FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an apparatus used for laying conduit in a trench, and more particularly to a trench boot apparatus and features of the trench boot used in and methods used for laying conduit in alignment and on-grade on the bottom of a trench.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various types of apparatus have been used to lay subterranean conduit. Over the years a number of trenching devices have been developed to meet the needs of underground contractors. When doing subterranean work, various types of ground conditions and obstacles are encountered. The ground to be worked may be stable or unstable, it may contain numerous rocks or other obstacles such as utility lines and other underground conduits, or it may have a high water table. Each different type of ground condition requires that the underground contractor pay particular attention to the safety of the workmen and that procedures designed to achieve the greatest efficiency are followed.

Where the ground is stable and maintains its form when a deep trench is excavated therein, excavation and conduit laying can be done quickly and efficiently without significant danger of the trench walls collapsing. Frequently, in stable ground conditions a conduit laying apparatus such as a trencher with a trench boot is used to cut the trench and lay a uniform layer of fill material in the bottom of the trench upon which the conduit is positioned and aligned. Also, since the trench boots have walls to shore up the walls of the trench, the use of a trench boot provides an added safety precaution

which protects the workmen within the trench from collapse of the trench walls.

In unstable ground conditions, the use of conduit laying apparatus such as trench boots or trench boxes becomes more critical. Unstable ground is more prone to collapse into the trench. This creates significant problems to underground contractors. Life and limb of the workmen within the trench can be endangered by collapsing trench walls. Further, it is not infrequent that progress in laying conduit is slow and tedious, because delays are caused by collapsing walls and other problems caused by the unstable ground.

When a trench boot or trench box is not used in unstable ground conditions, the walls of the trench must be sloped back at an angle of repose such that the walls are not likely to collapse into the trench. This means that the excavator must remove considerably more earth from the trench, causing time delays and added expense. For example, if the instability of the ground required that the trench walls be sloped back 45 degrees, for a trench two (2) feet wide and ten (10) feet deep, the ^" excavator must remove 120 cubic feet of earth for each foot of length of the trench. This is an additional 100 cubic feet in excess of the 20 cubic feet for the needed trench. In this instance, excavator time is increased five-fold, and since the use of heavy equipment is quite expensive, the cost of the trenching project is also increased proportionally.

In rocky ground or earth containing obstacles such as utility lines, the underground contractor encounters different and challenging problems. Certain kinds of excavating implements cannot be efficiently used or used without damage either to the implement or the utility line. This severely limits the efficiency of the underground contractor in laying conduit within a trench. In some instances, the use of certain types of excavators and trench boxes becomes cost prohibitive due to the time delays involved in working around obstacles within the trench.

Unique types of problems are presented where the conduit to be laid is in an area where there is a high water table making the ground unstable and difficult to trench. Often, as rapidly as the trench is excavated, it begins to fill with ground water which makes it extremely difficult to lay a fill material bedding or the conduit in the bottom of the trench. In some instances, continuous pumping of the ground water from the trench is futile.

As can be easily seen, the laying of subterranean conduit presents many and varied problems for the underground contractor. Consequently, over the years, there have been a number of implements and apparatus which have been developed to assist the underground contractor in laying conduit within a trench. There have been trench boxes and trench boots utilized with many different types of excavating implements and in a variety of contexts.

For example, there were ditching and tile laying machines which were developed as early as the 1880's in which a plow opened a ditch into which the tile was to be laid. A hopper or chute was attached behind the plow through which tiles were fed and delivered to the bottom of the ditch and a fill material was carried down the chute to cover the positioned tile. However, the plow/hopper apparatus had significant limitations. The ditch created was not very deep because as the plow was placed deeper beneath the ground surface it became more difficult to pull the plow through the earth. Further, many a plow has been broken through the earth. Further, many a plow has been broken upon striking a rock hidden below the surface. More importantly, it was extremely difficult to lay tile in a straight line because plows have a tendency to move and deflect along a path of least resistance. Because of the limitations of laying tile using plows to dig the ditch, other types of trenching apparatus were developed.

Later, as trenchers with trenching booms were developed it became easier to dig trenches by moving a minimum amount of earth. The trenching boom of a trencher is lowered into a trench to the desired depth and a digging bucket mechanism adapted for digging an elongated, earthen trench is used to cut the trench in which the conduit is to be laid. The efficiency of the underground contractor was improved tremendously by the advent of trenchers, particularly where the trench was to be excavated under stable ground conditions. The trencher could remove only the earth necessary to open the appropriate size of trench.

However, under unstable ground conditions, the walls of the trench frequently would slough into the trench behind the trencher boom before conduit could be laid. To minimize this problem french boots were developed. The trench boots were typically boxlike apparatus attached behind the trencher boom. The development of trenchers with trench boot mobile housings which followed behind the digging bucket mechanism of the trencher boom within the trench became an integral part of efficiently laying conduit within a trench. Illustrative examples of the type of trench boots developed to be used in conjunction with trenchers are United States Patent No. 3,605,419, issued to M. E. Wells, September 20, 1971, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Laying Pipe," and United States Patent No. 4,028,902, issued to Courson et al., June 14, 1977, entitled "Apparatus for Laying Elongated Flexible Tubing." However, most trench boots used with trenchers are designed to lay only flexible pipe.

Despite the usual efficiency of trench boots used with trenchers, there are certain types of ground conditions and obstacles encountered which make the use of a trencher unfeasible. For example, it is not advisable to use a trencher to excavate a trench in areas where there are numerous utility lines. Each time a utility line is encountered, the

trenching boom with the french boot attached thereto must be removed from the french and the earth surrounding the utility line must be cleared away, either manually or using some other type of excavating implement such as a backhoe. Thus, additional heavy equipment must be continuously on call to relieve the trencher when a utility obstacle is encountered. This significantly increased the cost of the project and decreases the efficiency of the underground contractor.

More importantly, it is not unusual in such instances that the operator of the trencher will sever utility lines within the trench. This interjects tremendous delays and can be extremely dangerous. The utility lines must be repaired before the conduit-laying project can continue. The utility company must be notified and the subterranean work ceases until a utility company crew can repair the problem. Further, if the utility line severed is a gas line, there is a serious chance of an explosion and the work area as well as the surrounding area may have to be evacuated until the problem is remedied.

Independent of those types of problems, since the trench boot must be removed from the trench, the pipe must be laid manually at the bottom of the trench without the safety of the french boot walls. Consequently, in the vicinity of the utility line it is not uncommon that the walls of the french must be sloped back at an angle of repose sufficient to assure that the walls of the trench will not collapse on the workers as they are manually laying the conduit. This can involve moving tremendous amounts of earth causing additional delays. Once the conduit is laid beneath the utility obstacle the trencher with the french boot attached can be lowered into the french and excavation can recommence. However, if another obstacle is encountered, the same tedious and time consuming process must be undertaken. For these and other significant reasons, use of a trencher with a trench boot attached thereto frequently is not the most cost effective

way to lay conduit.

Trench boxes have been designed to assist in laying conduit in areas where it is not advisable to use a trencher. Trench boxes usually comprise spaced walls supported by transverse rods which hold the walls in a spaced relationship. When a deep trench is required, the trench boxes are merely stacked one on top of the other until the desired height is reached. The walls of the trench box provide the abutment against which the walls of the french would fall in the event of a collapse. In this manner, workers within the french box are protected from trench wall collapse.

Under stable ground conditions, it is not unusual that the excavating machine (e.g., a backhoe) can excavate a trench in advance of the french box. The french carved out of the earth is necessarily wider than the french box and once the conduit is laid on the bottom of the trench within the trench box, the french box may be advanced for continuing the conduit-laying procedure.

Under unstable ground conditions, the use of a trench box becomes much more complex. Excavation of the french in advance of the french box is not feasible because the walls of the trench tend to collapse before the trench box can be advanced. As a result, conditions may require that a different method be used. One common method that has been used involves placing the trench box on the surface of the ground where the trench is to be excavated. Earth is excavated from within the french box and the trench box is tapped down into place gradually as the earth within the french box is removed. This procedure is continued until the trench box is located at the desired depth. The conduit can then be laid within the trench box on the bottom of the french. To advance the trench box, the underground contractor cannot remove the french box from the french because the unstable walls of the trench may collapse about the freshly

laid conduit before the connecting conduit can be laid. Therefore, to lay additional conduit the trench box is pulled forward and its forward end tilted at an angle because it rests on unexcavated earth. The, more earth is excavated from within the french box. The forward end of the french box is tapped down until it reaches the desired depth and levels off with the rear of the french box. Additional conduit can be laid once the french box reaches the desired depth. This procedure is performed repeatedly until the desired distance of conduit is achieved.

If a utility line is encountered the trench box usually must be removed from the french and the area around the utility must be cleared so that conduit can be laid manually in the vicinity of the utility obstacle.

Further, with most french box apparatus there is no facility for automatically laying a fill material bedding on-grade upon which the conduit can be laid. Usually, the fill material must be leveled manually before the conduit can be positioned. Consequently, although in some instances it may be more cost effective to use a trench box to lay conduit under certain ground conditions, it is still an extremely time consuming, difficult and expensive procedure.

Additional problems are created when ground water rapidly fills the french. With most, french boxes, there is no facility to handle such seepage and pumps are frequently used to extract as much of the ground water as possible. Where the water table is extremely high, the use of a french box may not be as effective because the ground water moves the soil in too rapidly to allow the laying of the conduit.

One device which has been developed to extract ground water from a french is illustrated in United States Patent No. 4,462,715, issued to Ashbaugh, July 31, 1984, entitled "System for the One-Step Dewatering of a Trench and the Construction of a

Pipeline Bed." The device used is a stone-filled box which is pushed along the trench in increments as the trench is excavated ahead of the box. Simultaneously, the box dispenses stone out the rear end of the box to form a bed which shores up the side of the trench and upon which conduit can be laid. A pump is provided inside the stone- filled box to extract water which has seeped into the box. With this device, however, the conduit is laid on the bed of stone discharged from the stone-filled box. Consequently, if the french is quite deep or if the water table is quite high the sides of the french may collapse or water may seep into the trench and the bedding layer before conduit can be laid.

Despite the development of various types of devices, trench boots used in conjunction with trenchers, trench boxes, trench hoppers or chutes following plows and other types of devices, there are some problems that heretofore have remained unsolved. For example, it is extremely difficult to accurately maintain grade and aUgnment of conduit being laid in a deep trench. In the past, grade and aUgnment have been matters of estimation and approximation by the underground conttactor or the worker operating the trenching devices. As more sophisticated technology became available, it became possible to position and use lasers in the bottom of a trench to assist in aUgnment and maintaining grade. However, in-ttench laser systems cannot always be used to accurately aUgn a conduit or maintain it on-grade, particularly where severe conditions exist because water and/or sand move into the conduit and deflect or obstruct the laser beam.

In United States Patent Nos. 4,714,381 and 4,731,646, issued to G. Brent Hatch, December 22, 1987 and May 3, 1988, respectively, both entitled "Machine For Laying Conduit And Methods For Use Thereof a laser transmitter/receiver assembly is used to maintain conduit being laid on-grade and in aUgnment. The laser assembly includes a

laser transmitter disposed to transmit an unobstructed sweep signal in a horizontal plane and an aUgnment beam on a direct line parallel to the alignment desired for the conduit being laid. A laser receiver, which includes photo cells for sensing the sweep signal, can determine whether the bottom of the trench is maintained on-grade. The signal from the laser receiver is used to actuate a hydraulic valve which, in turn, can control a leveler gate which can modify the grade by increasing or decreasing the amount of fill material deposited below the conduit. Alignment is controlled by a target mounted on the top of or above the apparatus maintained in the direct line of the alignment beam. When the alignment beam strikes the target it provides a visual display that enables the operator to adjust the alignment according to the degree of displacement of the alignment beam from the center of the target. A problem with the aforementioned approach is that the alignment of the conduit is made on the basis of an observation of a target mounted on the top of the conduit laying apparatus, which may be some 20 or more feet above the conduit being laid. It is possible with this approach to introduce significant errors due to both tilting of the boxlike structure from the vertical as well as lateral shifts to one side or the other from a predetermined Une along which the conduit is to be laid, which may be due to sUght error in the formation of a trench. For example, if the apparatus inclines to one side or the other an angle θ from the vertical the conduit can be offset from the desired, aligned path at the conduit level a distance δ = ^~ 12Htanθ

where δ is the error offset introduced at the level of the conduit, in inches, H is the height of the target above the conduit, in feet, and θ is the angle of inclination from the vertical. For small angles, this can be simplified to

δ = 0.21H where <-. is the error per degree of inclination. Therefore, it will be clear and for a 20 foot structure the conduit can be offset by 4.2 inches for each degree of incline. Although the Hatch machine has a tilt indicator small angles of tilt are difficult to observe, and a -five degree tilt of a 20 foot structure could easily provide over a 20 inch displacement error to either side of the aligned position or a total deviation between extremes of over 40 inches. Clearly, this is an unacceptable margin of error. Lateral shifts of the box can also produce errors in the placement of the conduit unless such shifts are detected and compensated by adjusting the positions of the conduit setting tracks.

