Technical Field

The invention relates to a test system for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment and a test rig configured for performing at least one battery performance test on at least one battery based on at least one test protocol. The in vention furthermore relates to a method for determining at least one data driven model for deter mining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment, a computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment and a computer program for determining battery per formance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment. Batteries under test may be used in automotive industry such as in electric vehicles, in consumer devices such as smartphones, laptops and the like, and as energy storage devices for storing energy e.g. gained from renewable energy sources. The methods, devices and systems according to the present invention specifically may be used for determining lifetime of batteries in test stands. Other applications are possible.

Background art

Batteries are used in different technical fields such as for accelerating vehicles, in particular for electromobility, in consumer devices, and even as energy storage devices for storing energy e.g. gained from renewable energy sources. Battery performance may change over time. Spe cifically, battery performance may deteriorate depending on the number of charging and dis charging cycles. Reliable and fast prediction of battery performance is necessary in all of the above-mentioned technical fields.

For developing new advantageous battery materials for specific applications, in particular cath ode materials, battery performance is tested by performing a number of experiments. Subse quently, experimental results are analyzed and the cathode material under test can be catego rized as “good” or “bad” cathode material. The gained test results may be used to determine whether modification of cathode material is necessary.

Using known test methods for determining battery performance during development of batteries require long testing time. Specifically, determining of battery performance in test stands often requires many charge-discharge cycles over battery lifetime and may last months. For example, it typically takes six month until it can be decided whether the used cathode material can be cat egorized as “good” or “bad” cathode material. This is a long time and leads to long lead time. Long testing times may even be problematic for logistic planning of test stand capacity. Often more than 100 channels may be managed and reliable prediction of capacity in test stands is necessary.

Kristen A. Severson et al., “Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degrada tion”, Nature Energy, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0356-8 describe predicting the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries for accelerating technology development. Discharge voltage curves from early cycles were used to exhibit capacity degradation, and machine-learning tools are de scribed to both predict and classify cells by cycle life.

US 2019/0115778 A1 describes a method of probing a multidimensional parameter space of battery cell test protocols that includes defining a parameter space for a plurality of battery cells under test, discretizing the parameter space, collecting a preliminary set of cells being cycled to failure for sampling policies from across the parameter space and include multiple repetitions of the policy, specifying resource hyperparameters, parameter space hyperparameters, and algo rithm hyperparameters, selecting a random subset of charging policies, testing the random sub set of charging policies until a number of cycles required for early prediction of battery lifetime is achieved, inputting cycle data for early prediction into an early prediction algorithm to obtain early predictions, inputting the early predictions into an optimal experimental design (OED) algo rithm to obtain recommendations for running at least one next test, running the recommended tests by repeating from the random subset testing step above, and validating final recom mended policies.

WO 2019/017991 A1 describes a battery management system (BMS) for a vehicle including a module for estimating the state of a rechargeable battery, such as its state of charge, in real time. The module includes a learning model for predicting the state of a battery based on the vehicle's usage and related factors unique to the vehicle, in addition to a sensed voltage, cur rent and temperature of a battery.

Problem to be solved

It is therefore desirable to provide methods and devices which address the above-mentioned technical challenges. Specifically, devices and methods for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment shall be provided which en sure reduction of measurement time in test stands for battery materials. Further, a reduction of required number of experiments shall be ensured in order to accelerate modification of cathode material to specific application in less time.

Summary

This problem is addressed by a test system for determining battery performance during devel opment of a battery configuration in a test environment, a test rig configured for performing at least one battery performance test on at least one battery based on at least one test protocol, a method for determining at least one data driven model for determining battery performance dur ing development of a battery configuration in a test environment, a computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment and a computer program for determining battery performance during develop ment of a battery configuration in a test environment with the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments which might be realized in an isolated fashion or in any ar bitrary combinations are listed in the dependent claims.

As used in the following, the terms “have”, “comprise” or “include” or any arbitrary grammatical variations thereof are used in a non-exclusive way. Thus, these terms may both refer to a situa tion in which, besides the feature introduced by these terms, no further features are present in the entity described in this context and to a situation in which one or more further features are present. As an example, the expressions “A has B”, “A comprises B” and “A includes B” may both refer to a situation in which, besides B, no other element is present in A (i.e. a situation in which A solely and exclusively consists of B) and to a situation in which, besides B, one or more further elements are present in entity A, such as element C, elements C and D or even further elements.

Further, it shall be noted that the terms “at least one”, “one or more” or similar expressions indi cating that a feature or element may be present once or more than once typically will be used only once when introducing the respective feature or element. In the following, in most cases, when referring to the respective feature or element, the expressions “at least one” or “one or more” will not be repeated, non-withstanding the fact that the respective feature or element may be present once or more than once.

Further, as used in the following, the terms "preferably", "more preferably", "particularly", "more particularly", "specifically", "more specifically" or similar terms are used in conjunction with op tional features, without restricting alternative possibilities. Thus, features introduced by these terms are optional features and are not intended to restrict the scope of the claims in any way. The invention may, as the skilled person will recognize, be performed by using alternative fea tures. Similarly, features introduced by "in an embodiment of the invention" or similar expres sions are intended to be optional features, without any restriction regarding alternative embodi ments of the invention, without any restrictions regarding the scope of the invention and without any restriction regarding the possibility of combining the features introduced in such way with other optional or non-optional features of the invention.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a test system for determining battery performance dur ing development of a battery configuration in a test environment is proposed. The test system comprises at least one communication interface and at least one processing device. The test system is configured for receiving operating data indicative of at least one test protocol via the communication interface. The test system is configured for receiving battery performance input data via the communication interface. The processing device is configured for determining at least one predicted time series of at least one state variable indicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operating data using at least one data driven model. The test system is configured for providing at least parts of the predicted time se ries of the state variable. During battery development, different materials and material compositions are used and tested with respect to development of performance and/or of properties and/or of behavior, in particular charge and discharge properties and/or behavior, over time. These tests may be performed in a test environment within pre-defined test conditions, such as temperature conditions and the like. Specifically, the test environment may be a test rig configured for applying at least one test to the battery, in particular to a plurality of batteries. During these tests, the battery under test may undergo a plurality of charge-discharge cycles following at least one test protocol. In contrast to quality control for batteries where only the number of charge cycles is determined before the ca pacity fades to 80% of their initial value, battery testing in development of batteries is more com plex. For battery testing during development of the battery time characteristic and development over time of battery properties need to be determined. The present invention proposes a test system which allows predicting battery performance during development of batteries, based on battery performance input data without long-term tests but by using a trained data driven model.

The term “test system” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and cus tomary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a device comprising one or more units configured for determining and/or predicting development of battery perfor mance, in particular charge and discharge properties and/or behavior, over time.

