ASSISTANCE DATA

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

1. Field of the Disclosure

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications.

2. Description of the Related Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards.

SUMMARY [0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of communication performed by a network node includes transmitting, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmitting, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0006] In an aspect, a network node includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0007] In an aspect, a network node includes means for transmitting, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and means for transmitting, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0008] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network node, cause the network node to: transmit, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmit, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0009] Other obj ects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0012] FIGS. 2 A and 2B illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0013] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein. [0014] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example base station in communication with an example UE, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the types of positioning error associated with a downlink or uplink angle-based positioning method, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating aspects of downlink angle-of-departure (AoD) positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates an example architecture of a type 1-C base station, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 9 illustrates an example architecture of a type 1-H base station, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an example architecture of a type 1-0 and a type 2-0 base station, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of associations between beam representations and positioning reference signal (PRS) resources, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method of communication, according to aspects of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0024] The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0025] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0026] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0027] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0028] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and/or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0029] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MTMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. [0030] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and/or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and/or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0031] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0032] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR. network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0033] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a EE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0034] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0035] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0036] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0037] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0038] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0039] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0040] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182 Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0041] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. [0042] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi -co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0043] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal -to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0044] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0045] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0046] In 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless nodes (e.g., base stations 102/180, UEs 104/182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges, FR1 (from 450 to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). mmW frequency bands generally include the FR2, FR3, and FR4 frequency ranges. As such, the terms “mmW” and “FR2” or “FR3” or “FR4” may generally be used interchangeably.

[0047] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104/182 and the cell in which the UE 104/182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104/182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104/182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0048] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and/or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104/182 to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0049] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and/or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0050] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the S Vs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and/or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0051] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0052] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0053] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on.

[0054] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0055] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0056] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 250. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0057] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink/ downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0058] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the Nil interface.

[0059] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP).

[0060] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and/or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and/or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0061] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0062] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “FI” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission/reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0063] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the file transmission operations as taught herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies.

[0064] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means fortuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0065] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0066] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuring satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi- Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0067] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0068] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0069] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0070] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0071] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include positioning component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 342, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0072] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and/or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and/or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0073] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0074] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0075] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer- 1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer- 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0076] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Lay er-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0077] In the uplink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0078] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0079] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0080] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0081] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0082] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and/or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3 A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0083] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them. [0084] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398, etc.

[0085] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as WiFi).

[0086] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and/or different channels. [0087] LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal FFT size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0088] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (m), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (m=0), 30 kHz (m=1), 60 kHz (m=2), 120 kHz (m=3), and 240 kHz (m=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (m=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (ps), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (m=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (m=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (p=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (p=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800. [0089] In the example of FIG. 4, a numerology of 15 kFIz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 4, time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0090] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0091] Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. FIG. 4 illustrates example locations of REs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”).

[0092] A collection of resource elements (REs) that are used for transmission of PRS is referred to as a “PRS resource.” The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and ‘N’ (such as 1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain.

[0093] The transmission of a PRS resource within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also referred to as the “comb density”). A comb size ‘N’ represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency/tone spacing) within each symbol of a PRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size ‘N,’ PRS are transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of a PRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the PRS resource configuration, REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit PRS of the PRS resource. Currently, comb sizes of comb-2, comb-4, comb-6, and comb- 12 are supported for DL-PRS. FIG. 4 illustrates an example PRS resource configuration for comb-4 (which spans four symbols). That is, the locations of the shaded REs (labeled “R”) indicate a comb-4 PRS resource configuration.

[0094] Currently, a DL-PRS resource may span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a fully frequency-domain staggered pattern. A DL-PRS resource can be configured in any higher layer configured downlink or flexible (FL) symbol of a slot. There may be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. The following are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for comb sizes 2, 4, 6, and 12 over 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbols. 2-symbol comb-2: (0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-2: (0, 1, 0, 1}; 6-symbol comb-2: (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 12-symbol comb-2: (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-4: (0, 2, 1, 3} (as in the example of FIG. 4); 12-symbol comb-4: (0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 6-symbol comb-6: (0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; 12-symbol comb-6: (0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; and 12-symbol comb-12: (0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11} .

[0095] A “PRS resource set” is a set of PRS resources used for the transmission of PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and is associated with a particular TRP (identified by a TRP ID). In addition, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor (such as “PRS- ResourceRepetitionF actor”) across slots. The periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource of a first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first PRS resource of the next PRS instance. The periodicity may have a length selected from 2 ^L m*{4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240} slots, with m = 0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor may have a length selected from (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots.

[0096] A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where a TRP may transmit one or more beams). That is, each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam, and as such, a “PRS resource,” or simply “resource,” also can be referred to as a “beam.” Note that this does not have any implications on whether the TRPs and the beams on which PRS are transmitted are known to the UE.

[0097] A “PRS instance” or “PRS occasion” is one instance of a periodically repeated time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive slots) where PRS are expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion also may be referred to as a “PRS positioning occasion,” a “PRS positioning instance, a “positioning occasion,” “a positioning instance,” a “positioning repetition,” or simply an “occasion,” an “instance,” or a “repetition.”