Also, the normal procedure for conduit laying, as outlined in the "Caterpillar Equipment Performance Guide Book" is for an excavator to dig a portion of the trench and then to sit idle while the conduit is set. Once the conduit is set, the excavator commences digging on the next portion of the trench. With this procedure, the excavator is actually digging only about half the time.

The handling of the conduit itself has also presented problems. Where the conduit is heavy cement sewage pipe, it is difficult for one worker to lower the pipe into the trench, or to position the pipe, particularly when the trench is rather deep. When the pipe is flexible pipe it is critical that the pipe be delivered to the bottom of the french in a manner which wfll not kink or damage the pipe. Since different types of pipe or conduit present different types of problems, heretofore there has not been a trench conttactor to simultaneously lay two types of conduit, namely flexible and rigid conduits.

Thus, although there have been a number of developments in trench boots and boxes which assist in the laying of conduit within a trench, it would be an improvement

to provide an apparatus in which laying subterranean conduit under a variety of ground conditions would be efficient and economically justifiable. It would be an improvement to provide a structure which could be separated quickly and easily to avoid obstacles such as utility lines within a trench while still permitting conduit to be laid with the assistance of that structure in the vicinity of and beneath the utility line. It would be a further improvement to provide an operations-efficient apparatus which can be operated to significantly reduce the amount of earth that must be excavated from and back filled into a french, and which requires a minimum of large excavating equipment, and permits such excavating equipment to be engaged in the trench-digging function almost continuously. It would be another improvement to provide an apparatus which would have dewatering capability to assist in the laying of conduit in areas with high water tables. It would be still another improvement to provide a conduit lowering system which would automatically deliver and align conduit within the trench. It would be a further improvement to provide an improved grade and alignment system, heretofore not provided with trench boxes, which would increase the operator's ability to accuractely maintain the apparatus on-grade and in alignment. It would be another improvement to provide an apparatus which would permit more than one type of conduit to be laid in alignment and on-grade simultaneously. It would be still another improvement to provide an apparatus which dispenses the exact amount of fill material desired into the trench at the proper time and place, thereby eliminating waste of labor, material and equipment time.

OBJECTS AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing needs and problems experienced by underground contractors and workmen in laying conduit within a french which make trench boots and

trench boxes desirable, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved trench boot apparatus in which an improved grade and aUgnment system is provided to assure that the conduit is laid in aUgnment and on-grade with a much higher degree of accuracy than heretofore available.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus as in the last object for the laying of conduit within a french that can be separated quickly and easily to avoid utiUty lines in a trench while still providing apparatus to assist in the laying of conduit in the french.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus of the type under discussion for laying conduit within a trench in which a dewatering system is provided for extracting ground water which seeps into the apparatus.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus as aforementioned for laying conduit within a french in which a mechanism is provided to assist in the lowering of conduit into the trench for positioning in aUgnment and on-grade.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus as in the previous objects for laying conduit within a french which enables the underground contractor to simultaneously lay different types of conduit.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a sturdy apparatus as suggested by the previous objects for the laying of conduit within a trench and for shoring up the waUs of the trench thereby providing safety to the workers within the french and preventing damage to the conduit caused by coUapsing french waUs.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus of the type under consideration which can be separated into easily stackable components thereby faciUtating easy transport of the apparatus from one job site to another.

The foregoing objects are accomplished by the apparatus of the present invention which is used for laying conduit within a trench and which comprises a boxlike structure having side walls and end walls. The boxlike structure has internal compartments and is separable into an upper portion and a lower portion. In one embodiment the compartments comprise at least a fill bin compartment for receiving fill material and dispensing the fill material on the bottom of the french, and a conduit laying compartment partially open at its top and bottom through which conduit is lowered and positioned.

One embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is advanced through the trench by use of a tow bar rigidly mounted to the forward end wall of the boxlike structure. In another embodiment a wire rope loop is also similarly mounted. The tow bar is spaced from the forward end wall by mounting brackets thereby enabling the bucket of a backhoe or other excavator to grasp the tow bar and maneuver the boxlike structure by applying puUing, upward or downward force upon the tow bar and/όr forward wall of the boxlike structure. Similarly, the wire rope loop allows somewhat the same movement control. This configuration for the tow bar allows the excavator to quickly attach itself to and maintain positive control of the boxlike structure, and to release quickly so as to recommence excavation. In this manner, the boxlike structure of one embodiment can be lifted or lowered while advancing the boxlike structure to make adjustments necessary to maintain it on-grade.

An assembly by which the upper portion of the boxlike structure is secured in nesting engagement to the lower portion of the boxlike structure is provided so that the upper portion rests perfectly aUgned and flush with the lower portion. The assembly comprises a series of transverse rods extending below the lower edge of the upper

portion of the boxlike structure. The transverse rods are connected to the upper portion by U-shaped brackets which nest in, and register with, U-shaped cups mounted within the lower portion of the boxlike structure. Latches are provided to secure the lower portion to the upper portion.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the boxlike structure has an angled nose which extends forward inclining downwardly to a cutting edge and is located on the lower portion of the boxlike structure. This angled nose assists in shearing the bottom of the trench on-grade, and provides an incUne upon which the tow bar can be conveniently mounted for easy access by an excavating implement. The freshly sheared bottom of the french is ready to receive fill material at whatever uniform thickness is desired. Thus, there is no need to overexcavate the french to assure a proper bed of fill material.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the boxUke structure has a nose section which extends forward but does not incline to a cutting edge. Rather, a shearing blade is adjustably mounted to the nose section such that the shearing blade may be adjusted upward or downward. Thus, as the boxUke structure is puUed forward, the shearing blade may be adjusted upward or downward such that the freshly sheared bottom of the trench is maintained on-grade. furthermore, the upward or downward adjustment of the shearing blade may be automatically accompUshed by a hydrauUc actuated level system controlled by a laser level detection system, to be discussed hereinafter.

With another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the boxlike structure has an enclosed compartment with a floor which extends from the nose to the point at which fill material is discharged from the fill bin compartment into the french. This

enclosed compartment provides a water collection area to assist a dewatering system in removing ground water which seeps into the boxUke structure. Vent openings in the enclosed compartment permit ground water to flow into the enclosed compartment where a pump or suction screen can be used to extract the ground water which accumulates within the enclosed compartment, also, the enclosed compartment may comprise a feed tunnel whereby flexible conduit can be fed into the feed tunnel for discharge into the layer of fill material near the floor of the enclosed compartment. Thus, flexible conduit can be fed through the enclosed compartment to disposition at the bottom of the french within an envelope of fill material while other conduit is being simultaneously laid on top of the fill material bed.

Several additional features can be provided for the apparatus of the present invention which assist in the laying of conduit in alignment and on-grade.. The apparatus may further comprise a leveler gate which strikes off the fill material at a predetermined french depth. It is preferred that this leveler gate be automatically operated to adjust its position to compensate for movement off-grade. Movement off-grade is detected by use of a laser transmitter disposed outside the trench which provides a beam received by a laser receiver mounted on the apparatus of the present invention. The laser receiver determines if the apparatus is off-grade, and if so, it actuates a mechanism which causes the leveler gate to raise or lower accordingly.

In all preferred embodiments, an important feature of the invention is that the laser transmitted also provides an alignment beam which strikes a target mounted on the apparatus. Alignment means is provided which comprises a laser transmitter disposed to provide a substantially horizontal alignment laser beam arranged in a vertical plane extending through the path along which the conduit is to be laid. Reflecting means is

provided on said boxlike structure for intercepting and reflecting said aUgnment laser beam within said vertical plane in a substantially vertical direction toward the conduit being laid. Indicating means is provided within said plane proximate to the conduit for intercepting said aUgnment laser beam and providing an indication of aUgnment or misaUgnment of said aUgnment laser beam from said path as a function of the deviation of said reflected aUgnment laser beam from a predetermined reference point on said indicating means. In aU preferred embodiments, a weighted pendulum means is provided on which a mirror is mounted for maintaining the orientation of said mirror independently of the degree of tilt of said boxlike structure thereby assuring that said reflected aUgnment beam remains vertical regardless of the degree of tilt. The operator of the apparatus watches the target for a visual display of whether the apparatus is in aUgnment and on-grade. To make adjustments, the operator causes the bucket of the excavating implement to apply upward, downward or lateral force at the tow bar to compensate for any misaUgnment or to correct for the distance off-grade.

In the embodiment incorporating an automaticaUy adjusted shearing blade the laser transmitter and receiver system provides a control signal proportional to the distance that the boxlike structure is off-grade. The control signal is translated into movement of the adjustable shearing blade, either up or down, in order to keep the structure on-grade. The translation of the control signal is accompUshed by a hydrauUc ram and lever arrangement.

Another feature that can be provided is a fill material notcher which provides a notch in the surface of the fill material bed being laid on the bottom of a french to accommodate the beU end of a conduit having a beU. A notching gate is provided which carves into the fiU material to create a notch. It is preferred that the notching gate be

mounted on the leveler gate and that it be automatically operated to place the notch in the proper position. To accomplish this a roller arm is provided which travels the top surface contour of a previously laid conduit section. When the roUer arm encounters the bell of the previously laid conduit a signal actuates the notching gate to extend it below the leveler gate thereby carving a notch in the fill material. The notch in the fill material is thus positioned to accommodate the bell of the next conduit to be positioned at the bottom of the french.

A further feature of the present invention that can be incorporated into one of the preferred embodiments to accommodate conduit or pipe having a bell is a two level conduit support rail system. In the two level pipe support rail system two individual lengths of pipe or conduit are supported from off the floor of the boxlike structure. The first length of pipe is supported by pipe support rails at a lower level than the level at which the second length of pipe is supported. This difference in level allows the bell of the first length of pipe to properly align with the second length of pipe as both are laid in the bottom of the french.

Still another feature of the present invention incorporated into one of the preferred embodiments is a conduit lowering assembly which lowers the conduit into the boxlike structure in a manner such that it is aUgned and readied for setting with previously laid conduit. The lowering assembly comprises a grasping mechanism which grasps a conduit section to be lowered into the apparatus. The grasping mechanism comprises a guide tube within which a sliding member is disposed. A clamp which grasps the barrel portion of the conduit is connected to the guide tube. The sliding member has a hook end which supports the beU portion of the conduit. Once the grasping mechanism is lowered into the boxlike structure, it can be advanced rearward into setting

engagement with the previously laid conduit either manually or by a push arm which engages and pushes the bell portion of the conduit. As the conduit is being pushed forward the sUding member slides within the guide tube, the clamp is released, and the hook is released from its supporting engagement such that the grasping mechanism can be removed from the conduit without disturbing the positioning of the conduit.

The grasping mechanism is lowered into the boxlike structure of the apparatus by a lowering mechanism comprising vertical rails in which a support structure moves verticaUy upward and downward. The support structure has support arms upon which the grasping mechanism is placed. By placing the grasping mechanism in notches provided in the support arms, the conduit is centered and aUgned with the previously laid conduit.

The apparatus of the present invention provides the underground, contractor with tremendous versatiUty. The apparatus can be used in stable or unstable earth and can significantly reduce the time it takes to lay conduit in rocky ground, ground with a high water table, or ground containing utiUty lines. Under stable ground conditions, the apparatus provides shoring waUs to protect workers from coUapse of the trench waUs and a self-dispensing system for the rapid deUvery of a fill material to the bottom of the french. Under unstable ground conditions, the operator of the apparatus need only clear away sufficient earth to enable the operator to puU the apparatus forward. The angled nose cutting edge or the adjustable shearing edge assist in shearing the french to its proper depth. With regard to ground conditions having a high water table, the waUs of the boxlike structure prevent ground water from seeping lateraUy into the conduit laying area. Further, the floor provides a barrier to the ground water which enables the operator to lay a uniform layer of fill material on the bottom of the trench before there

is an opportunity for water seepage. Also, much of the water that may eventually seep into the boxUke structure passes through vent openings into the enclosed compartment from where it can be collected and pumped from the bottom of the trench.