The term “battery” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an electrochemical cell compris ing at least one anode, at least one cathode and at least one electrolyte. Specifically, the battery is configured to convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The battery may be an energy storage device. The battery may be a rechargeable battery. As used herein, the term “charge” refers to conversion of electrical energy which is provided from an external source into chemical energy in the battery. As used herein, the term “discharge” refers to conversion of chemical energy of the battery into electrical energy. The battery may be selected from the group consisting of: lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion); nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd); nickel metal-hydride (Ni-MH). For example, the battery may comprises at least one cathode material selected from the group consisting of: LiCo02 (lithium cobalt oxide); LiNixMnyCoz02 (lithium Nickel-Manga- nese-Cobalt-oxide) and LiFeP04 (lithium iron phosphate). For example, the battery may com prises at least one anode material selected from the group consisting of: graphite, silicon. For example, the battery may comprises at least one electrolyte selected from the group consisting of: LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiCI04 in an organic solvent, such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl car bonate, and diethyl carbonate.

The term “battery performance during development of a battery” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a development of behavior of the battery over time. The battery performance may be characterized by development over time of one or more parameters such as charge capac ity, discharge capacity, discharge current, charge-discharge curve, average voltage, open circuit voltage, differential capacity, coulombic efficiency, or internal resistance. In particular, the bat tery performance during development of a battery is determined by determining a predicted time series of at least one of these parameters. The term “time series" as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a chronological ordered data stream.

As used herein, the term “capacity” of the battery refers to an amount of electric charge the bat tery delivers at a nominal voltage. The term “charge capacity” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to capacity that can be charged to the battery. The term “discharge capacity” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of or dinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term spe cifically may refer, without limitation, to capacity that can be discharged from a battery.

The term “discharge current”, also denoted as C-rate, as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limita tion, to a measure of a rate at which the battery is being discharged or charged relative to its maximum capacity.

The term “charge-discharge curve” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a spe cial or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to development of charging and discharging in Voltage as a function of battery capacity. The shape of charge and/or discharge curves may be parametrized by changes in capacity across predefined voltage intervals. The shape of charge and/or discharge curves may comprise information about elec trochemistry and degradation mechanisms.

The term “average voltage” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to nominal voltage in a mid point of its discharge cycle.

The term “open circuit voltage” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a spe cial or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to voltage be tween terminals of the battery with no load applied. The term “differential capacity”, as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a spe cial or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to first derivative of the capacity Q of voltage E, dQ/dE.

The term “coulombic efficiency” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a spe cial or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to charge effi ciency by which electrons are transferred.

The term “internal resistance” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to resistance of the bat tery which increases with aging of the battery. The internal resistance may give a measure of, among other things, how aged the surface of the material is.

The parameters listed above can be used for determining battery performance, and in particular to predict development of battery performance over time. Relationship between these parame ters and battery performance is generally known to the skilled person.

The term “determining battery performance” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be lim ited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to one or more of predicting, estimating and classifying a time series of future values and/or devel opment over time of at least one state variable. The determining of the battery performance may have as output or result at least one prediction of the battery performance for a time series. For determining the predicted time series, predictions for values of the state variable for different time points may be determined iteratively for a plurality of future points in time. As used herein, the term “prediction” refers to expected value of the state variable in the future. A result of the battery performance determination may be a predicted time series of the state variable such as a histogram showing a development of the state variable in time. The determining of the battery performance may comprise predicting of battery lifetime and/or a categorization. As used herein, the term “categorization” may refer to classification of battery and/or cathode material, e.g. as “good” or “bad”. For example, the battery may be categorized as “good” if the state vari able at the future time point fulfills predetermined or predefined conditions and/or determined lifetime is above a predetermined or predefined limit. For example, the battery may be catego rized as “bad” if the predicted time series of the state variable does not fulfill predetermined or predefined conditions. For example, the battery may be categorized as “bad” if the state varia ble at the future time point does not fulfill predetermined or predefined conditions and/or deter mined lifetime is below a predetermined or predefined limit. The test system may comprise at least one output interface configured for outputting at least one output comprising information about at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable. The term “processing device” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an arbitrary logic cir cuitry configured for performing basic operations of a computer or system, and/or, generally, to a device which is configured for performing calculations or logic operations. The processing de vice may comprise at least one processor and/or processing unit. In particular, the processing device may be configured for processing basic instructions that drive the computer or system.

As an example, the processing device may comprise at least one arithmetic logic unit (ALU), at least one floating-point unit (FPU), such as a math coprocessor or a numeric coprocessor, a plurality of registers and a memory, such as a cache memory. In particular, the processing de vice may be a multi-core processor. Specifically, the processing device may be or may comprise a central processing unit (CPU). Additionally or alternatively, the processing device may be or may comprise one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and/or one or more field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or the like.

The term “communication interface” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordi nary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an item or element forming a boundary configured for transferring information. In particular, the communi cation interface may be configured for transferring information from a computational device, e.g. a computer, such as to send or output information, e.g. onto another device. Additionally or al ternatively, the communication interface may be configured for transferring information onto a computational device, e.g. onto a computer, such as to receive information. The communication interface may specifically provide means for transferring or exchanging information. In particu lar, the communication interface may provide a data transfer connection, e.g. Bluetooth, NFC, inductive coupling or the like. As an example, the communication interface may be or may com prise at least one port comprising one or more of a network or internet port, a USB-port and a disk drive. The communication interface may be at least one web interface.

The test system may comprise at least one database. The term “database” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an arbitrary collection of information, such as information stored in at least one data storage device. The database may comprise the at least one data storage device with the information stored therein. In particular, the database may contain an arbitrary collec tion of information. The database may be or may comprise at least one database selected from the group consisting of: at least one server, at least one server system comprising a plurality of server, at least one cloud server or cloud computing infrastructure. The database may comprise at least one storage unit configured to store data received via the communication interface.

The term “operating data” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to data relating to infor mation about at least one test program performed on the battery in the test rig, in particular one or more of operating conditions, order of tests, processes and the like. The operating data indic ative of at least one test protocol comprises, for example, at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles. The term “test protocol” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to guideline depending on which a plurality of different test programs is performed on the battery in the test rig. The test protocol may be predefined. The test protocol may be known. In particular, quantities such as the discharge current and the duration of constant-voltage oper ation may be controlled and/or defined by the test protocol. The test protocol may be performed in accordance to at least one standard. The test protocol may be specific for each test setup. As will be outlined in detail below, the test protocol may allow prediction of the performance of the battery material, in particular of cathode and/or anode. The test protocol may define an order of test programs and/or sequence of test programs and/or duration of each of the test programs. Each of the test programs may comprise at least one charging-discharging cycle, wherein the charging-discharging cycles of at least two of the test programs differ. The test protocol may comprise information about at least one battery performance test. The battery performance test may comprises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles. In the battery performance test discharge-charge curves may be determined for each cycle. The bat tery performance test may be performed by a customer. The customer may provide the battery performance input data to the test system via the communication interface. Test protocols, also denoted as test programs, may comprise different blocks to determine different material proper ties. For example, a cycling test protocol may have, for each cycle, a charge step followed by a discharge step, wherein optional rests between steps may be included. The charge step may subject the cell to a constant current until the cell voltage reaches a predetermined threshold, then maintains the voltage until the current drops below another predetermined threshold or a time threshold is reached. The discharge step may maintain a constant current until the voltage drops be-low a predetermined threshold. Many such cycles may be performed consecutively to measured cell aging.

