There is currently wide spread knowledge and media coverage of criminal gangs operating in the process of illegal immigration and smuggling of humans and/ or mammals across international borders.

It has been estimated that as many as 1.1 million people have entered into the UK illegally as border controls for entering the EU frontier and non-Shenghan zones (UK and Ireland) have proven to be ineffective at controlling the mass flow of illegal immigration.

Many illegal immigrants in the UK will have entered Europe via another country before making their way across the continent towards Britain. It is found that even if the persons are detected en-route, the immigration authorities who patrol Europe’s borders may do little more than question them before asking them to leave Europe voluntarily. Furthermore, it is well known that certain ports in the European Union are soft targets with poor border control and security. This allows many migrants to flow through these points of access; as such enabling the illegal immigrants to head towards and into other countries such as the UK

A relatively high proportion of illegal immigrants attempt to stowaway in storage areas of vehicles and shipping containers carrying freight across the borders. In 2018 a total of 3,900 people were stopped at the ports trying to access the UK illegally.

To try and reduce the tide of illegal immigration, fines of £2k can be placed on the vehicle driver, for every stowaway that has been detected on the vehicle, as a deterrent. Tighter border controls have led to increased checks on vehicles entering the UK at Channel ports, which in turn has led to a surge in the number of illegal immigrants being picked up as they try to enter the UK. In 2008 border authorities intercepted nearly 20,000 illegal immigrants trying to enter the UK via Calais. However, it is impossible to say how many people still manage to enter the UK using this method and whether the increase simply reflects a rise in the total number trying to enter the UK.

Typically spot checks which are performed on vehicles at the border can occur and typically utilises either a sniffer dog, a heat radar sensor and/ or a CO2 probe that they place under the side curtain of the vehicles such as a trailer, or into a container to take CO2 readings.

Heat radar systems are used to detect human body temperature of persons stowed on the vehicle; and to overcome this there has been a rise in persons stowing away in refrigerated vehicles, where temperatures can be as low as -5°C to -25°C. This reduces the risk of detection by the border force with heat gun equipment but stowing away in cold refrigeration storage areas can lead to tragic consequences in the death of the persons in the storage area.

Dog and CO2 probe spot checks are not uniform across all borders, meaning that lack of government spending in border security, has led to poor overall control over illegal immigration through these access points. It is possible to try and detect the presence of stowaways in vehicles, using video camera systems installed in the trailer, but these are limited as the vision system can be blocked by goods such as pallets of stock, stored in the trailer. Similarly, heat detectors can be avoided by persons being located at or adjacent to frozen goods.

The aim of the current invention is therefore to mitigate the technological flaws in other technology solutions and other such manual checks regarding stowaway detection on vehicles in real time.

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for the detection of the presence of humans and/ or animals in a vehicle storage area, said apparatus including a communication means to allow the transmission of data from one or more detection devices located within the said storage area, said detection devices including one, or a combination of, a device to detect current latitude, longitude and/or altitude of the device and hence storage area, a device to determine the vehicle speed and/ or a device to measure carbon dioxide levels and/ or air temperature in the said storage area and wherein monitoring means are provided to determine whether one or more of said detection devices are operating in a correct manner and/ or providing data within predefined parameters.

In one embodiment there is provided a transmit-receiving pair communication between devices. Typically all of the abovementioned devices are provided.

In one embodiment a power source is provided to operate the said devices and said power source is an independent source of or is the vehicle battery source. In one embodiment the detection means includes an Infra Red and/ or pressure sensor and pump to detect if the Carbon Dioxide detection device is in contact with all of the air in the storage area and the open or closed status of one or more doors of the storage area.

In one embodiment one or more microprocessors are provided with embedded software, a storage memory and clock device, that can create and store records of date and time, current latitude and longitude, current velocity, current Carbon Dioxide level, current temperature, the sensory values relating to the communication of air in the enclosed space to the Carbon Dioxide sensor, along with the unique system ID.

In one embodiment a customer user interface is provided to allow automatic electronic alerts to drivers and/ or border force protection units.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a vehicle with a storage area transported as part of the vehicle and wherein the vehicle includes communication means to allow the transmission of data from one or more detection devices located within the said storage area, said detection devices including at least one, or a combination of, a device to detect current latitude, longitude and/ or altitude of the device and hence storage area, a device to determine the vehicle speed, a device to measure carbon dioxide levels and/ or air temperature in the said storage area and wherein monitoring means are provided to determine whether one or more of said detection devices are operating in a correct manner and/ or providing data within predefined parameters.

In one embodiment the vehicle operates by using information set which is sent and received from the central processing unit of the vehicle.

