TITLE: APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING IMAGING AND

DOWNHOLE OPERATIONS AT WORK SITE IN WELLBORES

Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to downhole tools for use in wellbores and

more particularly to tools which can image a work site or an object in a

wellbore, communicate with the surface and perform a desired end work or

service at the work site, during a single trip in the wellbore. The present

invention also provides novel imaging devices and end work devices and various

downhole tool configurations for imaging worksites and performing the desired

end works.

Background of the Invention

To produce hydrocarbons (oil and gas) from the earth's formations,

wellbores (also referred to in industry as boreholes) are formed to desired

depths. The shallow portion of the wellbore is typically large in diameter, which

is lined with a metal casing to prevent caving of the wellbore. The wellbore is

then drilled to a desired depth to recover hydrocarbons from the subsurface

formations. After the wellbore has been drilled, a metal pipe, generally referred

to in the art as the casing or pipe, is set in the wellbore by injecting cement

through the annulus between the casing and the wellbore. Branch or lateral

wellbores are frequently drilled from a main wellbore to form deviated or

horizontal wellbores for improving production of hydrocarbons from the

subsurface formations.

A large proportion of the current drilling activity involves directional

drilling, i.e., drilling deviated and horizontal wellbores, to improve the

hydrocarbon production and/or to withdraw additional hydrocarbons from the

earth's formations. The wellbores are then completed and put into production.

The drilling and completion processes involve a number of different operations.

Such operations may include cutting and milling operations (including cutting

relatively precise windows in the wellbore casings), sealing junctures between

intersecting wellbores, welding, re-entering lateral wellbores, perforating, setting

devices such as plugs, sliding sleeves, packers and sensors, remedial

operations, sealing, stimulating, cleaning, testing and inspection including

determining the quality and integrity of a juncture, testing production from a

perforated zone or a portion thereof, collecting and analyzing fluid samples, and

analyzing cores.

Oilfield wellbores usually continue to produce hydrocarbons for many

years. Various types of operations are performed during the life of producing

wellbores. Such operations include removing, installing and replacing different

types of devices, including fluid flow control devices, sensors, packers or seals,

remedial work including sealing off zones, cementing, reaming, repairing

junctures, milling and cutting, freeing stuck sleeves, diverting fluid flows,

controlling production from perforated zones, setting sleeves, and testing

wellbore production zones or portions thereof.

Typically, to perform downhole operations at a work site in a preexisting

wellbore, whether during the drilling, completion, production, or servicing and

maintaining the wellbore, a desired tool is conveyed downhole, positioned into

the wellbore at the work site and the desired operation is performed. Most of

the prior art tools are substantially mechanical tools or electro-mechanical tools.

Such tools lack downhole maneuverability, in that the various elements of the

tools do not have sufficient degrees of freedom of movement, lack local or

downhole intelligence, do not obtain sufficient data with respect to the work

site or of the operation being performed, do not provide an image of the work

site during the trip made for performing the end work, and do not provide

confirmation of the quality and integrity of the work performed. Such prior art

tools usually require multiple trips downhole to image a work site, perform an

operation and then to confirm whether the operation has been properly

performed. Multiple downhole trips can be very expensive, due to the rig or

production down time.

The present invention addresses some of the above-noted problems and

provides downhole service tools (also referred to as the downhole tool or service

tool) which can be positioned and oriented adjacent a desired work site, images

of the work site to the surface, perform the desired work at the work site and

confirm or inspects the quality of the work during a single trip into a preexisting

wellbore. The present invention provides imaging devices, end work devices

and various downhole tool configurations to image work sites and to perform

desired operations in preexisting wellbores. The imaging devices include an

optical viewing device, an inflatable imaging device, ultrasonic devices and a

tactile device. The end work devices include cutting devices, reentry devices,

sealing devices, welding devices, testing and servicing devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a downhole tool for imaging a location

constituting a work site of interest in a preexisting wellbore and for performing

a tool operation at the work site during a single trip in the wellbore. The

downhole tool includes an imaging device for imaging the work site and an end

work device for performing a desired operation or an end work at the work site.

The imaging device may determine the image downhole and transmit the image

to the surface or transmit the image data for processing at the surface. The

downhole tool may be conveyed into the wellbore by any suitable method,

including a wireline, a tubing, and a robotics device that moves the downhole

tool inside the wellbore.

Any suitable imaging device may be utilized for the purpose of this

invention, including a camera for optical viewing, microwave device, contact

device (tactile device) such as a probe or a rotary device, an acoustic device,

ultrasonic device, infra-red device and radio frequency ("RF") device.

The end work devices may include a fishing tool to engage a fish

downhole, whipstock, diverter, re-entry tool, packer, seal, plug, perforating tool,

fluid stimulation tool, fluid fracturing tool, milling tool, cutting tool, patch tool,

drilling tool, cladding tool, welding tool, deforming tool, sealing tool, cleaning

tool, tool for installing a device, tool for removing a device; setting device,

testing device, an inspection device, acidizing tool, an anchor, and a tool that

engages with a downhole object.

In the downhole tools of the present invention, one or more devices are

provided to position and orient the imaging device and the end work device as

desired. Each downhole tool preferably includes a computer or processor and

associated memory for storing therein models and programs for controlling the

operations of the imaging device and the end work device. A surface computer

receives the data from the downhole tool and displays the image of the work

site for use by an operator. A two-way telemetry system provides

communication between the surface computer and the downhole tool.

The present invention also provides ultrasonic imaging devices, including

a device which can image radially and downhole (in front) of the downhole tool.

In one mode, the ultrasonic imaging device transmits signals by sweeping a

preselected frequency range to obtain an effective operating frequency. The

device then continues to operate the transmitter at such effective frequency to

generate data representative of the attributes of the work site.

The present invention also provides an imaging device for obtaining still

and/or video pictures of a work site in the wellbore. This viewing device

includes a camera or another suitable device for taking the pictures and a

mechanism to displace the non-transparent fluid in the wellbore with a

transparent fluid. This invention further provides an inflatable device for

providing the image of an object in the wellbore when such device is inflated

and urged against the object.

The downhole tool may further include sensors for providing information

about the condition of the downhole tool in the wellbore. Such sensors may

include sensors for determining temperature, pressure, fluid flow, pull force,

gripping force, tool centerline position, tool configuration, inclination, and

acceleration. Formation evaluation sensors and other sensors to log the

wellbore may also be included in the downhole tool of the present invention.

The present invention also provides certain end work devices, including

a high pressure fluid cutting tool, which includes a source of supplying a fluid

at a relatively high pressure and a cutting element for discharging the high

pressure fluid. The fluid source may include serially arranged pressure stages,

wherein each such stage increases the fluid pressure above its preceding stage.

The fluid may be pulsed prior to supplying it to the cutting element. A control

unit controls the position and orientation of the cutting element relative to the

work site. The control unit may be programmed to cut according to a

predetermined pattern provided to the control unit.

In each of the downhole tools of the present invention, the operation of

the imaging device and the end work device may be controlled from the surface

and/or by the computer or processor in the downhole tool.

Examples of the more important features of the invention have been

summarized rather broadly in order that the detailed description thereof that

follows may be better understood, and in order that the contributions to the art

may be appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention

that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject of the claims

appended hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed understanding of the present invention, reference should

be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment,

taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements

have been given like numerals, and wherein:

FIGS. 1 and 1A are schematic diagrams of a system utilizing a service

tool conveyed into a wellbore for imaging a work site in the wellbore and

performing a desired operation at the work site during a single trip according to

one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pressurized fluid cutting tool as an end

work device for use in the system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 2A shows a manner of positioning the cutting element of the cutting

tool shown in FIG. 2 in a wellbore to cut material located downhole of the

cutting tool.

