that may occur by accident or unintentionally, for example due to manufacturing errors or tolerances when fabricating the antennas 11, 13.

[0048] The different geometries of the antennas 11, 13 may manifest itself, and may be described, in a number of different ways. For example, in a plan view of each of the antennas

11, 13 (such as in Figures 3A-C), the shapes of the perimeter edges of the antennas 11, 13 may be different from one another. The different geometries may result in the antennas 11, 13 having different surface areas in plan view. The different geometries may result in the antennas 11, 13 having different aspect ratios in plan view (i.e. a ratio of their sizes in different dimensions; for example, as discussed in further detail below, the ratio of the length divided by the width of the antenna 11 may be different than the ratio of the length divided by the width for the antenna 13). In some embodiments, the different geometries may result in the antennas 11, 13 having any combination of different perimeter edge shapes in plan view, different surface areas in plan view, and/or different aspect ratios. In some embodiments, the antennas

11, 13 may have one or more holes formed therein (see Figure 2B) within the perimeter edge boundary, or one or more notches formed in the perimeter edge (see Figure 2B).

[0049] So as used herein, a difference in geometry or a difference in geometrical shape of the antennas 11, 13 refers to any intentional difference in the figure, length, width, size, shape, area closed by a boundary (i.e. the perimeter edge), etc. when the respective antenna 11, 13 is viewed in a plan view.

[0050] The antennas 11, 13 can have any configuration and can be formed from any suitable material that allows them to perform the functions of the antennas 11, 13 as described herein. In one embodiment, the antennas 11, 13 can be formed by strips of material. A strip of material can include a configuration where the strip has at least one lateral dimension thereof greater than a thickness dimension thereof when the antenna is viewed in a plan view (in other words, the strip is relatively flat or of relatively small thickness compared to at least one other lateral dimension, such as length or width when the antenna is viewed in a plan view as in Figures 3A-C). A strip of material can include a wire. The antennas 11, 13 can be formed from any suitable conductive material(s) including metals and conductive non-metallic materials. Examples of metals that can be used include, but are not limited to, copper or gold. Another example of a material that can be used is non-metallic materials that are doped with metallic material to make the non-metallic material conductive.

[0051] In Figures 2A-2C, the antennas 11, 13 within each one of the arrays 33, 33a have different geometries from one another. In addition, Figures 3A-C illustrate plan views of additional examples of the antennas 11, 13 having different geometries from one another. The examples in Figures 2A-2C and 3 A-C are not exhaustive and many different configurations are possible.

[0052] Figure 3 A illustrates a plan view of an antenna array having two antennas with different geometries. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 are illustrated as substantially linear strips each with a lateral length Ln, L13, a lateral width W11, W13, and a perimeter edge En, E13. The perimeter edges En, E13 extend around the entire periphery of the antennas 11, 13 and bound an area in plan view. In this example, the lateral length Ln, L13 and/or the lateral width W11, W 13 is greater than a thickness dimension of the antennas 11, 13 extending into/from the page when viewing Figure 3 A. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 differ in geometry from one another in that the shapes of the ends of the antennas 11, 13 differ from one another. For example, when viewing Figure 3 A, the right end 42 of the antenna 11 has a different shape than the right end 44 of the antenna 13. Similarly, the left end 46 of the antenna 11 may have a similar shape as the right end 42, but differs from the left end 48 of the antenna 13 which may have a similar shape as the right end 44. It is also possible that the lateral lengths Ln, L13 and/or the lateral widths W11, W13 of the antennas 11, 13 could differ from one another.

[0053] Figure 3B illustrates another plan view of an antenna array having two antennas with different geometries that is somewhat similar to Figure 3 A. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 are illustrated as substantially linear strips each with the lateral length Ln, L13, the lateral width W11, W 13, and the perimeter edge En, E13. The perimeter edges En, E13 extend around the entire periphery of the antennas 11, 13 and bound an area in plan view. In this example, the lateral length Ln, L13 and/or the lateral width Wn, W13 is greater than a thickness dimension of the antennas 11, 13 extending into/from the page when viewing Figure 3B. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 differ in geometry from one another in that the shapes of the ends of the antennas 11, 13 differ from one another. For example, when viewing Figure 3B, the right end 42 of the antenna 11 has a different shape than the right end 44 of the antenna 13. Similarly, the left end 46 of the antenna 11 may have a similar shape as the right end 42, but differs from the left end 48 of the antenna 13 which may have a similar shape as the right end 44. In addition, the lateral widths W11, W13 of the antennas 11, 13 differ from one another. It is also possible that the lateral lengths Ln, Ln of the antennas 11, 13 could differ from one another.