[0098] A “positioning frequency layer” (also referred to simply as a “frequency layer”) is a collection of one or more PRS resource sets across one or more TRPs that have the same values for certain parameters. Specifically, the collection of PRS resource sets has the same subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) type (meaning all numerologies supported for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) are also supported for PRS), the same Point A, the same value of the downlink PRS bandwidth, the same start PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb-size. The Point A parameter takes the value of the parameter “ARFCN-ValueNR” (where “ARFCN” stands for “absolute radio-frequency channel number”) and is an identifier/code that specifies a pair of physical radio channel used for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth may have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers have been defined, and up to two PRS resource sets may be configured per TRP per frequency layer.

[0099] The concept of a frequency layer is somewhat like the concept of component carriers and bandwidth parts (BWPs), but different in that component carriers and BWPs are used by one base station (or a macro cell base station and a small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while frequency layers are used by several (usually three or more) base stations to transmit PRS. A UE may indicate the number of frequency layers it can support when it sends the network its positioning capabilities, such as during an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) session. For example, a UE may indicate whether it can support one or four positioning frequency layers.

[0100] In an aspect, the reference signal carried on the REs labeled “R” in FIG. 4 may be SRS. SRS transmitted by a UE may be used by a base station to obtain the channel state information (CSI) for the transmitting UE. CSI describes how an RF signal propagates from the UE to the base station and represents the combined effect of scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The system uses the SRS for resource scheduling, link adaptation, massive MIMO, beam management, etc.

[0101] A collection of REs that are used for transmission of SRS is referred to as an “SRS resource,” and may be identified by the parameter “SRS-Resourceld.” The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and ‘N’ (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol, an SRS resource occupies one or more consecutive PRBs. An “SRS resource set” is a set of SRS resources used for the transmission of SRS signals, and is identified by an SRS resource set ID (“SRS-ResourceSetld”).

[0102] The transmission of SRS resources within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also referred to as the “comb density”). A comb size ‘N’ represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency/tone spacing) within each symbol of an SRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size ‘N,’ SRS are transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of a PRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the SRS resource configuration, REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit SRS of the SRS resource. In the example of FIG. 4, the illustrated SRS is comb- 4 over four symbols. That is, the locations of the shaded SRS REs indicate a comb-4 SRS resource configuration.

[0103] Currently, an SRS resource may span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a comb size of comb-2, comb-4, or comb-8. The following are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for the SRS comb patterns that are currently supported. 1 -symbol comb-2: {0}; 2-symbol comb-2: (0, 1}; 2-symbol comb-4: (0, 2}; 4-symbol comb-2: (0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-4: (0, 2, 1, 3} (as in the example of FIG. 4); 8-symbol comb-4: (0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 12-symbol comb-4: (0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 4-symbol comb-8: (0, 4, 2, 6}; 8-symbol comb-8: (0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7}; and 12-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7, 0, 4, 2, 6}.

[0104] Generally, as noted above, a UE transmits SRS to enable the receiving base station (either the serving base station or a neighboring base station) to measure the channel quality (i.e., CSI) between the UE and the base station. However, SRS can also be specifically configured as uplink positioning reference signals for uplink-based positioning procedures, such as uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), round-trip-time (RTT), uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA), etc. As used herein, the term “SRS” may refer to SRS configured for channel quality measurements or SRS configured for positioning purposes. The former may be referred to herein as “SRS-for-communication” and/or the latter may be referred to as “SRS-for-positioning” or “positioning SRS” when needed to distinguish the two types of SRS.

[0105] Several enhancements over the previous definition of SRS have been proposed for SRS- for-positioning (also referred to as “UL-PRS”), such as a new staggered pattern within an SRS resource (except for single-symbol/comb-2), a new comb type for SRS, new sequences for SRS, a higher number of SRS resource sets per component carrier, and a higher number of SRS resources per component carrier. In addition, the parameters “SpatialRelationlnfo” and “PathLossReference” are to be configured based on a downlink reference signal or SSB from a neighboring TRP. Further still, one SRS resource may be transmitted outside the active BWP, and one SRS resource may span across multiple component carriers. Also, SRS may be configured in RRC connected state and only transmitted within an active BWP. Further, there may be no frequency hopping, no repetition factor, a single antenna port, and new lengths for SRS (e.g., 8 and 12 symbols). There also may be open-loop power control and not closed-loop power control, and comb- 8 (i.e., an SRS transmitted every eighth subcarrier in the same symbol) may be used. Lastly, the UE may transmit through the same transmit beam from multiple SRS resources for UL-AoA. All of these are features that are additional to the current SRS framework, which is configured through RRC higher layer signaling (and potentially triggered or activated through a MAC control element (MAC-CE) or DCI).

[0106] Note that the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” generally refer to specific reference signals that are used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to, PRS as defined in LTE and NR, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc. In addition, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may refer to downlink or uplink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. If needed to further distinguish the type of PRS, a downlink positioning reference signal may be referred to as a “DL-PRS,” and an uplink positioning reference signal (e.g., an SRS-for- positioning, PTRS) may be referred to as an “UL-PRS.” In addition, for signals that may be transmitted in both the uplink and downlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS), the signals may be prepended with “UL” or “DL” to distinguish the direction. For example, “UL-DMRS” may be differentiated from “DL-DMRS.” [0107] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity can estimate the UE’s location.

[0108] For DL-AoD positioning, the positioning entity uses a beam report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s).

