Field of the invention

The present invention relates to compounds that modulate neurotransmission by promoting the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine and norepinephrine. More particularly, the invention relates to compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions which contain them and their uses in therapy, wherein said compounds are able to bind to and modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a mammal.

Background to the invention

Acetylcholine receptors modulate the release of neurotransmitters such as for example dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin from different brain regions. By such action, acetylcholine receptors participate in the modulation of neuroendocrine function, respiration, mood, motor control and function, focus and attention, concentration, memory and cognition, and the mechanisms of substance abuse.

Ligands for acetylcholine receptors have been demonstrated to have effects on attention, cognition, appetite, substance abuse, memory, extrapyramidal function, cardiovascular function, pain, and gastrointestinal motility and function. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors that bind nicotine, i.e., nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, is widespread in the brain, including being found in the basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex and mid- and hind-brain nuclei. In the periphery, their distribution includes being in muscle, autonomic ganglia, the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the ligand gated ion channel family of neurotransmitter receptors. In neuronal and peripheral tissue, nAChRs possess a pentameric structure consisting of 5 protein subunits surrounding a central ion channel. Five neuromuscular subunits (α, β, γ, δ, ε), ten peripheral or neuronal α-subunits (αl to αlO), and three peripheral or neuronal β-subunits (β2 to β4) have been identified. These subunits combine to form pentameric receptors in three ways: first, with homomeric 5[α] stoichiometry, for example, α7 to α9; second, with heteromeric 2[α]3[β] stoichiometry,

for example, combinations of αl to α6 and β2 to β4 subunits; and third, the 2[α]l[β]l[δ]l[γ/ε] stoichiometry found in neuromuscular receptors.

Nicotine modulates multiple neuronal, peripheral and neuromuscular subtypes of nAChRs. While demonstrating beneficial effects in a number of neuronal diseases mediated by nAChRs, nicotine also demonstrates a number of undesirable side effects on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuromuscular systems. It will be appreciated that there is a need for compounds that can selectively modulate a single or specific group of nAChRs.

WO 2005/007655 describes heteroaryl fused azapolycyclic compounds that bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine specific receptors sites. These compounds are said to be useful in modulating cholinergic function and thus suitable for reducing nicotine addiction and treating a series of disorders associated with cholinergic function.

Azabicylic compounds as central nervous system active agents useful for treating pain are disclosed by WO 2004/016604. These include compounds of the formula:

wherein R is an aryl or heterocycle.

WO 01/44243 describes diazabicyloalkanes and in particular heteroaryl- diazabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane derivatives of the general formula:

wherein R' represents hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group or a fluorescent group; and R ¹ represents an optionally substituted mono- or poly-heterocyclic group. Similar heteroaryl-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane compounds are disclosed by WO 02/096911 as cholinergic ligands.

WO03/004493 discloses a generic formula relating to compounds with an aromatic ring system covalently bonded to an azabicylic group of formula:

wherein X =

wherein R represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl.

There is a need to provide novel compounds which can act as agonists of nAChRs, showing a high binding affinity thereto. Furthermore, there is a need to provide agonists of nAChRs which can selectively modulate a single or specific group of nAChRs and in so doing extend the range of compounds available for the treatment of mammalian disorders associated therewith, while minimizing the potential for such compounds to exert adverse side effects. In particular, the applicant identifies a need to provide new selective agonists of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The objective technical problem addressed by the present invention therefore relates to the provision of novel agents that may bind to and modulate α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Summary of the invention In a first aspect the present invention provides a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Formula I wherein,

R ¹ is hydrogen, Q-ealkoxycarbonyl, C^alkyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, cyanoC _1-6 alkyl, dihydro-3-pyridinylcarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyQ- _δ alkyl, phenoxycarbonyl,

-NR ³ R ⁴ , (NR ³ R ⁴ )C _1-4 alkyl and (NR ³ R ⁴ )carbonylC _1-4 alkyl; R ² is present as H or OH; is an optional double bond, wherein when is a double bond R 2 is absent;

A is an aryl selected from phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl and tetrahydronapthyl, wherein said aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently selected from C _2-6 alkenyl, C _1-6 alkoxy, Ci-ealkoxyC^alkoxy, C _1-6 alkoxyCi. ₄ alkyl, C _1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci _-6 alkoxycarbonylC _1-4 alkyl, C _h alky!,

C _1-6 alkylcarbonyl, C _1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C^alkylthio, C _2-6 alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyC _1-6 alkyl, cyano, cyanoC _1-6 alkyl, C ₃ . ₆ cycloalkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkyl, haloC _3-6 cycloalkylCi _-4 alkyl, Cs^cycloalkylQ^alkoxy, haloC ₃ - ₆ cycloalkylC _1-4 alkoxy, formyl, formylQ.ealkyl, haloCj _-6 alkoxy, 1IaIoC _{1 -6} alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyQ. ₆ alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoC _1-6 aikyl, nitxo, triphenylmethyl (trityl), a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl, -C(NH)NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ³ R ⁴ , -C _1-4 alkyl (NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C _1-4 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ⁵ S(O) ₂ R ⁶ ,

-C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -CH ₂ C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -C(NOR ⁵ )R ⁶ , -C(NCN)R ⁵ , -C(NNR ⁵ R ⁶ )R ⁷ , -S(O) ₂ OR ⁵ , -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , phenyl and phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine, cyano, C^alkyl and C _1-3 alkoxy, wherein said Ci. ₃ alkyl or Ci _-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; or where two substituents on adjacent carbon atoms of said aryl together optionally represent -OCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -OCH ₂ CH(OH)-, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ O- or -OCH ₂ O-;

R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl and Ci^alkylcarbonyl; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl, phenyl and phenylC _1-4 alkyl; n is O, 1 or 2.

The invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which contain a compound according to the invention and therefore in a second aspect the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to formula I.

In a third aspect the invention relates to a compound according to the invention for use in therapy.

Compounds of the invention can be used in methods of treating one or more medical disorders. In this regard a fourth aspect the invention therefore relates to the use of an effective amount of a compound according to the invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of one or more conditions in a mammal selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum,

Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia, chronic pain, acute pain, celiac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions, dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine (or tobacco products), alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine, headache, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), psychosis, Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophrenia, multi- infarct dementia, age-related cognitive decline, epilepsy, petit mal absence epilepsy, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), mild cognitive impairment, cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia, drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety in anxious smokers, cardiovascular risk in pregnancy, delayed ejaculation, emesis, diarrhoea, nicotine gum addiction, sleep prevention, ischemia, and Tourette's Syndrome.

In a fifth aspect the invention provides an intermediate to the formation of compounds according to formula I, wherein said intermediate has a structure according to formula II:

Formula π wherein P' is a nitrogen protecting group selected from benzyl, trityl, acyl or carbamates of t-butyl, benzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2-(biphenylyl)isopropyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, isonicotinyl or allyl.

Detailed description of the invention

The invention relates novel compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Formula I wherein,

R ¹ is hydrogen, C _1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci_ ₆ alkyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, cyanoC _1-6 alkyl, dihydro-3-pyridinylcarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyC _1-6 alkyl, phenoxycarbonyl, -NR ³ R ⁴ , (NR ³ R ⁴ )C _M alkyI and (NR ³ R ⁴ )carbonylC ₁ . ₄ alkyl;

R ² is present as H or OH; ziziz. is _an optional double bond, wherein when zzizz. i _{s a} double bond R is absent; A is an aryl selected from phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl and tetrahydronapthyl , wherein said aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently selected from C _2-6 alkenyl, C _1-6 alkoxy, C _1-6 alkoxyC _1-4 alkoxy, C _1-6 alkoxyC _t-4 alkyl, C _1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylthio, C _2-6 alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyC]_ ₆ alkyl, cyano, cyanoCi_ ₆ alkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylCi- ₄ alkyl, haloC _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylC ₁ _ ₄ alkoxy, haloC ₃ - ₆ cycloalkylCi _-4 alkoxy, formyl, formylC _1-6 alkyl, haloC^alkoxy, haloCi_ ₆ alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyC^ _ό alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoC _1-6 alkyl, nitro, triphenylmethyl (trityl), a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl, -C(NH)NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ³ R ⁴ , -C _1-4 alkyl (NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C _1-4 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ⁵ S(O) ₂ R ⁶ , -C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -CH ₂ C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -C(NOR ⁵ )R ⁶ , -C(NCN)R ⁵ , -C(NNR ⁵ R ⁶ )R ⁷ , -S(O) ₂ OR ⁵ , -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , phenyl and phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine, cyano, Ci _-3 alkyl and Ci _-3 alkoxy, wherein said C _1-3 alkyl or C _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; or where two substituents on adjacent

carbon atoms of said aryl together optionally represent -OCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -OCH ₂ CH(OH)-, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ O- or -OCH ₂ O-;

R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, Cj-4alkyl and Ci _-4 alkylcarbonyl; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl, phenyl and phenylC^alkyl; n is O, 1 or 2.

Definition of terms:

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term "aryl" as used herein, means a monocyclic ring system, or a fused bicyclic ring system wherein one or more of the fused rings are aromatic. Representative examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl and tetrahydronaphthyl.

The term "C _2-6 alkenyl" as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 6 carbons, preferably in a straight chain, and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens. Representative examples of C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl include, but are not limited to ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl and 5-hexenyl.

The term "C _1-6 alkoxy" as used herein, means a C _1-6 alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy moiety, as defined herein. Representative examples of C _1-6 alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy. The term "C _1-6 alkoxyC _1-4 alkoxy" as used herein, means a Cμβalkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through another C _1-4 alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy and methoxymethoxy. The term "C _1-6 alkoxyC _1-4 alkyl" as used herein, means a C^ _ό alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a C _J-4 alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of Ci- ₆ alkoxyCi _-4 alkyI include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl and methoxymethyl. The term "Ci _-6 alkoxycarbonyl" as used herein, means a C _1-6 alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of Ci _-6 alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and tert-butoxycarbonyl.