Specifically, the data driven model was parametrized based on operating data indicative of the at least one test protocol and battery performance input data. The data driven model may use knowledge of past and future charge-discharge-cycles following the at least one test protocol to predict future battery performance. In particular, the knowledge about past and future charge- discharge-cycles may be used as input for the data driven model. The data driven model may take into account at each time step preceding or previous measurement values, preceding or previous predictions made by the data driven model and future values of quantities controlled and/or defined by the at least one test protocol. The data driven model may use knowledge of past charge-discharge-cycles to predict the future, in particular the future battery performance. The data driven model may use knowledge of future charge-discharge-cycles from the test pro tocol for prediction of the future battery performance. The test protocol may control and/or de fine quantities such as the discharge current, charge current, rest step, threshold for beginning a new cycle and the like. Specifically, knowledge of future values of controlled and/or defined quantities is used for predicting the future battery performance. In particular, information about how much the battery will be stressed during some future cycle, which is pre-defined by the test protocol, can be used as additional and useful information for prediction of future battery perfor mance. Thus, the present invention, in particular, solves the problem of allowing assessing the state of the battery in the future, or in other words, how much the battery will deliver after N cy cles of future operation, wherein details of the operation may be specified by the cycling proce dure and/or test protocol. The present invention proposes to use, in particular, the test protocol, and by this a planned cycling procedure, as an input to the data driven model. Using information of the knowledge of future test parameters in the protocol may allow further improving the pre diction of the performance. In particular, the usage of a defined, in particular, pre-defined and/or known, test protocol allows for having and using knowledge of past and future charge-dis charge-cycles. In contrast, in battery management systems for vehicles, e.g. as described in WO 2019/017991 A1 , in which battery uses are not following a test protocol, it is only possible to consider data from previous battery uses, in particular unstructured historic data. WO 2019/017991 A1 just predicts that the battery has some number of cycles remaining at present, whereas the present invention proposes, in particular, predicting how many cycles remain in the future if you treat the battery further in a pre-defined manner following the test protocol. The pre sent invention may allow predicting future capabilities of the battery based on or considering of usage following the test protocol.

Specifically, the data driven model may have a time memory and/or the data driven model may be a time dependent model. Input data may be fed into the data driven model which comprise information about measurement data obtained at a certain time point. The data driven model may provide at least one output, in particular so called “latent” variables. The latent variables may comprise information about predicted future battery behavior and/or information about the predicted future battery behavior may be derivable from the latent variables. For subsequent time steps, the data driven model may consider, in particular use as input data, additional meas urement data obtained up to that time and/or at least one of the latent variables. The data driven model may be configured for determining relevance of the individual latent variables and for as signing weights to the latent variables. The data driven model may consider the weighted latent variables for further prediction. The determining of relevance and assigning of weights may be performed repeatedly. As outlined above, the data driven model may further consider, in partic ular use as input data, knowledge of future values of controlled and/or defined quantities which are pre-defined by the at least one test protocol. Known methods such as described in WO 2019/017991 A1 use approaches which are called ‘fixed-window’ or ‘fixed-horizon’. They do not use “time series” methods as proposed by the present invention which, in particular, proposes the data driven model having a time dependence. The present invention, in particular, proposes using a data driven model which is stepping through time and is retaining relevant memories. In contrast, ‘fixed-window’ or ‘fixed-horizon’ approaches are using information from the past and see how it correlates with behavior at a fixed future time. The term “battery performance input data” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to data comprising information about behavior and/or performance of the battery generated in response to the test protocol. The battery performance input data may comprises data generated in re sponse to the test protocol. The battery performance input data may be or may comprise raw data and/or preprocessed data. The battery performance input data may be determined by per forming the at least one test program, in particular as outlined above following the at least one test protocol. The test program may comprise determining at least one discharge-charge curve of the battery. The test program may be performed in a test rig. The battery performance input data may be transferred to the test system via the communication interface in real-time or de layed in a bulk transfer.

The battery performance input data may comprise discharge-charge cycle data. As used herein, the term “cycle” refers to sequence of discharge followed by a recharge or vice versa. The dis charge-charge cycle data may comprises at least one charge-discharge curve. The battery per formance input data may comprise one or more of information about discharge capacity; infor mation charge capacity; information about shape of charge-discharge curve; information about average voltage; information about open circuit voltage; information about differential capacity; information about coulombic efficiency; and information about internal resistance.

The battery performance input data may comprise metadata relating to one or more of cathode material and cell set-up. As used herein, the term “metadata” refers to data comprising infor mation about the discharge-charge cycle data. The metadata may be used to select an appro priate trained model, e.g. considering the cathode material and/or cell set-up.

The processing device may be configured for validating the battery performance input data. The validating may comprise determining if the retrieved battery performance input data is complete and/or comprises enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance. The term “vali dating” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a process of one or more of reviewing, in specting or testing the battery performance input data. Specifically, the validating comprises de termining if the retrieved battery performance input data is complete and/or comprises enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance. For example, in case the validating re veals that the retrieved battery performance input data is not complete and/or comprises not enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance a request may be issued to the customer to provide additional data by using the communication interface.

The term “state variable” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and cus tomary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a quantifiable varia- ble of at least one parameter which can characterize the battery performance. The state varia ble may be derived or may be derivable from at least one charge-discharge-curve. The state variable may be at least one variable selected from the group consisting of: discharge capacity; charge capacity; shape of charge-discharge curve; average voltage; open circuit voltage; differ ential capacity; coulombic efficiency; and internal resistance. For each cycle, the model may predict every available feature for use as model inputs at the following cycle.

The processing device may be configured for selecting information from the battery perfor mance input data depending on the state variable whose future development is to be predicted. The processing device may be configured for ranking the battery performance input data de pending on the state variable whose future development is to be predicted. For example, the state variable may be the discharge capacity. The ranking may be as follows: The charge ca pacity from previous cycles and/or discharge capacity from previous cycles may be considered to be most relevant since they are very close to the state variable which is to be predicted. The shape of charge and/or discharge curves and the internal resistance from previous cycles may be considered to be less relevant than the charge capacity from previous cycles and/or dis charge capacity from previous cycles. For other state variables such as the internal resistance the ranking may be different.