For conduit being laid in areas having utility Unes, the apparatus of the present invention is particularly useful. The excavator clears the earth from around the utility line. A fill material shut-off gate is closed to prevent spillage of fill material from the upper portion of the boxlike structure. Then the latches securing the upper portion of the boxlike structure to the lower portion are released so that the upper portion may be lifted from the lower portion and removed from the french. The lower portion then can be pulled beneath the utility line. This lower portion provides shoring walls and a work area to facilitate the laying of conduit on the bottom of the trench beneath the utility Une. After the utility line has been cleared, the upper portion of the boxlike structure may be repositioned squarely on top of the lower portion and secured thereto for further installation of conduit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this invention, reference should now be made to the embodiments iUustrated in greater detail in the accompanying drawings and described below. In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a perspective view of the apparatus of the present invention wherein a portion of the trench wall is cut away to show the apparatus, a backhoe bucket engaging the tow bar portion of the apparatus, a front end loader back filling the french, and the disposition of a portion of the grade and aUgnment maintenance system;

Figure 2 is a perspective view of the apparatus with a portion of the side wall cut away so that the various features internal of the apparatus can be shown in their relative

disposition to each other;

Figure 3 is an elevational, longitudinal section view of the apparatus showing the relative disposition of various features within the one embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 4 is a perspective view of the apparatus with the upper portion thereof being Ufted clear of the lower portion and showing the mechanism by which the upper portion aUgns and nests squarely in the lower portion;

Figure 5 is an enlarged cut-away view along Une 5-5 of Figure 4 showing an engagement member in register with a receiving member and a latch used to secure the upper portion to the lower portion of the apparatus;

Figure 6 is an enlarged perspective cut-away view along line 6-6 of figure 4 showing the fiU material shut-off gate of one present embodiment;

Figure 7 is an enlarged cut-away view of a tilt indicator mounted on the forward end wall of the apparatus of the present invention;

Figure 8 is an enlarged perspective cut-away view showing vent openings on an interior transverse waU near the bottom of the apparatus and also showing the discharge end of the flexible conduit feed assembly with a flexible conduit being discharged therethrough;

Figure 9 is an enlarged perspective cut-away view of the apparatus viewed from the rear in which a side waU is partiaUy cut away to show the conduit lowering assembly lowering a section of conduit for aUgnment and setting;

Figure 10 is an enlarged perspective view of the grasping mechanism used in the conduit lowering assembly showing a conduit in grasping engagement;

Figure 11 is an enlarged perspective view of the grasping mechanism used in the

conduit-lowering assembly showing the clamp of the grasping means being released;

Figure 12 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention with a side and end wall partially cut away to illustrate the internal components thereof;

Figure 13 is a perspective view of another presently preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein a portion of the french wall is cut away to show the apparatus;

Figure 14 is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in Figure 13 with the side wall cut away so that the various features internal of the apparatus can be shown;

Figure 15 is a top view showing in greater detail the conduit support system of the embodiment shown in Figure 13;

Figure 16 is a perspective view showing the mechanism used to adjust the level of the conduit support system shown in Figure 15;

Figure 17 is a perspective view showing another portion of the pipe support system shown in Figure 15;

Figure 18 is a perspective ^" view showing in detail the pipe setting mechanism of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 16;

Figure 19 is a top plan view of a schematic of a traverse assembly for slidably supporting a narrow reflecting mirror for intercepting a laser beam and redirecting it downwardly into the boxlike structure where the conduit is being laid, and illustrating a pendulum arrangement for maintaining the mirror aligned with the laser beam to compensate for tilt and lateral shifts of the boxlike structure;

Figure 20 is a side elevational view of the pendulum mechanism shown in Figure 19, illustrating the details of a brake adjustment or damper for damping the oscillations or swings of the pendulum;

Figure 21 is a diagrammatic side elevational view of the boxlike structure in accordance with the present invention, showing a pendulum and reflecting mirror used to insure aUgnment of the conduit along a desired path or direction;

Figure 22 is similar to Figure 21 but showing an alternate form of reflecting mirror and support structure used without the traverse assembly of Figure 19;

Figure 23 is a diagrammatic rear elevational view of the arrangement shown in Figure 22;

Figure 24 is a side elevational view which illustrates diagrammatically some details of the pendulum structure used in Figures 22 and 23; and

Figure 25 is a diagrammatic rear elevational view of the arrangement shown in Figures 22-24, iUustrating the manner in which the reflecting mirror is always maintained horizontaUy independently of the tilt of the boxlike structure thereby insuring that reflected beams are always reflected vertically downwardly toward the conduit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now specificaUy to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate Uke parts throughout, the apparatus for laying conduit within a trench in generaUy designated 10 and comprises a boxlike structure 12 having forward and rear end waUs 14 and 16 and side waUs 18. The boxlike structure 12 is configured to separate into an upper portion 20 and a lower portion 22. Of course, it should be understood that the boxlike structure 12 may separate into more than two portions, such as illustrated in Figure 12 wherein an intermediate portion 24 is Ulustrated.

As shown particularly in Figures 2 and 3, the boxlike structure 12 further

comprises internal transverse walls which define compartments within the boxlike structure 12. The boxlike structure 12 has a fill bin compartment 34 internal of the boxlike structure 12 for receiving fill material 36 and dispensing the fill material 36 on the bottom of a trench and a conduit laying compartment 38 which is the area in which conduit is fed for alignment and positioning at the bottom of a french. In one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, as illustrated in Figure 2, the fill bin compartment 34 is defined by an interior fill material side wall 26 and an interior fill material bin wall 28. The interior fill material bin wall has a hopper portion 30 and a chute portion 32. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrated at Figure 12, the boxlike structure 12 has only one interior transverse wall, the interior fill material slide wall 26 and the rear end wall 16 serves as the hopper portion and chute portion for a fill material bin wall.

The boxlike structure 12 further comprises a tow bar 40 mounted on the forward end wall 14. The tow bar 40 is disposed in brackets 42 which are rigidly mounted on the forward end wall 14 of the lower portion 22 of the boxlike structure 12. The tow bar 40 is spaced from the forward end wall 14 sufficiently to receive the teeth of a bucket 44 of an excavating implement 46 substantially as shown in Figure 1. When the bucket 44 of an excavating implement 46 (e.g. a backhoe) grasps the tow bar 40 in the manner illustrated in Figure 1, the operator of the excavating implement 46 can apply downward force against the end wall 14 while simultaneously puUing on the tow bar 40 to advance the boxlike structure 12 within the trench, thereby lowering the boxlike structure 12 within a french 48. Lifting force may be appUed to Uft the boxlike structure 12 within the trench 48 by curling the bucket 44 in about the tow bar 40 and pulling up on the tow bar 40 while pulling force is applied against the tow bar 40 to advance the boxlike structure

12 within the french 48. It has been found that the tow bar configuration illustrated and described herein enables the operator of the excavating implement 46 to maneuver the apparatus for laying conduit 10 within the trench 48 with remarkable on-grade precision because he can apply vertical, longitudinal and lateral forces as needed to maintain grade. Thus, the task of maintaining the boxlike structure 12 positioned so that conduit can be laid on-grade and in aUgnment is appreciably assisted by the tow bar configuration.

The boxlike structure 12 further comprises features for securing the upper portion 20 to the lower portion 22 in an aUgned and flush engagement. The features also permit the releasable attachment of the upper portion 20 to the lower portion 22. These features include engagement members 50, receiving members 52, and latches 54 which wiU be described with more particularity hereinbelow.

Turning now particularly to Figure 1, the apparatus for laying conduit within a trench 48 is Ulustrated within the trench 48. An excavating implement 46 such as a backhoe clears the earth away from the forward end of the boxUke structure 12. The excavating implement can then grasp the tow bar 40 and puU the boxlike structure 12 forward within the trench 48. When fiU material 36 is disposed within the fill bin compartment 34, as the boxlike structure 12 is advanced forward, a layer of fiU material 36 is deposited on the floor of the trench 48. Conduit (now shown) is lowered into the conduit laying compartment 38 for positioning on the layer of fiU material 36 in aUgnment and on-grade. The lowering and positioning of the conduit within the french can be done manually or with the assistance of conduit-setting system, while the excavating implement continues to excavate the trench 48 forward of the boxlike structure 12. Obviously, if a worker is positioned within the conduit laying compartment 38, the side walls 18 of the

boxlike structure 12 protect the worker against the collapse of the trench walls.

As the boxlike structure 12 is advanced within the trench 48, it is preferred that a small loader 56 fill the fill bin compartment 34 with fill material 36 as needed. Thus, the excavating implement 46 is free to excavate french 48 and advance the boxlike structure 12. There is no particular need to provide additional heavy equipment. The same small loader 56 can promptly back fill the french 48, as shown in Figure 1.

It has been determined that with most ground conditions, the apparatus 10 of the present invention enables the underground contractor to move less than half the material that is normally required during trenching operations. Thus, there is correspondingly less than half the material to be back filled into the french 48 once the conduit has been set. Because material movement has been minimized, the trenching operation advances more rapidly. Also, since the excavating implement 46 does not lay idle while conduit is being set within the french 48, but it is used to excavate the trench 48 in advance of the boxlike structure 12, the excavating implement 46 is being used continuously and much more efficiently. These efficiencies significantly increase the amount of conduit that can be laid in a french 48 per day. On any project for laying subterranean conduit, this can mean drastic savings in equipment rental costs and labor costs.

In order to insure that the conduit is laid in alignment and on-grade, a preferred embodiment of the present invention also comprises a grade maintenance assembly. The grade maintenance assembly comprises a laser transmitter 58 which transmits signals to a laser receiver 60 which determines the depth of the trench 48 at the point where conduit is being laid. In one preferred embodiment, the laser transmitter 58 transmits at least two types of signals, a sweeping signal 62 which is received by the laser receiver 60 and an alignment signal or beam 64 which strikes a target 66 mounted on the boxlike

structure 12 and reflects the beam downwardly, as suggested in Figures 1-3 and 12-14. The manner in which the grade and aUgnment maintenance assembly operates is described with more particularity below.

In Figure 2 a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in which the relative disposition of the internal components are Ulustrated. In this preferred embodiment, the boxUke structure 12 has an angled nose portion 68 and a floor 70. The angled nose portion 68 inclines downwardly to a cutting edge at the bottom of the boxUke structure 12. The angled nose portion 68 and floor 70 assist in shearing on-grade the bottom of the french 48 to maintain the boxUke structure 12 on-grade. Since the bucket 44 of the excavating implement 46 is used to apply force on the forward end waU 14, it is preferred that gussets 72 be provided so that the structural integrity of the angled nose portion 68 is maintained.

A preferred embodiment, as Ulustrated in Figure 2, further comprises a flexible conduit feed assembly 74 having an inlet 76, a feed tunnel 78 and a plate 80 with a discharge sleeve 82. The feed tunnel 78 may be separated at junction 84 (as shown in Fig. 3) to accommodate the separation of the boxlike structure 12. The lower portion of the feed tunnel 78 has a flared end 86 which receives the upper portion of the tunnel 78 so that when flexible conduit is fed through the feed tunnel 78 it wiU not snag or hang up within the feed tunnel 78.

Also Ulustrated in the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2 is a fϋl material shut-off gate 88 which is operated by a ram 90. As shown at Figure 6, the fiU material shut-off gate 88 rests on channel braces 154 and beneath angle braces 89. The ram 90 operates to move the fiU material shut-off gate 88 in a longitudinal reciprocating motion between open and closed positions. When the fiU material shut-off gate 88 is open, it

permits fill material 36 stored within the fill bin compartment 34 to slide down the interior fill material slide wall 26 to the bottom of the trench 48. When the upper portion 20 of the boxlike structure 12 is separated from the lower portion 22, it becomes necessary to close off the upper portion of the fill bin compartment 34 so that fill material 36 is not spilled into the working area. To accomplish this, the ram 90 pushes the fill material shut-off gate 88 forward to its closed position.