The term "C _1-6 alkoxycarbonylC _1-4 alkyl" as used herein, means a C _1-6 alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a C _1-4 alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of

Q.ealkoxycarbonylC^alkyl include, but are not limited to, 3-methoxycarbonylpropyl, 4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl, 2-(sec-butylcarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl and

2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl.

The term "C _1-6 alkyr' as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl and n-hexyl.

The term "Q- _ό alkylcarbonyl" as used herein, means a C _1-6 alkyl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of C^ealkylcarbonyl include but are not limited to propionyl, 2,2-dimethylpropionyl, butanoyl and pentanoyl. The term "C _1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy" as used herein, means a Ci _-6 alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy moiety, as deemed herein. Representative examples of Ci_ ₆ alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to acetoxy, propanoyloxy and 2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxy.

The term "Ci. ₆ alkylthio" as used herein, means a Ci _-6 alkyl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of C _1-6 alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio, tert-butylthio and hexylthio.

The term "C _2-6 alkynyl" as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably in a straight chain, and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative examples of a C _2-6 alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3 -methyl- 1-pentynyl and 1-butynyl.

The term "C _3-6 cycloalkyl" as used herein means a cyclic C ₃ . ₆ alkyl as defined herein. Representative examples of a C ₃ . ₆ cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. The term "C _3-6 cycloalkylCi _-4 alkyl" as used herein means a cyclic C _3- galkyl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a C _1-4 alkyl. Representative examples of Cs-ecycloalkylCi^alkyl include cyclopropylmethyl and cyclopentylmethyl.

The term C ₃ . ₆ cycloalkylC _1-4 alkoxy as used herein means a cyclic C _3-6 alkyl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Cμ ₄ alkoxy. Representative examples of C _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkoxy include cyclopropyl-methoxy, cyclobutyl-methoxy, cyclopentyl-methoxy, cyclopropyl-ethoxy and cyclobutyl-ethoxy. The term "carbonyl" as used herein, means a -C(O)- group.

The term "carboxy" as used herein, means a -CO ₂ group.

The term "carboxyQ. _ό alkyl " as used herein, means a carboxyl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Ci-ealkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyC _1-6 alkyl include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl and 3-carboxypropyl.

The term "cyano" as used herein, means a -CN group.

The term "cyanoC _1-6 alkyl" as used herein, means a cyano group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a C _1-6 alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cyanoCi _-6 alkyl include, but are not limited to cyanomethyl, 2-cyanoethyl and 3-cyanopropyl.

The term "formyl" as used herein, means a -C(O)H group.

The term "formylQ- _G alkyl" as used herein, means a formyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a C^alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of formylC^ealkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-oxoethyl and 3-oxopropyl

The term "halo" or "halogen" as used herein, means -F, -Cl, -Br or -I.

The term "haloCμealkoxy" as used herein, means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Ci- ₆ alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloC]. ₆ alkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2-difluoro-ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy and pentafluoroethoxy.

The term "haloCι_ ₆ alkyl" as used herein, means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Cμ _δ alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloQ-ealkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl and

2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.

The term haloC _3-6 cycloalkylCi _-4 alkyl as used herein, means a Q- _ό cycloalkylQ^alkyl as defined hereabove wherein said Cs.ecycloalkylC _t ^alkyl is substituted at any position on the carbocyclic ring or C _1-4 alkyl chain by from one to four halo atoms, preferably by 1, 2 or 3 fluorine atoms.

The term haloC ₃ . ₆ cycloalkylC _1-4 alkoxy as used herein, means a C _3-6 cycloalkylCi-4alkyl as defined hereabove wherein said C ₃ . ₆ cycloalkylCi. ₄ alkoxy is

substituted at any position on the carbocyclic ring or alkyl chain of the Ci. ₄ alkoxy by from one to four halo atoms, preferably by 1, 2 or 3 fluorine atoms.

The term "hydroxy" as used herein, means an -OH group.

The term "hydroxyCi _-6 alkyl" as used herein, means at least one hydroxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Ci^alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of hydroxyC _1-6 alkyl include, but are not limited to methanol, propanol andpropan-l,2-diol.

The term "mercapto" as used herein, means a -SH group.

The term "mercaptoCμealkyl" as used herein, means at least one mercapto group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a Q.ealkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of mercaptoCμ _ό aϊkyl include, but are not limited to methane thiol, ethane thiol and propane thiol.

The term "-NR ³ R ⁴ " as used herein, means two groups, R ³ and R ⁴ , which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C ₁ - ₄ alkyl, Cj- ₄ alkylcarbonyl as defined herein. Representative examples of - NR ³ R ⁴ include, but are not limited to acetamido, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino and ethylamino.

The term "-C _1-4 alkyl(NR ³ R ⁴ )" as used herein, means a - NR ³ R ⁴ as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an C ₁ _ ₄ alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of -C _1-4 alkyl (NR ³ R ) include, but are not limited, aminomethyl, (methylamino)methyl, 2-aminoethyl and (dimethyl amino)methyl.

The term "-CONR ³ R ⁴ " as used herein, means a -(NR ³ R ⁴ )group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of -CONR ³ R ⁴ include, but are not limited to carboxamido, N,N-dimethyl carboxamido, N-methyl carboxamido and N-ethylcarboxamido.

The term "-Ci _-4 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ )" as used herein, means a -CONR ³ R ⁴ group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an Cj. ₄ alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of -C ₁ _4alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ) include, but are not limited to carboxamidoethyl, N-methyl carboxamidoethyl, carboxamidobutyl and N,N- dimethyl carboxamido butyl.

The term "-SO ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ " as used herein, means a -NR ³ R ⁴ group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

Representative examples of -SO ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ include, but are not limited to sulfonamido, N-methyl N,N-dimethylsulfonamido, N-methylsulfonamide and N-ethylsulfonamido.

The term "nitro" as used herein, means a -NO ₂ group.

The term "nitrogen protecting group" or "N-protecting group" as used herein, means those groups intended to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Nitrogen protecting groups comprise carbamates, amides, N-benzyl derivatives, and imine derivatives. Preferred nitrogen protecting groups benzyl, trityl, acyl or carbamates of t-butyl, benzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2-(biphenylyl)isopropyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, isonicotinyl or allyl. The term "oxo" as used herein, means a C=O moiety.

The term "oxy" as used herein, means a -O- moiety.

The term "phenoxy" as used herein, means a phenyl group appended to the parent molecule through an oxy moiety as defined herein.

The term "phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O wherein n=0, 1 or 2" as used herein, means a phenyl group appended to the parent molecule through an oxy or alkoxy moiety wherein said alkoxy moiety has one or two carbon atoms.

The term "sulfonyl" as used herein, means a -SO ₂ - group.

Represents a bond that exists as either a single or a double bond.

In a preferred embodiment the compounds of the present invention comprise compounds according to formula I as described above wherein A is a phenyl optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently selected from C _2-6 alkenyl, C _1-6 alkoxy, Ci _-6 alkoxyCi. ₄ alkyl, C _1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C _1-6 alkyl, C _1-6 alkylcarbonyl, C _1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, Ci_ ₆ alkylthio, C ₂ .6alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyCi-ealkyl, cyano, cyanoCi^alkyl,

C _3-6 cycloalkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkyl, formyl, formylC _1-6 alkyl, haloCi_ ₆ alkoxy, haloCj-galkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyC _1-6 alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoCi_ ₆ alkyl, nitro, triphenylmethyl (trityl), furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazolyl, -C(NH)NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ³ R ⁴ , -Ci-

₄ alkyl (NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C, _-4 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ⁵ S(O) ₂ R ⁶ , -C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -CH ₂ C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -C(NOR ⁵ )R ⁶ , -C(NCN)R ⁵ , -C(NNR ⁵ R ⁶ )R ⁷ ,

-S(O) ₂ OR ⁵ , -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , phenyl and phenyl (CH ₂ ) _n O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine and cyano; or where two substituents on adjacent carbon atoms of said aryl together optionally represent -OCH ₂ CH ₂ -, -OCH ₂ CH(OH)-, -OCH ₂ CH ₂ O- or -OCH ₂ O-.

In a further embodiment the present invention comprises compounds according to formula I, wherein R ¹ is H, Ci_ ₃ alkoxycarbonyl, C ₁ . ₃ alk.yl, cyanoCi^alkyl, hydroxy or hydroxyCi _-3 alkyl; A is a phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from amide, C _2-4 .alkenyl, Q^alkoxy, Ci _-3 alkoxyC _1-3 alkyl, 0 C _1-3 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci _-3 alkyl, Ci _-3 alkylcarbonyl, Ci_ ₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C _1-3 alkylthio, C ₂ _ ₄ alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyC _1-3 alkyl, cyano, cyanoC^alkyl, formyl, formylC _1-3 alkyl, haloCi- ₃ alkoxy, haloC^alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyCi^alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoCi^alkyl, nitro, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, 5 pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazolyl, phenyl and phenyl(CH ₂ ) _π O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine and cyano, wherein n=0, 1 or 2.

Preferably compounds of the present invention have a formula according to O formula I wherein R ² is hydrogen or absent. Most preferably in compounds according to the invention R ² is absent.

Preferably compounds of the present invention have a formula according to formula I wherein R ¹ is selected from hydrogen, Ci _-6 alkyl and hydroxyl, more preferably R ¹ is selected from hydrogen and C _h alky! Further preferrred R ¹ is selected from 5 hydrogen and methyl. Most preferably R ¹ is hydrogen.

. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of the fomula I wherein R ¹ is H, C _1-3 alkyl or hydroxy; A is a phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from amide, C _2~4 alkenyl, Ci _-3 alkoxy, C _1-3 alkoxyC _1-3 alkyl, C _]-3 alkoxycarbonyl, C ₃ _ ₃ alkyl, C _1-3 alkylcarbonyl, O C _1-3 alkylcarbonyloxy, Ci _-3 alkylthio, C ₂ - ₄ alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyCi_ ₃ alkyl, cyano, cyanoC _1-3 alkyl, formyl, formylCi _-3 alkyl, haloC _1-3 alkoxy, haloCi _-3 alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyCi- ₃ alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoC _1-3 alkyI, nitro, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,

imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazolyl, phenyl and phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine and cyano, wherein n=0, 1 or 2.

In a further preferred embodiment compounds of the invention have a formula according to formula I wherein R ¹ is H or methyl; A is a phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, benzyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, benzyloxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenoxy, 4- chlorophenoxy, 4-cyanophenoxy and 4-fluorophenoxy.

In a compound according to formula I, A is preferably a phenyl group optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, benzyl, methoxy, ethoxy, benzyloxy, isopropyloxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, phenoxy, 4-chlorophenoxy, 4-cyanophenoxy or 4-fluorophenoxy. Most preferred substituted phenyl groups represented by A are selected from 2-fluorophenyl, 3 -fluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl and 3 -methoxyphenyl . The applicants have found that selectivity for the α4β2 nicotinic receptor as compared to the α3β4 nicotinic receptor and/or potency can be enhanced where A is a phenyl group which has two substituents at the 3 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring. The present invention therefore further relates to a compound according to formula HI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

^Y Formula HI wherein X is selected from a Ci^alkyl, C _2-6 allcenyl, Q^alkoxy, Ci _-6 alkoxyCi _-4 alkoxy, Ci _-6 alkoxyC _1-4 alkyl, Ci. ₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C^ealkoxycarbonylCi^alkyl, d-βalkylcarbonyl,

C _1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C^alkylthio, C _2-6 alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyC _]-6 alkyl _; cyano, cyanoC _1-6 alkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkyl, Cs-ecycloalkylC^alkoxy, wherein said C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl, C _3-6 cycloalkylC _1-4 alkyl or C _3- 6cycloalkylCj _-4 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms, formylC _1-6 alkyl, haloC^ealkoxy, haloQ- _δ alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxyC^alkyl, carboxy, mercapto, mercaptoQ- _δ alkyl, nitro, triphenylmethyl (trityl), -C(NH)NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ³ R ⁴ , -C _1-4 alkyl (NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C ₁ ^aIkYlCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ⁵ S(O) ₂ R ⁶ , -C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -CH ₂ C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -C(NOR ⁵ )R ⁶ , -C(NCN)R ⁵ , -C(NNR ⁵ R ⁶ )R ⁷ , -S(O) ₂ OR ⁵ , -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl, phenyl and phenyl (CH ₂ ) _n 0, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from chlorine, fluorine, cyano, C _1-3 alkyl and C _1-3 alkoxy wherein said C^alkyl or C _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen, fluoro, chloro and bromo; R ¹ is selected from hydrogen and R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C] _-4 alkyl and Ci- ₄ alkylcarbonyl; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, Ci. ₄ alkyl, phenyl and phenylC _1-4 alkyl, n= 0,1 or 2. Preferably in this embodiment, X is selected from Ci_ ₆ alkyl, C _1-6 alkoxy,

C ₁ _ ₆ alkoxyC _1-4 alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkylcarbonyl, C _1-6 alkylthio, Cs-gcycloalkylCmalkoxy, formyl, haloC _1-6 alkoxy, haloC _1-6 alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto, -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C _1-4 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl; Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen, fluoro and chloro; R ¹ is hydrogen or a methyl; R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In another preferred embodiment the invention relates to compounds of the fomula in wherein X is selected from Ci _-3 alkyl, C _2-4 alkenyl, Ci _-3 alkoxy, Ci^alkoxyCi^alkoxy, C _1-3 alkoxyC _1-3 alkyl, C _1-3 alkoxycarbonyl, Q.saikoxycarbonylCi.salkyl, C _]-3 alkylcarbonyl, C _1-3 alkylcarbonyloxy, Ci _-3 alkylthio, C ₂ . ₄ alkynyl, carboxy, cyano, cyanoC _1-3 alkyl,

cyclopropyl, cyclopropylQ.salkyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkoxy, wherein said C}_ ₃ alkyl, C _1-3 alkoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkyl, cycloρropylC _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms independently selected from fluorine and chlorine which may be at any position on the carbocyclic ring and/or the C _1-3 alkyl chain; formyl, formylC _1-3 alkyl, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxyC]_ ₃ alkyl, mercapto, mercaptoCμsalkyl, nitro, -C(NH)NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ³ R ⁴ , -C _1-3 alkyl (NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -C _1-3 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ NR ³ R ⁴ , -NR ⁵ S(O) ₂ R ⁶ , -C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -CH ₂ C(NR ⁵ )NR ⁶ R ⁷ , -C(NOR ⁵ )R ⁶ , -C(NCN)R ⁵ , -C(NNR ⁵ R ⁶ )R ⁷ , -S(O) ₂ OR ⁵ -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl, phenyl and phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O, wherein said phenyl or phenyl(CH ₂ ) _n O is optionally substituted with one, two or three, substituents independently selected from fluorine, cyano, methyl, ethyl, methoxy and ethoxy, wherein said methyl, ethyl, methoxy or ethoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen, fluoro and chloro; R ¹ is selected from methyl and hydrogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, and Ci_ ₃ alkylcarbonyl; R ⁵ , R ⁶ and R ⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen and Q^alkyl; and n is O or 1.

Preferably in this embodiment X is selected from Ci _-3 alkyl, Ci _-3 alkoxy, C _1-3 alkoxyC!- ₃ alkyl, C^alkoxycarbonyl, C _1-3 alkylcarbonyl, Ci- ₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, and cyclopropylQ^alkoxy, wherein said Ci. ₃ alkyl, Q.. ₃ alkoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkyl or cyclopropylC _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms independently selected from fluorine and chlorine which may be at any position on the carbocyclic ring and/or the chain, formyl, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto, -NR ³ R ⁴ , -C _1-3 alkyl(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -CO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -Ci _-3 alkylCO(NR ³ R ⁴ ), -S(O) ₂ R ⁵ , a heteroaryl optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents, wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl; wherein Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen, fluoro and chloro; R ¹ is hydrogen or methyl; R ³ and R ⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and C^alkyl; and R ⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C _1-3 alkyl.

Where X is a heteroaryl group this is preferably selected from furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl; more preferably selected from furan, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl and pyridyl, wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted by one, two or three methyl substituents; wherein Y is cyano, hydrogen or fluoro and R ¹ is hydrogen Where heteroaryl group X is substituted with a methyl, this is preferably a single methyl substitution.

In a compound accoriding to formula in, Y can be selected from cyano, hydrogen, fluoro and chloro. Preferably Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen and fluorine. More preferably Y is cyano or fluorine. In a most preferred embodiment of the invention Y is fluorine.

Selectivity for the α4β2 nicotinic receptor as compared to the α3β4 nicotinic receptor may be particularly enhanced and/or potency at the α4β2 may be particularly increased in compounds according to formula IH, wherein X is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, -CONH ₂ , acetyl, C _1-3 alkyl, Ci_ ₃ alkoxy, cyclopropylQ^alkyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkoxy, wherein said Ci _-3 alkyl, C _1-3 alkoxy, cyclopropylC^alkyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines which may be at any position on the cyclopropyl ring and/or the chain, a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a methyl wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furan, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl and pyridyl.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention therefore relates to compounds according to formula m, wherein X is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, -CONH ₂ , acetyl, Ci- ₃ alkyl, C _1-3 alkoxy, cyclopropylCi _-3 alkoxy, wherein said Ci- ₃ alkyl, C _1-3 alkoxy, cyclopropylCi- ₃ alkyl, cyclopropylC _1-3 alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines which may be at any position on the cyclopropyl ring and/or the Ci. ₃ alkyl chain, a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a methyl wherein said heteroaryl is selected from furan, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl and pyridyl; Y is selected from cyano, hydrogen and fluoro and wherein X and Y do not equal hydrogen; R ¹ is methyl or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen.

In a further preferred embodiment compounds can be described in relation to formula DI, wherein X is selected from fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, -CONH ₂ , 2-fluoro-ethoxy, 2,2-difluoro-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy, cyclopropyl-methoxy, a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a methyl wherein said heteroaryl is selected from 1-imidazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and 5-thiadiazolyl.

In a most preferred embodiment the invention relates to compounds according to formula DI, wherein X is selected from fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, -CONH ₂ , 2-fluoro-ethoxy, 2,2-difluoro-ethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy, cyclopropyl-methoxy, a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a methyl wherein said heteroaryl is selected from 1-imidazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and 5-thiadiazolyl; Y is preferably fluorine or cyano, most preferably fluorine and R ¹ is hydrogen.

The present invention contemplates stereoisomers and mixtures thereof that are specifically included within the scope of this invention. Stereoisomers include enantiomers, diastereomers, and mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers. Individual stereoisomers of compounds of the present invention may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary or (2) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns.

For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of formula I or fomula DI will be non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound according to the invention with a solution of a suitable acid such as hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid. Salts of amine groups may also comprise quaternary ammonium salts in which the amino nitrogen atom carries a suitable organic group such as an alkyl, alkenyl,

alkynyl or aralkyl moiety. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention cany an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include metal salts such as alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium or potassium salts; and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. calcium or magnesium salts. The salts may be formed by conventional means, such as by reacting the free base form of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble, or in a solvent such as water which is removed in vacuo or by freeze drying or by exchanging the anions of an existing salt for another anion on a suitable ion exchange resin. The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of formula I or formula HI above. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of formula I or DI which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound of formula I or IH. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Designs and Prodrugs", ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

A prodrug may be a pharmaceutically inactive derivative of a biologically active substance (the "parent drug" or "parent molecule") that requires transformation within the body in order to release the active drug, and that has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule. The transformation in vivo may be, for example, as a result of some metabolic process, such as chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of a carboxylic, phosphoric or sulphate ester, or reduction or oxidation of a susceptible functionality.