FIG. 2B-C show alternative ways to position the cutting element of the

downhole cutting tool shown in FIG. 2 to cut materials located downhole of the

cutting tool.

FIG. 3 is an example of a predetermined profile of a section of the casing

to be cut that may be stored in a memory associated with the cutting system

of FIG 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the cutting tool shown in FIG. 1 with a

downhole imaging device for obtaining images of areas to be cut before and

after the cutting operation.

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole

(service) tool having an ultrasonic imaging sensor for imaging a work site

downhole of the service tool and an end work device for performing a desired

operation at the work site during a single trip.

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a

downhole tool having an ultrasonic imaging sensor for radially imaging a work

site and an end work device for performing a desired operation at the work site

during a single trip.

FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of a downhole

service tool having an ultrasonic imaging sensor for radially imaging a work site

and an end work device for performing a desired operation at the work site

during a single trip.

FIG. 5D shows the downhole service tool of FIG. 5A positioned adjacent

a wellbore juncture desired work site in a preexisting wellbore.

FIG. 6A shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an imaging tool

for obtaining still and/or video pictures of object downhole.

FIG. 6B shows a schematic diagram of the imaging tool of FIG. 5D

positioned adjacent to a juncture between a main wellbore and a branch

wellbore.

FIG. 6C shows a schematic diagram of an inflatable imaging tool position

at a wellbore juncture for determining a contour of the juncture.

FIG. 6D shows a configuration of the placement of sensors in the

inflatable member used in the imaging tool of FIG. 5F.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool

having an imaging device and a milling tool disposed at a bottom end of the tool

for imaging a work site and performing a milling or cutting operation at the work

site during a single trip.

FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool

having an imaging device and an end work device for use in lateral wellbore

operations.

FIGS. 8B-8D are schematic diagrams of downhole tools with an imaging

device and re entry device.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool

having an imaging device and an inflatable packer wherein the imaging device

is adapted to obtain images during setting of the inflatable packer in a wellbore.

FIGS. 10A-10B are schematic diagrams of an embodiment of a downhole

service tool having an imaging device and a welding device disposed for imaging

a work site and performing a welding operation at the work site.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool

having an imaging device and an end work device for pressure testing the

integrity of a juncture.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool for

performing testing of a perforated zone.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a downhole tool

having an imaging device and an end work device for performing rework

operations in wellbores.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a

downhole tool according to the present invention for performing cementing,

fracturing and squeeze-off operations in wellbores.

FIGS. 15-16 are schematic diagrams of embodiments of a downhole tool

for performing fishing operations in wellbores.

FIG. 17 is a schematic functional block diagram relating to the general operation of the downhole imaging and servicing tools of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system 100 for use in oilfield

wellbores for imaging a work site, communicating data about the image to the

surface and performing a desired operation (endwork) at the work site during a

single trip in the wellbore. The system 100 includes a downhole service tool

200 (also referred to herein as the downhole tool or the service tool) conveyed

from a platform 1 1 of a rig 12 into a wellbore 22 by a suitable conveying device

24 from a source 66 thereof, such as a reel, being operated by a prime mover

68. As an example, and not as any limitation, FIG. 1 shows the conveying

device 24 to be a coiled-tubing. Other conveying methods, such as wireline or

robotics devices may also be utilized. The upper end 202 of the service tool is

connected to the tubing 24 via a suitable connector 204. During operations, a

drilling fluid from a source thereof 60 may be supplied to the wellbore 22 by a

pump 68.

A surface control unit 70 placed at a suitable location on the rig platform

1 1 preferably controls the operation of the system 100. The control unit 70

includes a suitable computer and memory for processing data, providing

selected information to an operator on a display 72, including images of the

work site, logs during tripping of the wellbore, location (depth) of the tool 200

in the wellbore and orientation of the various elements of the service tool 200

in the wellbore 22 and values of selected tool, formation and wellbore

parameters. The data from the service tool 200 may be transmitted to the

surface by a suitable data link (telemetry) and recorded by a recorder 75 for

later use. Suitable alarms 74, coupled to the control unit 70, are selectively

activated by the control unit 70 when certain operating parameters exceed their

respective limits. The operation of control units, such as the control unit 70,

is known and is, thus, not described in detail herein.

The service tool 200 includes one or more imaging devices or image

sensors 210 for imaging work sites downhole, one or more end work devices

212a-212b, one or more control mechanisms (hydraulic or electro-mechanical)

214 for controlling the operation of the end work devices 212a-212b and/or the

imaging devices 210. The tool 200 may also include other sensors and devices,

generally denoted herein by numeral 216, for determining desired parameters

or characteristics relating to the tool 200 and the wellbore 22. Such sensors

and devices may include devices for measuring temperature and pressure inside

the tool 200 and in the wellbore 22, sensors for determining the depth of the

tool in the wellbore 22, position (x, y, and z coordinates) of the tool 200,

inclinometer for determining the inclination of the tool 200 in the wellbore 22,

gyroscopic devices, accelerometers, devices for determining the pull force,

center line position, gripping force, tool configuration and devices for

determining the flow of fluids downhole.

The tool 200 further may include one or more formation evaluation tools

for determining the characteristics of the formation surrounding the tool in the

wellbore. Such devices may include gamma ray devices and devices for

determining the formation resistivity. The tool 200 may include devices for

determining the wellbore inner dimensions, such as calipers, casing collar

locator devices for locating the casing joints and determining and correlating tool

200 depth in the wellbore 22, casing inspection devices for determining the

condition of the casing, such as casing 16 for pits and fractures. The formation

evaluation sensors, depth measuring devices, casing collar locator devices and

the inspection devices may be used to log the wellbore while tripping into and

or out of the wellbore 22.

The service tool 200 preferably includes a central electronic and data

processing unit or downhole control unit or circuit 218 for receiving signals and

data from downhole devices, processing such data, communicating with the

surface control unit 70 and for controlling the operations of the downhole

devices. The control unit 218 preferably includes one or more processors

(micro-controllers or micro-processors) for performing data manipulation

according to programmed instructions provided thereto from the surface or

stored in memory in the downhole tool 200.

The service tool 200 preferably includes a two-way telemetry 220 that

includes a transmitter for receiving data including the image data, from the

control unit 218, downhole sensors and devices and transmits signals

representative of such data to the surface control unit 70. Any suitable

transmitter may be utilized for the purpose of this invention including an electro¬

magnetic transmitter, a fluid acoustic transmitter, a tubular fluid transmitter, a

mud pulse transmitter, a fiber optics device and a conductor. The telemetry

system 220 also includes a receiver which receives signals transmitted from the

surface control unit 70 to the tool 200. The receiver communicates such

received signals to the various devices in the tool via the control unit 218 as

explained later in reference to FIG. 17.

Still referring to FIG 1 , the imaging sensor or device 210 may be any

suitable sensor including a camera for optical viewing, microwave device,

contact device (tactile device), such as a probe or a rotary device, an acoustic

device, ultrasonic device, infra-red device, or RF device. The imaging sensor

210 may be a non-contacting device, such as an ultrasonic device, or a

contacting device that has one or a series of projections from the tool 200 that

engage with the wellbore and objects in the wellbore. If the quality or

resolution of the image of the work site provided by the imaging device 210

depends, at least in part, on the frequency of the transmitted signal by the

imaging device 210, then it is preferred to adapt the device to sweep the

frequency in a predetermined range of frequencies to determine an effective

frequency and then obtain the image at such effective frequency. The imaging

sensor 210 may be employed to provide a still or motion picture of a work site

or an object downhole, or to determine the general shape of the object or the

work site or to distinguish certain features of the work site prior to, during

and/or after the desired operation has been performed at the work site.