[0109] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE. For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0110] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi -round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT”) In an RTT procedure, an initiator (a base station or a UE) transmits an RTT measurement signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a responder (a UE or base station), which transmits an RTT response signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the initiator. The RTT response signal includes the difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal and the transmission time of the RTT response signal, referred to as the reception-to- transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The initiator calculates the difference between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal and the ToA of the RTT response signal, referred to as the transmission-to-reception (Tx-Rx) time difference. The propagation time (also referred to as the “time of flight”) between the initiator and the responder can be calculated from the Tx-Rx and Rx-Tx time differences. Based on the propagation time and the known speed of light, the distance between the initiator and the responder can be determined. For multi-RTT positioning, a UE performs an RTT procedure with multiple base stations to enable its location to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on the known locations of the base stations. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL- AoD, to improve location accuracy.

[0111] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0112] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive positioning subframes, periodicity of positioning subframes, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0113] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be +/- 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 32 ps. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 8 ps.

[0114] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0115] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating a base station (BS) 502 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein) in communication with a UE 504 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein). Referring to FIG. 5, the base station 502 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 504 on one or more transmit beams 502a, 502b, 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, 502g, 502h, each having a beam identifier that can be used by the UE 504 to identify the respective beam. Where the base station 502 is beamforming towards the UE 504 with a single array of antennas (e.g., a single TRP/cell), the base station 502 may perform a “beam sweep” by transmitting first beam 502a, then beam 502b, and so on until lastly transmitting beam 502h. Alternatively, the base station 502 may transmit beams 502a - 502h in some pattern, such as beam 502a, then beam 502h, then beam 502b, then beam 502g, and so on. Where the base station 502 is beamforming towards the UE 504 using multiple arrays of antennas (e.g., multiple TRPs/cells), each antenna array may perform a beam sweep of a subset of the beams 502a - 502h. Alternatively, each of beams 502a - 502h may correspond to a single antenna or antenna array.

[0116] FIG. 5 further illustrates the paths 512c, 512d, 512e, 512f, and 512g followed by the beamformed signal transmitted on beams 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, and 502g, respectively. Each path 512c, 512d, 512e, 512f, 512g may correspond to a single “multipath” or, due to the propagation characteristics of radio frequency (RF) signals through the environment, may be comprised of a plurality (a cluster) of “multipaths.” Note that although only the paths for beams 502c - 502g are shown, this is for simplicity, and the signal transmitted on each of beams 502a - 502h will follow some path. In the example shown, the paths 512c, 512d, 512e, and 512f are straight lines, while path 512g reflects off an obstacle 520 (e.g., a building, vehicle, terrain feature, etc.).

[0117] The UE 504 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 502 on one or more receive beams 504a, 504b, 504c, 504d. Note that for simplicity, the beams illustrated in FIG. 5 represent either transmit beams or receive beams, depending on which of the base station 502 and the UE 504 is transmitting and which is receiving. Thus, the UE 504 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 502 on one or more of the beams 504a - 504d, and the base station 502 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 504 on one or more of the beams 502a - 502h.

[0118] In an aspect, the base station 502 and the UE 504 may perform beam training to align the transmit and receive beams of the base station 502 and the UE 504. For example, depending on environmental conditions and other factors, the base station 502 and the UE 504 may determine that the best transmit and receive beams are 502d and 504b, respectively, or beams 502e and 504c, respectively. The direction of the best transmit beam for the base station 502 may or may not be the same as the direction of the best receive beam, and likewise, the direction of the best receive beam for the UE 504 may or may not be the same as the direction of the best transmit beam. Note, however, that aligning the transmit and receive beams is not necessary to perform a downlink angle-of- departure (DL-AoD) or uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning procedure.

[0119] To perform a DL-AoD positioning procedure, the base station 502 may transmit reference signals (e.g., PRS, CRS, TRS, CSI-RS, PSS, SSS, etc.) to the UE 504 on one or more of beams 502a - 502h, with each beam having a different transmit angle. The different transmit angles of the beams will result in different received signal strengths (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) at the UE 504. Specifically, the received signal strength will be lower for transmit beams 502a - 502h that are further from the line of sight (LOS) path 510 between the base station 502 and the UE 504 than for transmit beams 502a - 502h that are closer to the LOS path 510.

[0120] In the example of FIG. 5, if the base station 502 transmits reference signals to the UE 504 on beams 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, and 502g, then transmit beam 502e is best aligned with the LOS path 510, while transmit beams 502c, 502d, 502f, and 502g are not. As such, beam 502e is likely to have a higher received signal strength at the UE 504 than beams 502c, 502d, 502f, and 502g. Note that the reference signals transmitted on some beams (e.g., beams 502c and/or 502f) may not reach the UE 504, or energy reaching the UE 504 from these beams may be so low that the energy may not be detectable or at least can be ignored.

[0121] The EE 504 can report the received signal strength, and optionally, the associated measurement quality, of each measured transmit beam 502c - 502g to the base station 502, or alternatively, the identity of the transmit beam having the highest received signal strength (beam 502e in the example of FIG. 5). Alternatively or additionally, if the UE 504 is also engaged in a round-trip-time (RTT) or time-difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning session with at least one base station 502 or a plurality of base stations 502, respectively, the UE 504 can report reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference or reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurements (and optionally the associated measurement qualities), respectively, to the serving base station 502 or other positioning entity. In any case, the positioning entity (e.g., the base station 502, a location server, a third-party client, UE 504, etc.) can estimate the angle from the base station 502 to the UE 504 as the AoD of the transmit beam having the highest received signal strength at the UE 504, here, transmit beam 502e.