Preferably the compositions according to the invention are in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, wafers, powders, granules, solutions or suspensions, or suppositories, for oral, parenteral or rectal administration, or administration by inhalation or insufflation. Oral compositions such as tablets, pills, capsules or wafers are particularly preferred.

The present invention further provides a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or formula DI, which process comprises bringing a compound of formula I or formula DI into association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The excellent pharmacological profile of the compounds of the present invention offers the opportunity for their use in therapy at low doses thereby minimising the risk of unwanted side effects.

Effective amounts of a compound in accordance with the present invention can be used in a method of treatment, or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of one or more conditions selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia, chronic pain, acute pain, celiac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions, dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine (or tobacco products), alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine, headache, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), psychosis, Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophrenia, multi- infarct dementia, age-related cognitive decline, epilepsy, petit mal absence epilepsy, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), mild cognitive impairment, cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia, drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety in anxious smokers, cardiovascular risk in pregnancy, delayed ejaculation, emesis, diarrhoea, nicotine gum addiction, sleep prevention, ischemia, and Tourette's Syndrome in a mammal, preferably a human.

In a preferred embodiment the invention relates to the use of an effective amount of a compound, as presented hereabove, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of one or more human conditions selected from chronic pain, acute pain, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmias, headache, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD), psychosis, Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophrenia, multi- infarct dementia, age-related cognitive decline, epilepsy, petit mal absence epilepsy, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type

(AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), mild cognitive impairment, cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia, ischemia, and Tourette's Syndrome. Further preferred is a use in the treatment or prevention of chronic pain or acute pain. The abbreviations that have been used in the Schemes and examples that follow are as follows: NH ₄ OH:35% ammonium hydroxide solution; Brine: saturated aqueous sodium chloride; CHCl ₃ : chloroform; DCM: dichloromethane; DIB AL ^® : diisobutylaluminiumhydride; DME: 1,2-dimethoxyethane; DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; Et ₃ N: triethylamine; Et ₂ O: diethyl ether; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; EtOH: ethanol; HCl: hydrochloric acid; IPA: isopropyl alcohol; K ₂ CO ₃ : potassium carbonate; LDA: lithium dπsopropylamide; LiHMDS: lithium hexamethyldisilazide; MeOH: methanol; MgSO ₄ : magnesium sulfate; Na ₂ CO ₃ : sodium carbonate; NaHCO ₃ : sodium hydrogen carbonate; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; NH ₃ : ammonia; Pd(OH) ₂ : palladium (II) hydroxide; PTSA: 4-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate; SCX-2 cartridge ^® : SiO ₂ impregnated with benzene sulfonic acid in a plastic cartridge; SiO ₂ : silica gel; TEMPO ^® : 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-l-piperidinooxy free radical; THF: tetrahydrofuran; Tie: thin layer chromatography; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid.

The compounds according to the subject invention, as depicted generally in formula I or fomula DI, can be prepared by a variety of procedures and synthetic routes. Representative procedures and synthetic routes are shown in, but not limited to, the following reaction Schemes I through IV. Isolation and purification of the products is accomplished by standard procedures known to a chemist skilled in the art. 'Inert solvent' refers to a solvent system in which the reaction components do not interact with the starting materials, reagents or intermediates of products in a manner which would adversely affect the outcome of the reaction. During any of the following synthetic sequences it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in T W Greene and P G M Wuts, Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition 1999. Scheme I

5% Rh-AI ₂ O ₃ . MeOH, Ethylene Glycol,

Oxidation 80-65 psi H ₂ , 5.5 h PTSA, Toluene CH ₂ CI ₂

Referring to Scheme I, hydrogenation of dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate by a known method (W J Gensler and P H Solomon J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38(9), 1726-1731) provides access to 5-hydroxy-cyclohexane~l,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester. Oxidation (Swern or TEMPO ^® conditions), protection of the resulting ketone, reduction (DIB AL ^® ) to the dialdehyde, followed by reductive animation with benzyl amine, provides a precursor in which the protecting group on the nitrogen may be manipulated or maintained as benzyl. A typical Swern reaction involves the action of a solution of oxalyl chloride in a suitable solvent (such as dry DCM) on a solution of dry DMSO in dry DCM 0 at low temperature (generally around -6O ⁰ C), on dimethyl 5-hydroxycyclohexane- 1,3-dicarboxylate. The reaction is allowed to warm to O ⁰ C prior to a base quench (preferably with Et ₃ N), and standard aqueous workup to provides compound 3. Alternatively, compound 3 can be prepared by the oxidation of dimethyl 5-hydroxycyclohexane-l,3-dicarboxylate with aqueous potassium bromide and TEMPO ^® 5 at low temperature (preferably at -5°C), under a nitrogen atmosphere in DCM as the preferred solvent, followed by a careful addition of a slurry of sodium hydrogen carbonate in sodium hypochlorite solution (5% free chlorine), again at low temperature (between - 5 ⁰ C and 5°C). The reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature and is then treated with IPA. Standard extraction methods give compound 3. The ketone functionality is then O masked as a cyclic ketal 4, utilising the standard reaction conditions of ethylene glycol in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid (preferably PTSA), in toluene under reflux in

the presence of a Dean-Stark apparatus. Reduction of 4 to the dialdehyde 5 can be achieved by use of a suitable reducing agent, such as DIB AL ^® (preferably as a solution in toluene). The reaction is performed in a suitable inert solvent (such as DCM) at low temperature (generally in the range of -60 to -78 ⁰ C). Compound 5 may then be converted to the amine 6 by means of a reductive amination involving the use of benzylamine in DCM followed by treatment of the intermediate imine with a reducing agent such sodium triacetoxyborohydride at ambient temperature. Conversion to the alternative carbamate protecting groups on the amine functionality of 6 can be achieved by initial removal of the benzyl moiety by catalytic hydrogenation of the benzyl moiety, preferably under transfer hydrogenation conditions, using a 10% solution of cyclohexene in EtOH at reflux in the presence of a suitable catalyst (such as palladium on carbon or palladium hydroxide). Alternatively hydrogenation in a Parr apparatus using a suitable catalyst (such as palladium on carbon or palladium hydroxide) in an alcoholic solvent (such as MeOH or EtOH) may be used. The free amine generated can then be re-protected by another suitable protecting group such as, but not limited to, benzyl oxycarbonyl (CBZ) or ?-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) under standard conditions. The ketal protecting group is removed by treatment with acid in an inert solvent. For compound 7 and 8 the preferred acid is HCl either neat or in THF. For compound 9 the preferred acid is a catalytic amount of PTSA in acetone. Scheme II

14

Referring to Scheme π, the ketone 10 can serve as the precursor for metal- mediated coupling methods, such as those of the Stille or Suzuki or Negishi reaction, to generate compounds of general structure 12. Ketone 10 is first converted to an activated intermediate such as a vinyl triflate, vinyl stannane or vinyl halide. The triflate of general formula 11 with A=OTf, can be prepared by the literature method (as described in D J

Wustrow and L D Wise Synthesis, 1991, 993) using an organic base (such as LDA or LiHMDS) in a suitable inert solvent (preferably, but not limited to, anhydrous THF). Reaction of compounds of general formula 11 (A= OTf, Br, I) with a variety of aryl boronic acids or esters or in the presence of a base (such as aqueous sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate or lithium carbonate) and a palladium catalyst (such as, but not limited to, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0); l,l-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride-dichloromethane complex; or palladium (II) acetate and triphenylphosphine) and lithium chloride in an inert solvent (such as DME or THF), generates the amines 12. Alternatively, vinyl stannanes of general formula 11 (A = SnMe ₃ ) may be treated with a palladium catalyst and an aryl halide, or triflate, to provide compounds of general formula 12. Amines of general formula 13 are obtained by removal of the protecting group P by known literature methods (as described in T W Greene and P G M Wuts, Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition 1999). If the amine is isolated as a salt it may be converted to the corresponding free base by ion exchange chromatography on an SCX-2 cartridge ^® , eluting with 2M NH ₃ ZMeOH . Alternatively the free base may be obtained by treatment of the salt with a suitable base (including, but not limited to, sodium, lithium and potassium carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides), generally in water, to afford compounds of general formula 13 as the free base. Compounds of general formula 13 may be treated with alkylating or acylating reagents and a base (such as, but not limited to, Et ₃ N) to provide compounds of general formula 14. Alternatively a compound of general formula 12 (where P = BOC) may be directly converted into compounds of general formula 14 (where R ₁ = Me) by the action of LiAlH ₄ in an inert solvent (such as anhydrous THF or anhydrous Et ₂ O). Scheme m