The forward end wall 14, the floor 70, the side walls 18 and the interior fill material slide wall 26 define an enclosed compartment 92 for the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figure 2. The enclosed compartment 92 houses a dewatering system for the apparatus for laying conduit 10. The dewatering system comprises a plurality of vent openings 94 and a water collection and discharge assembly 96 which collects ground water which accumulates through seepage within the enclosed compartment 92 and removes it from the boxlike structure 12 for discharge remote from the trench 48.

In one preferred embodiment the fill material 36 is struck off as it is dispensed from the fill bin compartment 34. Striking off of fill material 36 is accomplished by a leveler gate 98. The leveler gate 98 is operated in its vertical movement by a ram 100 and a laser receiver mast 102 which communicates with the laser receiver 60. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the laser receiver mast 102 comprises a push rod 104 which engages a shoulder 106 connected to the upper mast rod 108. The upper mast rod 108 is held in position adjacent to the side wall 18 by guide mounts 110 and a nub 112 prevents the upper mast rod 108 from falling through the guide mounts 110 when the upper portion 20 of the boxlike structure 12 is detached and lifted from engagement with the lower portion 22.

Attached to the leveler gate 98 can be a notching gate 114 which is used to carve

a notch 194 in the layer of fill material 36 to accommodate the bell of a conduit. The notching gate 114 is actuated by an assembly comprising a roUer arm 116 connected to a sensing ram 118 which communicates to a responsive ram 120 which is mounted between the notching gate 114 and leveler gate 98. The roUer arm 116 is designed to travel the contour of the upper surface of a conduit 125 (as shown in Figure 3) so that any changes in the contour are communicated to the sensing ram 118 which conveys that change in contour via tube 122 to the responsive ram 120. The responsive ram 120, -then in response to the signal from the sensing ram 118 actuates the vertical movement, either up or down, of the notching gate 114. As shown in Figure 2, the leveler gate 98 and notching gate 114 are disposed within guide channels 124 which permit the vertical sliding movement of the leveler gate 98 and notching gate 114.

In order to lower the conduit 125 into the boxlike structure 12 of the preferred embodiment Ulustrated in Figure 2, a conduit lowering assembly 126 is provided. The conduit lowering assembly 126 comprises a grasping mechamsm 128 and a conveyance mechanism 130. The grasping mechamsm 128 is used to grasp and hold securely a conduit 125 for safe lowering into the trench 48. The grasping mechanism 128 comprises a guide tube 132, a sUding member 134 and an eyelet 136 used to suspend the grasping mechanism 128 during raising and lowering of the conduit 125 onto support arms 142 of the conveyance mechanism 130. The conveyance mechanism 130 comprises a pair of rafls 138 secured to the inside of one of the side waUs 18 of the boxlike structure 12 and a lowering member 140 comprising support arms 142, a support plate 144, and roUers 146 which permit movement of the lowering member 140 vertically within the conduit laying compartment 38.

A primary feature of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus 10 of the present

invention, is its separability into an upper portion 20 and a lower portion 22. This separability introduces tremendous versatility to the apparatus 10. The separation of the boxlike structure 12 facilitates transport of the apparatus 10 because the upper portion 20 and lower portion 22 can be laid on their sides and stacked one on top of the other on a flat bed trailer that can be easily towed by a pick-up truck. This enables transport

without any problems due to the limited heights of highway with overpasses or underpasses and also facilitates the storage of the apparatus 10 because it can be placed on a trailer and transported to a storage facility.

The assembly and disassembly of the apparatus 10 can be accomplished rapidly and without any complexity. When assembling the apparatus 10, the upper portion is always assured of properly square alignment because the engagement members 50 are configured to register with the receiving members 52 for nesting engagement. As illustrated in Figure 4, the upper portion 20 of the boxlike structure 12 can be lifted from or lowered onto the lower portion 22 using cables 148 connected to the bucket 44 of the excavating implement 46. Cables 148 are draped over a hook 150 on the bucket 44 and secured to the upper portion 22 at lifting ears 152. When suspended as shown in Figure 4, a worker can easily maneuver the suspended upper portion 20 laterally or longitudinally so that the engagement members 50 align in register with the receiving members 52.

As best shown in Figure 5, the upper and lower portions 20 and 22 have channel braces 154 attached at the edges of the upper and lower portions 20 and 22. Mounted on the channel brace 154 for the upper portion 20 are the engagement members 50 which comprise a transverse rod 156 mounted between brackets with a U-shaped portion 158 which extend below the lower edge of the upper portion 20 of the boxlike structure

12. Mounted on the channel brace 154 of the lower portion 22 of the boxlike structure 12 are the receiving members 52 which comprise a U-shaped cup 160. When the upper portion 20 is properly aUgned, the U-shaped cup 160. When the upper portion 20 is properly aUgned, the U-shaped portion of the brackets 158 nest in the U-shaped cups 160 as shown in Figure 2. Latches 54 can then be secured to prevent the upper portion 20 from movement with respect to the lower portion 22. The latches 54, as best shown in Figure 5, are preferably a lever and catch assembly having a lever 162, a catch 164 and an adjustable connector 166 which engages the catch 164 in securing engagement. Although the preferred embodiment is a lever and catch assembly, it should be understood that other types of locking or securing means may be used.

When lifting the upper portion 20 from the lower portion 22, the latch 54 is disengaged, cables 148 are draped over the hook 150 attached to the excavating implement bucket 44 and secured to lifting ears 152. If there is some material 36 in the fill bin compartment 34, the fiU material shut-off gate 88 is closed so that no fill material 36 wiU spfll from the compartment 34. Then, the bucket 44 Ufts the cables 148 attached to the upper portion 20, thereby lifting the upper portion 20 from the lower portion 22.

This feature is particularly useful during the conduit laying operation when an obstacle such as a utiUty Une is encountered. In such instances, the boxlike structure 12 is puUed near the utiUty Une and the upper portion 20 of the boxUke structure 12 is removed and lifted out of the trench 48, thereby permitting clearance of the lower portion 22 beneath the utiUty Une. The laying of conduit 125 can recommence using only the lower portion 22 of the boxlike structure 12. Of course, some of the features are not avaflable when using only the lower portion 22. However, the use of the lower portion 22 significantly aids the laying of conduit 125 beneath the utility Une. A considerable

amount of time savings is afforded by using this procedure because with the lower portion 22 remaining in the trench 48, the amount of earth required to be removed in sloping back the trench walls is significantly reduced and use of the lower portion 22 still enables the operator to lay a uniform layer of fill material 36 on the bottom of the trench 48.

Once the lower portion 22 of the boxlike structure 12 clears the utility line, the upper portion 20 can be lowered back into the trench 48, aligned, squarely seated, and secured in nesting engagement with the lower portion 22 so that normal conduit laying can commence. It should be understood that where the boxlike structure 12 is equipped with multiple separations (see, for example, Figure 12), the boxlike structure 12 can be separated at any of these separations to avoid an obstacle.

During use of the apparatus 10 of the present invention, ground water may seep, into the trench 48 from the water table. Ground water seepage problems are particularly prevalent when a trench boot, such as the apparatus 10 of the present invention is parked within the trench 48 for any substantial period of time, such as overnight. If a sufficient amount of ground water seeps into the area of the conduit laying compartment 34, it can cause significant problems with the conduit laying operation.

With one preferred embodiment, ground water seeping into the boxlike structure 12 is permitted to pass through the interior fill material side wall 26 at vent openings 94 as shown in Figure 8. Ground water passing through such vent openings 94 accumulates within the enclosed compartment 92. The ground water accumulating in the enclosed compartment 92 can be coUected and withdrawn from the boxlike structure 12 by using the water collection and discharge assembly 96. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the water coUection and discharge assembly 96 comprises a pump 168 with a suction screen 170

which coUects the ground water and discharges it through an exhaust tube 172 which exits at the rear of the boxUke structure 12 to faciUtate discharge of the ground water remote from the trench 48.

It is preferred that the exhaust tube 172 has a separable coupling 174 whereby the exhaust tube 172 can be separated when the upper portion 20 of the boxlike structure 12 is lifted from the lower portion 22. It is also preferred that the exhaust tube 172 be enclosed in or integral with a channel support member 176 which runs along a side wall 18 of the boxlike structure 12 to the point of exit through the rear wall 16. This channel support member 176 provides added stabilizing support to the side waU 18. A couphng 178 is provided near the rear wall 16 so that a hose or tube can be connected to the exhaust tube 172 which wiU direct the ground water being discharged to a point remote from the trench 48. Although the water coUection and discharge assembly 96 is described herein and shown in Figures 2 and 3 comprises a pump 168 disposed within the enclosed compartment 92, it should be understood that other water collection and discharge assemblies may be used. For example, the pump 168 may be disposed at a point outside the french 48 and connected to the enclosed compartment 92 via a suction tube and a suction screen 170.

When laying conduit in an area exhibiting a particularly high water table, in which water seepage becomes a significant problem, the water coUection and discharge assembly 96 may be operated continually during use of the apparatus 10 so as to extract as much ground water as possible. It should be understood that a dewatering system similar to that shown in Figures 2 and 3 could be adapted for use with other embodiments of the invention.

When possible, and as needed, it would be a tremendous time and cost savings

to lay flexible conduit and rigid conduit simultaneously. When done, a single french 48 would be excavated. Earth within the french would be removed and back filled but once, and subsequent location of the conduits, if necessary for repair or replacement, could be easily accomplished. A preferred embodiment of the apparatus 10 of the present invention has a flexible conduit feed assembly 74 which provides a feed tunnel 78 through which flexible conduit 180 can be directed. As the boxlike structure 12 of the present invention is advanced within the french 48, flexible conduit 180 can be continuously fed through the inlet 76 into the feed tunnel 78. The flexible conduit 180 exits the feed tunnel 78 at the discharge sleeve 82. In this manner, when fill material 36 is being deposited in a layer on the bottom of the french 48, the flexible conduit 180 is enveloped in the layer of fill material 36. The discharge sleeve 82 is centrally disposed sufficiently above the floor 70 of the boxUke structure 12 such that fill material 36 is deposited beneath any flexible conduit 180 being fed into the fill material 36 envelope as shown in Figure 8. As flexible conduit 180 is laid within the envelope of fill material 36, rigid conduit 125 can be simultaneously laid on the surface of the fill material 36 layer.

If a project does not require the simultaneous laying of flexible conduit 180 and rigid conduit 125, the plate 80 having the discharge sleeve 82 may be removed and replaced with a flat plate 80. In this manner, fill material 36 is free to slide over the flat plate 80 to the bottom of the french 48.

In the various preferred embodiments of the present invention, a number of features may be provided which assist the operator of the apparatus 10 in maintaining the apparatus 10 in alignment and on-grade. As mentioned above, certainly the angled nose portion 68 in conjunction with the floor 70 assist in shearing the bottom of the french 48 and holding the boxlike structure 12 on-grade. Also, as will be described in

detail hereinafter, the automatic adjustment of shearing edge so as to shear the bottom of the trench on-grade is a great help to the operator. These features also make is necessary to over-excavate the french 48. Another feature is the tilt indicator 182 which provides a visual indication whether the boxUke structure 12 is being maintained on the vertical. The tilt indicator 182 comprises a pendulum pointer 184 mounted on the forward end waU 14 of the boxlike structure 12 on a pivot pin 186 which permits the pendulum pointed 184 to freely rotate about the pin 186. Markings 188 are provided to assist the operator in determining visuaUy whether the boxUke structure 12 is being maintained in a verticaUy upright position.

Another feature which assists in maintaining the apparatus 10 on-grade and in aUgnment is the laser transmitter/receiver assembly briefly mentioned above. That assembly in one embodiment comprises the laser fransmitter 58, the laser receiver 60, the . target 66, the leveler gate 98 and the laser receiver mast 102. With the laser transmitter/receiver assembly, the depth of the trench 48 may be maintained at a uniform depth by maneuvering the apparatus 10 within the trench by applying lifting or downward forces as needed on the tow bar 40.