The term “predicted time series of the state variable” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an expected time series of the state variable determined using the at least one data driven model. The battery performance input data of the battery may be experimental data. The pre dicted time series of the state variable may be determined, in particular predicted, by using the data driven model, wherein the battery performance input data is used as input for the data driven model. The battery performance input data may comprise experimental data based on which the predicted time series of the state variable is predicted. Moreover, the predicted time series is determined on the operating data. The test system may comprise the at least one stor age device, wherein a plurality of different data driven models may be stored. For example, the storage device may comprise different data driven models for different test protocols. In particu lar, the processing device may be configured for selecting the data driven model based on the test protocol used for the battery test. Additionally or alternatively, the data storage device may comprise different data driven models depending on the state variable to be predicted. The pro cessing device may be configured to determining a predicted time series for one state variable or a plurality of state variables. Time series of any combinations of state variables can also be predicted at the same time.

The term “data driven model” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an empirical, predic tive model. Specifically, the data driven model is derived from analysis of experimental data.

The data driven model may be a machine-learning tool. The data driven model may comprise at least one trained model. The term “trained model” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a model for predicting battery performance which was trained on at least one training dataset, also denoted training data. For example, the data driven model was trained on at least one training dataset, wherein the training dataset comprises time series of historical data of charge and discharge cycles of at least one known battery configuration and at least one known test protocol. The training data may be obtained following well defined test protocols. The training dataset may comprise a plurality of experimental results of battery tests, e.g. for one or more of the parameters characterizing the battery performance. The training dataset may comprise a plurality of experimental results of battery tests determined at at least two time points, such as for different cycles. For training of the model a plurality of training datasets may be used, for ex ample relating to different batteries under test.

The data driven model may be a feature based model, wherein the features or a subset of fea tures are used to predict battery performance. The training data may be used to select the fea tures for the trained model. The feature selection may comprise selecting a subset of relevant features, in particular variables and predictors, for use in the model construction. The feature selection may comprise deriving electrochemical aspects at certain time points such as relevant time points of charge or discharge curve, internal resistance, open circuit voltage, differential ca pacity. The features may be selected considering irregularities due to material class. The train ing data may comprise raw data. Feature selection may comprise data aggregation such as per step to per cycle. Features may be selected using electrochemistry knowledge and/or traditional feature-selection methods such as retain features with high correlation with the response. Elec trochemistry knowledge may comprise, for example, information about voltage intervals in which interesting phase transitions are expected and thus regions of the curve from which features should be extracted.

The data driven model may comprise at least one recurrent neural network such as at least one echo state network. The term “echo state network” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a recurrent neural network with leaky-integrated discrete-time continuous-value units. With re spect to further details of the data driven model reference can be made to the description of a method for determining at least one data driven model for determining battery performance dur ing development of a battery configuration in a test environment as described in more details below.

The processing device may be configured for using the battery performance input data as input parameter for determining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model. For determining the battery performance of a battery under test, the battery performance input data may be processed and applied as input to the data driven model. The processing may comprise data aggregation. The processing may comprise selecting of information relating to at least one of the parameters characterizing the battery performance whose time series is predicted by the data driven model, also denoted as target state variable. The output generated by the data driven model in this case may be the predicted time series of the target state varia ble or matrix of state variables.

The processing device may be configured for using the test protocol as an input parameter for determining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model. Specifi cally, the processing device may be configured for selecting at least one suitable data driven model based on the received battery performance input data such as based on the received in formation about the test protocol and/or the sequence of different charge cycles and/or dis charge cycles. The processing device may comprise a plurality of data driven models, wherein the processing device is configured for selecting one of the data driven models for determining the predicted time series of the state variable depending on the test protocol. For example, each of the plurality of data driven models may be trained on data derived by using a different test protocol. The models may have different fitting parameters and different hyperparameters, which control the complexity. However, the general structure may be the same for all models. Other criteria for selecting the most suitable data driven model can be possible, too. For exam ple, the processing device may comprise a plurality of data driven models, e.g. depending on material characteristic. The processing device may be configured for analyzing the battery per formance input data, wherein the analyzing comprises determining at least one material charac teristic. The processing device may be configured for selecting at least one of the data driven model based on the material characteristic. The information about the material characteristic may be determined from the battery performance input data such as from the metadata.

The processing device may be configured for performing at least one confidence test, wherein the determined state variable is compared to experimental test results. The term “confidence test” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning.

The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a process of one or more of reviewing, in specting or testing the output of the data driven model for compliance with one or more experi mental test results. In the confidence test the predicted time series of the state variable may be compared to experimental test results. Experimental results for different battery types or mate rial may be stored in at least one data storage and may be used for comparison in the confi dence test.

The test system is configured for providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable. As used herein, the term “at least parts” refers to embodiments in which the complete predicted time series of the state variable is provided and/or to embodiments in which at least one specific time range or time point of the predicted time series of the state variable and/or to embodiments in which other information relating to the predicted time series is provided. The test system may comprise at least one output interface configured for outputting at least one output comprising information about at least parts of the predicted time series of the state varia ble. The output may comprise one or more of at least one histogram showing a development of the state variable in time. The output furthermore may comprise information about at least one prediction of battery lifetime and/or at least one categorization. The test system may be config ured for performing at least one measure depending on the predicted time series of the state variable, wherein the measure comprises one or more of: issuing a recommendation; issuing of a warning; issuing an indication that modification of cathode material of the battery is de manded. As used herein, the term “measure” refers to an arbitrary action depending on the re sult of the determination of the battery performance. The test system may be configured for providing at least one information about the determined battery performance to the customer of the battery. For example, the information may be provided by the output interface to the cus tomer. The information furthermore may comprise one or more of ranking on batteries in the test rig, classification of batteries, classification of cathode material, or at least one recommendation. The output may comprise a ranking on batteries in test rig and/or recommendations which measurement of batteries can be stopped. The communication interface may be configured to allow monitoring a status of the test rig. This may allow preparing and designing next experi ment based on the result of the determination of the battery performance.

In a further aspect of the present invention, a test rig configured for performing at least one bat tery performance test on at least one battery based on at least one test protocol for determining battery performance of at least one battery is proposed.

The term “test rig” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to an environment for testing prop erties of at least one battery. The test rig may be configured for testing a plurality of batteries. The test rig may comprise at least one storage device for storing the battery during the test or test sequence.

The battery performance test comprises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles. The battery performance test comprises determining discharge-charge curves for each cycle. The test rig comprises at least one communication interface configured for providing operating data indicative of the test protocol and battery performance input data to at least one test system according to the present invention. With respect to definitions and embod iments of the test rig reference is made to the description of the test system.

In a further aspect of the present invention, a method for determining at least one data driven model for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment is proposed. The method comprises training the data driven model with at least one training data set. The training data set comprises historical data of charge and dis charge cycles of at least one known battery configuration and at least one known test protocol. With respect to definitions and embodiments of the reference is made to the description of the test system above or as described in further detail below.