P=protecting group

Het-Br/CI or Ar-Br/CI (Suzuki coupling)

ion

Referring to Scheme IE, the ketones 10 can be converted to the corresponding enolates by the action of an organic base (such as LDA or LiHMDS) in an inert solvent (such as THF) at low temperature (generally in the range -60 to -78 ⁰ C) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The enolates can then be converted to the stable enol triflates 15 by treatment with N-phenyltrifluoromethane sulfonimide at -60 to -78 ⁰ C, and then allowing the reaction mixture to warm to ambient temperature; followed by isolation utilising standard methods. Conversion to the N-protected cyclic boronates can be achieved by literature methods (P R Eastwood Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41 3705) utilising a palladium- mediated cross-coupling with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The preferred palladium catalyst is l,l-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride-dichloromethane complex in the presence of l,l-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and an inorganic base (such as potassium acetate) under a nitrogen atmosphere in an inert solvent (such as 1,4-dioxane) at 80 to 100 ⁰ C. These boronate esters 16 or the corresponding boronic acids serve as substrates for Suzuki coupling reactions with a wide variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates, to generate compounds of general structure 17. The general reaction conditions involve treatment of 17, in the presence of a palladium catalyst (such as l,l-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride-dichloromethane complex or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) chloride), with an inorganic base (such as potassium acetate, potassium carbonate or aqueous sodium carbonate) and an aromatic halide or heteroaromatic halide in an inert solvent (such as DMF or THF). Deprotection to

the amines of general formulae 18 and 20 can be achieved by the conditions set out m Scheme II If these amines of general formulae 18 and 20 are isolated as salts these may be converted to the corresponding free bases as desciibed in Scheme II The alkene functionality present in compounds of general structuie 17 can, m some cases, be removed by catalytic hydrogenation m a Parr appaiatus, utilizing a palladium catalyst in an alcoholic solvent (such as MeOH or EtOH), pπor to removal of the protecting group on the amine functionality Compounds of general formulae 19 and 21 may be prepared by treatment of the corresponding compounds of general formulae 18 and 20 with alkylating or acylatmg reagents and a base such as, but not limited to, Et ₃ N Alternatively compounds of general formula 17 with P= BOC may be directly converted into compounds of general formula 21 (where R ₁ = Me) by the action of lithium aluminium hydride m an inert solvent (such as anhydrous THF or anhydious Et ₂ O) Scheme IV

P=protectιπg group R= aryl X=Br, I, Cl

Referring to Scheme IV, the ketones 10 may be converted to compounds of general formula 22 by treatment with an aromatic Grignard reagent or by the use of organolithium aromatic reagents in an inert solvent (such as anhydrous THF or Et ₂ O) Alcohols of general formula 22 may be converted to compounds of general formula 23 and 24 by the deprotection methods and N-alkylation by methods described in Scheme II Referring to schemes II, HI and IV, the compounds prepared by these procedures are obtained as racemic mixtures and these maybe resolved into their constituent isomers by chiral chromatography techniques known to those skilled m the art of organic chemistry

The present invention also includes within its scope solvates of the compounds of formula I and salts thereof, for example hydrates.

The effectiveness of the compounds of the invention m binding to specific receptor sites is determined by the following procedures

Membrane Preparation for Binding Assays

Cell pastes from large-scale production of HEK-293 cells expressing human α4β2, or α3β4 nAChRs are homogenised in 4 volumes of the appropriate buffer (50 mM Tris.HCl containing 15OmM NaCl and 5mM KCl, pH 7.4). The homogenate is centrifuged twice (40,000 g, 10 minutes, 4 °C) and the pellets re-suspended in 4 volumes of Tris.HCl buffer after the first spin and 8 volumes after the second spin. The re- suspended homogenate is centrifuged (100 g, 10 minutes, 4 °C) and the supernatant kept and re-centrifuged (40,000 g, 20 minutes, 4 ⁰ C). The pellet is re-suspended in Tris.HCl buffer supplemented with 10 % w/v sucrose. The membrane preparation is stored in 1 ml aliquots at -80 ⁰ C until required. The protein concentration of the membrane preparation is determined using a BCA protein assay reagent kit.

Nicotinic Receptor Radioligand Binding Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA)

96-well SPA radioligand binding assays are performed in a final volume of 250 μl Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.4) with InM (cx4β2) or 2nM (α3β4) [ ³ H]-epibatidine (53 Ci/mmol; Amersham); 1 mg/well (α4β2) or 1.5 mg/well (α3β4) WGA-coated PVT SPA beads (Amersham) and 30 μg/well membrane protein for all 3 assay types. Non-specific binding (<10 % for all 3 assay types) is determined using 10 μM epibatidine. Reactions are allowed to equilibrate for 2-4 hours at room temperature prior to reading on a Trilux Scintillation counter (Perkin Elmer). Data are analysed using a standard 4-parameter logistic equation (Multicalc, Perkin Elmer) to provide IC ₅₀ values that are converted to Kj values using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng and Prusoff, 1973).

[ ³ Hl Dopamine release assay from rat striatal slices

Release of [ ³ H]dopamine from rat striatal slices is performed as follows. Male Lister-Hooded rats (250 - 350 g) are sacrificed by exposure to CO ₂ followed by cervical dislocation. Striata from 2 rats is dissected and chopped 3 times at 150 μm using a Mcllwain tissue chopper, each time rotating the tissue through 60°. Slices are dispersed in Rrebs bicarbonate buffer (118 mM NaCl, 2.4 mM KCl, 2.4 mM CaCl ₂ .2H ₂ O, 1.2 mM KH ₂ PO ₄ , 1.2 mM MgSO ₄ JH ₂ O, 25 mM NaHCO ₃ , 10 mM glucose, 1 mM ascorbic acid, gassed with 5% CO ₂ /95% O ₂ for Ih, pH 7.4) including 10 μM pargyline, and incubated with [ ³ H]dopamine (50 nM) for 30 minutes at 37°C. Following loading, slices are washed 4 times with Krebs buffer containing 1 μM nomifensine and 10 μM pargyline. After the final wash, slices are resuspended in Krebs buffer and a 100 μl aliquot placed in each well of a 96-well GF/C filter plate (Millipore). Buffer is removed to waste and 70 μl of buffer ± antagonist added to each well prior to incubation at 37°C for 5 minutes after which buffer is removed into a 96-well collection plate. Slices are then stimulated for 5 minutes with agonist (± antagonist; 70 μl/well), after which the stimulating buffer is removed into a 96-well collection plate.

Optiphase Supermix (Wallac) scintillation fluid (170 μl) is added to each well of the collection plates prior to plates being heat sealed and radioactivity quantified using a Wallac 1450 Microbeta 96-well plate counter (Wallac Oy, Turku, Finland, counting efficiency 25%). Radioactivity remaining in the slices is measured by digestion of the tissue in 0.2 ml Solvable (Packard Biosciences) for 1 h followed by addition of 0.5 ml isopropyl alcohol and 4.5 ml Hionic Fluor scintillation fluid (Packard Biosciences). Radioactivity was then quantified using a Wallac 1410 scintillation counter (Wallac Oy, Turku, Finland, counting efficiency 35%). Release of [ ³ H]dopamine is expressed as a fraction of the total radioactivity contained within the slices at the time of stimulation.

The compounds exemplified in this application each have a binding affinity or potency at the α4β2 receptor (K; value) of less than 5OnM. Moreover, each of the exemplified compounds also show a selectivity for the α4β2 receptor over the α3β4 receptor (i.e. K _s α3β4/K; α4β2) of at least 2 fold. The compound according to Example 20 has the following biological profile:

The invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following non-limiting examples:

Intermediate 1 Dimethyl S-hydroxycyclohexane-l.S-dicarboxylate

This intermediate is synthesized by hydrogenating dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate utilizing the method of W J Gensler and P H Solomon (J. Org. Chern. 1973, 38(9), 1726- 1731).

Intermediate 2 Dimethyl 5-oxocyclohexane- 1 ,3-dicarboxylate

A method for synthesising this material is described by W J Gensler and P H Solomon (J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38(9), 1726-1731). Alternatively either of the following two methods can be used:

Method 1:

A solution of oxalyl chloride (24mL, 0.276mol) in dry DCM (14OmL) is added, with stirring, to a solution of DMSO (39.3mL, 0.553mol) in dry DCM (14OmL), at -6O ⁰ C. After 30 minutes a solution of dimethyl 5-hydroxycyclohexane-l,3-dicarboxylate (Intermediate 1, 19.8g, 0.092mol) in DCM (10OmL) is added at a rate that maintains the reaction temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 60 minutes, and then Et ₃ N

(128mL, 0.92mol) is added at a rate that keeps the temperature below O ⁰ C. The mixture is stirred for 120 minutes before ice and water are added to obtain two phases. These are

separated; the organic phase is washed with 2M HCl, then brine; dried with MgSO ₄ ; filtered; and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is triturated with Et ₂ O, and the solid filtered off and dried. Weight = 16.9Og. Mass spectrum (m/z): 215(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.30-1.60 (2H, m), 2.15-2.5 (6H, m), 3.70 (6H, s) ppm; IR, 1722 cm ^"1 , 1700cm ^"1 .

Method 2:

5-Hydroxycyclohexane 1,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (Intermediate 1, 10Og,

463mmol) is dissolved in DCM (80OmL) and cooled to -5°C under nitrogen. Water (5OmL) is added, followed by potassium bromide (5.5g; 10mol%) and TEMPO ^® (7.2g;

10mol%). To this resulting orange solution is added dropwise a slurry Of NaHCO ₃ (39.4g; leq) in sodium hypochlorite solution (5% free chlorine; 70OmL), allowing the temperature to rise to 5°C. The reaction is armed to room temperature over 2h, then stirred with BPA (45mL) for 30 minutes. The mixture is transferred to a separating funnel and the aqueous layer extracted into DCM (2 x 20OmL). The combined organic layers are washed with IN NaOH solution (40OmL), water (40OmL) and brine (25OmL). The solution is dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The resultant oil is triturated with Et ₂ O and the solid filtered off, washing with Et ₂ O (x2). Weight = 88.6g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 215(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): 5 1.30-1.60 (2H, m), 2.15- 2.5 (6H, m), 3.70 (6H, s) ppm.

Intermediate 3 Dimethyl l,4-dioxaspiro[4,51decane-7,9-dicarboxylate

Dimethyl S-oxocyclohexane-l^-dicarboxylate (Intermediate 2, 2.14g, O.Olmol), ethylene glycol (0.56mL, O.Olmol) and PTSA (0.4g) are heated under reflux in toluene (75mL) for 4 hours, using a Dean and Stark apparatus to remove the water-toluene azeotrope. The cooled solution is washed with K ₂ CO ₃ (aq), then brine, dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The product is purified by trituration with Et ₂ O. Weight = 2.56g.

Mass spectrum (m/z): 259(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.45-1.68 (3H, m), 1.95- 2.04 (2H, m), 2.20-2.30 (IH, m), 2.60-2.75 (2H, m), 3.70 (6H, s), 3.90-4.00 (4H, m) ppm.