Still referring to FIG. 1 , the end work devices 212a and 212b may include

any device for performing a desired operation at the work site in the wellbore.

The end work device 212a-212b may include a fishing tool adapted to grab a

fish downhole, whipstock, diverter, re-entry tool, packer, seal, plug, perforating

tool, fluid stimulation tool, fluid fracture tool, milling tool, cutting tool, drilling

tool, workover tool, testing tool, cementing tool, welding tool, an anchor,

acidizing tool or inspection tool. As noted earlier, one or more end work devices

221 a-212b may be included in the tool 200 for performing the desired

operations at one or more work sites in the wellbore. Use of certain of these

devices with an imaging sensor is described below as examples.

Additionally, the service tool 200 may include downhole controllable

stabilizers 219a and 219b, each such stabilizer having a plurality of

independently adjustable pad segments for providing lateral movement and

lateral stability to the tool 200 and for anchoring the tool 200 in the wellbore

22. Such stabilizers are especially useful in deviated and horizontal wellbores.

A plurality of independently controlled outwardly extending arms 219c may be

utilized to provide lateral movement and stability to the tool 200 within the

wellbore 22. For a majority of the downhole imaging and servicing applications

the end work device utilized is designed for the specific application. In some

applications, several end work devices may be incorporated into the service tool

200. To provide desired degrees of freedom for each of the end work devices

212a-212b and the imaging device 210, such devices are coupled to the tool

via knuckle joints, such as joints, 212a,' 212b' and 210a respectively. The

movement of such knuckle joints is preferably controlled by the control unit

218. The degrees of freedom present in the tool 200 and the type of image

sensor utilized preferably allow obtaining the image of any work site in the

wellbore.

The service tool 200 is preferably modular in design, in that selected

devices in the tool are individual modules that can be interconnected to each

other to assemble the desired configuration of the tool 200. It is preferred to

form the image device 210 and the end work devices 212a-212b as modules

so that they can be placed in any order in the tool 200. Also, each of the end

work devices 212a-212b and the image device 210 have independent degrees

of freedom so that the tool 200 and any of the devices can be positioned,

maneuvered and oriented in the wellbore in substantially any desired manner to

perform the desired downhole operations.

The service tool 200 may be conveyed into the wellbore by a wireline,

a coiled-tubing, a drill pipe, a downhole thruster or locomotive for pushing the

tool 200 into a horizontal wellbore or a robotics device on the tool to move and

guide the service tool in the wellbore.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the end work device 212' or any other device in

the tool 220 may have independently controlled downhole movements, such as

shown by the solid lines 212' a and dotted lines 212' b, which allow the device

212' to be positioned at any angle in the wellbore 22. Thus, the service tool

200 can be positioned adjacent to a work site in a wellbore, image the work

site, communicate such images online to the surface, perform the desired work

at the work site, and confirm the work performed during a single trip into the

wellbore.

As noted-above, the system 100 may utilize any number of different

imaging devices and end work devices. A number of such tool combinations are

described below. Prior to describing such tools, a novel cutting and milling

device and imaging sensors are first described while referring to FIGS. 2-4.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the system utilizing a novel high

pressure fluid cutting device or tool 20 for cutting and milling materials in the

wellbore 22 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In general,

the cutting tool includes a cutting element such as a nozzle, for discharging a

relatively high pressure fluid to cut the member. A source of supplying the high

pressure fluid in the downhole tool provides the high pressure fluid to the

cutting element. The cutting element may be continuously positioned and

oriented at the desired location about the member to be cut by a control circuit

contained in the downhole tool and/or at the surface.

The cutting tool 20 has a tubular housing (body) 26, which is adapted for

connection with the conveying device 24 via a suitable connector 202. The

housing 26 contains the various elements of the cutting tool 20, which include

a cutting element section 28, a power section 34 for supplying pressurized fluid

to the cutting element section 28, a control unit 36 which controls the vertical

and radial position of the control element 28 and a downhole control unit 38 for

housing the circuits and memories associated with the downhole tool 20.

The bottom section 28 of the housing 26 houses a cutting element 30

that terminates in a nozzle or probe 30a suitable for discharging a relatively high

pressure fluid in the form of a jet stream of a relatively small cross-sectional

area. For the majority of downhole cutting or milling applications, water

discharged at a pressure greater that 60,000 psi is adequate in removing

materials from within a wellbore. In cutting pipes, which are more than one-half

inch thick, higher pressure may be required. The section 28 preferably rotates

about the joint 32, which connects the section 28 with a hydraulic power

section, generally denoted herein by numeral 34.

The power section 34 preferably includes a plurality of serial sections P,-

P _n , each of which increases the pressure of a fluid above the pressure of the

preceding section by a predetermines amount. The last section P _n discharges

the fluid into the cutting element 30 at the desired pressure. The power section

34 also may contain a device 33 which pulses the fluid at a predetermined rate

before it is supplied to the cutting element 30. High pressure pulsed jet stream

is generally more effective in cutting materials than non-pulsed jet streams. The

cutting element 30 may be a telescopic member that is moved along the tool's

longitudinal axis z-z (axially) within the section 28 which enables positioning the

probe 30a at the desired depth adjacent to the wellbore. In an alternative

embodiment, the section 28 may be fixed while the nozzle 30 may be rotated

radially about the tool longitudinal axis. The above described movements of the

cutting element 30 provide multiple degrees of freedom, i.e., along the axial and

radial direction thereby allowing accurate positioning of the nozzle 30 at any

desired location within the wellbore.

A section 36 contains devices for orienting the nozzle tip 30a at the

desired position. The cutting element section 28 is rotated about the wellbore

axis to radially position the nozzle tip 32a. The cutting element 30 is moved

axially to position the nozzle tip 30a along the wellbore axis z-z. Hydraulically

operated devices or electric motors are preferably utilized for performing such

functions. The section 36 also preferably includes sensors for providing

information about the tool inclination, nozzle position relative to the material to

be cut and relative to one or more known reference points in the tool. Such

sensors, however, may be placed at any other desired locations in the tool 20.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the cutting element 30 can cut materials

along the wellbore interior, which may include the casing or an area around a

junction between the wellbore 22 (main wellbore) and a branch wellbore, as

shown in FIG. 4. To cut the casing 23, the cutting element 30a is positioned

at a desired location. As the tool 20 starts to cut the casing 23, it is rotated to

circumferentially cut the pipe. If concentric casings are present, the fluid

pressure may be increased accordingly to cut concentric pipes.

FIG. 2A shows a configuration of a cutting element 30' that may be

utilized to cut materials below the cutting tool 20. In this configuration, the

probe 30a' discharges the fluid downhole of the tool 20. Arrows A-A indicate

that the cutting element 30' may be moved radially while the circular motion

defined by arrows B-B indicates that the cutting element 30' may be moved

along a circular path within the section 28'. The cutting element configuration

shown in FIG. 2A is useful for performing reaming operations in a tubular

member, such as a production tubing, which are required when interior of such

tubing is lined with sediments.

To remove a permanent packer difficult to remove, it is desirable to

remove (cut away) only the packing elements and the associated anchors, if

any, which typically lie between a packer body and the wellbore interior. The

packers and anchors typically engage the casing at areas that are relatively

smaller than the tool body. Prior art tools typically cut through the entire

packer, which can take excessive time. The packers can readily be removed by

only cutting the packing elements and any associated anchors disposed

between the packer and the casing. In such applications, the cutting nozzle

needs to be positioned over the packing element alone. FIGS. 2B-C show a

configuration of the cutting element 30" whose nozzle 30a" may be placed at

any desired location above a packing element within the wellbore and then

rotated to cut through the such element below the nozzle. Arrows C-C indicate

that the probe 30a" may be moved radially within the section 28" while circular

path defined by arrows D-D indicate that the cutting element may be rotated

within the wellbore. FIG. 2C shows the position of the cutting element 30"

after it has been moved radially a predetermined distance. As is seen in FIG.