The method may comprise the following steps: generating at least one random dynamical reservoir; determining at least one input unit and at least one output unit; generating input-to-reservoir connections and output-to-reservoir connections; selecting at least one input weight matrix W ⁱⁿ and at least one reservoir weight matrix W; determining of output weights by training the model with training data by training the data driven model with the training data, wherein the output weights are determined using re gression analysis.

For example, the data driven model may be at least one echo state network. The random dy namical reservoir may be generated using an arbitrary neuron model. The determining of the data driven model may comprise applying the training data, in particular determined experimen tally at a first time point by measuring at least one parameter characterizing the battery perfor mance of a training test battery, as input u{n) to the random dynamical reservoir. Therefore, the input u{n) may be filled as input states into the input unit and may be applied to the reservoir such that a vector of reservoir neuron activations x(n) of is generated. The determining of the data driven model may comprise generating output-to-reservoir connections to allow output feedback. The output unit may be filled with the so-called teacher output y(n) of the training data, in particular determined experimentally at a second time point delayed from the first time point by measuring the at least one parameter characterizing the battery performance of the training test battery. The output weights W ^out may be determined using regression analysis, in particular linear regression, of the teacher outputs y(n) on the reservoir states x(«). The output weights W ^out are used for the output-to-reservoir connections. The training may comprise a plu rality of training cycles, for example using different training data sets such as for different cath ode materials and the like.

The echo state network may use the following system equations wherein u(n ) is the input matrix the echo state network, x(n)e R ^Nx is a vector of reservoir neu ron activations and X(n)e R ^Nx is its update at time n, f is an activation function, in particular a sigmoid function such as a logistic sigmoid or tanh function, and is applied element wise, [;] stands for a vertical vector, or matrix, concatenation, w ^m e M ^w¾x(1+Wn) and WeR ^NxXNx are input and recurrent weight matrices respectively, and ae( 0,1] is the leaking rate, see “A Practical Guide to Applying Echo State Networks”, Mantas Lukosevicius, Published in Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade 2012. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-35289-8_36 and http://minds.jacobs-univer- sity.de/uploads/papers/PracticalESN.pdf. The teacher output yin) may be given by y(n) = g(W ^0Ut z(n)), wherein g is an output activation function, W ^out is a matrix of output weights, and z(n) is the ex tended system state, wherein z(n) = [x(n) u(n )] at time n is the concatenation of the reservoir and input states. As outlined above, during training phase the echo state network output weights W ^out may be determined using regression analysis on the desired output derived from the training dataset. After training, the echo state network can be used to determine battery per formance of batteries under test.

For determining the battery performance of a battery under test, the battery performance input data may be processed and applied as input to the echo state network. The processing may comprise data aggregation and/or selecting of information relating to one or more of the param eters characterizing the battery performance which can be determined by the trained echo state network, also denoted as target state variable. The output y(n) of the echo state network in this case may be the target state variable or matrix of state variables for certain future time points or future cycles.

In a further aspect of the present invention, a computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment is pro posed. In the method at least one test system according to the present invention is used. Thus, with respect to embodiments and definitions of the method reference is made to the description of the test system above or as described in further detail below.

The term “computer-implemented” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art and is not to be limited to a spe cial or customized meaning. The term specifically may refer, without limitation, to a process which is fully or partially implemented by using a data processing means, such as data pro cessing means comprising at least one processor. The term “computer”, thus, may generally re fer to a device or to a combination or network of devices having at least one data processing means such as at least one processor. The computer, additionally, may comprise one or more further components, such as at least one of a data storage device, an electronic interface or a human-machine interface.

The method comprises the following method steps which, specifically, may be performed in the given order. Still, a different order is also possible. It is further possible to perform two or more of the method steps fully or partially simultaneously. Further, one or more or even all of the method steps may be performed once or may be performed repeatedly, such as repeated once or several times. Further, the method may comprise additional method steps which are not listed.

The method comprises the following steps: a) retrieving operating data indicative of at least one test protocol via at least one communi cation interface; b) retrieving battery performance input data via the communication interface; c) determining a predicted time series of a state variable indicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operating data using a data driven model by using a processing device; d) providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable. Method steps a) to d) may be fully or partially performed in a computer-implemented fashion. In method steps a) and b), the operating data indicative of at least one test protocol and the bat tery performance input data may be transferred via the communication interface, e.g. by a web interface, to the test system, in particular to the processing device for analysis in step c).

In a further aspect of the invention, a computer program for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment is proposed. The computer program comprises instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer or com puter system, cause the computer or computer system to carry out the method for determining battery performance as described above or as described in further detail below. In particular, one, more than one or even all of the method steps a) to d) of the method as indicated above may be performed by using a computer or computer network, preferably by using the computer program. Thus, for possible definitions of most of the terms used herein, reference may be made to the description of the computer implemented method for determining battery perfor mance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment above or as de scribed in further detail below.

Specifically, one or both of the computer program may be stored on a computer-readable data carrier and/or on a computer-readable storage medium. As used herein, the terms “computer- readable data carrier” and “computer-readable storage medium” specifically may refer to non- transitory data storage means, such as a hardware storage medium having stored thereon com puter-executable instructions. The computer-readable data carrier or storage medium specifi cally may be or may comprise a storage medium such as a random-access memory (RAM) and/or a read-only memory (ROM).

Further disclosed and proposed herein is a computer program product having program code means, in order to perform the method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment according to the present invention in one or more of the embodiments enclosed herein when the program is executed on a computer or computer network. Specifically, the program code means may be stored on a computer-reada ble data carrier and/or computer-readable storage medium.

Further disclosed and proposed herein is a data carrier having a data structure stored thereon, which, after loading into a computer or computer network, such as into a working memory or main memory of the computer or computer network, may execute the method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment accord ing to one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein.

Further disclosed and proposed herein is a computer program product with program code means stored on a machine-readable carrier, in order to perform the method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment accord ing to one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein, when the program is executed on a computer or computer network. As used herein, a computer program product refers to the pro gram as a tradable product. The product may generally exist in an arbitrary format, such as in a paper format, or on a computer-readable data carrier. Specifically, the computer program prod uct may be distributed over a data network.

In a further aspect of the present invention a use of a computer implemented method for deter mining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment according to the present invention for optimizing synthesis and/or manufacturing parameters such as battery material and/or battery geometry is proposed.

In a further aspect of the present invention a method of providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable determined by the computer implemented method for determin ing battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment ac cording to the present invention to a system for optimizing battery material and/or battery geom etry is proposed.

The optimizing may comprise performing at least one simulation.

The methods, systems and programs of the present invention have numerous advantages over methods, systems and programs known in the art. In particular, the methods, systems and pro grams as disclosed herein may allow reducing measurement time in test rigs during develop ment of batteries materials from months to weeks. Moreover, the methods, systems and pro grams of the present invention may allow predicting not only the state of health of the battery but additionally, future properties of the battery if it is treated further as defined by the at least one test protocol.