Intermediates 4 and 5 l ₁ 4-dioxaspiro[4,51decane-7,9-dicarbaldehyde and 7-

Benzylspiror7-azabicyclor3.3.11 nonane-3,2'-[l,31dioxolane]

Dimethyl l,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dicarboxylate (Intermediate 3, 38.5g, 0.1486mol) is dissolved in dry DCM (60OmL) and cooled to -78 ⁰ C, under a nitrogen atmosphere. A 1.5M solution of DIBAL ^® in toluene (20OmL, 0.3mol) is added at such a rate that the temperature does not exceed -6O ⁰ C. On complete addition the reaction mixture is stirred at -78 ⁰ C for 1 hours. The stirred reaction mixture is quenched with Rochelle's salt solution (IM) to give 2 layers. The resulting suspension is filtered. Tie indicates successful formation of l,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dicarbaldehyde (Example 4), as does the mass spectrum of (m/z): 199(M+1). The solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with Et ₂ O, to give a white solid. ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.20-1.30 (IH, m), 1.40-1.50 (2H, m), 2.00-2.10 (2H, m), 2.28-2.35 (IH, d), 2.60-2.70 (2H, m), 3.90-4.02 (4H, m), 9.65 (2H, s) ppm. l,4-Dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dicarbaldehyde (Intermediate 4) is dissolved in DCM (600 mL) and benzylamine (16.2mL, 0.1486mol) is added at ambient temperature. After stirring the resulting solution for 15 minutes sodium triacetoxyborohydride (94.48g, 0.4458mol) is added. The reaction mixture is then stirred for 24 hours. 2M NaOH (45OmL, 0.9mol) is added to give a pH between 9 and 10. The mixture is shaken, then the phases separated. The organic phase is washed with brine, dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. Weight of 7-benzylspiro[7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]]nonane-3,2'- [l,3]dioxolane] (Example 5) = ~41g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 274(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.30-1.40 (IH, d), 1.75-1.90 (5H, m), 1.98-2.10 (2H, s), 2.40-2.50 (2H, d),

2.80-2.90 (2H, d), 3.70-3.75 (2H, s), 3.80-3.90 (4H, m), 7.15-7.30 (3H, m), 7.30-7.45 (2H, m) ppm.

Intermediate 6 Spiror7-azabicyclor3.3.11nonane-3.2'-ri,31dioxolanel

A solution of 7-benzylspiro[7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3,2'-[l,3]dioxolane] (Intermediate 5, 18.0g, 0.066mol) in EtOH (5OmL) is added, in a steady stream, to a stirred suspension of 20% Pd(OH) ₂ on carbon (9g) in EtOH (10OmL), at ambient temperature, under a nitrogen atmosphere. Cyclohexene (45.OmL, 0.444mol) is added to the reaction mixture, and this is heated under reflux for 1 hour 45 minutes. The cooled solution is filtered off through Celite, and evaporated in vacuo to give an orange-brown oil. Weight = 14.12g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 184(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCI ₃₁ SOOMHZ): δ 1.62-1.85 (4H, mixture of multiplets), 1.92-1.98 (4H, s), 2.90-2.92 (4H, s), 3.92-3.98 (2H, m), 24.00-4.04 (2H, m) ppm. NH proton is not apparent.

Intermediate 7 3-Benzyl-3-azabicyclor3.3.nnonan-7-one

7-Benzylspiro[7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3,2'-[l,3]dioxolane] (Intermediate 5, 18.62g, 0.068 lmol) is dissolved in 2M HCl (17OmL, 0.34mol) and heated under reflux for 24 hours. Solid K ₂ CO ₃ (24g, 0.174mol) is added in portions to the cooled solution. The suspension is extracted into CHCl ₃ , and the organic extract is washed with brine, dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. Weight = 9.Og. Mass spectrum (m/z): 230(M+l); m.p. = 89 ⁰ C (when purified by column chromatography); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.68-1.78 (IH ₅ d), 1.80-1.90 (IH, d), 2.18-2.28 (4H, m), 2.36-2.40 (4H, m), 2.70-2.75 (2H, d), 3.45-3.50 (2H, s), 7.18-7.22 (3H, m), 7.27-7.35 (2H, m) ppm.

Intermediate 8 Benzyl T-oxo-S-azabicycloFS.S.llnonane-S-carboxylate

Et ₃ N (3.OmL, 0.0224mol) is added to a stirred solution of spiro[7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3,2'-[l,3]dioxolane] (Intermediate 6, 3.87g, 0.0187mol) in CHCl ₃ (5OmL) at O ⁰ C. Benzyl chloroformate (2.68mL, 0.0187mol) is added in a steady stream to the reaction mixture, which is then stirred at O ⁰ C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 24 hours. The solution is evaporated in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in EtOAc (Et ₃ N.HCl is deposited). Enough IM NaOH is added to give two clear phases, and to render the aqueous phase basic. The two phases are shaken and separated. The organic phase is washed with IM

NaOH, and then brine, dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , elutingwith cyclohexane:EtOAc (20-75%). Weight of benzyl 7H-sρiro[7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3,2'-[l _> 3]dioxolane]-7-carboxylate intermediate (a golden brown oil) = 5.59g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 318(M+1). This intermediate (5.59g, 0.0176mol) is dissolved in THF (16OmL) and cooled to

O ⁰ C and, 2M HCl (24.0 mL, 0.024mol) is added in one portion with stirring. The resulting solution is warmed to ambient temperature, and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo, and the residual oil is diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic phase is dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered and evaporated in vacuo. Weight of colourless clear oil (which crystallizes on standing) = 2.6g. Mass spectrum (m/z):

274(M+1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.85-1.92 (IH, d), 1.93-2.02 (IH, d), 2.25-2.33 (2H, broad s), 2.40-2.50 (4H, s), 2.88-3.02 (2H, broad s), 4.02-4.30 (2H, m), 5.03-5.18 (2H, s), 7.25-7.40 (5H, m) ppm.

Intermediate 9 tert-Butyl 7-oxo-3-azabicyclor3.3.11nonane-3-carboxylate

Et ₃ N (9.25mL, 0.066mol), is added, with stirring, to a solution of spiro[7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]]nonane-3,2'-[l,3]dioxolane (Intermediate 6, 14.12g, 0.066mol) in DCM (10OmL) at O ⁰ C. A solution of di-te?t-butyl dicarbonate (14.83g, 0.068mol) in DCM (7OmL) is added dropwise. On completion of the addition the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour at 0 ⁰ C, then warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is evaporated in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in EtOAc and this solution washed with water, IM HCl, and then brine. The organic solution is dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with wø-hexane:EtOAc (20-77%). Weight of terf-butyl 7H-spiro[7- azabicyclop.S.lJnonane-S^'-tLSJdioxolaneJ-^-carboxylate intermediate (colourless clear oil) = 13.6g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 306(M+23)/589(2M+23).

PTSA (0.068g) is added to a solution of this intermediate (13.6g, 0.0481mol) in acetone (8OmL), and stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is evaporated in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed with saturated Na ₂ CO ₃ solution, and then brine. The organic extract is dried with MgSO ₄ , filtered and evaporated to give a pale yellow oil that crystallizes on standing. Weight = 11.Og. Mass spectrum (m/z): 262(M+23); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl _3, 300MHz): δ 1.43 (9H, s), 1.82-1.88 (IH, d), 1.92-1.98 (IH, d), 2.28-2.34 (2H, broad s), 2.40-2.45 (4H, broad s), 2.80-2.95 (2H, broad s), 3.92-4.20 (2H, m) ppm.

Intermediate 10 tert-Butyl 7-1 r(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl ^~ loxy|-3- azabicyclorS.S.llnon-β-ene-S-carboxylate

A solution of fert-Butyl 7-oxo-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 9, 59.2g, 0.250mol) in dry THF (60OmL) is added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere to a solution of LiHMDS (30OmL, 0.3mol) in dry THF (60OmL), at -78 ⁰ C, at a rate that maintains this reaction temperature. After a further 30min a solution of ./V-phenyl trifluoromethane sulfonimide (98.3g, 0.275mol) in dry THF (60OmL) is added dropwise

over 1 hour and stirred for a further 30 min at this temperature and then allowed to warm to 1O ⁰ C over 2 hours. The reaction mixture is poured onto brine (75OmL) and water (25OmL) is added. The product is extracted into Et ₂ O (2xlL). The combined organic extracts are washed with water (3xlL) and brine (2xlL), dried over anh MgSO ₄ , filtered and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on a silica pad eluting with iso-hexane/Et ₂ O (0-5%) and then (5-35%) to obtain pure product. Weight = 60.6g. ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.42 (9H, s), 1.62 - 1.89 (2H, m), 2.07 - 2.45 (2H, m), 2.47 - 2.71 (2H, m), 2.87 (2H, m), 3.81 - 4.34 (2H, m), 5.75 (IH, s) ppm.

Intermediate 11 fe^-Butyl 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2yl)-3-azabicvclor 3.3.11non-6-ene-3- carboxylate

tert-Butyl 7-{ [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-3-azabicyclo[3.3. l]non-6-ene-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 10, 2Og, 0.054mol), bis(pinacol)diborane (15g, 0.059mol), potassium acetate (15.9g, 0.162mol), l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenedichloro palladium (E) (2.2g, 0.0027mol) and l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (1.5g, 0.0027mol) in 1,4- dioxane (35OmL) are degassed for 30 min, then heated at 8O ⁰ C overnight. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and is poured onto brine (25OmL). The resulting solution is extracted with EtOAc (2x250mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anh MgSO ₄ , filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil is absorbed onto SiO ₂ and loaded onto the top of a SiO ₂ pad and eluted with iso- hexane/EtOAc (10 to 50% gradient) to give a yellow oil which solidifies on standing. Weight = 10.9g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 372 (M+Na); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 1.26 (12H, s), 1.43 (9H, s), 1.64 - 1.77 (2H, m), 1.88 - 2.02 (IH, m), 2.12 - 2.47 (2H, m), 2.65 - 3.04 (2H, m), 3.54 - 4.31 (3H, m), 6.55 (IH, dd, J=19.4, 5.5 Hz) ppm.