[0122] In one aspect of DL-AoD-based positioning, where there is only one involved base station 502, the base station 502 and the UE 504 can perform a round-trip-time (RTT) procedure to determine the distance between the base station 502 and the UE 504. Thus, the positioning entity can determine both the direction to the UE 504 (using DL-AoD positioning) and the distance to the UE 504 (using RTT positioning) to estimate the location of the UE 504. Note that the AoD of the transmit beam having the highest received signal strength does not necessarily lie along the LOS path 510, as shown in FIG. 5. However, for DL-AoD-based positioning purposes, it is assumed to do so.

[0123] In another aspect of DL-AoD-based positioning, where there are multiple involved base stations 502, each involved base station 502 can report, to the serving base station 502, the determined AoD from the respective base station 502 to the UE 504, or the RSRP measurements. The serving base station 502 may then report the AoDs or RSRP measurements from the other involved base station(s) 502 to the positioning entity (e.g., UE 504 for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning). With this information, and knowledge of the base stations’ 502 geographic locations, the positioning entity can estimate a location of the UE 504 as the intersection of the determined AoDs. There should be at least two involved base stations 502 for a two- dimensional (2D) location solution, but as will be appreciated, the more base stations 502 that are involved in the positioning procedure, the more accurate the estimated location of the UE 504 will be.

[0124] To perform an UL-AoA positioning procedure, the UE 504 transmits uplink reference signals (e.g., UL-PRS, SRS, DMRS, etc.) to the base station 502 on one or more of uplink transmit beams 504a - 504d. The base station 502 receives the uplink reference signals on one or more of uplink receive beams 502a - 502h. The base station 502 determines the angle of the best receive beams 502a - 502h used to receive the one or more reference signals from the UE 504 as the AoA from the UE 504 to itself. Specifically, each of the receive beams 502a - 502h will result in a different received signal strength (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) of the one or more reference signals at the base station 502. Further, the channel impulse response of the one or more reference signals will be smaller for receive beams 502a - 502h that are further from the actual LOS path between the base station 502 and the UE 504 than for receive beams 502a - 502h that are closer to the LOS path. Likewise, the received signal strength will be lower for receive beams 502a - 502h that are further from the LOS path than for receive beams 502a - 502h that are closer to the LOS path. As such, the base station 502 identifies the receive beam 502a - 502h that results in the highest received signal strength and, optionally, the strongest channel impulse response, and estimates the angle from itself to the UE 504 as the AoA of that receive beam 502a - 502h. Note that as with DL-AoD-based positioning, the AoA of the receive beam 502a - 502h resulting in the highest received signal strength (and strongest channel impulse response if measured) does not necessarily lie along the LOS path 510. However, for UL-AoA-based positioning purposes in FR2, it may be assumed to do so.

[0125] Note that while the UE 504 is illustrated as being capable of beamforming, this is not necessary for DL-AoD and UL-AoA positioning procedures. Rather, the UE 504 may receive and transmit on an omni-directional antenna.

[0126] Where the UE 504 is estimating its location (i.e., the UE is the positioning entity), it needs to obtain the geographic location of the base station 502. The UE 504 may obtain the location from, for example, the base station 502 itself or a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272). With the knowledge of the distance to the base station 502 (based on the RTT or timing advance), the angle between the base station 502 and the UE 504 (based on the UL-AoA of the best receive beam 502a - 502h), and the known geographic location of the base station 502, the UE 504 can estimate its location.

[0127] Alternatively, where a positioning entity, such as the base station 502 or a location server, is estimating the location of the UE 504, the base station 502 reports the AoA of the receive beam 502a - 502h resulting in the highest received signal strength (and optionally strongest channel impulse response) of the reference signals received from the UE 504, or all received signal strengths and channel impulse responses for all receive beams 502 (which allows the positioning entity to determine the best receive beam 502a - 502h). The base station 502 may additionally report the Rx-Tx time difference to the UE 504. The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE 504 based on the UE’s 504 distance to the base station 502, the AoA of the identified receive beam 502a - 502h, and the known geographic location of the base station 502.

[0128] There are various motivations for enhancing angle-based positioning methods (e.g., DL- AoD, UL-AoA). For example, the bandwidth of the measured signals does not significantly affect the precision of angle-based methods. As another example, angle- based methods are not sensitive to network synchronization errors. As yet another example, massive MIMO is available in both FR1 and FR2, thereby enabling angle measurement. As another example, DL-AoD is supported for UE-based positioning, and UL-AoA can supplement RTT or uplink-based positioning methods naturally without additional overhead.

[0129] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the types of positioning errors associated with a downlink or uplink angle-based positioning method (e.g., DL-AoD, UL-AoA), according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 6, a base station 602 (e.g., any of the base stations described herein) is beamforming towards a UE 604 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). The base station 602 may transmit downlink reference signals (e.g., PRS) to the UE 604 and/or receive uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) from the UE 604 on multiple beams 610. In the former case, the beams 610 may be downlink transmit beams, and in the latter case, the beams 610 may be uplink receive beams.