Summarizing and without excluding further possible embodiments, the following embodiments may be envisaged:

Embodiment 1 : A test system for determining battery performance during development of a bat tery configuration in a test environment, the test system comprising at least one communication interface and at least one processing device, wherein the test system is configured for receiving operating data indicative of at least one test protocol via the communication interface, wherein the test system is configured for receiving battery performance input data via the communica tion interface, wherein the processing device is configured for determining at least one predicted time series of at least one state variable indicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operating data using at least one data driven model, wherein the test system is configured for providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable.

Embodiment 2: The test system according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the data driven model comprises at least one recurrent neural network such as at least one echo state network. Embodiment 3: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the state variable is derivable from at least one charge-discharge-curve, wherein the state varia ble is at least one variable selected from the group consisting of: discharge capacity; charge ca pacity; shape of charge-discharge curve; average voltage; open circuit voltage; differential ca pacity; coulombic efficiency; and internal resistance.

Embodiment 4: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, the oper ating data indicative of at least one test protocol comprises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles.

Embodiment 5: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the data driven model was trained on at least one training dataset, wherein the training dataset comprises time series of historical data of charge and discharge cycles of at least one known battery configuration and at least one known test protocol.

Embodiment 6: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the processing device is configured for using the test protocol as an input parameter for deter mining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model, and/or wherein the processing device comprises a plurality of data driven models, wherein the processing de vice is configured for selecting one of the data driven models for determining the predicted time series of the state variable depending on the test protocol.

Embodiment 7: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the processing device is configured for using the battery performance input data as input pa rameter for determining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model.

Embodiment 8: The test system according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the pro cessing device comprises a plurality of data driven models, wherein the processing device is configured for analyzing the battery performance input data, wherein the analyzing comprises determining at least one material characteristic, wherein at least one of the data driven model is selected based on the material characteristic.

Embodiment 9: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the battery performance input data comprises data generated in response to the test protocol.

Embodiment 10: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the test protocol is predefined.

Embodiment 11 : The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the data driven model was parametrized based on operating data indicative of the at least one test protocol and battery performance input data. Embodiment 12: The test system according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the data driven model uses knowledge of past and future charge-discharge-cycles following the at least one test protocol to predict future battery performance.

Embodiment 13: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the data driven model has a time memory and/or the data driven model is a time dependent model.

Embodiment 14: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the test protocol comprises information about at least one battery performance test, wherein the battery performance test comprises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or dis charge cycles, wherein in the battery performance test discharge-charge curves are determined for each cycle.

Embodiment 15: The test system according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the battery performance test is performed by a customer, wherein the customer provides the battery perfor mance input data to the test system via the communication interface, wherein the test system is configured for providing the customer at least parts of the predicted time series of the state vari able.

Embodiment 16: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the test system comprises at least one output interface configured for outputting at least one output comprising information about at least parts of the predicted time series of the state varia ble.

Embodiment 17: The test system according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the output comprises one or more of at least one histogram showing a development of the state variable in time, wherein the output furthermore comprises information about at least one prediction of bat tery lifetime and/or at least one categorization.

Embodiment 18: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the test system is configured for performing at least one measure depending on the predicted time series of the state variable, wherein the measure comprises one or more of: issuing a rec ommendation; issuing of a warning; issuing an indication that modification of cathode material of the battery is demanded.

Embodiment 19: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the battery performance input data comprises discharge-charge cycle data, wherein the dis charge-charge cycle data comprises at least one charge-discharge curve.

Embodiment 20: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the battery performance input data comprises one or more of information about discharge ca- pacity; information charge capacity; information about shape of charge-discharge curve; infor mation about average voltage; information about open circuit voltage; information about differ ential capacity; information about coulombic efficiency; and information about internal re sistance.

Embodiment 21 : The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the battery performance input data comprises metadata relating to one or more of cathode ma terial and cell set-up.

Embodiment 22: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the processing device is configured for validating the battery performance input data, wherein the validating comprises determining if the retrieved battery performance input data is complete and/or comprises enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance.

Embodiment 23: The test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the processing device is configured for performing at least one confidence test, wherein in the confidence test the determined state variable is compared to experimental test results.

Embodiment 24: A test rig configured for performing at least one battery performance test on at least one battery based on at least one test protocol, wherein the battery performance test com prises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles, wherein the battery performance test comprises determining of discharge-charge curves for each cycle, wherein the test rig comprises at least one communication interface configured for providing op erating data indicative of the test protocol and battery performance input data to at least one test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments.

Embodiment 5: A method for determining at least one data driven model for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment, wherein the method comprises training the data driven model with at least one training data set, wherein the training data set comprises historical data of charge and discharge cycles of at least one known battery configuration and at least one known test protocol.

Embodiment 26: The method according to the preceding embodiment, wherein the method comprises the following steps: generating at least one random dynamical reservoir; determining at least one input unit and at least one output unit; generating input-to-reservoir connections and output-to-reservoir connections;

- selecting at least one input weight matrix and at least one reservoir weight matrix; determining of output weights by training the data driven model with the training data, wherein the output weights are determined using regression analysis.

Embodiment 27: A computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment, wherein in the method at least one test system according to any one of the preceding embodiments referring to a test system is used, the method comprising the following steps: a) retrieving operating data indicative of at least one test protocol via at least one communica tion interface; b) retrieving battery performance input data via the communication interface; c) determining a predicted time series of a state variable indicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operating data using a data driven model by using a processing device; d) providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable.

Embodiment 28: Computer program for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment, configured for causing a computer or computer network to fully or partially perform the method for determining battery performance during de velopment of a battery configuration in a test environment according to the preceding embodi ment, when executed on the computer or computer network, wherein the computer program is configured to perform at least steps a) to d) of the method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment according to the preceding embodiment.

Embodiment 29: Use of a computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment according to embodiment 27 for optimizing battery material and/or battery geometry.

Embodiment 30: Method of providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state vari able determined by the method of embodiment 27 to a system for optimizing battery material and/or battery geometry.

Short description of the Figures

Further optional features and embodiments will be disclosed in more detail in the subsequent description of embodiments, preferably in conjunction with the dependent claims. Therein, the respective optional features may be realized in an isolated fashion as well as in any arbitrary feasible combination, as the skilled person will realize. The scope of the invention is not re stricted by the preferred embodiments. The embodiments are schematically depicted in the Fig ures. Therein, identical reference numbers in these Figures refer to identical or functionally comparable elements.

In the Figures:

Figure 1 shows schematically an embodiment of a test system and test rig ac cording to the present invention; Figure 2 shows schematically an embodiment of a method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test envi ronment according to the present invention;

Figure 3 shows a comparison of experimental results and prediction using the method according to the present invention; and

Figures 4A and 4B shows an exemplary charge-discharge curve and extraction of battery performance input data.