In one preferred embodiment, the laser transmitter 58 is disposed in a position where it wfll remain undisturbed by the excavation and conduit laying activity. The disposition of the laser transmitter 58 can be either external of, or within, the french 48 depending on the depth of the trench 48 and the height of the boxlike structure 12. It is important, however, that the signals from the laser transmitter 58 be unobstructed. The laser transmitter 58 provides a sweep signal 62 on a horizontal plane and an aUgnment beam 64 on a direct line paraUel to the aUgnment desired for the conduit 125 being laid. The laser receiver 60 receives the sweep signal 62 and can deteπnine via its

sensing capability whether the bottom of the french 48 is being maintained on-grade, above-grade or below-grade. The laser receiver 60 has photo cells which sense the sweep signal 62 and in turn actuate a hydraulic valve (not shown) which is in communication with and actuates ram 100 such that when the sweep signal 62 received indicates that the boxlike structure 12 is below-grade, the ram 100 lifts the leveler gate 98 to compensate for the amount that the boxlike structure 12 is below-grade. If the boxlike structure 12 is above-grade, the laser receiver 60 communicates with ram 100 such that ram 100 extends leveler gate 98 to compensate for the amount the boxlike structure 12 is off- grade. As the leveler gate 98 is raised or lowered by ram 100, the push rod 104 attached to leveler gate 98 is raised or lowered accordingly. The push rod 104 abuts shoulder 106 which is attached to the upper mast rod 108. Movement of push rod 104 is transmitted through shoulder 106 to the upper mast road 108 such that it slides up and down within guide mounts 110. Thus, the laser receiver 60 attached to the uppermost end of the upper mast rod 108 is raised or lowered the same amount as the leveler gate 98. In this manner, the laser receiver 60 is adjusted upward and downward corresponding to the upward and downward movement of the leveler gate 98 whereby a uniform french depth is maintained despite sUght variations caused when moving the boxlike structure 12 within the trench 48.

Not only does operation of the grade maintenance features provide accurate on- grade laying of conduit, they also reduce tremendously the amount of fill material 36 that is wasted. Where no angled nose 68 is used to shear off the bottom of a french 48 nor laser transmitter/receiver assemblies used to maintain uniform trench depth, the trenches 48 are frequently over-excavated to assure that there is a minimum amount of fill material 36 base beneath the conduit 125. It is not unusual for the fill material 36 layer

to be a couple of feet thick in some places to assure that a minimum half foot layer of fill material 36 is placed beneath the conduit 125. Such wasting of fill material 36, is time consuming and expensive.

Maintenance of the boxlike structure 12 in aUgnment whfle pulling it through the trench 48 is assisted by a mirror 602, to be more fully described in connection with figures 19-25. The laser fransmitter 58 provides an aUgnment beam 64 which is set paraUel to the aUgnment desired for the conduit. As the aUgnment beam 64 strikes the mirror 602, a visual display of the beam on a target or sensor 654 (Figure 3) inside the boxlike structure 12 proximate to the conduit 125 enables the operator to adjust for aUgnment and grade according to the degree of displacement of the conduit laying tracks, as wfll be described below.

Another feature which facflitates maintaining the conduit 125 in aUgnment along the surface of the fill material 36 is the notching assembly which carves a notch 194 in the surface of the ffll material 36 to accommodate the beU for a conduit 125. As mentioned above, the notching assembly comprises a notching gate 114, a roUer arm 116, and a sensing ram 118 connected to a responsive ram 120 by a tube 122 (See Figure 2). In practice, the roUer arm 116, having a roUer 190 and a delay extension 192, engages the upper surface contour of a previously laid conduit 125, as shown in Figure 3. As the roUer 190 engages the beU of the conduit, the roUer arm 116 forces sensing ram 118 to contract, and that contraction signals the responsive ram 120 to actuate the extension of notching gate 114. When extended as shown, the notching gate carves a notch 194 in the surface of the fill material 36. As the roUer 190 travels over the beU, delay extension 192 continues to engage the beU such that an oversized notch 194 is carved in the fill material 36 so as to accommodate the longitudinal movement of a conduit 125 when the conduit

125 is being aligned and set with the next previously set conduit 125. By providing notches as shown in Figure 3, each conduit is maintained as close to level and on-grade as possible.

The conduit lowering assembly 126 of the present invention not only assisted in lowering of conduit 125 into the conduit laying compartment 38 but also assists in maintaining the conduit 125 in alignment as it is positioned and set for its final disposition on the surface of the fill material 36 layer. The conduit-lowering assembly

126 comprises a grasping mechanism 128 and a conveyance mechamsm 130. The grasping mechanism 128 comprises a guide tube 132 within which a sliding member 134 is provided. The grasping mechanism further comprises at least one clamp 196 disposed to clamp onto the barrel portion of a conduit 125. The clamp 196 is attached to the guide tube 132, and it is preferred that clamp 196 have interchangeable jaws 198 to accommodate various sizes of conduit 125. The jaws 198 can be changed by disengaging bolts 200 and replacing one size of jaws 198 with another size and resecuring bolts 200 (see Figures 10 and 11). It is preferred that the clamp 196 be releasable and spring loaded such that as the jaws 198 of the clamp are closed about a conduit 125 a spring holds the clamp jaws 198 snugly against the conduit 125.

To release the jaws 198 from grasping engagement of a conduit 125, means for triggering the release is required. To accomplish this grasping/releasing function, the spring-loaded clamp utilizes an off-center clampmg mechanism wherem the jaws 198 of the clamp 196 are held in a grasping position by a spring (not shown) when a clamp roUer 202 is disposed in its lowermost position. To achieve this position, a handle 204 is provided whereby a user can manually lock the clamp jaws 198 into grasping engagement by swinging the handle 204 to its substantially horizontal locking position.

To release the clamp 196 the clamp roUer 202 is engaged and lifted or the handle 204 can be manuaUy lifted to release the grasping engagement of jaws 198 on the conduit 125.

The sUding member has disposed at one end a hooking finger 206 which engages and supports the beU end of the conduit 125. The sUding member 134 has at its other end a centering guide 208 comprising curved arms 210 with rolling cylinders 212 which engage the beU portion of the previously laid conduit 125, a beU stop 214 and trigger 216.

The sUding member 134 is free to move longitudinally within guide tube 132 until a conduit 125 is grasped within the grasping mechamsm 128. Figure 10 illustrates a conduit 125 just before engagement with a previously laid conduit 125. In figure 10, the hooking finger 206 is shown supporting the beU portion of the conduit 125 and the clamp 195 grasping the barrel portion of the conduit 125. As the conduit 125 is advanced towards its setting engagement with a previously laid conduit 125, the sUding member 134 sUdes within guide tube 132 such that the trigger 216 engages the clamp roUer 202 in Ufting engagement as shown in Figure 11. The trigger 216 engages the guide tube 132 thereby preventing any further sUding movement of sUding member 134 within the guide tube 132. When this happens, further advancement of the conduit 125 wfll release the hooking finger 206 from its supporting engagement of the beU portion of the conduit 125. In this manner, the grasping mechanism 128 is completely released from the conduit 125 as that conduit 125 is set and sealed within the next previously laid conduit 125. To assure a tight and leakproof seal, a gasket 218 is disposed at the connection end of the conduit 125.

Once released, the grasping mechanism 128 may be secured in grasping engagement to another conduit 125 in the same manner as previously described.

When the grasping mechanism 128 secures a conduit 125 in grasping engagement, the conduit 125 may be lowered manually into the conduit-laying compartment 138, or as is preferred, a conveyance mechanism 130 may be used to assist in lowering and aUgiiing the conduit 125. The conveyance mechanism 130 comprises a pair of rails 138 and a lowering member 40, which comprises support arms 142, a support plate 144, and roUers 146. The lowering member 140 moves vertically as guided by the rails 138. To lower a conduit 125 into the conduit laying compartment 38, the grasping mechanism 128 is positioned to be suspended via a suspension bar 220 which is mounted on the guide tube 132. The suspension bar 220 engages centering notches 22 in the support arms 142 such that the conduit 125 is suspended centrally within the boxlike structure 12 and in alignment with the desired alignment for the laying of conduit. The lowering member 140 may be gradually lowered into the conduit laying compartment 38 via any conventional manner such as manually lowering the member on a rope or cable, or by use of counterweights, or by a powered chain and sprocket drive, or by using a hydraulic ram which would raise or lower the lowering member 140 in response to hydraulic signals controlled manually.

Thus, to lower a conduit 125 into the conduit laying compartment 38, the grasping mechanism 128 is secured to a conduit 125 in the manner shown in Figure 10. The grasping mechamsm 128 is then suspended on the support arms 142 of the lowering member 140 as shown in Figure 2. The lowering member 140 is then guided downward by rails 138 to where the conduit 125 reaches the surface of the ffll material 36 or the bottom of the trench 48, as shown in Figure 9. The grasping mechanism 128 is then released from the conduit as the conduit 125 is advanced into setting engagement with the next previously laid conduit 125 as shown in Figures 9 and 11. Once released, the

grasping mechanism 128 can be lifted from the conduit laying compartment 38 for engagement with another conduit 125 so that the procedure can be repeated.

To advance the conduit 125 into setting engagement with the next previously laid conduit 125, a conduit setter assembly is provided. Such conduit setter assembly comprises a push arm 224 with a guide support 226 and a ram 228. The conduit setter assembly operates on a conduit 125 which has been lowered into the conduit laying compartment 38 but has not been set into the next previously laid conduit. The push arm 224 engages the beU portion of the conduit 125. As ram 228 contracts, the push arm 224 sUdes within the guide support 226 which is mounted on a side wall 18 so that the push arm 224 appUes a horizontal pushing force in the direction as shown by the arrow in Figure 9. When a grasping mechanism 128 is used to assist in grasping and lowering the conduit 125 into the conduit laying compartment 38, the push arm 224 advances the conduit 125 such that the trigger 216 engage ^' s the clamp roUer 202 and releases the clamp 196 and the hooking finger 206.

Additional features which are provided for the boxlike structure 12 include stiffeners such as the base stiffeners 230 and the side stiffeners 232 which provide support and rigidity to the side waUs 18 of the boxUke structure 12. Also, to facflitate access to the conduit laying compartment 38, a set of step rungs 234 are provided whereby a worker may descend into the conduit laying compartment 38.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is fllustrated in Figure 12. This embodiment is particularly adapted for laying substantially rigid plastic pipe within a layer of ffll material 36. With this preferred embodiment, the plastic conduit 236 is lowered into the conduit laying compartment 38 which is disposed forward of the fill bin compartment 34. The plastic conduit 236 is positioned for its disposition within a layer

of fill material 36 by a rocking arm assembly 238. The rocking arm assembly 238 comprises a pivot pin 240 disposed in pivoting engagement with a pivot bar 242 having a plurality of pivot holes 244. By positioning the pivot pin within any one of the pivot holes 244, the depth of fill material 36 to be disposed beneath the plastic conduit 236 can be adjusted. By way of illustration, if the pivot pin 240 is raised, this would cause more fill material 36 to flow beneath the plastic conduit 236 for support. On the other hand, if the pivot pin is lowered, less fill material 36 would support the plastic conduit 236.

The rocking arm assembly 238 further comprises a rocking arm 246 which pivots on the pivot pin 240. The rocking arm 246 has a trough portion 248 which assists in holding the plastic conduit 236 in alignment. At the distal end of the rocking arm 246 is a roller box 250 having rollers 252 and a housing 254. Attached to the housing 254 can be a thimble 256 through which the plastic conduit 236 is discharged into the fill bin compartment 34 where the plastic conduit 236 is enveloped in a layer of fill material 36.

The plastic conduit 236 is lowered into the boxlike structure 12 substantially as shown in Figure 12 and is directed to its resting position on the rocking arm 246 by a slide 258. As the plastic conduit 236 drops into position, the bell of the plastic conduit 236 engages touch plate 260 which released the ram plate 262 which is operated by a ram 264 to advance the plastic conduit 236 into setting engagement with the next previously laid conduit 236.

As the boxlike structure 12 of this preferred embodiment is advanced within the trench 48 in a manner similar to that described herein with regard to other preferred embodiments, the plastic conduit 236 advances along the rocking arm 246 until another section of plastic conduit 236 can be introduced into the line.

To assure that the plastic conduit 236 is laid in alignment and on-grade, a grade

maintenance assembly similar to that described above can be used. In the preferred embodiment Ulustrated in Figure 12, a laser receiver 60 is provided and is disposed such that the laser receiver mast 102 is encased in a fin 266. Although a fin 266 is shown as a preferred embodiment it should be understood that other configurations for the laser receiver mast and the protection thereof can be used. The laser receiver 60 is in communication with adjustment ram 268 which raises or lowers the roUer box 250 in response to the signal received by the laser receiver 60. As the roUer box 250 is raised or lowered to compensate for deviations from grade, the laser receiver mast 102 is also raised or lowered accordingly."