In one embodiment the vehicle operates by receiving data from the vehicle’s microprocessing unit.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of detecting a change in a parameter of a vehicle said method including detecting the latitude and longitude location of the vehicle and at least one parameter of a storage area provided with the vehicle and if the operating condition of the said at least one detection device provided to measure the at least one parameter, should change to be outside of predetermined operating parameters, generating an alert to the operator of the vehicle and/ or external personnel or organisations.

In one embodiment the latitude and longitude position of the device via a satellite or micro gravitational techniques.

In one embodiment the connection of the detection devices and one or data processing means is via a serial line or pulse width modulation or changing current or voltage measurement, which monitors the state of the detection devices for bus arbitration on a command bus.

In one embodiment the apparatus and method allows the detection and transmission to a remote server via radio signal of the absence or malfunction of a detection device and in on embodiment a mini hub microcontroller is provided that is in communication with vehicle control processing unit via the CAN arbitration bus and in connection with the detection device microcontroller, that can respond to instructions from the main hub microcontroller via a serial communication system; the detection device microcontroller is receiving positive readings from attached C02 and proximity detection devices.

In one embodiment the microcontroller creates records that are date and time stamped for measured values and these can be stored on a memory device that is in communication with it.

In one embodiment queued stored records on the attached memory device are transmitted to a remote server via a radio signal, with a transfer method of handshaking and data checksum methods. Successful uploaded records are then removed from the memory storage device to free up the memory on the storage device.

In one embodiment there is an initial installation calibration of a detection means in the form of proximity detection device that can determine the distance between the air vent in front of the IR sensor and the back door of the trailer or container, an initial measurement of the minimum CO ₂ level at the start of the journey, i.e. at zero engine speed, and which is normally captured when the storage area is first opened, determined through the zero reading of the IR sensor; if an abnormal starting CO ₂ is indicated an alert record is generated; an alert record is generated on CO ₂ levels falling at altitude or location of the storage area, indicating a non hermetically sealed enclosure; an alert record is generated based on a positive vector increase in the CO2 level reading, relative to the starting minimum reading given as a percentage increase; and an alert record is generated on a change in the proximity sensor distance to zero if the engine and vehicle speed is greater than zero, indicating vehicle is in motion, with the back door open or deliberate covering of the sensor enclosure vents has occurred.

In one embodiment there is provided a mathematical grouping that is used to calculate the moving average value of the received values over the entire data set.

In one embodiment a unique ID is stored along with the current date and time, the current latitude and longitude position, temperature, proximity sensor distance, current C02 level, vehicle speed, engine speed using microprocessor clock components; to create a record and storing the record into a sequential memory location on the said main controller module memory device.

In one embodiment the method allows the reading of real time data from the vehicle CAN arbitration bus interface including any, or any combination, of total vehicle distance travelled; total vehicle fuel consumption and tank fuel level; fuel rate and fuel efficiency; engine speed and torque; pedal position; vehicle velocity; cruise control ON/ OFF; engine % load at current velocity, vehicle weight; outside temperature and/ or driving gear;In one embodiment in order to detect theft of fuel from a vehicle the method includes the steps of determining the positive difference in measurement of the current tank fuel level; taken when the engine speed changes from zero to a value above zero after a fixed time period; the determination of the latitude and longitude of the point of refuelling; the storing of a refuelling record with measured fuel volume, date and time and refuelling location; the transmission of the refuelling record through the use of radio communication signal.

In one embodiment in order to determine a driving performance, the method includes the steps of mathematically compressed and averaging data metrics and determining the latitude and longitude of the points of fixed distance and journey start and end locations and generating a performance record based on the mathematics and storing records and transmitting the generated records.

In one embodiment the transmitted records are displayed on a graphical user interface comprising of a server side processing algorithm to process and allocate incoming transmissions to customer accounts; a centralised remote database that stores all transmitted records for each unique vehicle ID; client side software that can connect to server side database to display real time data dynamically, reactive and in real time;

In one embodiment there is provided an alert system for drivers and/or security forces to alert them to a suspect storage area comprising a server side processing algorithm that processes incoming records; a transmission of an alert status via radio, telecoms or email messages; sent in real time to an associated account holder, driver or force email addresses or phone numbers and/or display alert transmissions directly to alert status LEDs, screens or audio messaging and the like inside the cabin of the vehicle at the point a alert status record is created based on sensor readings or absence of connected sensors

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method to detect theft of fuel from a vehicle, the method including the steps of determining the positive difference in measurement of the current tank fuel level when the engine speed changes from zero to a value above zero after a fixed time period, the determination of the latitude and longitude of the location of refuelling the vehicle, the storing of a refuelling record with measured fuel volume, date and time and refuelling location, and the transmission of the refuelling record via a communication system to a control.

In one embodiment there is provided a method to detect fuel theft on the basis of a positive change in a detected change in tank fuel level and the latitude and longitude location and price of fuel at the filling station.

