[0001] The invention relates to bags made with improved sealing performance made from ethylene copolymer films, and such films and uses of such interpolymers for making such films, for use especially but not exclusively in high speed packaging lines.

Background [0002] It is known to convert ethylene based copolymers made using a metallocene catalyst, such as in gas phase or solution or high pressure polymerization, into film by blown film extrusion and cast film extrusion in either a mono or multilayer structure. Such copolymers are sold under the trade name EXACT or EXCEED by ExxonMobil Chemical Company. The composition for the film may comprise a single polymer with the usual additives (anti-oxidant, anti-block additive etc. ) It is also known to blend different polymers. An example of that is the use of varying amounts of low density polyethylene made in a high pressure free radical initiated process, referred to as LDPE, with ethylene based copolymers, whether made using metallocene catalyst or the conventional catalyst types produced using titanium chloride as then transition metal component. In the density range of from 0.91 g/cm3 to 0.94 g/cm3 such copolymers are often referred to as linear low-density polymers, LLDPE's for short. LDPE's have broad molecular weight distributions and contain significant long chain branching (LCB).

[0003] The conversion of the copolymer composition into film can proceed by two principal routes: A) blown film extrusion, which requires melt strength to sustain the bubble formed as it cools and the polymer composition solidifies; and B) cast film where the molten polymer is cooled on a chilled metal roll. Melt strength is influenced by the molecular weight (the lower the Melt Index (MI) the higher the melt strength at the same extrusion temperature) and LCB. Low MI's of around 1 g/10 min have been favored to achieve bubble stability in blown film

extrusion. MI's of over 2.5 g/10 min are favored in cast extrusion to achieve good flowability and reduced neck in. The films produced are frequently converted on the packaging line into some sort of containment structure referred to herein as a bag, which may be a pouch, a bread bag or any other type of bag. A form, fill and seal machine may be used to form the bag.

[0004] Once the film has been formed, a critical performance factor is the speed at which the packaging line can be operated. On most bag producing machines, the bottleneck that limits further speed increases of the packaging line is the speed at which the film can be sealed to form the bag. The most important indicators for high line-speed potential are A) the heat seal strength (HSS) at different temperatures; B) The hot tack influences the time taken before the product to be packed can be dropped on the freshly made seal and ensure package integrity, C) the seal initiation temperature (SIT), which determines the lowest temperature at which sufficient heat seal strength is developed to keep the bag closed.

[0005] A higher heat seal strength and/or a broader hot tack would provide a broader operating window, lowering the SIT and decreasing the heat seal cycle time and so increase the line speed with which the machine can reliably bag the products. It is among the objects of the invention to broaden the operating window while maintaining a reasonable balance of other properties for processability and film formation.

Summary [0006] We have found surprisingly that small differences in the molecular weight of the ethylene interpolymers can have favorable influence on the sealing behavior of films composition comprising metallocene derived ethylene interpolymers. Such differences are less pronounced to the point of having been ignored in the past using interpolymers derived from classical titanium chloride based catalyst systems.

[0007] Various aspects of the invention are more clearly identified in the claims. The invention generally provides in one aspect a bag with a heat seal zone formed by a composition comprising an interpolymer of ethylene and an alpha- olefin having an MI of from 1.5 to 4.5 g/10 min, preferably from 1.7 to 3.5 g/10 min, and especially from 1.8 to 2.5 g/10 min and a density of from 0.88 to 0.94 g/cm3, preferably from 0.91 to 0.93 g/cm3, and especially from 0.912 to 0.922 g/cm3 and a CDBI of at least 50, preferably at least 55 % and especially at least 60 %, and less than 20 wt% of LDPE. Within the scope of the invention, more than one interpolymer may be used, preferably differing by less than 0.5 in MI g/10 min and less than 0.01 g/cm3 in density.

[0008] The interpolymer is preferably of the type containing short chain branches derived from an alpha-olefin comonomer having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, and preferably from butene-1, hexene-1 and/or octene-1. Such inter- polymers may be made in solution processes, high-pressure processes and heterogeneous processes such as gas phase or slurry polymerization using a transition metal catalyst. The inter-polymers are preferably obtained through processes using single site transition metal catalysts such as metallocene which may be used with activating systems of various types such as aluminum alkyl derivatives, including alumoxane, and/or non-co-ordinating anions such as various boranes or borates. Such catalysts preferably are associated with the presence of Zr or Hf catalyst residues.