[0054] Figure 3C illustrates another plan view of an antenna array having two antennas with different geometries that is somewhat similar to Figures 3A and 3B. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 are illustrated as substantially linear strips each with the lateral length Ln, Ln, the lateral width Wn, Wn, and the perimeter edge En, En. The perimeter edges En, En extend around the entire periphery of the antennas 11, 13 and bound an area in plan view. In this example, the lateral length Ln, Ln and/or the lateral width Wn, Wn is greater than a thickness dimension of the antennas 11, 13 extending into/from the page when viewing Figure 3C. In this example, the antennas 11, 13 differ in geometry from one another in that the shapes of the ends of the antennas 11, 13 differ from one another. For example, when viewing Figure 3C, the right end 42 of the antenna 11 has a different shape than the right end 44 of the antenna 13. Similarly, the left end 46 of the antenna 11 may have a similar shape as the right end 42, but differs from the left end 48 of the antenna 13 which may have a similar shape as the right end 44. In addition, the lateral widths W11, W13 of the antennas 11, 13 differ from one another. It is also possible that the lateral lengths Ln, L13 of the antennas 11, 13 could differ from one another. [0055] Figures 4A-D are plan views of additional examples of different shapes that the ends of the transmit and receive antennas 11, 13 can have to achieve differences in geometry. Either one of, or both of, the ends of the antennas 11, 13 can have the shapes in Figures 4A-D, including in the embodiments in Figures 3 A-C. Figure 4A depicts the end as being generally rectangular. Figure 4B depicts the end as having one rounded corner while the other corner remains a right angle. Figure 4C depicts the entire end as being rounded or outwardly convex. Figure 4D depicts the end as being inwardly concave. Many other shapes are possible.

[0056] Figure 5 illustrates another plan view of an antenna array having six antennas illustrated as substantially linear strips. In this example, the antennas differ in geometry from one another in that the shapes of the ends of the antennas, the lateral lengths and/or the lateral widths of the antennas may differ from one another.

[0057] Referring to Figure 5, each one of the antennas 11, 13 have at least an associated minimum perimeter length defined by the total length of the perimeter edges of the respective antenna. The antennas 11, 13, each having the minimum perimeter length, function better (i.e. has improved analyte detection performance) than antennas that do not have the minimum perimeter length. In addition, each one of the antennas elements 11, 13 has a perimeter length that is no greater than a maximum perimeter length which allows the size of the array containing the antennas 11, 13 to be minimized while still achieving the desired detection performance. The perimeter length refers to the total length or distance of the perimeter edge or boundary of each antenna 11, 13.

[0058] The antennas 11, 13 in Figure 5 are labeled in order A1-A6. Each antenna A1-A6 can function as either a transmit antenna or as a receive antenna. In another embodiment, each antenna A1-A6 can operate solely as a transmit antenna or as a receive antenna. The total perimeter length of each one of the antennas A1-A6 can range from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 90.0 mm; or from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 80.0 mm; or from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 70.0 mm; or from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 60.0 mm; or from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 50.0 mm; or from at least about 20.0 mm to no greater than about 40.0 mm; or from at least about 25.0 mm to no greater than about 90.0 mm, 80.0 mm, 70.0 mm, 60.0 mm, 50.0 mm, or 40.0 mm; or from at least about 27.5 mm to no greater than about 40.0 mm; or from at least about 27.5 mm to no greater than about 35.5 mm; or from at least about 29.4 mm to no greater than about 32.0 mm. In still another embodiment, the total perimeter length of each one of the antennas Al, A4 can be about 29.4 mm ±10% or ±5%; the total perimeter length of each one of the antennas A2, A5 can be about 30.3 mm ±10% or ±5%; and the total perimeter length of each one of the antennas A3, A6 can be about 32.0 mm ±10% or ±5%.

[0059] With continued reference to Figure 5, all of the antennas A1-A6 are depicted as being disposed on the same substrate 35. However, the antennas A1-A6 can be disposed on two or more substrates. In addition, each one of the antennas A1-A6 has a longitudinal axis LA (depicted in dashed lines), and the longitudinal axes LA of the antennas A1-A6 are illustrated as being parallel to each other. However, the longitudinal axes LA need not be parallel. Some of the longitudinal axes may be parallel to one another while others are angled; or all of the longitudinal axes may be angled (i.e. not parallel to one another).

[0060] Further, at least one of the antennas has a rectangular shape, at least one of the antennas A1-A6 has a stadium shape, and at least one of the antennas A1-A6 has a rounded rectangle shape. In the illustrated embodiment, two of the antennas, such as the antennas A3 and A6, have a rectangular shape; two of the antennas, such as the antennas Al and A4, have a stadium shape; and two of the antennas, such as the antennas A2 and A5, have a rounded rectangle shape. A stadium shape is a two-dimensional geometric shape constructed of a rectangle with semicircles at opposite ends. A rounded rectangle shape is a two-dimensional geometric shape constructed of a rectangle with radiuses at each comer of the rectangle. The antennas in Figure 5 are arranged on the substrate 35 in a manner such that two antennas with the same shape are not located next to one another.