2C, the nozzle tip 30a" extends beyond the section 28" which will allow the

tool 20 to cut a material anywhere below the tool 20.

Electrical circuits and downhole power supplies for operating and

controlling the operation of the cutting element 30, the power unit 34, and the

devices and sensors placed in section 34 are preferably placed in a common

electrical circuit section 38. Electrical connections between the electrical circuit

section 38 and other elements are provided through suitable wires and

connectors. The surface control unit 70 preferably controls the operation of the

cutting system 10.

The operation of the cutting system 10 will now be described with

respect to cutting a section or window in a casing while referring to FIGS. 2 and

3. The tool 20 is conveyed downhole and positioned such that the nozzle is

adjacent the section to be cut. The stabilizers 40a-b are set to ensure minimal

radial movement of the tool 20 in the wellbore 22. A cutting profile 80 (FIG.

3) defining the coordinates for the outline of the section to be cut is stored in

a memory (not shown) associated with the system 10. Such memory may be

in the downhole circuit 36 or in the surface control unit 70. An example of

such outline is shown in FIG. 3. The arrows 82 define the vectors associated

with the profile 80. The profile 80 is preferably displayed on the monitor 72 at

the surface. An operator orients the nozzle tip 30a at a location within the

section of the casing to be cut. The desired values of the fluid pressure and the

pulse rate are input into the surface control unit 70 by a suitable means. The

tool 20 is then activated to generate the required pressure and the pulse rate.

The fluid to the tool 20 is preferably provided from the surface via the tubing

24. Alternatively, the wellbore fluid may be used.

If the section to be cut is such that it will remain in position after it has

been cut, perhaps due to the presence of a cement bond, or if the cut section

can be dropped to the wellbore bottom as debris, then the system 10 may be

set so that the nozzle tip 30a will follow the profile 80, either by manual control

by the operator or due to the use of a computer model or program in the

system. If the section must be cut into small pieces or cutting so that they may

be transported to the surface, the cutting element is moved within the profile

at a predetermined speed along a predetermined pattern, such as a matrix. This

method ensures that the casing section will be cut into pieces that are small

enough to be transported to the surface by circulating a fluid through the

wellbore. During operations, the downhole circuits contained in the section 38

communicate with the surface control unit 70 via a two-way telemetry. The

downhole telemetry is preferably contained in a section 39.

FIG. 4 shows the downhole cutting tool of FIG. 2 with an imaging device

90 attached below the cutting section 28. Any suitable imaging device may be

utilized. The imaging device 90 is utilized to confirm the shape of the section

of the casing or the junction after the cutting operation has been performed.

The imaging device 90 may also be utilized to image the area to be cut to

generate the desired cutting profile and then to confirm the cut profile after the

cutting operation. This enables the imaging of a location at a work site of

interest and the performance of desired operation at the work site in a

preexisting wellbore. Other types of downhole service tools may be utilized for

imaging a location in a wellbore at which a tool operation is to be performed and

performing the desired tool operation at the work site without retrieving the tool

from the wellbore. Certain downhole end work devices are described later.

FIGS. 5A-5C show embodiments of downhole ultrasonic imaging devices

for use with an end work device to image a work site of interest and to perform

a desired operation at the work site during a single trip into the wellbore.

FIG 5A shows a downhole service tool 250 having an end work device

252 for performing a desired operation downhole, an ultrasonic device 260

(ultrasonic imaging sensor) placed downhole of the end work device 252 for

imaging a work site or an object in the wellbore. The imaging device 260 has

a number of sensor elements 264 arrange on a body. Each sensor element 264

acts as a transmitter and receiver. The preferred frequency range is between

100 KHz and 500 KHz. The ultrasonic transmitter is preferably adapted to

sweep the frequency within a predetermined range of frequencies. The signals

transmitted by the sensor element 264 are reflected back from the work site or

the object and the reflected signals are received by the sensor elements 264,

which are processed by the control unit 256 or circuit in the tool 250 and

transmitted uphole via telemetry 258 to provide an image of the work site.

The ultrasonic sensor 260 may be rotated or beam steered (i.e.

electrically rotating or directing) to scan the inside of the wellbore. The

ultrasonic signals are transmitted at a predetermined rate and the reflected

signals are received by the sensor elements 264 between successive firings of

the transmitter. The end work device 252 may include a work element 253

that may be rotated by device 254 along the arrows 252a to orient the work

element radially and may be moved vertically as shown by the arrows 252b,

i.e., longitudinally to move the work element 253 uphole or downhole, which

enables positioning the work element at any desired location in the wellbore.

The sensor 260 and the end work device 252 are independently rotatable. The

sensor 260 may be disposed above the end work device 252.

As shown in the tool 250' of FIG. 5B, the sensor elements 264' may be

arranged on the body 255 of the end work device 252' around the end work

element 253'. The sensor elements 264' may be disposed in any desired

manner to image a segment of the wellbore or the entire wellbore interior. The

tool may be moved along the directions denoted by arrows 252a' and 252b'.

The vertical length of the sensor elements 264' and the spacing there between

defines the vertical imaging sweep and the resolution. Similarly, the horizontal

distance of the sensor elements 264' and the spacing between the sensor

elements defines the radial sweep and the resolution. Alternatively, sensor

elements may be arranged on the tool to direct signals downhole, as shown in

FIG. 5C here the sensor elements 264" are disposed at the downhole (bottom)

end of a service tool 250" . This enables the service tool 250" to image an

object or a work site downhole of the service tool 250".

FIG. 5D shows the downhole service tool 250, shown in FIG. 5A,

positioned adjacent to a juncture 304 between a main wellbore 300 and a

branch or lateral wellbore 302. The tool 250 may be utilized to image the

juncture 304 and perform an operation thereat. The tool 250 provides an image

of the juncture 304 to the surface prior to performing an operation. The image

may be utilized to position the tool 250 at the desired location and to

appropriately orient the tool 250 adjacent the juncture 304 . The desired

operation may then be performed at the juncture 304, which may include a

window cutting operation, reaming operation, cementing, welding, sealing or

any other desired operation.

FIG. 6A shows a schematic diagram of a system 710 for obtaining still

and/or video images of a wellbore interior or an object in the wellbore. The

system 710 includes a downhole tool 720 that contains a camera for taking

pictures of the work site and a mechanism for displacing the non-transparent

fluid around the work site with a transparent or substantially transparent fluid.

For convenience and ease of explanation and understanding, and not as a

limitation system 710 shows only the imaging device, i.e. without any end work

device.

The system 710 includes a downhole imaging tool 720 conveyed from

a platform 1 1 of a derrick 12 into a wellbore 122 by a suitable conveying device

124, such as a tubing or wireline. The imaging tool 720 has a tubular housing

726, which is adapted for connection with the conveying device 724 via a

suitable connector 719. The housing 726 contains the various elements of

imaging tool 720. The bottom section of the housing 726 contains a camera

section 728, which houses a retractable camera 730. The camera 730 may be

moved within a camera housing 732 by a hydraulic means or an electric means,

such as motor, generally denoted herein by numeral 734. The electrical circuits

and downhole power supplies for operating and controlling the camera

movements are preferably placed in a common electrical circuit section 736.