In one embodiment the method allows analysis of driving performance, based on fuel rate, fuel efficiency, engine speed, engine torque, vehicle velocity, pedal position, rate of change in accelerometer readings, mapped against the current operational gear, based on a percentile representation of values across the measured range.

The invention may be performed with vehicles which can be classed as domestic vehicles (Lutons, sprinters, transits etc), as these operate with a communication protocol ISO 14230 via OBD2 with an information set i.e. send and receive from the vehicle CPU, and vehicles which can be classed as commercial vehicles which receive data using the HGV protocol SAE J1979).

Preferably dual communication capability is provided for all vehicles. Specific embodiments of the invention are now described with reference to the accompanying Figures wherein

Figure 1 illustrates the interior of a vehicle storage area in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2 illustrates a system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention in a schematic manner; and

Figures 3a and b illustrate performance of one aspect of the invention.

Figure 1 illustrates the interior 10 of a vehicle storage area 12 which typically can be attached to a vehicle tractor unit 14 or can be a container which is mounted on a bed 16 of the tractor unit for transport. In either case the storage area can be provided for the storage of goods in an ambient environment or, as in this embodiment, may be provided with refrigeration means 18 to allow a chilled or frozen environment to be provided in the storage area to allow certain goods to be transported in a chilled or frozen condition. The storage area includes access doors 20 and in accordance with the invention in the interior of the storage area there is provided at least a CO2 detection device 22 mounted in a housing 24 with air vents to protect the same and allow the detection device to detect, in normal operation the level of CO2 in the storage area. The storage area will have a ’’normal” level of the gas but if humans or animals are present the level of CO2 will change and be detected by the detection device to thereby allow the unauthorised presence of the persons or animals to be detected. In addition there is provided an infra red detection means 26 which emits a beam into the storage area and typically towards the doors 20 and if the doors are open or the housing in which the CO2 detection device is mounted are blocked to prevent the detection device from monitoring the level of the gas in the storage area then the infra red beam will be broken and an alert generated to the driver and/ or security forces.

A human on average has a breathing cycle of around 3.75 seconds exhaling around 500Litres of C02 per day or 1kg/ day. In our test, one adult was placed inside a vehicle storage area in the form of a trailer (8ftx 8.5ft x 20ft) with a volumetric area of 37.3m ³ or 48.22kg of air in the vehicle if empty (lm ³ of air = 1.293kg). The largest change in C02 level was recorded by the sensor in the first hour from a reading of 450ppm to 1509ppm. Over an eight hour period, the C02 level had saturated at around 4,526ppm. As illustrated in Figure 2 and in the tests real time changes in C02 levels can be detected in the storage container, using a C02 measurement device (302), as illustrated indicating the presence of living mammals and humans, from a non visionary approach.

In order for the C02 sensor (302) to take the reading, it needs to be in contact with the air particles that move around the container though normal convection currents. An easy way of sabotaging the sensor would be to cover it with a sealed enclosure, with bonding or masking tape, as such the C02 sensor (302) would read the level inside its own enclosure (300), but it will give a false reading, as it is being removed from the potential C02 level inside the trailer or container (104).

The present invention solves this issue through the use of an Infra-Red (IR) proximity sensor (303) that is transmitting a coded IR signal (306) through the open air vent (307) and reflecting it back to determine the distance between the furthest point, normally the back door in the trailer (104) and the air vent (307) on the device housing (300) the C02 sensor (302). This can also be achieved through the use of a ‘Through IR transmitter and receiver pair’.

Should the vent (307) be deliberately covered or the back door opened, then the reflected distance of the signal changes, typically to give a zero value, alerting the driver and police in real time, if the vehicle is currentiy in motion, with the back door opened and or sensor is blocked, though auto electronic messaging alerts if this has happened.

Detecting if the vents (307) are blocked can also be detected through a measurement of current or voltage feeding an air pump inside the enclosure (or can also be achieved through a pressure sensor inside the enclosure.) If the vents are blocked, then the pressure, load and current on the pump will increase.

The installation of the IR beam (306) is to be set at the very top (roof) of the trailer, pointing at a reflective strip at the top centre point of the rear door, so that its IR path is not being impeded by normal vehicle loading.

Any other method such as radar or ultrasonic can be used to measure distance, but will not be effective as to detect if vents are blocked. This is because these types of signal will permeate through any blockages or the enclosure regardless. Finally, a heating element (304) can be added to the enclosure to ensure that recording temperatures are above the minimum recording temperature of the C02 sensor.

The nature of the installation is that it is fixed inside each and every storage area trailer (104). When attaching the container to the vehicle, it must then be plugged into the vehicle through the inter-car connecting harness (202). This delivers power to the battery (305) and sensor device (300) installed inside the trailer (104). The device will typically run on battery (305) when not in use, to detect any stowaways breaking in overnight when the vehicle is not in motion or connected. It is noted that the communication system can either be via a data cable (with power), IR, RF or radar/ ultrasonic or other such methods.