[0061] The antenna array in Figure 5 is configured such that a first one of the antennas, such as the antenna Al or A4, has a first perimeter length; a second one of the antennas, such as the antenna A2 or A5, has a second perimeter length; and a third one of the antennas, such as the antenna A3 or A6, has a third perimeter length. In one embodiment, the first perimeter length, the second perimeter length, and the third perimeter length differ from one another. The difference in perimeter lengths is due to the different geometric shapes of the antennas. In another embodiment, the antennas A1-A6 can have different geometric shapes but some or all of the perimeter lengths of the antennas A1-A6 can be the same. In still another embodiment, the antennas A1-A6 can have the same geometric shape but different perimeter lengths. In one embodiment, each antenna A1-A6 can have the same maximum longitudinal length L and the same maximum width W, with the different geometrical shapes accounting for the different perimeter lengths.

[0062] Another technique to achieve decoupling of the antennas is to use an appropriate spacing between each antenna with the spacing being sufficient to force most or all of the signal(s) transmitted by the transmit antenna into the target, thereby minimizing the direct receipt of electromagnetic energy by the receive antenna directly from the transmit antenna. The appropriate spacing can be used by itself to achieve decoupling of the antennas. In another embodiment, the appropriate spacing can be used together with differences in geometry of the antennas to achieve decoupling.

[0063] Referring to Figure 2A, there is a spacing D between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 at the location indicated. The spacing D between the antennas 11, 13 may be constant over the entire length (for example in the X-axis direction) of each antenna 11, 13, or the spacing D between the antennas 11, 13 could vary. Any spacing D can be used as long as the spacing D is sufficient to result in most or all of the signal(s) transmitted by the transmit antenna 11 reaching the target and minimizing the direct receipt of electromagnetic energy by the receive antenna 13 directly from the transmit antenna 11, thereby decoupling the antennas 11, 13 from one another.

[0064] In addition, there is preferably a maximum spacing and a minimum spacing between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13. The maximum spacing may be dictated by the maximum size of the housing 29. In one embodiment, the maximum spacing can be about 50 mm. In one embodiment, the minimum spacing can be from about 1.0 mm to about 5.0 mm.

[0065] A method for detecting at least one analyte in a target can be practiced using any of the embodiments of sensor devices described herein. In order to detect the analyte, the sensor is placed in relatively close proximity to the target. Relatively close proximity means that the sensor can be close to but not in direct physical contact with the target, or alternatively the sensor can be placed in direct, intimate physical contact with the target. The spacing between the sensor and the target can be dependent upon a number of factors, such as the power of the transmitted signal. Assuming the sensor is properly positioned relative to the target, the transmit signal is generated, for example by the transmit circuit. The transmit signal is then provided to the transmit antenna which transmits the transmit signal toward and into the target. A response resulting from the transmit signal contacting the analyte(s) is then detected by the receive antenna. The receive circuit obtains the detected response from the receive antenna and provides the detected response to the controller. The detected response can then be analyzed to detect at least one analyte. The analysis can be performed by the controller and/or by the external device and/or by the remote server.

[0066] The analysis in the detection method can take a number of forms. In one embodiment, the analysis can simply detect the presence of the analyte, i.e. is the analyte present in the target. Alternatively, the analysis can determine the amount of the analyte that is present.

[0067] For example, the interaction between the transmitted signal and the analyte may, in some cases, increase the intensity of the signal(s) that is detected by the receive antenna, and may, in other cases, decrease the intensity of the signal(s) that is detected by the receive antenna. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, when analyzing the detected response, compounds in the target, including the analyte of interest that is being detected, can absorb some of the transmit signal, with the absorption varying based on the frequency of the transmit signal. The response signal detected by the receive antenna may include drops in intensity at frequencies where compounds in the target, such as the analyte, absorb the transmit signal. The frequencies of absorption are particular to different analytes. The response signal(s) detected by the receive antenna can be analyzed at frequencies that are associated with the analyte of interest to detect the analyte based on drops in the signal intensity corresponding to absorption by the analyte based on whether such drops in signal intensity are observed at frequencies that correspond to the absorption by the analyte of interest. A similar technique can be employed with respect to increases in the intensity of the signal(s) caused by the analyte.

[0068] Detection of the presence of the analyte can be achieved, for example, by identifying a change in the signal intensity detected by the receive antenna at a known frequency associated with the analyte. The change may be a decrease in the signal intensity or an increase in the signal intensity depending upon how the transmit signal interacts with the analyte. The known frequency associated with the analyte can be established, for example, through testing of solutions known to contain the analyte. Determination of the amount of the analyte can be achieved, for example, by identifying a magnitude of the change in the signal at the known frequency, for example using a function where the input variable is the magnitude of the change in signal and the output variable is an amount of the analyte. The determination of the amount of the analyte can further be used to determine a concentration, for example based on a known mass or volume of the target. In an embodiment, presence of the analyte and determination of the amount of analyte may both be determined, for example by first identifying the change in the detected signal to detect the presence of the analyte, and then processing the detected signal(s) to identify the magnitude of the change to determine the amount.

[0069] The terminology used in this specification is intended to describe particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms as well, unless clearly indicated otherwise. The terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components.

[0070] The examples disclosed in this application are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not limitative. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description; and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.