[0009] It is believed that the effect will be most pronounced by using homogeneous polymer compositions as far as possible. Suitably the heat seal zone is formed by a composition comprising a composition comprising from 85 wt % to 100 % of the ethylene interpolymer, preferably at least 90% of the ethylene interpolymer, and especially at least 95 wt % and, a balance of an interpolymer of ethylene and an alpha-olefin having a CDBI less than 50 % and/or LDPE. Some long chain branching may be present. However preferably the composition of the heat seal zone contains less than 5 wt % of an LDPE material made in an

autoclave or tubular reactor, which generally have a broad molecular weight distribution and significant levels of long chain branches that lead to shear sensitive behavior.

[0010] Processing into film of compositions referred to above can be facilitated in blown film extrusion by extruding at a lower temperature to compensate for the lower melt strength resulting from the higher MI. Where the machinery permits, the extrusion temperature can be maintained and the output increased. Use of LDPE as a processing aid can then be reduced or avoided, minimizing the associated disadvantageous effect on the film properties such as reduction in impact strength.

[0011] Suitably the bags are of films have a heat seal strength of more than 50% of the maximum heat seal strength at less than 105 °C and/or a maximum hot tack force at a temperature of less than 110 °C.

[0012] Film can be adapted for use in making bags according to the invention by providing a heat seal zone extending over at least one surface of the film. The film may then be a mono-layer film consisting substantially of the inter-polymer throughout or it may be a multi-layer film, with three or five or more layers, formed by coextrusion or lamination so as to provide a heat zone face on one or both sides.

[0013] In another aspect of the invention there is provided the use of an interpolymer of ethylene and an alpha-olefin having an MI of from 1.5 to 4.5 g/10 min, preferably from 1.7 to 3.5 g/10, and especially from 1.8 to 2.5 g/10 and a density of from 0.88 to 0.94 g/cm3, preferably from 0.910 to 0.93 g/cm3, and especially from 0.912 to 0.922 g/cm3and a CDBI of at least 50, preferably at least 55 % and especially at least 60 %, and less than 20 wt% of LDPE for improving the hot tack and/or seal strength of a film having a heat seal zone made from such inter-polymer, and preferably so that the film has a heat seal strength of more than

50% of the maximum heat seal strength at less than 105 OC and/or a maximum hot tack force at a temperature at less than 110 °C. Such use can help speed up the packaging line speed without significant disadvantage for film properties or film extrusion capacity.

Measurements [0014] Calculations involved in the characterization of polymers by C13 NMR for comonomer content follow the work of F. A. Bovey in"Polymer Confirmation and Configuration"Academic Press, New York, 1969. For example hexene content was determined using C13 NMR integrating the 2B4 peak at 23.4 ppm.

[0015] The Melt Index was determined according to ASTM-1238 Condition E 190 OC, 2.16kg.

[0016] Density was determined according to ASTM D4883 on plaques prepared according to ASTM D1928.

[0017] Composition Distribution Breadth Index (CDBI) is measured by the procedure described in PCT publication W093/03093, published Feb 18, 1993.

Fractions having a molecular weight (Mw) less than 15,000 were ignored.

[0018] Mw and Mn were measured by GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) on a Waters 150 gel permeation chromatograph equipped with a differential refractive index (DRI) detector and Chromatix KMX-6 on line light scattering photometer. The system was used at 135°C with 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene as the mobile phase. Shodex (Showa Denko America, Inc) polystyrene gel columns 802, 803, 804 and 805 were used. This technique is discussed in"Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and Related Materials III", J. Cazes, editor, Marcel Dekker. 1981, p. 207, which is incorporated herein by reference. No corrections for column spreading were employed; however, data on generally accepted

standards, e. g. National Bureau of Standards Polyethylene 1484 and anionically produced hydrogenated polyisoprenes (an alternating ethylene-propylene copolymer) demonstrated that such corrections on Mw/Mn (=MWD) were less than 0.05 units. Mw/Mn was calculated from elution times. The numerical analyses were performed using the commercially available Beckman/CIS customised LALLS software in conjunction with the standard Gel Permeation package.