[0130] As shown in FIG. 6, the location of the UE 604 is on a circumference defined by the radius of the cell (i.e., the distance between base station 602 and the UE 604) and the angle and width of the best beam 610 used to communicate with the UE 604. The UE’s 604 location can therefore be estimated based on the location of the base station 602, the cell radius, and the angle and width of the best beam 610. The UE’s 604 estimated location is subject to different types of errors, however. Specifically, there is an angle estimation error (i.e., an error in the estimated angle of the best beam 610) and a position error along the circumference (i.e., an error in the UE’s 604 location on the circumference defined by the angle and width of the best beam 610).

[0131] The following table illustrates example position errors (along the circumference) based on different angle estimation errors. Specifically, the rows show the position error given a specific angle error (leftmost column) and cell radius. The last row shows the implied standard deviation (ISD) for each example cell radius.

Table 1

[0132] As shown in Table 1 above, the angle accuracy (or angle error) should be within a few degrees to provide a noticeable impact to the positioning accuracy. For example, as shown in Table 1, at 200 meters ISD, the angle error should be within one to two degrees to keep the position error lower than three meters.

[0133] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating further aspects of DL-AoD positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 7, a TRP 702 (e.g., a TRP of any of the base stations described herein) is beamforming towards a UE 704 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). The TRP 702 may transmit downlink reference signals (e.g., PRS) to the UE 704 on multiple downlink transmit beams, labeled “1,” “2,” “3,” “4,” and “5.”

[0134] Each potential location of the UE 704 around the TRP 702 in the azimuth domain may be represented as _fc . For simplicity, FIG. 7 illustrates only four possible locations of the UE 704 around the TRP 702, denoted <p _{±, <} p ₂ , ₃ , and _< p _N. For a DL-AoD positioning session, the UE 704 measures the signal strength (e.g., RSRP) of each detectable downlink transmit beam from the TRP 702. The circled points on each line between the TRP 702 and an illustrated location of the UE 704 indicate where on the measurable beams the signal strength measurements will be taken. That is, the circles represent the relative signal strength that the UE 704 will measure for each beam intersecting the line, with circles closer to the UE 704 indicating a higher signal strength.

[0135] For each potential e [0 ₁ <p _N ] at which the UE 704 may be located, and for each beam l E [1, —,N _beams ] that is being transmitted, the TRP 702 calculates the expected signal strength/receive power P _{t k} at the UE 704. The TRP 702 derives the normalized vector P _k for each k E [1, ... TV], as:

[0136] The TRP 702 then transmits the PRS resources to the UE 704 on the downlink transmit beams. Each beam may correspond to a different PRS resource, or the same PRS resource may be transmitted on each beam, or some combination thereof. The UE 704 can report up to eight RSRPs, with one for each PRS resource. The TRP 702 (or other positioning entity) denotes as P the received vector of normalized RSRP, and finds the k that results in a P _k close to P.

[0137] Currently, for the beam/antenna information to be optionally provided to the LMF by the base station, one or more of the following beam information reporting options can be selected. As a first option, the base station can report the antenna configuration including at least the following parameters: (1) the number of antenna elements (vertical and horizontal) and (2) the antenna element spacing, where “dh” denotes the horizontal distance between antenna elements and “dv” denotes the vertical distance between antenna elements. For discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based beams, the base station may also report the precoder information for each PRS resource. The base station may also report antenna element pattern information.

[0138] As a second beam information reporting option, the base station can report a mapping of angle and beam gains for each of the PRS resources. In a transmitting antenna, gain describes the antenna’s ability to convert input power to radio waves sent in a specified direction. In a receiving antenna, gain describes the antenna’s ability to convert radio waves (incoming from a specified direction) into electrical power. Antenna gain is generally measured in decibels over isotropic (dBi). RSRP measurements may be used to determine the relative gain between beams, and as such, RSRP and gain may be used interchangeably when describing beam gain. Currently, the representation of the mapping (e.g., parametric function approximating the beam response, gain/angle table, beamwidth, intersection point of multiple beams (angle, RSRP), etc.) is up to base station implementation. In either reporting option, the base station beam/antenna information can optionally be provided to the UE by the location server as assistance data for UE- based DL-AoD positioning.

[0139] Different base station types have been defined for NR base stations (e.g., gNBs). More specifically, as per 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.104 (which is publicly available and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), NR base stations can be classified as type “1-C,” “1-H,” “l-O,” or “2-0” considering conducting (cabled) and radiating (over-the-air (OTA)) requirement reference points. These requirement reference points are specified for radio conformance or verification of radio transceivers for a base station’s transmit power requirements/limits.

[0140] Type 1-C base stations operate in FR1 with a requirements set consisting only of conducted requirements defined at individual antenna connectors. Type 1-H base stations operate in FR1 with a requirement set consisting of conducted requirements defined at individual transceiver array boundary (TAB) connectors and OTA requirements defined at the radiated interface boundary (RIB). Type 1-0 base stations operate in FR1 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB. Type 2-0 base stations operate in FR2 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB.