Data processor (301) inside the sensor device (300), reads the values of the C02, IR and pump current to measure guaranteed C02 levels inside the trailer. Data is collected by the processor (301) and processed with Digital Signal Processing, through moving average measurements. Records are then generated and time stamped against the current date/time at points of incremental changes in measurement. These records are also stamped with the current GPS location of the measurement by GPS devices installed on either (201) or (301) and are stored on a memory device on PCB and processor (301).

Generated records are then sent to a remote server via the GPRS system. If no GPRS signal is present, then records are held on the memory device and are queued for sending until the GPRS signal is restored. GPS and GPRS signals are transmitted via an aerial stored internally, inside the enclosure (300) to prevent deliberate sabotage. Once records have been successfully received by the server, then are then deleted off the memory storage device on (301).

Device (300) will run off the supply power (if connected) to the device inside the cabin (101) through the use of connection harness (202) and recharge the battery (305). Alternatively, device (300) can be powered via a fixed power installation cable directly in the trailer or container (104).

Device (201) reads the data on the vehicles CAN bus using the SAE J1936 protocol. It constantly reads the data from the vehicle CPU (103). The purpose of this approach is so that it can detect the motion and velocity of the vehicle through the vehicle CPU (103). Device (200) can also detect if the harness and device (300) is connected and operational.

It is also noted that a possible independent device (300) can detect vehicle motion via the GPS device, without the need to connect to any other device. However, the important key to the link between device (200) inside the cabin (101) and the device (300) inside the trailer, through a harness connection, means that an interception of the trailer can occur via the vehicle registration plate. This is important, because trailers and containers are interchangeable.

In a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method to prevent common fuel theft. Currently there are no methods or systems that can prevent a driver from part filling up their fuel tank and then subsequently filling up a second storage vessel, for their own personal use and then putting the total volume on their company fuel card.

Through the use of the CAN data bus on the vehicle, it is possible to detect the current fuel level inside the tank. Device (201) can then determine if there is an increase in fuel level when the vehicle is in a stationary position. If an increase in fuel level has been determined, then the total volume of fuel added into the tank and the GPS location is determined. From this location, it is possible to determine the fuel station being used and the current fuel price at that station. From this we can determine the expected value of the receipt submitted by the driver. Any value over the expected value can be then checked against fuel volume on the receipt and fuel theft can be determined.

In a third aspect of the invention, is a method to determine the driver performance. It has been discovered that driver performance has a large impact on fuel consumption. We discovered that manual operation (Semi Automatic) gear changing on the vehicle uses 61% (see Fig 3b) more fuel to power ratio, as compared to automated gear changing (see Fig 3a).

The above test was concluded with a total of 178,000 data points for each of the two tests, with the same vehicle, on the same day, in the same outside conditions at a temperature of between: 16.5°C and 19°C.

We also discovered that cruise control is good for giving low fuel rates, as it maintains a steady speed across long flat stretches of motorway. But this saving is lost if going uphill, as the engine torque increases to maintain cruise control speed. It is therefore advisable to switch off cruise control if driving in hill like terrain. The invention presented can determine if the vehicle is in cruise control via the CAN bus data and the GPS location. From this, it can be determined if the driver is driving most fuel efficiently.

Furthermore, it was determined that hard acceleration or driving at high revolutions in the current gear, leads to high torque and fuel demand from the engine. This driving condition is thus determined by analysis of the relationship of engine speed to current gear.

For high acceleration and braking (which is noted to wear tyres) is determined by a 3D gyroscope accelerometer on the device.

A relationship between pedal position and engine torque and fuel rate was also determined.

The data points measured by the vehicle CPU (103) are transmitted on the CAN bus at a transfer rate of between 0.1Hz to 10Hz. As such a method is required to use and compress the data being collected.

Here a mathematical method is applied to calculate the average parameter over tens of thousands of data points, without overloading the processor memory.

Where:

TV Lxis the new average value of the measured parameter calculated when the total of samples in the batch = the maximum sample size

CAxis the current average value of the parameter

A· is the measured parameter value b is the batch number of measured values n is the maximum sample size

Using all of the data points determined to have an effect on fuel consumption; these values are compressed and represented as total average values or as values in heat maps against current operating gear as a percentage percentile across the measured range. The heat map gives an indication of the normal distribution of the driving style throughout the journey.

Records are generated at points of fixed distances for the metrics discussed and for a total journey distance. From this the fuel consumption per mile can be determined for each driver, with key indicators in the data as to why. This can be extended to fuel brand as this is known via the GPS system and refuelling points with pricing. From this, the calorific value of the brands fuel can be quantified as miles per £ and be available to the driver.