FiU material 36 can be placed in the ffll bin compartment 34 for disposition at the bottom of the french. A manuaUy adjustable leveler 268 is provided on the rearmost end of the boxlike structure 12 to strike off the ffll material 36. Also, a pair of baffles 270 which angle inwardly from the side waUs 18 are provided in order to windrow f-Ql materials 36 for support beneath the flexible conduit 236.

Although several of the features with regard to other preferred embodiments are not shown with respect to Figure 12, it should be understood that many of the features are adaptable for use with the embodiment fllustrated in Figure 12. For example, fill material shut-off gates 88 can be provided at each of the separation levels in order to shut off fill material 36 from spfllage when the boxlike structure is separated. Also, a dewatering system similar to that described above can be incorporated into the boxlike structure illustrated in Figure 12. another presently preferred embodiment is shown in Figures 13-18. In the embodiment shown in Figures 13-18 many of the structures shown are simflar or identical to the structures shown in Figures 1-12. Therefore, the operation of the embodiments

shown in Figure 13-18 will be simflar, or identical, to those embodiments fllustrated in Figures 1-12.

Similarly to the earlier described embodiments, the apparatus for laying conduit within a french generally comprises a boxlike structure designated 300 in Figure 13 having a forward wall 334, rear 306, and side walls 303. The boxlike structure 300 is configured so as to separate into an upper portion 302 and a lower portion 304. The seam where upper portion 302 and lower portion 304 separate is designated 310. It should be understood that the boxlike structure 300 may be constructed so as to separate into more then two portions, such as is illustrated in Figure 12 wherein the boxlike structure is separable into three portions.

In a fashion simflar to that shown in Figure 2, the cross-sectional perspective view of Figure 14 shows that the boxlike structure is provided with an internal transverse wall 390 which separates the boxlike structure 300 into two separate compartments. Boxlike structure 300 has a fill bin compartment, generally designated 312 in Figure 13, and a conduit laying compartment, generally designated 322 in Figure 13. The fill bin compartment 312 is for receiving fill material (shown at 308 in Figure 13) which is dispensed on the bottom of the trench and around the conduit 125 which is laid in the french. A screen 314 covers fill bin 312 upper opening. The fill material must pass through screen 314 as it is poured into fill bin 312. The conduit laying compartment 322 provides a passageway for conduit 125, such as heavy cement, clay, or P.V.C. sewage pipe as shown in Figure 14, to be passed through the boxlike structure 300 to the bottom of the french. The conduit laying compartment 322 also contains the equipment necessary to properly align, set, and push the conduit out the traiUng end of the boxlike structure. As can be seen in Figure 14, the fill bin compartment is defined by an interior transverse

waU 390 and a portion of the rear wall 306. A chute, generally designated 368 in Figure 14, is provided between the fiU bin compartment and the rear exit 366 of the boxlike structure 300.

The boxlike structure 300 further comprises a tow bar 346 and a tow loop 352 mounted on the forward nose section 340 of the boxlike structure 300 as is shown best in Figure 13. The tow bar 346 is disposed in brackets 348 which are rigidly mounted on the forward nose section 340 of the boxUke structure 300. The tow bar 348 is used in the same manner as hereinbefore described. The tow loop 352 is also provided to allow quick and easy grasping of the tow loop 352 in order to draw the boxlike structure through the french which has been excavated. Tow loop 352 is preferably a wire rope loop pivotaUy attached to eyelet studs 350 and also having a reinforcing section 334.

When the bucket of an excavating implement (e.g. a backhoe) grasps the tow bar in the manner fllustrated in Figure 1, the operator can provide upward, downward or side-to-side forces on the forward end waU while pulling the boxlike structure through the trench. However, due to the automatic shearing blade adjustment mechanism provided in the embodiment shown in Figures 13-14, it is not necessary that the implement operator concern himself with careful manipulation of the boxlike structure to keep in on-grade. Thus, on many occasions, the tow loop 352 may be used to draw the boxlike structure through the french. Still, the tow bar 346 may be used for making adjustments to the grade of the boxUke structure 300 and the implement operator has a choice of utilizing the tow loop 352 or the tow bar 346 for drawing the boxUke structure 300 through the french, according to the needs of the particular circumstances. The operation of the automatic shearing blade adjustment mechanism wfll be explained in detail later.

The shearing blade 358, which includes a shearing edge 360, automatically adjusts up or down, as needed, as the boxlike structure 300 is drawn through the trench. Thus, the bottom of the trench 48 is automatically kept on-grade and the operator of the excavating implement may be less concerned with applying vertical forces in order to keep the boxlike structure on-grade as is required with the previously described embodiments.

The structure indicated generally at 318 in Figures 13 and 14 comprises a motor which drives an electric generator and a hydraulic pump. The electric generator provides the electric power necessary to operate the laser leveling system used to control the automatic shearing blade adjustment mechanism and also provides electric power for the lights 392 in the conduit laying compartment 322 and various other functions requiring electric power. The hydraulic pump provides hydraulic fluid under pressure required for the various hydraulic rams that are used in connection with the embodiment which will be explained later.

The boxlike structure 300 further comprises features for securing the upper portion 302 to the lower portion 304 in an aligned and flush engagement. This feature also permits the releasable attachment of the upper portion 302 to the lower portion 304. These features include engagement members 400, receiving members 398, and latches 402 which operate in a similar manner to that previously described.

The embodiments shown in Figures 13-18 are used in a simflar fashion to those embodiments shown in Figures 1-12. As is shown best in Figure 1 in connection with a previously described embodiment, the excavating implement, such as a backhoe, digs a french 48 in front of the boxlike structure 300. Figure 13 shows the boxlike structure 300 in such a french 48. The boxlike structure 300 is drawn forward through the french 48.

conduit 125 is passed through the conduit laying compartment 322 to the bottom of the french 48. The conduit 125, if composed of individual lengths, are secured together in the bottom of the boxUke structure 300 before being pushed out the rear 336 of the boxlike structure 300 onto the bottom of the trench 48. As the conduit 125 is fed out the rear end 366 of the boxlike structure 300, the ffll material 308 (not shown in Figure 14) is discharged from the ffll material chute 368 and envelops the conduit on all sides with fiU material 308 as shown in Figure 13. Thus, the conduit has been laid in the bottom of the trench and is ready for the trench to be back fflled immediately, as is indicated in Figure 1.

As is the case with the embodiment shown in Figures 1-12, the embodiment shown in Figures 13-14 aUows the trenching and conduit laying operation to be performed continuously. The excavating implement continuously digs a french 48 in front of the boxlike structure 300. The boxlike structure 300 is then drawn forward by the backhoe into the newly dug trench, a front loader, for example, may also be used to supply the fiU material bin 312 with gravel or some other fill material, and for back filling the trench behind the boxUke structure 300 with the material which the backhoe has removed, also, the backhoe may be used to lower the conduit 125 into the conduit laying chamber 322 and for removing the upper portion 302 of the boxlike structure 300 from the lower portion 304, if required.

As wfll be appreciated, simflar to the embodiments previously described, the embodiment shown in Figures 13-14 provides that an underground contractor may lay conduit in less than half the time required using previously available structures and methods. Furthermore, since excavating implements, he., backhoes, are not sitting idle this expensive equipment is being used much more efficiently. Thus, on any project for

laying subterranean conduit, these advantages can produce drastic savings in equipment rental costs and labor costs.

The automatic on-grade adjustment mechanism included in the embodiment shown in Figures 13-14 is particularly useful in increasing the efficiency of a conduit laying operation, since the operator of the excavating implement is not required to give us strict attention to maintaining the boxlike structure 300 on-grade, the conduit laying operation may proceed at an even faster pace than when using the previously described embodiments.

Figure 15, which is a detailed cross-sectional view of the forward nose portion 340 of the boxlike structure 300, will be used to in explaining the functioning of the automatic on-grade adjustment system. As is the case in the embodiment shown in Figure 1, a laser transmitter (not shown in Figures 13-18) is provided above ground. The level of the beam transmitted by the laser transmitted is set so as to be precisely the appropriate distance above the grade on which the bottom of the trench is to be sheared. In Figure 14, which is a cross-sectional view of the boxlike structure of the present embodiment, the laser receiver 326 is shown mounted upon a vertically sliding mast 328. The mast is held against the internal side of wall 303 of the boxlike structure by guides 408 which allow the mast to move in a vertical direction, but not horizontally. The laser receiver 326 intercepts the laser beam and, in connection with the receiver control circuitry 320, determines if the laser receiver is above, below, or at the proper height. The internal mechanism contained in the forward nose portion 340 which responds to the receiver control circuitry 302 is shown in more detail in the cross-section view of Figure 15.

In Figure 15, the mechanical and hydraulic structure which is responsible for carrying out the automatic shearing blade adjustment can be seen. In Figure 15, some

of the structures are shown when shearing edge 360A is in a lower most position. A shearing edge 360 is provided on shearing blade 358. The shearing edge 360 of the shearing blade 358 is provided with a point for efficiently shearing off the earth at the proper level. The shearing blade 358 may be constructed of a single piece of material or, as shown in Figure 15, may be braced with a bracing member 362. The shearing blade is attached to the mounting plate 356 which is in turn attached to the backing plate 468 by bolts 478 and nuts. The nose section forward wall 364 is provided with a hole 476 through which the mounting plate 356 attaches to the backing plate 468. Thus, as the backing plate 468 is raised and lowered, mounting pate 356 is also raised and lowered which causes the shearing edge 360 to be raised and lowered also. Two positions of the components are shown in Figure 15 by the soUd image and the outline image. The boxUke structure bottom 344 along the nose portion is angled upward so as to not interfere with the operation of the shearing edge 358.

The backing plate 468 is connected to a pivoting arm 473. The pivoting arm 472 is pivoted about its approximate mid-point by a two point pivoting member 471. Position of the pivoting point may be altered from that shown in Figure 15 to provide additional leverage or increased movement of shearing blade 358 as is needed. The structure of the pivoting arm 472 and the two point pivoting member 471 can also be seen in the perspective view of Figure 14. As seen best in Figure 15, the two point pivoting member 471 is pivotaUy attached to the pivoting arm 472 by a bolt 473 and also pivotaUy attached to a mounting member 477 by bolt 475. A second end of the pivoting arm 472 is connected to the rod 466 of a hydrauUc cylinder 462. As the rod 466 of the hydraulic cylinder 462 is extended or retracted, pivoting arm 472 is caused to move which in turn causes backing plate 468 and mounting plate 356 to move either up or down.

Since mounting plate 356 and backing plate 468 "sandwich" the front wall 364 of the nose section, mounting plate 356 is restricted from moving in other than a vertical direction. In the embodiment shown in Figures 13-15 no particular friction reducing device is used between mounting plate 356, backing plate 468, and the front wall 364 of the nose section. However, such a friction reducing material could be used with the present invention. In the present embodiment it has been determined that constructing mounting plate 356, backing plate 468, and nose section front wall 364 of a material having sufficient strength so as to withstand the pressure created by the earth moving against the shearing blade 358, provides that the friction between these sections is of little concern to the proper operation of the embodiment. Still further, reducing the friction between these structures is difficult because of the infusion of dirt experienced during operation.

The two point pivoting member 471 is necessary, as opposed to a one point pivot, since mounting plate 356 and backing plate 468 are allowed to travel only in a vertical plane. The structure shown in the cross-sectional view of Figure 15 provides the essential functions of the on-grade adjustment mechanism with a minimum of complicated equipment. The hydraulic cylinder 462 is pivotally mounted to the angled upper wall 342 of the nose portion by brackets 458 and 464 and bolt 460. As can be seen best in the perspective view of Figure 14, pivoting arm 472 is a tubular-shaped member being formed in a U-shape, the distal ends of the legs of the "U" being pivotally attached to the brackets 470 attached to backing plate 468. The U-shape of the pivoting arm 472 can be seen best in the top view of Figure 16. Also apparent from Figure 16 is that pivoting members 471 are connected to approximately the mid points of each of the "legs" of the pivoting arm 472 by bolts 473. Thus, as the end of pivoting arm 472 which is connected

to the hydrauUc ram 462 is moved up and down, it travels in a slight arc due to the fact that backing plate 468 is aUowed to move only in the vertical plane.