[0141] FIG. 8 illustrates an example architecture 800 of a type 1-C base station, according to aspects of the disclosure. As noted above, a type 1-C base station is an NR base station operating in FR1 with a requirements set consisting only of conducted requirements defined at individual antenna connectors. An antenna connector is a connector at the conducted interface of a type 1-C base station. Type 1-C base station requirements are applied at the base station antenna connector (port A) for a single transmitter or receiver with a full complement of transceivers for the configuration in normal operating conditions. If any external element such as an amplifier (e.g., power amplifier), a filter (e.g., a transmit (Tx) or a receive (Rx) filter), or the combination of such devices is used, requirements apply at the far end antenna connector (port B). [0142] FIG. 9 illustrates an example architecture 900 of a type 1-H base station, according to aspects of the disclosure. For type 1-H base stations, the requirements are defined for two points of reference, signified by radiated requirements and conducted requirements. Radiated characteristics are defined OTA, where the operating band-specific radiated interface is referred to as the radiated interface boundary (RIB). Radiated requirements are also referred to as OTA requirements. The (spatial) characteristics in which the OTA requirements apply are detailed for each requirement. Conducted characteristics are defined at individual or groups of transceiver array boundary (TAB) connectors at the transceiver array boundary, which is the conducted interface between the transceiver unit array 910 and the composite antenna 920.

[0143] The transceiver unit array 910 is part of the composite transceiver functionality generating modulated transmit signal structures and performing receiver combining and demodulation. The transceiver unit array 910 contains an implementation-specific number of transmitter units and an implementation specific number of receiver units. Transmitter units and receiver units may be combined into transceiver units. The transmitter/receiver units have the ability to transmit/receive parallel independent modulated symbol streams.

[0144] The composite antenna 920 contains a radio distribution network (RDN) 922 and an antenna array (AA) 924. The RDN 922 is a linear passive network that distributes the RF power generated by the transceiver unit array 910 to the antenna array 924, and/or distributes the radio signals collected by the antenna array 924 to the transceiver unit array 910, in an implementation-specific way.

[0145] FIG. 10 illustrates an example architecture 1000 of a type 1 -O and a type 2-0 base station, according to aspects of the disclosure. For type 1-0 (FR1) and type 2-0 (FR2) base stations, the radiated characteristics are defined OTA, where the operating band-specific radiated interface is referred to as the radiated interface boundary (RIB). Radiated requirements are also referred to as OTA requirements. The (spatial) characteristics in which the OTA requirements apply are detailed for each requirement.

[0146] For a type 1-0 base station, the transceiver unit array 1010 contains at least eight transmitter units and at least eight receiver units (i.e., P=8). Transmitter units and receiver units may be combined into transceiver units. The transmitter/receiver units have the ability to transmit/receive parallel independent modulated symbol streams. [0147] Type 1-H, 1-0, and type 2-0 base stations are declared to support one or more beams. Radiated transmit power is defined as the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) level for a declared beam at a specific beam peak direction. For each beam, the requirement is based on declaration of a beam identity, reference beam direction pair, beamwidth, rated beam EIRP, OTA peak directions set, the beam direction pairs at the maximum steering directions and their associated rated beam EIRP, and beamwidth(s). For a declared beam and beam direction pair, the rated beam EIRP level is the maximum power that the base station is declared to radiate at the associated beam peak direction during the transmitter ON period.

[0148] A reference beam direction pair is a declared beam direction pair, including reference beam center direction and reference beam peak direction, where the reference beam peak direction is the direction for the intended maximum EIRP within the OTA peak directions set. The OTA peak directions set is the set(s) of beam peak directions within which certain transmit OTA requirements are intended to be met, where all OTA peak directions set(s) are subsets of the OTA coverage range. The OTA coverage range is a common range of directions within which transmit OTA requirements that are neither specified in the OTA peak directions sets nor as TRP requirement are intended to be met. The beam direction pair is the data set consisting of the beam center direction and the related beam peak direction. The beam center direction is the direction equal to the geometric center of the half-power contour of the beam. The beam peak direction is the direction where the maximum EIRP is found. The beamwidth is the beam that has a half-power contour that is essentially elliptical, the half-power beamwidths in the two pattern cuts that respectively contain the major and minor axis of the ellipse.

[0149] In addition to base station types, NR defines three classes for base stations, specifically, wide area base stations, medium range base stations, and local area base stations. For type 1-0 and 2-0 base stations, wide area base stations are characterized by requirements derived from macro cell scenarios with a base station-to-UE minimum distance along the ground equal to 35 meters (m). Medium range base stations are characterized by requirements derived from micro cell scenarios with a base station-to-UE minimum distance along the ground equal to 5 m. Local area base stations are characterized by requirements derived from pico cell scenarios with a base station-to-UE minimum distance along the ground equal to 2 m. [0150] For type 1-C and type 1-H base stations, wide area base stations are characterized by requirements derived from macro cell scenarios with a base station-to-UE minimum coupling loss equal to 70 decibels (dB). Medium range base stations are characterized by requirements derived from micro cell scenarios with a base station-to-UE minimum coupling loss equals to 53 dB. Local area Base Stations are characterized by requirements derived from Pico Cell scenarios with a BS to UE minimum coupling loss equal to 45 dB. The following tables summarize the above minimum distances and minimum coupling losses:

Table 2

Table 3

[0151] These base station classes have been specified to ensure that certain radio characteristics are within limits and are suitable for specified deployments. These radio characteristics can be maximum allowed transmit power, minimum receiver sensitivity, minimum distance between UEs or a UE and a user, and/or minimum coupling loss support. Regarding the transmit power capability of each base station class, wide area base stations have no upper limit on their transmit power, but each country has its own allowed EIRP limit for RF regulations. Medium range base stations have transmit powers less than 38 dBm or 6.3 watts. Local area base stations have transmit powers less than 24 dBm or 0.25 watts.