[0019] The heat seal strength (and energy if required) determine the firmness of the seal established at the end of the packaging line after the seal has cooled and stabilized. The procedure for testing it is as follows. Seals were made on a J&B instruments sealing machine. The film was folded between TEFLONTM film and inserted between the sealing bars. At various temperatures, the sealing bars were closed with a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 0.5 seconds. The film was removed from the J&B machine and conditioned for a minimum of 12 hours at 23°C +/-3°C and 50 % +/-5% humidity.

[0020] Seal strength was tested according to the following procedure. After conditioning for a minimum of 12 hours at 23°C +/-3°C and 50% +/-5% humidity, the seal strength of 15 mm wide sample was measured in a Zwick tensile instrument under the following conditions: speed 500 mm/min, load cell- 200N, and clamp distance 50 mm. The film was placed between the clamps and the clamps were moved apart at a speed of 500mm/min. During the test the force (N) was recorded as a function of elongation (%). Four test specimens were measured and the average seal strength curve was recorded. The seal strength was the force at which the test specimen registered the maximum force. This is reported in N/15mm. The seal energy is the integration of the stress/strain curve.

The seal energy is the amount of energy (J) necessary to break a seal reportable in J/15mm.

[0021] The hot tack determines the initial seal strength before the film has had much opportunity to cool and represents the force that holds the seals of a bag

together on a packaging line after initial sealing for the remainder of the operations on the packaging line. It was measured in the Examples as follows. Seals were made on a J&B instruments sealing machine. The films are laminated to a PET backing tape to prevent stickiness to the sealing bars. Taped films are conditioned at 23 3°C and 50 5% humidity during a minimum of 12 hours before measuring the hot tack force. Samples were cut into strips of 30 0.5 mm width with a minimum length of 40 cm using a 30 mm Karl Frank cutter. At various temperatures, the sealing bars are closed with a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 0.5 seconds. The seals are allowed to cool down during 0.4 seconds after which the hot tack force is measured by applying a force to opposed sides of the seal according to the following conditions: speed 200 mm/min, a load cell of a piezo crystal with a sensitivity between 0-100 N. During the test the force (N) was recorded as a function of elongation (%). Four test specimens were measured and the average maximum seal force was recorded. The hot tack strength is the force at which the test specimen registered the maximum force. This is reported in N/30mm [0022] The information from the seal strength and hot tack measurements can be used to assess the seal initiation temperature (SIT). A threshold seal strength can be defined and the temperature at which that threshold is reached. A realistic assessment is possible using the heat seal strength data as obtained above and by setting a fixed threshold such as 4 N/15 mm or a threshold expressed as a fraction of the maximum seal strength such as 50% depending on the application.

Examples [0023] The starting compositions for the films are as follows: Table 1 Sample Grade Monomer Comonomer Melt Mw/Mn Density CDBI Designation types content Index g/cm3 % wt% g/10 min A Exceed E-H 1) 5.1 2.0 2.3 0.927 59 MX2027ED* B Exceed E-H 4.7 1.0 2.3 0.927 59 ML1027FE* C Exceed E-H 8.0 1.0 2.3 0. 918 67 1018CA* D Exceed E-H 8.6 2.0 2.3 0. 918 67 ECD357* E Exceed E-H 8. 8 2.5 2.3 0.918 67 2518CB* F Exceed E-H 9.1 3.5 2.3 0.918 67 3418CB* G Escorene LDPE N/A 2.0 4.9 0.922 N/A LD 185 BW** H ExxonMobil E-B 2) 8.0 1.0 3.5 0.918 N/A LL1001XV** * I ExxonMobil E-B 8.5 2.8 3.5 0.918 N/A LL1004YB** * J ExxonMobil E-B 8.8 2.0 3.5 0.918 N/A LL1002YB** *

[0024] [026] EXCEEDTM is a trade name owned by ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

1) E-H indicates ethylene hexene-1 copolymer.

2) E-B indicates ethylene butene-1 copolymer.

* These grades are produced using a non-bridged bis cyclopentadienyl metallocene catalyst and alumoxane supported on silica in a gas phase process.