Detailed description of the embodiments

Figure 1 shows highly schematically an embodiment of a test system 110 for determining bat tery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test. Exemplary a battery 112 is shown. The battery 112 may be a rechargeable battery. The battery 112 may be selected from the group consisting of: lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion); nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd); nickel metal- hydride (Ni-MH). For example, the battery may comprises at least one cathode material se lected from the group consisting of: LiCo02 (lithium cobalt oxide); LiNixMnyCoz02 (lithium Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-oxide) and LiFePCM (lithium iron phosphate). For example, the bat tery may comprises at least one anode material selected from the group consisting of: graphite, silicon. For example, the battery may comprises at least one electrolyte selected from the group consisting of: LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiCI04 in an organic solvent, such as ethylene carbonate, dime thyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.

The test system 110 comprises at least one communication interface 114. The test system 110 is configured for receiving battery performance input data of the battery 112 via the communica tion interface 114. The communication interface 114 may comprise the at least one data storage device configured to store the battery performance input data. The communication interface 114 may specifically provide means for transferring or exchanging information. In particular, the communication interface 114 may provide a data transfer connection, e.g. Bluetooth, NFC, in ductive coupling or the like. As an example, the communication interface 114 may be or may comprise at least one port comprising one or more of a network or internet port, a USB-port and a disk drive. The communication interface 114 may be at least one web interface. The commu nication interface 114 may be or may comprise at least one database selected from the group consisting of: at least one server, at least one server system comprising a plurality of servers, at least one cloud server or cloud computing infrastructure. The communication interface 114 may comprise at least one storage unit configured to store received battery performance input data.

The battery performance input data may be data comprising information about behavior and/or performance of the battery generated in response to the test protocol. The battery performance input data may comprises data generated in response to at least one test protocol. The battery performance input data may be or may comprise raw data and/or preprocessed data. The bat tery performance input data may be determined by performing the at least one test program.

The test program may comprise determining at least one discharge-charge curve of the battery 112. The test program may be performed in a test rig 116. The battery performance input data may be transferred to the test system 110 via the communication interface 114 in real-time or delayed in a bulk transfer.

The battery performance input data may comprise discharge-charge cycle data. The discharge- charge cycle data may comprises at least one charge-discharge curve. The battery perfor mance input data may comprise one or more of information about discharge capacity; infor mation charge capacity; information about shape of charge-discharge curve; information about average voltage; information about open circuit voltage; information about differential capacity; information about coulombic efficiency; and information about internal resistance. The battery performance input data may comprise metadata relating to one or more of cathode material and cell set-up. The metadata may be used to select an appropriate trained model, e.g. considering the cathode material and/or cell set-up.

The test system 110 is configured for receiving operating data indicative of the test protocol via the communication interface 114. The operating data may comprise information about at least one test program performed on the battery 112 in the test rig 116, in particular one or more of operating conditions, order of tests, processes and the like. The test rig 116 may comprise a battery storage device 118 configured to accommodate batteries during test and a cycle ma chine 120 configured to apply a plurality of charge-discharge cycles to the batteries. The cycle machine 120 may be configured to record the battery performance input data. The operating data indicative of at least one test protocol comprises, for example, at least one sequence of dif ferent charge cycles and/or discharge cycles. The test protocol may define an order of test pro grams and/or sequence of test programs and/or duration of each of the test programs. Each of the test programs may comprise at least one charging-discharging cycle, wherein the charging discharging cycles of at least two of the test programs differ. The test protocol may comprise in formation about at least one battery performance test. The battery performance test may com prises at least one sequence of different charge cycles and/or discharge cycles. In the battery performance test discharge-charge curves may be determined for each cycle. The battery per formance test may be performed by a customer. The customer may provide the battery perfor mance input data to the test system 110 via the communication interface 114.

The test system 110 comprises at least one processing device 122. The processing device 122 may be configured for validating the battery performance input data. The processing device 122 is configured for determining at least one predicted time series of at least one state variable in dicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operat ing data using at least one data driven model, denoted with reference number 124 in Figure 1 . The validating may comprise determining if the retrieved battery performance input data is com plete and/or comprises enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance. The vali dating may comprises one or more of reviewing, inspecting or testing the battery performance input data. Specifically, the validating comprises determining if the retrieved battery perfor mance input data is complete and/or comprises enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance. For example, in case the validating reveals that the retrieved battery performance input data is not complete and/or comprises not enough cycles for the determining of the battery performance a request may be issued to the customer to provide additional data by using the communication interface 114.

The state variable may be derived or may be derivable from at least one charge-discharge- curve. The state variable may be at least one variable selected from the group consisting of: discharge capacity; charge capacity; shape of charge-discharge curve; average voltage; open circuit voltage; differential capacity; coulombic efficiency; and internal resistance. The state vari ables can be used simultaneously.

The processing device 122 may be configured for selecting information from the battery perfor mance input data depending on the state variable whose future development is to be predicted. The processing device 122 may be configured for ranking the battery performance input data depending on the state variable whose future development is to be predicted. For example, the state variable may be the discharge capacity. The ranking may be as follows: The charge ca pacity from previous cycles and/or discharge capacity from previous cycles may be considered to be most relevant since they are very close to the state variable which is to be predicted. The shape of charge and/or discharge curves and the internal resistance from previous cycles may be considered to be less relevant than the charge capacity from previous cycles and/or dis charge capacity from previous cycles. For other state variables such as the internal resistance the ranking may be different.

The predicted time series of the state variable may be an expected time series of the state vari able determined using the at least one data driven model. The battery performance input data of the battery may be experimental data. The predicted time series of the state variable may be determined, in particular predicted, by using the data driven model, wherein the battery perfor mance input data is used as input for the data driven model. The battery performance input data may comprise experimental data based on which the predicted time series of the state variable is predicted. Moreover, the predicted time series is determined on the operating data. The test system 110 may comprise the at least one storage device, wherein a plurality of different data driven models may be stored. For example, the storage device may comprise different data driven models for different test protocols. In particular, the processing device 122 may be con figured for selecting the data driven model based on the test protocol used for the battery test. Additionally or alternatively, the data storage device may comprise different data driven models depending on the state variable to be predicted. The processing device 122 may be configured to determining a predicted time series for one state variable or a plurality of state variables.

Time series of any combinations of state variables can also be predicted at the same time.

The data driven model may be derived from analysis of experimental data. The data driven model may be a machine-learning tool. The data driven model may comprise at least one trained model. For example, the data driven model was trained on at least one training dataset, wherein the training dataset comprises time series of historical data of charge and discharge cy cles of at least one known battery configuration and at least one known test protocol. The train ing dataset may comprise a plurality of experimental results of battery tests, e.g. for one or more of the parameters characterizing the battery performance. The training dataset may comprise a plurality of experimental results of battery tests determined at at least two time points, such as for different cycles. For training of the model a plurality of training datasets may be used, for ex ample relating to different batteries under test.