[0152] The present disclosure proposes that different base station types and/or classes support different beam information reporting options from the two options described above. The first beam information reporting option (i.e., the base station reports the antenna configuration, including the number of antenna elements and the antenna element spacing) may be more applicable to, or supportable by, type 1-C or 1-H base stations. The second reporting option (i.e., the base station reports a mapping of angle and beam gains for each PRS resource) may be more applicable to, or supportable by, type 1-0 and 2-0 base stations. This is because FR1 low-band base stations (i.e., base stations operating at an FR1 frequency band below a threshold) are more likely to support the first option, especially if they have omnidirectional antenna elements. FR1 mid-band and high-band base stations (i.e., base stations operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold), or FR2 base stations (i.e., base stations operating at an FR2 frequency band), may support the first option if they also provide their antenna element pattern, or the second option if they do not provide their antenna element pattern.

[0153] Thus, a base station may report a database of potential beams (either with the first option beam information or the second option beam information, or a mix of both types of beam information) to the location server (e.g., LMF 270). That is, the database may contain a collection of X sets of beam information, wherein each set of beam information may be a different type of beam representation.

[0154] For example, the beam information (or beam representation) for a first beam (denoted “Beaml”) may include a DFT-based parametrization with the antenna configuration parameters N1 (i.e., the number of antenna elements horizontally), N2 (the number of antenna elements vertically), dH (the horizontal distance between antenna elements), and dV (the vertical distance between antenna elements), thereby providing the first option beam information. The beam information for a second beam (denoted “Beam2”) may include an (angle, RSRP}-contour parametrization, as described above with reference to FIG. 7, thereby providing the second option beam information. The beam information for a third beam (denoted “Beam3”) may include a DFT-based-parametrization with the antenna configuration parameters N , N2’, dH’, dV’, thereby the first option beam information.

[0155] A base station may provide separate signaling indicating how the beam database maps to PRS resources (as defined, one PRS resource is associated with one beam at a time). The base station may provide a timer or timestamp indicating how long this association is valid. For example, a timestamp may indicate the time until which the association is valid, or a time at which the association expires. [0156] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of associations (or mappings) between beam representations and PRS resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 11, a beam information database for a particular base station includes entries for four beams, denoted “Beaml,” “Beam2,” “Beam3,” and “Beam4.” Each entry includes beam information representing the respective beam according to the first beam information option (denoted “Option 1”) or the second beam information option (denoted “Option 2”). The beam information for Beaml and Beam4 represent these beams using Option 1 (i.e., antenna configuration, including the number of antenna elements and the antenna element spacing), and the beam information for Beam2 and Beam3 represent these beams using Option 2 (i.e., a mapping of angle and beam gains for each PRS resource).

[0157] FIG. 11 also illustrates a PRS resource database for the base station that includes entries for two PRS resources, denoted “PRS Resource 1” and “PRS Resource 2.” As shown by diagram 1100, at a first time, denoted “Timel,” the first PRS resource is mapped to Beaml and the second PRS resource is mapped to Beam3. As shown by diagram 1150, at a second time, denoted “Time2,” the first PRS resource is mapped to Beam2 and the second PRS resource is mapped to Beam4.

[0158] As will be appreciated, while FIG. 11 illustrates a beam information database having four entries and a PRS resource database having two entries, there may be more or fewer beam information entries and more or fewer PRS resource entries.

[0159] In an aspect, the location server may request (e.g., via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa)) a beam information database in the same or a separate procedure from a request for a PRS resource database. A base station may autonomously (or upon request) report (e.g., via NRPPa) a beam information database in the same or separate package or information element than a PRS resources database. A base station may autonomously (or upon request) report (e.g., via NRPPa) how the beams are mapped to PRS resources.

[0160] Note that while the foregoing has described mapping beams to PRS resources, beams may be mapped to, or associated with, a positioning frequency layer, a PRS resource set, or a PRS resource.

[0161] A similar concept can be used for a UE’s beam parametrization and/or reporting. A UE may report separate sets of beam information (i.e., beam information databases). Each beam information database may be associated with a specific band, or band combination, or frequency range. A UE may report how a beam information index maps to an SRS resource or an SRS resource set. The two different reports may be requested separately and/or reported separately. The reports may be via RRC and/or MAC control elements (MAC-CEs). The reports may be requested via LPP, RRC, MAC-CE, or downlink control information (DCI).

[0162] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method 1200 of communication, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1200 may be performed by a network node (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein).

[0163] At 1210, the network node transmits, to a network entity (e.g., a location server or a serving base station), a plurality of beam representations (e.g., beam information database illustrated in FIG. 11) for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams (i.e., the first reporting option) or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam (i.e., the second reporting option), the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing. In an aspect, where the network node is a UE, operation 1210 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. In an aspect, where the network node is a base station, operation 1210 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0164] At 1220, the network node transmits, to the network entity, a first mapping (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 11) of one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations. In an aspect, where the network node is a UE, operation 1220 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. In an aspect, where the network node is a base station, operation 1220 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation. [0165] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1200 is the improvement of DL-AoD positioning techniques based on the additional beam information (i.e., the plurality of beam representations), as the additional beam information more appropriately characterizing different base station types and classes.