** This grade is produced in high-pressure polymerization using free-radical initiation on a tubular reactor.

*** These grades are produced using a titanium chloride based catalyst and aluminum alkyl supported on silica in a gas phase process.

[0025] In the table FE stands for grades containing a blown film additive package containing 1250 ppm erucamide, 750 ppm anti-block additive and anti- oxidant package and polymer processing aid. CA stands for a blown film additive package containing only anti-oxidant and polymer processing aid. CB and YB stand for cast film additive packages containing an anti-oxidant package only and acid scavenger. XV stand for blown film additive package, anti-oxidant package and acid scavenger. BW stands for a blown film additive package containing an anti-oxidant package only.

Mono-layer films [0026] Mono-layer films were blown on an Alpine extruder under the conditions in Table 2A (50um thick) and Table 2B (25 um thick). Test data for the resulting films are reported in Table 3 to 9. The comparative examples, not according to the invention are marked with an asterisk.

Table 2A 50, um mono-layer films : Polymer H* J* I* C D E F K=80% L=80°/c Sample MI=1. 0 MI=2.0 MI=2. 8 MI=1. 0 MI=2. 0 MI=2.5 MI=3. 5 C + + 20% D=0. 918 D=0.918 D=-0.918 D=0.918 D=0. 918 MI=0.918 D=0.918 20% G Film Sample I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Barrell Temp Settings (°C) Zone 1 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 190 190 Zone 2 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 190 190 Zone 3 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 190 190 Zone 4 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 190 190 Zone 6 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 190 190 Zone 7 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 195 195 Zone 8 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 195 195 Zone 9 180 180 180 180 180 175 175 195 195 Zone 10 190 180 180 190 180 175 175 200 200 Zone 11 190 180 180 190 180 175 175 200 200 Zone 12 200 180 180 200 190 175 175 200 200 Diegap (mm) 1. 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 Cooling Air 21 21 23 22 22 20 20 16 16 Temp (°C) Die Diameter 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 (mm) Melt Temp (°C) T1 193 191 185 205 197 193 185 212 206 T2 201 194 188 207 201 200 190 219 211 T3 203 196 190 208 203 203 191 224 214 T4 200 194 188 207 200 200 189 219 210 Tus 191 190 184 201 195 191 183 210 204 T Melt 189 188 181 202 193 188 181 208 202 Melt Pressure (Bar) PI 250 191 154 90 88 75 121 620 447 P2 288 223 191 250 190 189 191 530 533 P3 291 244 217 312 150 166 212 420 281 P4 413 309 289 475 350 293 277 641 471 P5 418 303 286 489 333 309 275 643 474 P6 269 274 257 453 312 288 253 360 367 Screw Speed 38 40 44 38 44 44 40 52 56 (RPM) Output (Kg/H) 78 78 82 80 80 78 78 121 122 Lay-Flat (mm) 781 785 786 785 785 789 777 785 785 BUR 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 Haul-off 18 18 18 18 18 18 19.7 28 28 Speed (m/min) Thickness 50 50 50 50 50 50 46 50 50 (lem) Table 2B 25 urn mono-layer films : Polymer Sample C MI=1. 0 D MI=2. 0 B MI=1. 0 A MI=2.0 D=0. 918 D=0.918 D=-0. 927 D=0.927 Film SampleXXIXIIXIII Barrell Temp Settings (°C) Zone 1 180 190 170 175 Zone 2 190 180 175 180 Zone 3 190 175 175 180 Zone 4 190 180 175 180 Zone 6 190 180 185 185 Zone 7 190 180 185 185 Zone 8 190 180 185 185 Zone 9 190 180 190 190 Zone 10 190 180 190 190 Zone 11 200 190 200 200 Zone 12 200 190 200 200 Diegap (mm) 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 Cooling Air Temp 20 19 19 19 (°C) Die Diameter (mm) 200 200 200 200 Melt Temp (°C) T1 224 213 200 199 T2 238 225 206 196 T3 243 229 211 199 T4 237 224 205 196 T5 221 210 198 200 T Melt 213 203 197 193 Melt Pressure (Bar) P1 278 107 N/A N/A P2 358 N/A 114 245 P3 119 N/A 113 46 P4 471 345 589 531 P5 524 396 625 533 P6 209 192 246 328 Screw Speed (RPM) 61 71 49 46 Output (Kg/H) 121 123 121 122 Lay-Flat (mm) 785785785785 BUR 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Haul-off Speed 56 56 56 56 (m/min) Thickness (, um) 25 25 25 25 [0027] The sealing behavior was as follows: Table 3A 50, um film Polymer H J I C D E F K=80% C L=80% Sample MI=1.0 MI=2. 0 MI=2. 8 MI=1. 0 MI=2. 0 MI=2. 5 MI=3. 5 +20% G +20% D=0. 918 D=0. 918 D-0. 918 D=0. 918 D=0. 918 MI0. 918 D=0. 918 Film Sample I II III IV V VI VII VIII _ Hot Tack Force 90 (all in C) 0. 2 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0 0. 1 0. 1 0 0. 1 100 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 1 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.3 105 1. 3 0. 9 2. 2 5 12. 8 6 5. 4 4. 1 6. 6 107 1. 9 1. 4 2 6. 4 13. 5 11. 3 12.5 8. 3 12. 8 110 3. 2 2. 2 3 12. 9 13.4 12.8 12.6 15.2 14.6 115 6.7 4.7 4.7 15. 7 10.3 11.4 10.8 13.7 13.5 120 4. 8 4. 4 4. 1 11. 4 9. 2 6. 6 6. 1 9. 6 7 125 3. 9 3 3. 2 9. 5 6. 7 5. 6 6. 4 7. 5 6. 1 130 4.3 3.4 3.4 7.3 7.4 5.9 5.7 6.9 5.9 140 4.2 3.4 2.9 6.4 5.3 4.3 4.2 5.6 5.3 Heat Seal Strength 95 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 100 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 7.2 5 3.5 0. 4 0. 3 105 1.8 1.3 1.8 8 8.2 7.9 7.6 8.5 8.9 110 8.5 7.2 8.2 9.8 8.9 8.8 8.5 12.1 11.8 115 9. 6 9 9. 4 10. 9 9. 5 9. 7 10. 5 13.5 13.0 120 10.7 10.1 10.6 12. 3 10.7 11.1 12. 2 16.4 14. 5 12512. 9 10. 9 11 11. 8 11. 3 11.6 11.7 15.7 15. 0 Table 3B 25 µm mono-layer films :