Electrical connections between the camera section 728 and the electrical circuit

section 736 are provided through suitable wires and connectors between the

two sections. The camera 730 in its retracted position, as shown by the solid

lines 730, may be sealed from the outside environment by closing a hatch or

door 738. The hatch may be adapted to open outward as shown by the dotted

line 738a or by a sliding door (not shown). In the fully retracted position, the

camera 730 resides completely inside the housing 728 so that the hatch 738

may be closed to seal the camera 730 from the outside environment.

In the fully extended position, the camera 730 extends far enough from

the camera section 728 or any other obstruction, as shown by the dotted line

730a, so that the camera 730 can be rotated 360 degrees and can take

unobstructed pictures of its surroundings. A light source 740 attached near the

camera provides sufficient light for the camera to obtain pictures downhole.

Additional light sources (not shown) may be provided on the tool body 726 to

provide light in all the directions. The camera 730 may be focused downward

as shown in FIG. 6A or horizontally as shown in FIG. 6B or along any other

desired direction depending upon the intended application.

The imaging tool 720 contains a fluid injection section 744 for injecting

a substantially transparent fluid (herein referred to as the clear fluid) into the

wellbore. The fluid injection section 744 is preferably placed above (uphole) the

camera section 728. The fluid injection section 744 includes one or more

chambers, such as 746a and 746b, for storing therein the clear fluid. A pump

746 in the section 744 is used to controllably inject the clear fluid from the

chambers 746a-746b into the wellbore below the camera section 728 via a fluid

line 748. The fluid line 748 runs from the fluid injection section 744 through

the camera section 728 to an outlet point 748a below the camera section 728.

Any downhole electrical control circuits and related power supplies for operating

the pump 746 are preferably housed in the electrical section 736.

A surface control unit 770 placed at a suitable location on the rig

platform 71 1 preferably controls the operation of the imaging system 710. The

control unit 770 includes a suitable computer, associated memory, a recorder

for recording data and a display or monitor 772. The operation of control units,

such as the control unit 770, is known and is, thus, not described in detail

herein.

The operation of the imaging system 710 will now be described in

reference to obtaining an image of an object, such as object 750, stuck in the

wellbore 722. To obtain the image of the object 750, the location of the object

is first determined. A number of techniques have been utilized in the oilfield

applications for determining the location of an object or work site in a wellbore.

Any such technique or method may be utilized for determining the location of

the object 750 for the purposes of this invention. The tool 720 is then

conveyed into the wellbore 722 until the bottom end 752a of the fluid return

pipe 752 is below the surface 750a of the object 750 that is to be imaged. The

packer 733 is then inflated or set in the wellbore 722 to seal the wellbore

section 722a below the camera section 728 from the wellbore section 722b

above the packer 733. The pump 746 is then activated from the surface

control unit 770 to inject the clear fluid from the chambers 746a-b into the

wellbore section 722a via fluid line 748. The injection of the clear fluid into the

section 722a causes the wellbore fluid present in the section 722a to enter the

fluid pipe 752, which fluid is discharged into the wellbore section 722b above

the packer 733 via a port 752b. This processes is continued until the wellbore

fluid between the port 752a and the camera section 728 has been replaced with

the clear fluid. The clear fluid chosen is preferably lighter than the wellbore fluid

and will not mix with the wellbore fluid. Such a clear fluid when injected into

the wellbore section 722a will uniformly displace the wellbore fluid. In some

applications, it may be necessary to continue to inject additional clear fluid so

as to completely flush out the wellbore fluid from section 722a. The system of

the present invention may employ a clear fluid source at the surface (not

shown) instead of downhole chambers. In this embodiment, the clear fluid is

continuously supplied to the chamber 746 from a surface source via a line

placed in the conveying means 724. Such a system may be necessary when

large quantities of clear fluid are required to flush out the wellbore fluid.

After the object 750 has been exposed to the clear fluid, the camera door

738 is opened and the camera 730 is lowered to its fully extended position

730a. To obtain the images of the object 750, the camera lights 740 are

activated, the camera 730 is oriented in a desired position and the camera is

operated to obtain images of the object 750. The images from the camera are

transmitted by the downhole control circuits in section 736 to the surface

control unit 770 via a two-way telemetry 725. The images are displayed on the

monitor 772. The operator can orient the camera in any desired direction and

continue to obtain images. If a video camera is used, the motion pictures are

displayed on the monitor. The images are recorded in the recorder associated

with the surface control unit 770.

FIG. 6B shows the application of the imaging system 710 described

above in reference to FIG. 5D for obtaining images of a junction 760 between

a main wellbore 722 and a branch wellbore 723. To obtain images of the

junction 760, a packer 735 is first set in the wellbore 722 below the junction

760 to completely seal off the wellbore section 22c lying below the packer 35.

The imaging tool 720 is then conveyed in the wellbore 722 so that the packer

33 is completely above the junction 760 while the port 752a of the fluid return

line 752 is below the junction 760. The imaging tool 720 is operated as

described earlier to displace the wellbore fluid in the wellbore section 722a'

between the packers 733 and 735 with the clear fluid. The camera 730 is then

oriented in the direction of the junction 760 to obtain the desired images.

Images of other objects in the wellbore and any section of the wellbore may be

obtained by the imaging system 710 in the above-described manner.

FIG. 6C shows another embodiment of a downhole imaging tool 800.

The imaging tool 800 includes a flexible inflatable device 810 at a lower end

of the tool 800. A fluid injection system 812 in the tool 800 injects a fluid into

the device 810, thereby inflating the device 810. The fluid injection system

812 preferably contains a fluid pump section 814 having a reversible pump

therein for injecting or pumping a fluid from a chamber 816 into the device 810

and vice versa.

FIG. 6D shows a cross section of the flexible inflatable device 810. It

includes a bladder 840 made from a flexible material, such as rubber. A

plurality of sensors 842 are arranged along the inner surface 840a of the

bladder 840 in a matrix or grid as shown in FIG. 6D. Each such sensor provides

a signal corresponding to the deformation of the bladder surface to which the

sensor is attached from a predetermined norm. The signals from each such

sensor are transmitted to a downhole control circuit 816 via a conductor 844

and communication link 848. Fluid line 846 provides access to the bladder

inside 840a. The downhole control circuit 816 controls the operation of the

pump section 812, receives data or signals from the each of the sensors 842,

conditions the signals and may manipulate the signals to obtain an image. The

downhole control circuit 816 may transmit the conditioned signals to a surface

control unit, such as unit 970 shown in FIG. 17, which produces the image

based on a model stored in the control unit. The model is predetermined or

predefined based on the geometry of the flexible member 810 and the

configuration of the sensors 842. The model is stored in a downhole memory

associated with the downhole control circuit 816 when the system is designed

to compute the model downhole.

Operation of the tool 800 will now be described in the context of

obtaining an image of a junction between the main wellbore 822 and the branch

wellbore 823. To obtain an image of the junction 860, the tool 800 is

conveyed into the main wellbore 822 until the flexible member is adjacent to the

junction 860. The fluid from the fluid section 812 is then injected into the

flexible member 810, thereby inflating the member 810. A portion of the

flexible member at the junction 860 attains the shape that corresponds to the

junction 860 outline. The downhole control circuit 816 measures the signals

from each of the sensors 842 and processes such signals as described above

to obtain the image of the junction. Image of an object in the wellbore, such as

object 850 shown in FIG. 6B, is obtained by inflating the flexible member 810

while urging it against the object.

FIGS. 7 - 16 show embodiments of certain downhole tools which are

adapted to image a work site of interest and perform a desired operation at

work sites in a pre-existing wellbores during a single trip according to the

present invention.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a downhole service tool 350 conveyable

by a tubular member 356, such as a drill pipe. The end work device 352 is a

milling device and is disposed at the bottom end of the conveying member 356.