Intermediate 12 fe?Y-Butyl 7-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-azabicvclo r3.3.nnon-6-ene-3-carboxylate

To tert-butyl T-JtCtrifluoromethy^sulfonyljoxyJ-S-azabicyclop.S.lJnon-β-e ne-S- carboxylate (Intermediate 10, 0.25g, 0.00067mol), 3-fluorobenzene boronic acid (0.14g, O.OOlmol), lithium chloride (0.09g, 0.0021mol) and Na ₂ CO ₃ (ImL, 2M) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (2mL) is added tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.039g, 0.00034mol). The mixture is heated to reflux for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature then diluted with DCM (1OmL), washed with aqueous Na ₂ CO ₃ solution (2M, 5mL) and a few drops of NH ₄ OH solution. The organic extract is dried over Na ₂ SO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with iso-hexane and EtOAc to give a clear oil. Weight = 0.05g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 318 (M+ 1); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl _3, 300MHz): δ 1.25 (9H, s), 1.65 - 1.93 (2H, m), 2.14 (IH, s), 2.25 - 2.64 (2H, m), 2.66 - 3.10 (3H, m), 3.89 - 4.35 (2H, m), 6.12 (IH, dd, /=25.2, 6.2 Hz), 6.89 (IH, dt), 7.07 (IH, d, J=10.9 Hz), 7.12 - 7.28 (2H, m) ppm.

Intermediate 13 tert-Butv^-O^-difluorophenvD-S-azabicycloFS.S.linon-ό-ene-S -carboxvlate

To tert-butyl 7-{ [(trifluoromethy^sulfonylloxyJ-S-azabicyclotS.S.^non-β-ene- S- carboxylate (Intermediate 10, 0.086g, 0.000232mol), 3,4-difluorophenyl boronic acid (0.072g, 0.000464mol), and Na ₂ CO ₃ (0.049g, 0.000464mol) in THF (1OmL) and water

(5mL) is added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (E) chloride (0.016g, 0.000023mol). The mixture is heated under reflux for 24 hours. The black reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature then poured onto brine (5OmL) and extracted with Et ₂ O (2 x 25mL). The organic extract is further washed with 2N NaOH solution (2OmL), dried over MgSO ₄ and concentrated in vacuo to a pale brown oil. Weight = 0.09Og. ¹ H-NMR (CDCl _3, 300MHz): 5 1.19 (9H, s), 1.60 - 1.88 (2H, m), 1.95 - 2.30 (2H, m), 2.33 - 2.54 (2H, m), 2.54 - 3.06 (2H, m), 3.70 - 4.37 (2H, m), 6.02 (IH, s), 6.89 - 7.05 (IH, m), 7.31 - 7.50 (IH, m), 7.52 - 7.69 (IH, m) ppm.

Intermediate 14 ?e?t-Butyl 7-(3-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-azabicvclor3.3.1]non-6-ene- 3-carboxylate

To tot-Butyl 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2yl)-3-azabicyclo[ 3.3. l]non-6- ene-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 11, 0.85g, 0.00234mol), dibromofluorobenzene (1.837mL, 0.0146mol) and Na ₂ CO ₃ (0.25g, 0.02434mol) in THF (7OmL) and water (35mL) is added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (0.171g, 0.000243mol). The mixture is heated to 8O ⁰ C for 4 hr. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature, is poured into 2M NaOH (10OmL) and is extracted with EtOAc (2x60mL). The organic extract is dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with iso-hex&ne and EtOAc to give a yellow oil. Weight = 0.38g. IH NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.21 (9 H, s), 1.23 - 1.26 (1 H, m), 1.76 - 1.85 (1 H, m), 2.07 - 2.20 (1 H, m, /=7.2 Hz), 2.45 - 2.59 (1 H, m), 2.76 - 3.11 (2 H, m), 3.89 (1 H, d, 7=13.0 Hz), 4.05 (1 H, d, 7=13.2 Hz), 4.13 (1 H, d, 7=13.4 Hz), 4.33 (1 H, d, 7=13.8 Hz), 6.12 (1 H, dd, 7=20.2, 6.4 Hz), 6.94 - 7.04 (1 H, m), 7.05 - 7.13 (1 H, m), 7.28 - 7.32 (1 H, m).

Intermediate 15 3-BiOmo-5-pyridin-4-γlbenzoriitrile

To dibromobenzonitrile (5g, 0.019mol), 4-pyridyl boronate ester (5g, 0.024mol),

Na ₂ CO ₃ (0.25g, 0.02434mol) in THF (5OmL) and water (25mL) is added bis(triphenylphosphme)palladium(II) chloride (1.43g, 0.02mol). The mixture is heated to 8O ⁰ C for 2 hr. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature, is poured into a saturated solution of sodium chloride (8OmL) and is extracted with EtOAc (2x50mL).

The organic extract is dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with zso-hexane and EtOAc to give a white solid. MeOH was added and the resultant whilte precipitate filtered and dried. Weight = 1.9g. IH NMR (300 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) 5 ppm 7.47 (2 H, dd, 7=4.4, 1.6

Hz), 7.85 (2 H, dt, /=5.6, 1.5 Hz), 8.00 (1 H, t, 7=1.7 Hz), 8.74 (2 H, dd, 7=4.5, 1.5 Hz)

Intermediate 16 l-Fluoro-S-memoxy-S-rCtrifluoiOmethyDsulfonyloxylbenzene

To 5-methoxybenzene-l,3-diol [Org. Synth. 53, 1973, 90-93] (4.71g, 0.032mol) in dry THF (20OmL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen is added NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.038mol) over 15 minutes resulting in effervescence and a peach coloured solution. l,l,l-trifluoro-N-ρhenyl-N-[(trifluoromethyl)sulphonyl]meth anesulfonimide (13.73g, 0.038mol) is added over 2 minutes resulting in effervescence and a yellow suspension. Stirring is continued at ambient temperature for 2Oh. The reaction mixture is poured into a saturated solution of NaCl (20OmL) and extracted with Et ₂ O (2x200mL). The organic extracts are dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with iso-hexane and EtOAc to give a yellow oil. Weight = 6.3g. IH NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300 MHz) δ ppm 3.80 - 3.84 (3 H, m), 6.61 - 6.68 (2 H, m, 7=11.5, 4.2, 2.4, 2.1 Hz), 7.49 - 7.61 (1 H, m).

Bromo-3-fluoro-5-(NMe-l ,2,4-triazole) and bromo-3-fluoro-5-([l ,2,4- oxadiazole]) are prepared according to J. Org Chem. 44(23), 1979, 4160. Bromo-3-fluoro-

5-(NMe-2-pyrrole) is prepared according to Tet. Lett. 27(37), 1986, 4407. Bromo-3- fluoro-5-(2-thiazole) is prepared according to WO 03/072547. l-(3-Bromo-5-fluoro- phenyl)-ethanone is prepared according to EP 86-103580 19860317. 5-(3-Bromo-5- fluorophenyl)-3-methylisoxazole prepared according to Heteroatom Chemistry 15(1), 2004, 85-91.

Other substituted aryl intermediates are synthesised in a similar manner to Intermediate 14 from the respective bromo or trifluoromethylsulphonyl aryls which maybe prepared by methods described herein or by known literature procedures. In some cases the intermediates are taken on without purification through to the deprotection step.

Intermediate 34 fert-Butyl 7-[3-fluoro-5-flH-imidazol-l-yl)phenyl1-3- azabicyclo| ^" 3.3.11non-6-ene-3-carboxylate

To terf-butyl 7-(3-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3. l]non-6-ene-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 14, 0.13g, 0.000328mol) in dry DMF (2mL) is added imidazole (0.045g, 0.000656mol), K ₂ CO ₃ (0.09 Ig, 0.000656mol) and CuI (0.006g, 0.000033mol). The mixture is heated to 15O ⁰ C for 24 hr. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and is poured into a saturated solution of NH ₄ Cl (5OmL) and extracted with Et ₂ O (2x50mL). The aqueous phase was re-extracted with DCM (2x50mL) and combined organic extracts are dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is a brown oil of low purity. Weight. = 0.163g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 384(M+1).

Other substituted aryl intermediates are synthesized in a similar manner to Intermediate 34 from the respective bromo aryl.

Intermediate 36 tol-Butyl 7-(3-fluoro-5-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)-3-azabicycloF3.3.1]non-6 -ene-3- carboxylate

Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, nBuLi (2.5M, 0.45mL, 00.114mol) is added to dry THF (5mL) cooled to -78 ⁰ C by a solid CO ₂ -acetone mixture. fe?t-Butyl 7-(3-bromo-5- fluorophenyty-S-azabicyclop.S.lJnon-δ-ene-S-carboxylate (Intermediate 14, 0.3g, 0.000757mmol) is added as a solution in dry THF (2mL) over 5 minutes maintaining the temperature below -7O ⁰ C. The reaction mixture is stirred at -78 ⁰ C for 8 minutes. A solution of ZnCl ₂ in dry THF (0.5M, 2.88mL, 0.00144mol) is added dropwise over 10 minutes, maintaining the temperature below -7O ⁰ C, giving a bright yellow solution. Stirring is continued at -78 ⁰ C for Ih. A solution of 2-bromo pyrimidine (0.144g, 0.000908mol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.0889g, 0.000076mol) in dry DMF is added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction is warmed to ambient temperature over 20 minutes and is heated at 8O ⁰ C for 5h. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and is poured into a saturated solution of NaCl (3OmL) and extracted with EtOAc (2x20mL). The organic extracts are dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on SiO ₂ , eluting with zso-hexane and EtOAc to give a yellow oil. Weight = 0.044g. IH NMR (CDCl _3, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.11 - 1.22 (9 H, m), 1.66 - 1.82 (2 H, m), 2.02 - 2.13 (1 H, m), 2.39 - 2.54 (2 H, m), 2.64 - 2.80 (1 H, m), 2.80 - 2.94 (1 H, m), 3.74 - 3.90 (1 H, m), 3.94 - 4.10 (1 H, m), 4.26 (1 H, d, 7=13.8 Hz), 6.08 (1 H, d, 7=3.2 Hz), 6.78 - 6.86 (1 H, m), 6.97 - 7.08 (1 H, m), 7.10 (1 H, s), 7.12 - 7.26 (3 H, m).