The data driven model may be a feature based model, wherein the features or a subset of fea tures are used to predict battery performance. The training data may be used to select the fea tures for the trained model. The feature selection may comprise selecting a subset of relevant features, in particular variables and predictors, for use in the model construction. The feature selection may comprise deriving electrochemical aspects at certain time points such as relevant time points of charge or discharge curve, internal resistance, open circuit voltage, differential ca pacity. The features may be selected considering irregularities due to material class. The train ing data may comprise raw data. Feature selection may comprise data aggregation such as per step to per cycle. Features may be selected using electrochemistry knowledge and/or traditional feature-selection methods such as retain features with high correlation with the response. Elec trochemistry knowledge may comprise, for example, information about voltage intervals in which interesting phase transitions are expected and thus regions of the curve from which features should be extracted.

The data driven model may comprise at least one recurrent neural network such as at least one echo state network.

The processing device 122 may be configured for using the battery performance input data as input parameter for determining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model. For determining the battery performance of a battery 112 under test, the battery performance input data may be processed and applied as input to the data driven model. The processing may comprise data aggregation. The processing may comprise selecting of infor mation relating to at least one of the parameters characterizing the battery performance whose time series is predicted by the data driven model, also denoted as target state variable. The out put generated by the data driven model in this case may be the predicted time series of the tar get state variable or matrix of state variables.

The processing device 122 may be configured for using the test protocol as an input parameter for determining the predicted time series of the state variable with the data driven model. Specif ically, the processing device may be configured for selecting at least one suitable data driven model based on the received battery performance input data such as based on the received in formation about the test protocol and/or the sequence of different charge cycles and/or dis charge cycles. The processing device 122 may comprise a plurality of data driven models, wherein the processing device 122 is configured for selecting one of the data driven models for determining the predicted time series of the state variable depending on the test protocol. For example, each of the plurality of data driven models may be trained on data derived by using a different test protocol. The models may have different fitting parameters and different hyperpa rameters, which control the complexity. However, the general structure may be the same for all models. Other criteria for selecting the most suitable data driven model can be possible, too.

For example, the processing device 122 may comprise a plurality of data driven models, e.g. depending on material characteristic. The processing device 122 may be configured for analyz ing the battery performance input data, wherein the analyzing comprises determining at least one material characteristic. The processing device 122 may be configured for selecting at least one of the data driven model based on the material characteristic. The information about the material characteristic may be determined from the battery performance input data such as from the metadata.

The processing device 122 may be configured for performing at least one confidence test, wherein the determined state variable is compared to experimental test results. In the confi dence test the predicted time series of the state variable may be compared to experimental test results. Experimental results for different battery types or material may be stored in at least one data storage and may be used for comparison in the confidence test.

The test system 110 is configured for providing at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable. The test system 110 may comprise at least one output interface 126 configured for outputting at least one output comprising information about at least parts of the predicted time series of the state variable. In Figure 1 , the communication interface 114 and the output in terface 126 are identical. The output may comprise one or more of at least one histogram show ing a development of the state variable in time. The output furthermore may comprise infor mation about at least one prediction of battery lifetime and/or at least one categorization. The test system 110 may be configured for performing at least one measure depending on the pre dicted time series of the state variable, wherein the measure comprises one or more of: issuing a recommendation; issuing of a warning; issuing an indication that modification of cathode ma terial of the battery is demanded. The test system 110 may be configured for providing at least one information about the determined battery performance to the customer of the battery 112. For example, the information may be provided by the output interface 126 to the customer. The information furthermore may comprise one or more of ranking on batteries in the test rig 116, classification of batteries, classification of cathode material, or at least one recommendation. The output may comprise a ranking on batteries in the test rig 116 and/or recommendations which measurement of batteries can be stopped. The communication interface 114 may be con figured to allow monitoring a status of the test rig 116. This may allow preparing and designing next experiment based on the result of the determination of the battery performance.

An embodiment of a computer implemented method for determining battery performance during development of a battery configuration in a test environment is shown schematically in Figure 2.

The method comprises the following steps: (denoted with reference number 128) retrieving operating data indicative of at least one test protocol via at least one communication interface and retrieving battery per formance input data via the communication interface;

(denoted with reference number 130) determining a predicted time series of a state variable indicative of battery performance based on the battery performance input data and on the operating data using the data driven model by using the processing device 122.

The method may furthermore comprise a step of decision making 132, wherein dependent on the output of test system 110 the customer may decide whether the battery 112 and the used cathode material is considered as “good” or as “bad”. In case the cathode material is considered as “bad” the customer may proceed with changing or amending the cathode material and to start anew with the method step a). Thus, the method steps a) and b) may be performed once or may be performed repeatedly, such as repeated once or several times, in particular for differ ent batteries 112 and/or different cathode materials.

Figure 3 shows a comparison of experimental results and prediction using the method accord ing to the present invention. In particular, battery capacity c as a function of the time t in days is depicted for a training data set 134 and for the prediction 136. For the prediction shown here, as input early data 138 was used. A good agreement of the prediction and measurement can be observed. In Figure 3, the deviation between model and experiment is approximately 2 % at 200 cycles in the future, which is about 3 weeks.

Figures 4A shows an exemplary charge-discharge-curve, in particular voltage as a function of capacity, determined in the test rig 116. The charge-discharge-curve can be used for determin ing several parameters indicative of battery performance such as discharge capacity, denoted with arrow a. Moreover, the voltage drop, denoted with arrows b, is depicted which is used to calculate the internal resistance. In addition, in Figure 4Aaverage voltage, denoted with c, dQ/dV curve, denoted with d, discharge open circuit voltage, denoted with e, charge open circuit voltage, denoted with f, are shown. Figure 4A shows further the charge capacity, denoted with g, wherein the thin dashed line denotes the constant charge capacity and the thick dashed line denotes the constant voltage charge capacity.

Figure 4B shows an extraction of battery performance input data from experimental data deter mined from 2130 charge and discharge tests. Specifically, development over time of voltage and current is depicted. The current, thin solid line, is shown to change in a stepwise fashion as constant currents are maintained for most of each charge and discharge step. The double ar rows centered on the voltage curve show some of the features that can be used as model in puts. They correspond to the change in capacity over a predefined voltage interval, given by the horizontal lines in Figure 4B, during charge. The drops in the current correspond to constant- voltage and rest steps, where the battery is allowed to relax to an equilibrium state. List of reference numbers

110 test system

112 battery

114 communication interface 116 test rig

118 battery storage device

120 cycle machine

122 processing device

124 data driven model

126 output interface

128 retrieving data

130 determining prediction

132 decision making

134 training data set

136 prediction

138 early data

References

Kristen A. Severson et al., “Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degrada tion”, Nature Energy, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0356-8

US 2019/0115778 A1

“A Practical Guide to Applying Echo State Networks”, Mantas Lukosevicius, Published in Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade 2012. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-35289-8_36; http://minds.jacobs- university.de/uploads/papers/PracticalESN.pdf

WO 2019/017991 A1