Polymer Sample C D MI=2.0 B A MI=1. 0 D=0.918 MI=1. 0 MI=2.0 D=0. 918 D=0. 927 D=0.927 Film Sample XI XII XIII Hot Tack Force 90 (all in C) 95 100 0. 3 2. 2 105 3. 2 9. 1 0. 2 0. 1 110 6. 2 8. 2 0. 3 0. 5 115 1. 7 8. 7 117 6. 2 120 7. 2 6. 5 5. 6 6. 2 125 9. 1 5. 2 130 4. 9 5 6. 7 5. 2 135 4.9 4.7 Heat Seal Strength 95 0 0. 2 100 0.4 3.1 105 4 4.2 110 4. 7 5 0. 1 0. 2 115 5. 8 5. 5 0. 1 1. 1 120 5. 7 5. 8 0. 5 6. 3 125 6. 3 7. 2 130 7.0 6.8 140 7.4 7.6

[0028] The hot tack and heat seal strength data are converted into graphs.

[0029] Figure 1 plots the heat seal strength data from Table 3A for 50 pm thick films. Sufficient seal strength is developed at 100 OC and above. With LLDPE grades made from metallocene based catalyst systems, the plots vary with MI. A material improvement is provided an MI of above 1.5 g/10 min. The Table 3B show that the effect is also observable for films of 25 pm. Table 3B also shows that the shift is observable at different densities [0030] Figure 2 plots the hot tack data from Table 3A for 50 pm thick films.

The 2.0 MI Exceed grade D provides significant hot tack forces below 105 °C.

The grade conventionally used for blown film extrusion is the 1.0 MI grade, which develops hot tack only above 105 °C. Corresponding LL grades made using a titanium chloride based catalyst do not develop equivalent hot tack forces.

Such LL grades do not show significant variations of hot tack with different MI.

[0031] Figure 3 plots the heat seal strength for the blends with 20 wt% LDPE.

Addition of such levels of LDPE reduces the beneficial effects of the invention.