A suitable imaging device 354 is disposed above the milling device 352. A

conduit 358 may be utilized to supply hydraulic or electric power to the tool

350. A control unit, other sensors, and associated electronic circuitry and

telemetry may be disposed in the tool 350 as described earlier. During

operation, the work site or the object to be milled is imaged by the imaging

sensor 354 and the cutting operation is performed by the milling device 352.

Images of the area being cut are periodically obtained to ensure that the cutting

operation is being performed correctly. Other end work devices, such as tools

for determining the widow seal integrity may be disposed with the milling device

352.

FIG. 8A shows a downhole service tool 370 that may be utilized to image

a location in the wellbore 375 and then drill the lateral wellbore 377 and/or to

facilitate re-entry of an end work device into the lateral wellbore 377. To drill

the lateral wellbore 377, the tool 370 is positioned above a whipstock or any

other suitable re-entry device 379, An image device 380 provides images of the

location where the lateral wellbore 377 will be drilled, which image may be

utilized to position and orient the drilling element (bit) 372. Alternatively, since

the image is available, the operator can set kick-off devices 382 to cause the

device 372 to perform an operation at a juncture 377a without first requiring

the installation of the re-entry device 379, thereby avoiding another trip

downhole. The tool 370 may similarly be used to reenter the wellbore 377 to

perform secondary operations in the branch wellbore 377, thereby eliminating

an extra trip to install the re-entry device 379.

FIGS. 8B and 8C show another embodiment of a downhole service tool

385 which can be utilized to enter a branch wellbore 377 from a main wellbore

375 without the use of a re-entry device, such as a whipstock or a diverter.

The downhole service tool 385 includes an end work device 386 at the service

tool 385 downhole end, a suitable imaging device 387 and a downhole

operated tool orientation device 388. The device 388 preferably is a

hydraulically or electrically operated knuckle-type joint which bends the tool 385

portions above and below the device 388 up to a predetermined maximum

angle. The service tool 388 is lowered into the main wellbore 375 to a known

distance above the juncture 377a. The image device 387 provides images of

the juncture 377a. The operator then orients the tool 385 and activates the

device 388 to bend the tool 385 at a predetermined angle. The device is locked

into the bent position and the tool 385 continues to be lowered into the

wellbore. Inserting the tool 385 further causes it to enter into the branch

wellbore 377 as shown in FIG. 8C.

Once the bottom end device 386 has entered into the branch wellbore

377, the device 388 is unlocked, which allows the front portion of the tool 385

to straighten as it moves further into the branch wellbore 377. After the tool

385 has been conveyed to the desired work site in the branch wellbore 377, the

end work device 386 is then utilized to perform the desired operation. Thus,

the service tool configuration of FIGS. 8B-8C allows the operator to (a) convey

the service tool 385 into a branch or lateral wellbore 377 without the use of a

secondary device, such as a diverter, and (b) image a desired work site in the

branch wellbore and perform a desired operation at the work site in a single trip.

This service tool 385 can eliminate two downhole trips, one to install a diverter,

such as the diverter 379 shown in FIG. 8 and a second trip to image the work

site prior to performing the work at the work site.

FIG. 8D shows an alternative device 390 for causing the service tool 385

to enter the branch wellbore without the use of a diverter. The device 390

includes a plurality of arms or members which can be independently extended

outward from the service tool body to urge against the wellbore wall 375a.

Selectively urging the members 392 against the wellbore wall 375a causes the

tool to enter the branch wellbore 377.

The knuckle-joint 388 shown in FIG. 8B and the arm members 392

shown in FIG. 8D are operated by their respective control units in the service

tool 385. The downhole control unit (FIG. 1 ) controls the operation of these

devices based on instructions provided from the surface control unit 70 or

downhole stored programmed instructions. The service tool may also be

programmed to locate the juncture 377a and cause the tool 385 to enter the

branch wellbore 377. Thus, the service tool shown in FIGS. 8B-8C can locate

a lateral or multilateral juncture, adjust or orient itself and penetrate the lateral

wellbore without the use of additional devices, such as diverters and

whipstocks, and thereafter perform an end work in the lateral wellbore during

a single trip downhole.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a service tool 400 with an imaging

device 420 and a packer 410 as the end work device. The service tool 400 is

shown conveyed by a tubular 402 into an open hole 404. The packer 410 has

an inflatable packer element 412, which when inflated seals an annulus

between the packer 410 and the wellbore 404. The packer 410 is attached to

the tubular 402 by a shear bolt 406 having a weak point 406a that may be

sheared to separate the packer 410 from the tubular 402. An imaging device

420for imaging the annulus 407 between the packer 410 and the wellbore 404

is placed above the shear point 406a.

To set the packer element 412 in the annulus 407, the tool 400 is

positioned in the wellbore 404 so that the packer 410 is across from the area

407. The packer 410 is set by injecting a hardening fluid, such as cement,

epoxy, or another suitable material, into the packer element 412. If an acoustic

device is used as the imaging device, its response characteristics are a function

of the manner the annulus is being enclosed with the hardening material. The

data from the imaging device 420 is analyzed to determine the quality of the

bond between the packer element 412 and the formation 404. Based on the

imaging characteristics, the amount of the hardening material being supplied to

the packer element 412 can be adjusted to improve the integrity of the seal.

After the packer 410 has been set, the bolt 406 is sheared to retrieve the

service tool 400 from the wellbore 404.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show examples of embodiments of downhole service

tools for imaging a work site of interest and performing welding operations at

the work site during a single trip in the wellbore. FIG. 10A shows the service

tool 450 for welding a juncture 434 between a casing 430 in a main wellbore

435 and a casing 432 in a branch or lateral wellbore 437. The service tool 450

includes a welding device 452 at its bottomhole end. The service tool 450 may

also include a milling device 456 to dress or smooth any rough welding

performed by the welding device 452. An image device 458 is preferably

placed above the welding device 452 and the milling device 456. The welding

device 452 is coupled in the tool 450 with a rotatable joint 453. Similarly, if

a milling device 456 is utilized, it is preferably disposed in the service tool 450

via rotatable joints 455a and 455b. The rotatable joints 453, and 455a and

455b allow the welding device 452 and the milling device 456 to independently

rotate in the wellbore 435. The service tool 450 also includes a control unit

461 to position and orient the tool 450 in the casing 430 and other desired

devices 462. A central processor 460 processes signals and data from the

downhole devices and communicates with the surface computer 70 (FIG. 1) via

a two-way telemetry 464.

To weld the casings 430 and 432 at the juncture 434, the service tool

450 is conveyed into the casing 430 by a suitable conveying system 451 . The

imaging device 456 provides an image of the juncture 434 to the surface

control unit 70 (FIG. 1 ). The welding device 452 is positioned adjacent to the

juncture 434. The welding tip or probe 454, having its own degrees of

freedom, is positioned at the juncture to perform the welding operation. The

probe 454 may be extended radially and/or axially to position the probe 454 at

any desired location in the casing 430. The axial movement of the service tool

450, rotary movement of the joint 453 and the axial and radial movements of

the probe 454 provide necessary degrees of freedom of movement to position

the welding probe 454 at any desired spot in the casing 430. One or more

downhole-controlled and independently-operated stabilizers or radially

extendable arms 466 or any other suitable device may be utilized to urge the

probe 454 against the juncture 434 to be welded.

The image device 456 may be utilized to image the juncture 434 after

welding operations or intermittently during welding operations to ensure quality

and integrity of the welds 434a. The tool 450 may then be repositioned to

place the milling device 456 adjacent to the weld 434a. The milling device 456

has a milling surface 456a on its outside, which is extended outwardly and

urged against the weld 434a to smooth out the weld 434a. Any suitable milling

device, including any commercially available mechanical milling device may be

utilized in the service tool 450.