Whether hydraulic ram 462 extends of retracts is determined by whether the laser receiver 326, and its associated circuitry, determines that the shearing edge 360, and thus the bottom of the french, is above, below, or on-grade. Thus, if the laser receiver 326 determines that the position of the shearing edge 360, and thus the bottom of the trench, was above-grade in the position shown in the sold image of Figure 15, the shearing blade adjustment mechanism would cause a solenoid valve to open (not shown) which would cause hydrauUc ram 462 to refract cylinder rod 466. This would cause pivoting arm 472 to move and force backing plate 468 and mounting plate 356, and thus also the shearing blade 358, downward in the position shown by the dotted image 358A of Figure 15.

The height at which the laser receiver 326 is held is determined by the position of the backing plate 468. As can be seen best in Figure 15, a laser mast support rod 452 is connected to backing plate 468. A reinforcing strut 454 is attached between backing plate and mast support rod 452 so as to provide diagonal support. Mast support rod 452 extends at an angle through the nose portion of the boxlike structure until it comes to a position directly below the laser receiver mast 328. Both the top end of the mast support rod 452 and the bottom end of the laser receiver mast 328 are provided with horizontal flat end members, 451 and 453, respectively. Mast support rod 452 is positioned such that as backing plate is moved vertically a particular distance, the laser receiver mast 468 is also moved the same distance. Mast support rod 452 and laser mast 328 are not secured together so that when the upper portion of the boxUke structure is separated from the lower portion, no connections need be dismantled.

In operation, as the laser receiver determines that the shearing edge 360 is above

grade, the pivoting arm hydraulic ram 462 is above grade, the pivoting arm hydraulic ram 462 is caused to retract which forces the shearing edge 360 downward while at the same time laser receiver mast 328, and thus the laser receiver 326, is also moved downward the same distance. When the shearing edge 360, and thus the laser receiver 326, has been moved back on-grade, the on-grade condition will be sensed by the laser receiver 326 and the action of hydraulic cylinder 462 will be discontinued. In this fashion, it is not necessary that the boxlike structure be moved up or down by the implement operator to maintain the conduit on-grade but the mechanism of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 13-15 maintains the bottom of french 48 on-grade.

The embodiment shown in Figure 14 is provided with a pump 412 to remove water which collects in the conduit laying compartment 322 portion of the boxlike structure. The pump 412 takes up water from the bottom of the boxlike structure and forces it into a pipe 384 provided on both the lower and upper portion of the boxlike structure. The pipes on the lower and upper portions of the boxlike structure are interconnected by a releasable coupling 410 so as to facilitate the separation of the two portions of the boxlike structure. The water which is discharged from the pipe 384 which exits from the upper portion 382 of the boxlike structure is carried away from the trench by way of a hose 380. As is the case with the previously described embodiments, the water removal function may be provided by many different systems other than that shown in Figure 14.

The embodiment shown in Figure 13-14 is particularly well-suited for laying conduits such as heavy cement, clay, or P.V.C. sewage pipe. After the initial length of trench has been excavated to the proper depth, and the boxlike structure placed on the bottom thereof, a length of conduit is lowered through the top of the boxlike structure

into the conduit laying compartment 322. As shown in Figure 14, the forward vertical waU of the conduit laying compartment is provided with a conduit guiding ramp, 416 and 418. The conduit guiding ramp consists of a vertical portion 416 and a sloping portion 418.

To insert conduit into the laying compartment 322, the conduit 125 is lifted from a flatbed truck, or some other supply of conduit, by an excavating implement at the trenching site. The length of conduit is held in a vertical position and placed against the vertical portion 416 of the conduit guiding ramp. As the length is slowly lowered, the first end of the conduit meets the diagonal portion 418 of the conduit guiding ramp. As the conduit 125 is continued to be lowered into the conduit laying compartment 222, it is guided onto the first set of conduit support rails 480A and 480B, one of which is shown in the perspective view of Figure 14 and both of which are shown in the top view of Figure 16. The conduit comes to rest in a substantially horizontal attitude on the conduit support rafls 480A and 480B, as shown by the ghost images of the conduit 125 fllustrated in Figures 14 and 16.

• The apparatus of the embodiment shown in Figure 14 is particularly weU-suited for laying individual lengths of conduit which have a beU 125A, or a flared portion, at one end. In the embodiment shown in Figure 14, the exact grade on which the conduit wfll be laid is determined by the height of the conduit support rails, 480A and 480B as weU as 482A and 482B, rather than the depth of the trench. Thus, a structure is provided for raising and lowering the levels of the conduit support rails 480 and 482.

In the present embodiment, the height of the conduit support rafls 480 and 482 may be adjusted by screw mechanisms generaUy designated by the structures marked 484 - 492. Each section of pipe support rails is provided with two height adjustment screws,

making a total of eight shown in Figure 16.

The structure of the height adjustment screws 484 - 492 can be seen in detail in Figure 17. A threaded bracket 492 is attached to the side waU 303 of the boxlike structure through which the screw 494 is placed in threaded engagement. A handle 496 is secured to the end of the screw 494 so as to facilitate rotation of the screw 494 by a workman stationed within the conduit laying compartment 322. The other end of the screw is provided with an opening through which a flat headed button 508 is placed. Thus, the button 508 moves vertically as the screw 494 is rotated without hindering the screw's rotation. The shaft portion of the button 508 protrudes from the center of the screw 494. The shaft portion of button 508 is attached to rail suspension bracket 502 by connector 510.

The pipe support rafl 480A is provided with a length of U-channel member 500, shown in Figure 17, commonly called unistrut in the art, upon which the rail suspension bracket 502 is attached. The use of the unistrut channel member 500 and a nut and bolt 506 to attach the rail suspension bracket 502 to the conduit support rail 480A allows the conduit support rail 480A to be moved horizontally such that different diameters of conduit may be accommodated. The bracket 502 has a flat guide member 504 which is inserted through a bracket 498 protruding from the side wall of the boxlike structure. Thus, by the structure described, the conduit support rails may be positioned both vertically and horizontally. It should be appreciated that many different structures could be used to provide the positioning of conduit guide rails 480 and 482.

With an initial length of conduit being horizontally placed on the first paid of conduit pipe support rails 480A and 480B, and the bottom of the french being sheared at the proper grade, the continuous chain drive shown in Figure 18 is activated by a

workman supervising the operation. For the convenience of the workman, a remote control for directing the operation of the mechanisms described herein, shown in Figure 13 at 330, is connected to the control mechanisms of the apparatus by a cable 332. As a length of conduit reaches a horizontal position it strikes conduit sensing switch actuator 542. Conduit sensing switch 540 detects when the conduit has reached the horizontal position on the first pair of conduit support rails 480A and 480B. When the continuous chain 530 is activated, one of two chain drive fingers 536A or 536B meets the end of the conduit 125. The chain drive 530 exerts pressure on the end of the conduit thus pushing the length of conduit 125 out the trailing end of the boxlike structure. Thus, the length of conduit is moved from the first pair of conduit support rails 480A and 480B to the second set of conduit support rails 482A and 482B.

As mentioned previously, the embodiment shown in Figures 16-18 is particularly weU-suited for laying conduit which has a bell at one end thereof. As shown in Figure 14, the second pair of conduit support rails 482 may be vertically adjusted so as to be lower than the first pair of conduit support rafls 480. Thus, as the initial length of conduit is pushed onto the second pair of conduit support rails 482 the height of the conduit is such that a second length of conduit bemg placed on the first pair of conduit support rafls 480A and 480B is readily sUd into sealing engagement with the beU of the initial length of conduit 125. In most cases, the length of the conduit will be such that it wfll only be partiaUy supported by the second pair of conduit support rafls 482 and the conduit wfll be partiaUy laying in the trench.

The second length of conduit is pushed into sealing engagement with the bell of the initial length of conduit by a conduit setting mechanism shown in Figure 18. The settings mechanism includes a hydrauUc ram 552. HydrauUc ram 552 is attached to

conduit support rail 480A by mounting bracket 554. The hydraulic ram rod 556 is connected to an interconnecting bracket 558 which is adjustably positioned within a length of unistrut 560. (The adjusting structure is not shown in the figure.) Also, a push arm 562, which is the structure that makes contact with the end of the conduit, is also positioned within the length of unistrut 560. The conduit setting hydraulic ram 552 used to push the lengths of conduit into sealing engagement is provided with a short stroke since the positioning of the push arm 562 relative to hydraulic ram rod 556 is adjustable. Thus, when conduit is in place on support rails 480A and 480B the conduit need only be pushed a short distance to set the ends of the conduit in sealing engagement.

Once conduit setting hydraulic ram 552 provides that the lengths of conduit are placed in seahng engagement with each other, a task which sometimes requires a considerable amount of pressure which can be provided by a hydraulic cylinder, one of the continuous drive chain fingers, 536A or 536B, is caused to abut the end of the second length of conduit and push both lengths of conduit out of the trailing end of the boxlike structure as the boxlike structure is drawn forward through the trench.

Continuous chain drive 530 is driven by a hydraulic motor 512. A hydraulic motor is used so that constant pressure may be maintained on the conduit even while the conduit is not moving. The motor 512 is driven by hydraulic fluid communicated through hydraulic Unes 514. The hydraulic pump is located with the other control mechanisms indicated at 318 in Figures 13 and 14. The hydraulic motor base 516 is attached to mounting plate 518 which slides horizontally. The continuous chain 530 is coupled to the motor by a sprocket (not shown in Figure 18 but indicated at 528A). The horizontal position of hydraulic motor 512 is adjusted by the position of adjusting bolts 524 which are threaded into adjusting bolt bracket 552 which is attached to support rail 480B.

Adjusting bolts 524 abut the edge of mounting plate 518 to assist the horizontal positioning of mounting plate 518. Mounting plate can be secured in position b bolts 520 which are threadably attached to support rafl 480B. The tension placed on continuous chain 530 may be adjusted by varying the position of motor mounting plate 512. Chain drive 530 is disposed within chain drive channel 534 provided on support rail 480B. Chain drive channel 534 is provided with a liner 532 to smooth the travel of chain drive 530. It wfll be appreciated that while the above-described structure facilitates the efficient laying of conduit, structures other than those herein described may also be used.

AdditionaUy, the pressure exerted by continuous chain drive fingers 536A or 536B provide that the lengths of conduit wfll be maintained in seaUng engagement while the conduit is moved out the trailing end of the boxUke structure 366. Once the second length of conduit has been moved off of the first pair of conduit support rails 480A and 480B onto the second pair of conduit support rails 482A and 482B, the chain drive finger, 536A or 536B, sUps off the end of the second length of conduit as the chain drive travels around the sprocket located at the trailing end of the conduit support rail 480B. Fingers 536A and 536B are attached to just one chain link, only one attachment is indicated at 538, so as to facflitate the smooth motion of continuous chain 530 around sprockets 528A and 528B.

After the boxlike structure has been advanced in the trench to the point where the second length of conduit has just been removed from the first pair of conduit support rafls 480 the backhoe operator no longer draws the boxlike structure through the trench, but proceeds to have another length of conduit 125 lowered into the conduit laying chamber 322. The next length of conduit (not shown) may be lowered into conduit laying chamber 322 in a nearly vertical orientation with the lowermost end of the next length

of conduit being placed in position to contact the bell end 125A of the conduit resting on the first pair of conduit support rails 480 and the bell end of the next length of conduit leaning against the vertical conduit guiding ramp 416. Thus, when the boxlike structure is again moved through the french, the next length of conduit is slowly moved from a vertical orientation to a horizontal orientation onto the first pair of conduit support rails 480. In this manner, the lengths of conduit may be set without the need for a workman to be stationed within the conduit laying compartment. By repeating the above listed steps, a very efficient conduit laying operation may be carried out.

As explained in connection with the previously described embodiments, the boxlike structure 300 may be separated into an upper portion 302 and a lower portion 304 when an underground obstacle, primarily utility lines, is encountered. When such an obstacle is encountered, the upper portion is released from the lower portion by disengaging the latches 402 from the brackets 404 shown in Figure 14. Also, fill material chute gate 370 is closed by means of the hydraulic ram 376. Thus, when the upper portion is lifted off from the lower portion using cables attached to lifting ears 324, in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 4, a minimum amount of fill material is spilled into the french. Furthermore, the present embodiment may be used to lay flexible conduit by incorporating structures simflar to those previously described.