Intermediate 37 tert-Butyl 7-(3-fluoro-5-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.11non-6-e ne-3-carboxylate

To te?t-butyl 7-(3-bromo-5-fluorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-3-ca rboxylate Intermediate 14, 0.0634g, O.OOOlόmol), 4-pyridyl boronic acid (0.039g, 0.0003mol) and Na ₂ CO ₃ (0.034g, 0.00032mol) in THF (5mL) and water (2.5mL) is added bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(π) chloride (0.01 Ig, 0.00002mol). The mixture is heated to 8O ⁰ C for 4 hr. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature, is poured into 2M NaOH (3OmL) and is extracted with EtOAc (2x20mL). The organic extract is dried over MgSO ₄ , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. Weight = 0.071g. The material is used crude in the next step.

Intermediate 38 fer?-Butyl 7-(3,5-difluorophenvπ-3-azabicyclor3.3.nnonane-3-carboxvlat e

tei-t-Butyl 7-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-3-carbox ylate (0.091g, 0.00023mol) is dissolved in MeOH (15mL) in a Parr flask and 10% Pd-C (0.035g) is added. The reaction is subjected to hydrogenation under 65psi of H ₂ with vigorous stirring for 3 days. The reaction mixture is filtered and washed with MeOH (5OmL). The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to an oil. Weight = 0.1Og. Mass spectrum (m/z): 260

(M+Na); ¹ H-NMR (CDCl _3, 300MHz): δ 1.43 (9H, s), 1.47 (3H, m), 1.83 - 2.11 (5H, m), 2.49 - 2.83 (3H, m), 3.75 - 4.08 (2H, m), 6.48 - 6.57 (IH, m), 6.60 - 6.68 (2H, m) ppm.

Example 1 7-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-azabicyclor3.3.11non-6-ene (L) (+) tartrate

fer?-Butyl 7-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-3-carboxylat e (Intermediate 12, 0.005g, 0.00016mol) is dissolved in dry DCM, and TFA (0.5mL) is added at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 hours 30 minutes. The brown mixture is evaporated in vacuo and absorbed onto a SCX-2 cartridge ^® (5g). The ion exchange cartridge is washed with MeOH, and the product then eluted with MeOH / NH ₃ (7N). The eluate is concentrated in vacuo to give a clear oil. Weight = 0.03g. This material is dissolved in a minimum amount of MeOH (ImL) and to this solution is added a solution of (L)-(+)-tartaric acid (0.021g, 0.00014mol) in MeOH (ImL). The mixture is concentrated in vacuo to a white solid. Weight = 0.0405g. Mass spectrum (m/z): 218 (M+ 1); ¹ H-NMR (DMSO-d ⁶ , 400MHz): δ 1.66-1.90 (2H, m), 2.28 - 2.38 (IH, m), 2.44 - 2.54 (2H, m), 2.63 - 2.82 (2H, m), 3.05 - 3.25 (3H, m), 3.85 (2H, s), 6.29 (IH, d, /=6.4 Hz), 7.06 - 7.16 (IH, m), 7.25 - 7.35 (2H, m), 7.39 (IH, dd, /=7.8, 6.4 Hz) ppm. NH proton is not apparent.

The following compounds are prepared in a similar manner to Example 1 from their respective intermediates which maybe prepared by the methods described. The table indicates whether the L-(+)-tartaric acid salt (tart) or hemitartrate salt (hemitart.) is made.

Mass spectrum (m/z): 225 (M+l); ¹ H-NMR (DMSO-d ⁶ _, 400MHz): δ 1.71 ( H, d, 7=12.5 Hz), 1.88 (IH, d, /=12.5 Hz),

7 2.28 - 2.54 (3H, m), 2.66 - 2.85 (2H, m), 3.08 - 3.25 (3H, m),

3-CN (tart) 3.90 (2H, s), 6.33 (IH, d, 7=6.1 Hz), 7.57 (IH, t, 7=7.8 Hz), 7.75 (IH, d, 7=7.6 Hz), 7.81 (IH, d, 7=8.1 Hz), 7.92 (IH, s) ppm. NH proton is not apparent.

Mass spectrum (m/z): 286 (M+l); IH NMR (CDCl ₃ , 400 MHz) δ ppm 1.42 - 1.54 (1 H, m), 1.79 - 1.90 (2 H, m), 2.06 (1 H, s), 2.31 - 2.41 (1 H, m), 2.49 (1 H, s), 2.71 -

3-F, 5-CF ₃ 2.80 (2 H, m), 2.91 (1 H, dd, 7=13.1, 2.3 Hz), 2.97 (1 H, s), 6.33 (1 H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 7.20 (1 H, d, 7=8.3 Hz), 7.33 (1 H, d, 7=10.0 Hz), 7.51 (1 H, s). NH proton is not apparent.

IH NMR (CDCl ₃ , 400 MHz) δ ppm 1.38 - 1.49 (1 H, m), 1.83 (2 H, ddd, 7=5.4, 2.6, 2.3 Hz), 1.98 - 2.04 (1 H, m), 2.32 (1 H, d, 7=17.9 Hz), 2.42 - 2.46 (1 H, m), 2.68 - 2.73

3-F, 5-OMe (1 H, m), 2.73 - 2.79 (1 H, m), 2.88 (1 H, dd, 7=13.2, 2.4 Hz), 2.94 (1 H, d, 7=2.4 Hz), 3.82 (3 H, s), 6.22 (1 H, d, 7=6.4 Hz), 6.52 (1 H, dt, 7=10.5, 2.2 Hz), 6.73 - 6.77 (1 H, m), 6.78 (1 H, t, 7=2.1 Hz). NH proton is not apparent.

Mass spectrum (m/z): 262 (M+l); IH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J ₆ ) δ ppm 1.32 (t, 7=6.97 Hz, 3 H) 1.68 (d, 7=11.98 Hz, 1 H) 1.85 (d, 7=12.47 Hz, 1 H) 2.32 (s, 1 H) 2.45 (d, J=18.34 Hz, 1 H) 2.67 (s, 1 H) 2.74 (dd, 7=18.46,

10 3-F, 5-ethoxy 6.72 Hz, 1 H) 3.02 - 3.11 (m, 3 H) 3.14 - 3.22 (m, 1 H) 4.06 (q, 7=6.85 Hz, 2 H) 6.25 (d, 7=6.36 Hz, 1 H) 6.73 (dt, 7=11.00, 2.20 Hz, 1 H) 6.83 - 6.89 (m, 2 H). NH proton not apparent.

Example 42:

T-OΛ-Difluoro-S-methoxy-phenvD-S-methyl-S-aza-bicyclorS.S.n non-β-ene tert-Butyl 7-(3,4-difluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-e ne-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 22, 0.04g, 0.15mol) is dissolved in dry Et ₂ O, and LiAlH ₄ (0.3mL as a 1 M solution in THF) is added at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Tie analysis (1:1 hex:EtOAc) indicated starting material is still present. Additional LiALH ₄ is added (0.9mL as a 1 M solution in THF) and the reaction is stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is quenched by the sequential addition of water, 15% aqueous NaOH and water. The resulting suspension is absorbed onto a SCX-2 cartridge ^® (5g). The ion exchange cartridge is washed with MeOH, and the product then eluted with MeOH / NH ₃ (7N). The eluate is concentrated in vacuo to give a colourless oil. This is further purified by chromatography to obtain pure product (26mg, 0.093 mmol). Mass spectrum (m/z): M+l=280.2 ; IH NMR (CDCl ₃ , 400 MHz) δ ppm 1.48 (1 H, s), 1.78 - 1.88 (2 H, m), 2.02 (1 H, s), 2.30 (1 H, d, /=18.1 Hz), 2.45 (1 H, d, /=2.7 Hz), 2.67 - 2.75 (2 H, m), 2.89 (1 H, dd, /=13.2, 2.4 Hz), 2.95 (1 H, d), 3.91 - 3.95 (3 H, m), 6.16 (1 H, d, /=6.6 Hz), 6.81 - 6.89 (1 H, m), 7.26 (1 H, s). NH proton is not apparent.

Example 43 tert-Butyl 7-(3 ,5-difluorophenyl)-3 -azabicyclo [3.3.1 lnonane

Mass spectrum (m/z): 238 (M+l); ¹ H-NMR (DMSO-d ⁶ , 400MHz): δ 1.37 (IH, d, /=13.2

Hz), 1.48 - 1.61 (2H, m), 1.89 - 1.99 (IH, m), 2.00 - 2.14 (2H, m), 2.18 - 2.28 (2H, m), 2.74 - 3.11 (5H, m), 3.98 (2H, s), 6.96 - 7.05 (IH, m), 7.15 - 7.24 (2H, m) ppm. NH proton not apparent.

The chromatographic resolution of compounds

Compounds prepared by these methods are racemic. These may be separated into their component isomers using the following method: The racemic free base is dissolved in a minimum amount of IPA. The filtered solution is injected onto an AD-H column (a 21.2 x 250mm column where the stationary phase is coated with an appropriate polysaccharide), and the compound is resolved by elution with super critical .fluid (65% CO ₂ (lOObar), 35% IPA containing 0.2% dimethylethylamine), at 35 ⁰ C, at a rate of 70mL/min.