FIG. 10B shows a manner of utilizing the service tool 450 for welding a

device 470, such as a permanent packer, a plug, or a plate below the plate

inside a casing 475. To weld the device 470 inside the casing 475, the service

tool 450 is placed above the device 470 to image the work site 471 to be

welded. The tool 450 is then repositioned to place the welding probe 454

against the area 471 . The welding operation is then performed in the manner

described above. It should be noted that only one type of welding device has

been described above to perform selected welding operations to describe the

concept of the invention. Any other suitable welding device may be utilized

with the service tool 450 to perform any type of welding operations.

FIGS. 1 1 and 12 show a service tool 500 for performing testing

operations in the wellbore. FIG. 1 1 shows a configuration for testing the

integrity of a seal. In the example of FIG. 1 1 , a seal 514 is placed in a lateral

wellbore 512 formed from a main wellbore 510. The service tool 500 is shown

conveyed into the main wellbore 510. It includes a suitable imaging device

502, a device 504 for discharging a high pressure fluid into the wellbore 510

and a pair of packers 506a and 506b spaced apart on the service tool 500 to

seal a zone of interest 518 in the wellbore 510. To test the integrity of the seal

514, the service tool 500 is positioned adjacent to a juncture 515 to provide an

image of the juncture 515, which image is utilized to position the tool 500 such

that the upper packer 506a is above the juncture 515 and the lower packer

506b is below the juncture 515. The packers 506a-506b are then set as

shown in FIG. 1 1 to seal the space 518 enclosed by the seal 514, the upper

packer 506a and the lower packer 506b. Pressurized fluid is then discharged

from the device 504 into the space 518 via openings 504a. The pressure drop,

if any, in the space 518 is measured over a predetermined time period, which

provides an indication of the seal integrity.

FIG. 12 shows a configuration of a service tool 520 for use in testing a

production zone or reservoir 525. This configuration is substantially similar to

the tool configuration shown in FIG. 1 1 . FIG. 12 shows a cased hole 540

having a production zone 539. The casing 530 has a plurality of perforations

532 through which fluids from the reservoir 525 enter into the casing 530 at

zone 539. Periodic testing of production zones is commonly performed during

the life of such production zones to determine the fluid flow from each zone or

a portion thereof, to build and update reservoir models and to estimate the

future production from such reservoirs. To test a production zone, such as zone

539, the tool 520 images the perforated zone 542 (work site). The image is

utilized, among other things, to position the tool 520 adjacent to the

perforations 532. The packers 526a and 526b are set in the casing 530 to seal

the zone 539 between the packers 526a-526b. A testing device 524 is then

utilized to perform desired testing. The testing device 524 shown has a flow

control valve 524a to control the fluid flow from the reservoir into the tool 530.

The received fluid may be collected in chambers 527 for further analysis or

discharged into the wellbore uphole of the upper packer 526a. The testing

device 524 also may include temperature sensors, pressure sensors and may

include devices to determine chemical and/or physical properties of the fluids,

including specific gravity, oil, gas and water content in the formation fluid. To

determine pressure and temperature build up, commonly performed for reservoir

modeling, the valve 524 is closed and required measurements are made over a

predetermined time period. Any other type of testing device may also be

employed in addition to or as an alternative to the device 424. The image

obtained of the perforated zone 539 allows an operator to position the tool 530

precisely adjacent to the desired perforations 532. The packers 526a and 526b

may be made slidable over the tool 530 so that the length of the zone 539 may

be adjusted downhole.

It will be obvious that FIGS. 11 and 12 show specific examples in which

the service tool of the present invention can be utilized to image a work site in

a wellbore and then perform testing (end work) during a single trip in the

wellbore. Any other suitable testing device may be utilized for the purposes of

this invention.

FIGS. 13 and 14 show examples of the service tool of the present

invention for performing remedial work in preexisting wellbores. FIG. 13 shows

the service tool 550 conveyed in a cased wellbore 555 lined with a casing 556.

The casing 556 has a plurality of perforations 558 adjacent to a reservoir 560.

The service tool 550 includes a suitable image device 564 and a device or unit

566 for injecting fluids under pressure into the wellbore 555. The remedial

work in the wellbore 555 may include injecting a fluid (water, sand, glass,

chemicals or mixture of water and additives, etc.) under pressure through the

perforations 558 to increase the flow of formation fluids from the reservoir 560

into the wellbore 555. To perform such a remedial work, the service tool 550

is positioned in the wellbore 555 to obtain images of the perforated zone 568.

The images are utilized to reposition the tool, if necessary. Packers 570a and

570b are set in place to isolate the desired zone of interest or the work site

568. The desired fluid is then injected into the zone 568 by the device 566 via

control valves 566a. The desired fluid may be injected via tubing 557 from the

surface. The flow from each of the control valves 566a is preferably

independently controlled by a downhole control unit 571 . The above-described

system is equally applicable for open hole fracturing applications.

The service tool 550 shown in FIG. 13 may also contain a test device,

such as the test device 572, similar to the test device 534 shown in FIG. 1 1

to perform testing of the zone 568 to determine the effectiveness of the work

performed. The service tool 550 shown in FIG. 13 thus may be utilized to

image a work site (production zone 568), perform a work (remedial work) at the

work site, and then determine the effectiveness of the work performed during

a single trip in the wellbore.

During the life of a wellbore, it is sometimes desired or even required to

seal off a production zone or a portion thereof for reasons such as the zone is

producing excessive amounts of water and is impeding the flow of

hydrocarbons from other production zones in the same wellbore. FIG. 14

shows a configuration of a service tool 580 of the present invention for sealing

a production zone 599 or a portion thereof by cementing the zone 599 and then

confirming the integrity of the seal. FIG. 14 shows a service tool 580 conveyed

in a cased wellbore 581 lined with a casing 582. The casing 582 has a plurality

of perforations 584 adjacent to a reservoir 585. The service tool 580 includes

a suitable image device 586 and a device or unit 588 for injecting cement slurry

under pressure into the wellbore 581 . The remedial work in the wellbore 581

may include closing off a single perforation 584a or the zone 599 having a

number of perforations 584. To close off the zone 599, the tool 580 is

positioned in the wellbore 581 to obtain images of the perforated zone 599.

The images are utilized to reposition the tool 580, if necessary, and packers

596a and 596b are set in place to isolate the desired zone of interest or the

work site of interest 599. The cement is then injected from the cement device

588 into the zone 599 via a control valve 592b to seal the intended zone 599.

The tool 580 is then retrieved. To cement a single perforation, such as

perforation 584a, a flexible cup 590 on the outside of the tool 580 is urged

against the perforation 584a. Cement or any other desired fluid is then

controllably discharged from an opening 592a to close the perforation 584a.

The tool 580 may also include a testing device 594 to test the integrity of

cementing work. The device 594 may be a flow measuring device to determine

if any fluid is flowing out of the cemented zone. Pressure and temperature

measuring devices and resistivity measuring devices may also be utilized as test

devices. Additionally, the image device 586 may be utilized to obtain secondary

images of the cemented work site to determine the effectiveness of the work

performed. It should be noted that the term cement is used to generally mean

hardening materials, including cement slurry, epoxies and any other suitable

material. In some cases, it is desirable to intentionally damage a formation or

zone to seal unwanted production of formation fluids. The above-described

method may also be utilized for such applications.