Also, when the upper portion is removed from the lower portion, structures may be provided (but are not shown in the figures) to allow the laser receiver mast 328 to be mounted to the mast push rod 452, shown in Figure 15, at the proper height. In this way, the laser receiver system may be used to maintain the bottom of the french on-grade up until the time that laser mast 328 must be removed in order to clear an underground obstacle. Furthermore, simflar to the previously described embodiments, the embodiment

fllustrated in Figure 14 is provided with transverse rods 394 to provide support for the side waUs 303 of the boxlike structure. Also, the upper portion is always placed in proper aUgnment with the lower portion because of nesting protrusions 400 are received by nesting cups 398 in a nesting engagement.

As can be seen from the cross-sectional view of Figure 14, fill material chute 368 discharges ffll material at the trailing end 366 of the boxlike structure. The floor 345 of the boxUke structure, and the second pair of pipe support rails 482A and 482B, terminated prior to the place where fiU material chute 308 discharges its contents. As the conduit 125 is pushed out the trailing end of the boxlike structure a volume of ffll material envelops the conduit 125, both under and around the conduit. This occurs because the end of the conduit which has left the boxlike structure is supported on one end off the bottom of the french by support rails 482A and 482B and thus there is a gap between the bottom of the trench and the lower portion of the circumference of the conduit. Thus, as ffll material is discharged onto the top of the circumference of the conduit, it falls to the bottom of the trench under the conduit and also encompasses the conduit. Once a particular portion of conduit has been enveloped with ffll material in this manner, the flow of ffll material is self teπninating since the ffll material placed around the conduit "plugs" the ffll material chute. However, as the boxlike structure is drawn into the newly excavated trench, more ffll material is discharged from the ffll chute to continue the process.

Thus, using the embodiments described in Figures 1-18, a subterranean conduit laying operation may be carried on much more efficiently than with any system hitherto known in the prior art. Particularly, the automatic grade adjustment system provided in the embodiment shown in Figure 13-14 provides a particularly accurate and efficient

conduit laying system.

An important feature of the present invention is the provision of alignment means for detecting if the conduit is being laid in alignment with a desired predetermined direction and providing an indication of alignment or misalignment so that any deviations can be immediately corrected. However, unlike in the prior art, detection in accordance with the invention is substantially at the level or at the point where the conduit is being laid. For this purpose, there is provided a laser transmitter arranged to provide a substantially horizontal alignment laser beam 64 arranged in a vertical plane which extends through the path along which the conduit is to be laid. The laser used for this purpose may be the same or different from the one used for maintaining the grade of the boxlike structure 12. Preferably, however, the same laser 58 is used as suggested, for example, in Figure 1, to provide both laser beams.

Reflecting means is provided on the boxUke structure 12 for intercepting and reflecting the alignment laser beam 64 used for maintaining the reflecting element within the vertical plane which extends'through the conduit, the reflected alignment beam being directed in a substantially vertical direction downwardly towards the conduit 125. Such reflecting means includes the mirrors 602 shown in Figures 1-3, 12-14. As will be more fuUy described below, indicating means is provided within the vertical plane substantially at the level of and proximate to the conduit 125 for intercepting the alignment laser beam and providing an indication of alignment or misaUgnment of the laser beam from the desired or predetermined path as a function of the deviation of the reflected laser beam from a predetermined reference point on the indicating means. The aforementioned feature for accurately monitoring the alignment of the conduit with a desired directional path will now be more fully described in relation to Figures 19-25.

Referring first to Figures 19-20, a first embodiment of a mirror arrangement for reflecting the aUgnment laser beam 64 is generally designated by the reference number 600. A mirror 602 (not shown) is mounted on a support bracket 604 to maintain the mirror in a plane normal or perpendicular to the vertical plane and incUned at an angle of 45° in relation to both the incident as well as the reflected alignment laser beam, as wfll be more fuUy described below.

The bracket 604 forms part of or is mounted on a downwardly depending pendulum 605, the pendulum being pivotally mounted on a pivot pin or shaft 606 which is substantiaUy in a horizontal plane and parallel to the aUgnment laser beam 64. A weight 608 is provided at the bottom of the pendulum 605 to maintain the pendulum in a generaUy upright orientation as shown in Figure 20. A mast 650, carried by the pendulum 605, supports the mirror.602 at a height above the boxlike structure 12 to clear any obstacles and be in the line of the aUgnment laser beam 64.

Referring to Figure 20, a bushing 610 is mounted on the pivot pin or shaft 606. The bushing 610 is maintained between spaced downwardly depending arms 604a and 604b of the bracket 604. A spacer 612 is provided to substantiaUy center the bushing 610 between the members 604a and 604b. Washers, 614, 616 such as fiber washers are provided on each side of the bushing 610 and a compression spring 618 is placed on the shaft 606 between a steel pressure washer 620, proximate to the arm 604b and the fiber washer 616. Brake adjustment screws 622 are provided which can force the pressure washer 620 inwardly thereby compressing the spring 618. These aforementioned elements act as a break or damper on the pendulum 605 to prevent free rotation about the shaft 606 and maintaining the mirror 602 generaUy stable notwithstanding movements of the boxlike structure. However, the arrangement described does allow the pendulum

605 to upright itself when the boxlike structure 12 tilts from one side or to the other so that the mirror 602 is always oriented in the same plane and this assures that the substantially horizontal alignment laser beam 64 is always reflected into a substantially vertical beam independently of the tilt of the boxlike structure.

It will be appreciated that while the width of the mirror 602 is comparable to or

less than the anticipated shifts in the mirror due to tilting of the boxlike structure 12, excessive tilt may prevent interception of the alignment laser beam 64 by the mirror. For this reason, there is illustrated in Figure 19 an arrangement for maintaining the position of the mirror 602 in the path or line of the incident alignment laser beam 64. For this purpose, there is provided a slide 630 which, by means of a bearing 632, is linearly

moveable along a rod 634 the width of which should be at least equal to the anticipated lateral shifts of the mirror 602 as a result of tilt by the boxlike structure 12. The rod 634 is fixed to the boxlike structure 12 in any conventional way, such as at 636. A ball screw and nut arrangement 639 is provided spaced from the rod 634 and a ball nut 640 is threadedly mounted on a screw drive 642 which is also fixed to the boxlike structure 12, as at 644. The screw drive 642 is substantially parallel to the rod 634 and is provided at one end thereof with a reversible gear motor 645 which can rotate the screw drive 642. The motor 645, can, therefore, rotate the screw drive 642 in one direction or another thereby moving the ball nut 640 to the right or to the left, as viewed in Figure 19. Suitable coupling means is provided for coupling the ball nut 640 to the pendulum 605. While conventional coupling can be used, a pair of suitably ears or lugs 646 on the ball nut 640 is shown capturing a follower 648 on the pendulum 605. In this manner, lateral movements of the ball nut 640 carries with it the pendulum 605 and, therefore, the mirror 602. The motor 645 can be actuated in any appropriate manner which is

responsive to the degree of tilt or excessive lateral shifts of the boxlike structure. This may take the form of a separate sensor or may be controlled by a signal derived from the circuitry which monitors the grade and/or the alignment of the boxUke structure. Another possibflity is the use of a potentiometer or other sensing device which cooperates with the tilt indicator 182 used to provide the degree of tilt of the boxlike structure 12.

Referring to Figure 21, the laser receiver 60 is shown mounted, as weU, on the pendulum 605 by means of the mast 650, on which the mirror 602 is also mounted. The mirror 602 intercepts the alignment laser beam 64 and reflects or diverts it from a substantially horizontal direction to a vertical direction by deflecting it 90 ° . The resulting vertical beam 64' is directed, therefore, into the boxlike structure 12 consisting of the upper and lower portions 20, 22 respectively. The downwardly directed beam 64' is, . therefore, directed toward the conduit being laid. It wfll be appreciated that the laser beam portions 64 and 64' define a substantially vertical plane which extends through the path or direction in which the conduit is to be laid. In the embodiment of Figure 21, a separate drive screw arrangement 639 is omitted and a larger drive screw 642 and ball unit is used which directly supports the pendulum 605. Here, the control signal to rotate the screw drive motor 645 can be derived from a sensor 60' which can detect when the received aUgnment beam 64 is shifted from center relative to the sensor 60'. The pendulum is thereupon shifted to again center the beam 64 on the sensor 6o'. Any conventional feedback circuit can be ued for this purpose. The operation of the drive is otherwise simflar to that shown in Figures 19-20.

In the region just above or proximate to the conduit a target 654 is shown in Figure 21 which may be appropriately marked reflecting tape. The beam 64' prime wfll

generate an optical image on the target 654 and this can be observed visually by an operator. However, the target 654 can also comprise a receiver which can electronically monitor the reflected beam 64' prime and generate a suitable control signal for operating the side to side movements of the track. A cradle 656 supporting the target 654 by means of a rod 658, spans around the conduit in the tracks. The movements and positions of the target 654 are, therefore, directly related to the positions of the tracks and the conduit being laid. To make adjustments, the operator causes the bucket of the excavating implement to apply upward, downward or lateral force at the tow bar or track to compensate for any disalignment or to correct for the distance off-grade.

As shown in Figure 21, the pendulum 605 is mounted between the side walls of the boxlike unit and below the upper edges thereof. In order to intercept the alignment laser beams which are transmitted above the structure, a mast 650 is supported on the pendulum 605 and projects upwardly above the level of the boxUke unit to a point where the laser beam is projected.

Referring to Figures 22 and 23, an alternate embodiment 600' ofthe mirror supporting structure is fllustrated. In the embodiment of Figures 20-21, the mirror 602 is relatively narrow in width. The purpose of providing the traverse ball screw mechanism 639 was to move the mirror into line with the alignment laser beam 64 during conditions of excessive tilt or lateral shifts. It is anticipated that the boxlike structures 12, which is typically 36 inches wide, will shift approximately plus or minus five inches maximum at the top of the unit. Accordingly, if a mirror 602 is provided with a width of 6-12 inches it should be adequate to capture the laser beam 64 within the anticipated tilt or shift range. In this embodiment, therefore, only a pivot 606 is provided, without a traverse mechanism. The counter weight 608 still maintains the mast 650 in a

substantial vertical direction and, therefore, the mirror 602' remains in a substantiaUy horizontal orientation. Now, with a lateral shift or tilt of the boxlike structure 12, the mirror 602' wfll continue to project or reflect the aUgnment laser beam 64 in a vertical direction as aforementioned.

Figure 24 shows the details of the arrangement shown in Figures 22-23, where only a pendulum 605 is provided for righting the mast 650 so that the mirror 602' prime will always be properly oriented. As with the initial embodiment shown in Figures 19-21a, suitable damping mechanism may be used to avoid excessive free swinging or rotation of the pendulum.

In Figure 25, there is fllustrated three positions of tilt of the upright boxUke structure 12, fllustrating for each position an associated position of the pendulum 605 and the mirror 602' mounted thereon. As will be noted, therefore, for each tilt position, the mirror wfll continue to be in a horizontal position.

While the laser beams 64 and the sensors in Figures 19-25 are aU used for measureing and monitoring of aUgnment, separate laser beams and sensors being used for grade, as suggested in Figure 1, it is possible to utflize a single laser to achieve both ends. For this purpose, there are available lasers which provide simultaneous plumb and rotating beams which utilize a prism assembly to provide two beams which are at a constant 90° aUgnment relative to each other. Such a laser is manufactured by Spectra- Physics of Dayton, Ohio, and sold under Model Numbers 910 and 942. With such a laser, the present invention can also be used. In this case, the sensor 60 for grade can be mounted to one side of the boxUke structure 12, as suggested in Figure 2. The horizontal part of the laser beam is sufficiently wide so as to intercept the sensor 60. However, the vertical part of the laser beam is projected on Une and, therefore, down

the middle of the boxlike structure. In this case, therefore, the line mirror 602 as well as the associated sensors are all arranged substantially in the middle or the center of the boxlike structure 12. The vertical part of the laser beam is, therefore, projected as aforementioned downwardly into the boxlike structure to impinge upon a target or suitable sensor as suggested. It will be obvious, therefore, that numerous arrangements may be utflized while still practicing the present invention, the only requirement being that an alignment laser beam or laser beam portion is projected substantially vertical by downwardly at the conduit along the line in which the conduit is to be laid. Other approaches for achieving this result may be used if the same results are achieved.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.