FIGS. 15 and 16 show examples of service tools of the present invention

for performing fishing operations preexisting wellbores. FIG. 15 shows a

service tool 630 conveyed in a wellbore 632 by a tubing 633. The service tool

630 includes a suitable image device 635 having a retractable tactile sensor for

imaging an object, such as a fish 640 stuck in the wellbore 632. The tactile

image device 635 includes a retractable probe 637, which has a tip 639 that

can scan the entire inside of the wellbore 632. The probe tip 639 attached to

an arm 641 which can move radially and axially around a rotary joint 638. The

joint 638 can move axially as shown by the dotted lines 643, thereby providing

sufficient numbers of degrees of freedom to the probe tip 639 to scan the

wellbore 632. The service tool 630 includes a suitable fishing device for

engaging the fish 640 and other devices, sensors, control circuits and telemetry,

collectively designated by numeral 645. To retrieve the fish 640 from the

wellbore 632, the service tool 630 is positioned above the fish 640. The

imaging device 635 senses the location and profile of the fish 640, which is

communicated to the surface. The tool 630 is then repositioned, the fishing

device 644 is activated to engage the fish 640. Any other suitable imaging

device may be utilized for imaging the fish 640. Also any suitable fishing device

may be utilized for the purpose of this invention. For example, the fishing

device may be the type that grabs the fish from the outside or the inside of the

fish 640. It may be a spear type or an over-shot type device as described in

U.S. Patent No. 5,242,201 , which is incorporated herein by reference. The

fishing tool 635 may drill into the fish 640 to securely engage the fish 640.

The fish 640 is retrieved by retrieving the tool 630. It should be obvious that

the tactile imaging device 635 may include more than one probes and that such

imaging devices may be utilized in any of the service tools made according to

this invention.

FIG. 16 shows the use of a service tool 650 conveyed in a wellbore 652

by a tubing 653. The service tool 650 includes a suitable imaging device 660,

including an ultrasonic and tactile device. In the example of FIG. 16 a fish 666

is shown stuck in a wash-out area 654 of the wellbore 652. To retrieve the

fish 666, the tool 650 is positioned adjacent to the fish 666 to image the 666

fish by the imaging device 660. The tool 650 may include a one or more

knuckle devices 672 that can be activated from the surface or downhole control

circuits 670 to position the image device 660 and a fishing device 664 in the

wash-out region 654. After the image is taken, the fishing device 664 is

repositioned to engage the fish 666. The fish 666 may be moved from the

wash-out region 654 by reactivating the knuckle joints 672. The fish 666 is

retrieved by retrieving the tool 650. It should be noted that any suitable

imaging and fishing devices may be utilized for the purpose of this application.

The fishing tools of this invention preferably have degrees of freedom of

movement that are sufficient to position the tool to retrieve the fish at any place

in the wellbore.

Thus far selected examples of the downhole service tool have been

described above to illustrate the concepts of the present invention. It will,

however, be understood that many other end work devices and imaging devices

can be utilized to image an object and work site in a wellbore and to perform a

desired operation at the work site without requiring retrieving the service tool

according to the concepts of this invention. For example, the service tool 200

(FIG. 1) of the present invention may be utilized to locate a weak point in the

well casing, such as a crack or a pit, and perform welding. The service tool 200

may be utilized to perform swaging operations downhole or to inject polymers

into the wellbore. Yet, in certain other applications, it is desirable to confirm

the engagement of a tool conveyed from the surface to downhole device prior

to performing an operation with such tool. The service tool of the present

invention may include an engagement device and a sensor for generating signals

that differ when the tool is engaged with the downhole device and when it fully

or properly engaged. The service tool may include without limitation any

desired engagement device, including a collet type device, a screw type device,

a latching device that is designed to latch into or onto a receptacle associated

with the downhole device, a cone type device, a device that is designed to mate

with a matching profile in the downhole device, or a collet or a pressure activated device. To perform the desired operation, the service tool is placed

at a desired location in the wellbore and the sensor is activated to provide the

tool response. The tool is engaged with the downhole device. The sensor

continues to provide signals responsive to the engagement process. The

response signature is utilized to confirm the engagement of the tool device with

the downhole device.

Additionally, the service tool 200 may incorporate one or more robotics

devices that can remove a member or a sensor, install a sensor or a device,

such as a fluid control valve, remove a liner, interchange parts, replace power

sources, such as batteries, turbines, etc., inflate a device, manipulate a device

or part downhole from its current position to a new position, such as a sliding

sleeve from an open position to a closed position or vice versa, and perform any

other desired function. The image device in the service tool is preferably utilized

to locate the part to be replaced, installed or manipulated.

It is often desirable to measure selected wellbore and formation

parameters either prior to or after performing an end work. Frequently, such

information is obtained by logging the wellbore prior to performing the end

work, which typically requires an extra trip downhole. The service tool of the

present invention, such as tool 200 shown in FIG. 1 and other tools shown in

FIGS. 2-16 may include one or more logging devices or sensors. For example,

for the work to be performed in cased holes, such as shown in FIGS. 10a-14,

a collar locator may be incorporated in the service tool 200 to log the depth of

the tool 200 while tripping downhole. Collar locators provide relatively precise

measurements of the wellbore depth and can be utilized to correlate depth

measurement made from surface instruments, such as wheel type devices. The collar locator depth measurements can be utilized to position and locate the

imaging and end work devices of the tool 200 in the wellbore. Also, casing

inspection devices, such as eddy current devices or magnetic devices may be

utilized to determine the condition of the casing, such as pits and cracks.

Similarly, a device to determine the cement bond between the casing and the

formation may be incorporated to obtain a cement bond log during tripping

downhole. Information about the cement bond quality and the casing condition

are especially useful for wellbores which have been in production for a relatively

long time period or wells which produce high amounts of sour crude oil or gas.

Additionally, resistivity measurement devices may be utilized to determine the

presence of water in the wellbore or to obtain a log of the formation resistivity.

Similarly gamma ray devices may be utilized measure background radiation.

Other formation evaluation sensors may also be utilized to provide

corresponding logs while tripping into or out of the wellbore.

The description thus far substantially relates to a service tool which

utilizes an image sensor and an end work device to image a work site in a

wellbore and perform a selected end work. As described earlier, the service tool

of the present invention also provides confirmation about the quality and

effectiveness of the end work performed downhole during the same trip. The

general operation of the above-described tools is described by way of an

example of a functional block diagram for use with the system of FIG. 1. Such

methods and operations are equally applicable to the other downhole service

tools made according to the present invention. Such operations will now be

described while referring to FIG. 17.

The downhole section of the control circuit 900 preferably includes a

microprocessor-based downhole control circuit 910. The control circuit 910

determines the position and orientation of the tool as shown in box 912. A

circuit 915 controls the operation of the downhole tool. The control circuit 910

also controls the end work devices, such as cutting tool 914a and any other end

work devices, generally designated herein by numeral 914n. During operations,

the control circuit 910 receives information from other downhole devices and

sensors, such as a depth indicator 918 and orientation devices, such as

accelerometers and gyroscopes. The control unit 900 communicates with the

surface control unit 970 via the downhole telemetry 939 and via a data or

communication link 939a. The control circuit 910 also preferably controls the

operation of the downhole devices, such as the power unit 934, stabilizers and

other desired downhole devices (not shown). The downhole control circuit 910

includes a memory 920 for storing therein data and programmed instructions.

The surface control unit 970 preferably includes a computer 930, which

manipulates data, a recorder 932 for recording images and other data and an

input device 934, such as a keyboard or a touch screen for inputting

instructions and for displaying information on the monitor 972. The surface

control unit 970 and the downhole tool communicate with each other via a

suitable two-way telemetry system.

While the foregoing disclosure is directed to the preferred embodiments

of the invention, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the

art. It is intended that all variations within the scope and spirit of the appended

claims be embraced by the foregoing disclosure.