[0166] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an insulator and a conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0167] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0168] Clause 1. A method of communication performed by a network node, comprising: transmitting, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmitting, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations. [0169] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0170] Clause 3. The method of clause 1, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0171] Clause 4. The method of clause 1, wherein: a first set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and a second set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0172] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, further comprising: transmitting, to the network entity, an indication of a time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0173] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein the indication comprises: a timestamp indicating a time until which the first mapping is valid, or a timer indicating a length of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0174] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 5 to 6, further comprising: transmitting, to the network entity, a second mapping of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations after expiration of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0175] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, a request for the plurality of beam representations.

[0176] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, based on transmission of the plurality of beam representations, a request for the first mapping.

[0177] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the first mapping is transmitted autonomously in response to transmission of the plurality of beam representations.

[0178] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein: the network node is a base station, the network entity is a location server, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more downlink PRS resources or downlink PRS resource sets.

[0179] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein, based on the base station operating at a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) frequency band below a threshold, all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0180] Clause 13. The method of clause 12, wherein the base station is a type 1-C base station or a type 1-H base station.

[0181] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 11 to 13, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or a Frequency Range 2 (FR2) frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and the antenna configurations further include antenna element patterns associated with the plurality of beams.

[0182] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 11 to 14, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or an FR2 frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams.

[0183] Clause 16. The method of clause 15, wherein the base station is a type 1-0 base station or a type 2-0 base station.

[0184] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 11 to 16, wherein the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams or the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams based on a type or a class of the base station.

[0185] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 11 to 17, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first New Radio positioning protocol type A (NRPPa) messages, and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second NRPPa messages.

[0186] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein: the network node is a user equipment (UE), the network entity is a location server or a serving base station, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more uplink PRS resources or uplink PRS resource sets.

[0187] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, wherein the plurality of beam representations is associated with a frequency band, a combination of frequency bands, or a frequency range.

[0188] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 19 to 20, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) messages, one or more first radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more first medium access control control element (MAC-CEs), and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second LPP messages, one or more second RRC messages, or one or more second MAC-CEs.

[0189] Clause 22. A network node, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0190] Clause 23. The network node of clause 22, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0191] Clause 24. The network node of clause 22, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0192] Clause 25. The network node of clause 22, wherein: a first set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and a second set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0193] Clause 26. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to the network entity, an indication of a time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0194] Clause 27. The network node of clause 26, wherein the indication comprises: a timestamp indicating a time until which the first mapping is valid, or a timer indicating a length of the time period during which the first mapping is valid. [0195] Clause 28. The network node of any of clauses 26 to 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, to the network entity, a second mapping of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations after expiration of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0196] Clause 29. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 28, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from the network entity, a request for the plurality of beam representations.

[0197] Clause 30. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 29, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, from the network entity, based on transmission of the plurality of beam representations, a request for the first mapping.

[0198] Clause 31. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 29, wherein the first mapping is transmitted autonomously in response to transmission of the plurality of beam representations.

[0199] Clause 32. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 31, wherein: the network node is a base station, the network entity is a location server, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more downlink PRS resources or downlink PRS resource sets.

[0200] Clause 33. The network node of clause 32, wherein, based on the base station operating at a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) frequency band below a threshold, all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0201] Clause 34. The network node of clause 33, wherein the base station is a type 1-C base station or a type 1-H base station.

[0202] Clause 35. The network node of any of clauses 32 to 34, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or a Frequency Range 2 (FR2) frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and the antenna configurations further include antenna element patterns associated with the plurality of beams.

[0203] Clause 36. The network node of any of clauses 32 to 35, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or an FR2 frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams.

[0204] Clause 37. The network node of clause 36, wherein the base station is a type 1-0 base station or a type 2-0 base station.

[0205] Clause 38. The network node of any of clauses 32 to 37, wherein the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams or the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams based on a type or a class of the base station.

[0206] Clause 39. The network node of any of clauses 32 to 38, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first New Radio positioning protocol type A (NRPPa) messages, and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second NRPPa messages.

[0207] Clause 40. The network node of any of clauses 22 to 31, wherein: the network node is a user equipment (UE), the network entity is a location server or a serving base station, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more uplink PRS resources or uplink PRS resource sets.

[0208] Clause 41. The network node of clause 40, wherein the plurality of beam representations is associated with a frequency band, a combination of frequency bands, or a frequency range.

[0209] Clause 42. The network node of any of clauses 40 to 41, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) messages, one or more first radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more first medium access control control element (MAC-CEs), and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second LPP messages, one or more second RRC messages, or one or more second MAC-CEs.

[0210] Clause 43. A network node, comprising: means for transmitting, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and means for transmitting, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0211] Clause 44. The network node of clause 43, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0212] Clause 45. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 44, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0213] Clause 46. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 45, wherein: a first set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and a second set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0214] Clause 47. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 46, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the network entity, an indication of a time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0215] Clause 48. The network node of clause 47, wherein the indication comprises: a timestamp indicating a time until which the first mapping is valid, or a timer indicating a length of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0216] Clause 49. The network node of any of clauses 47 to 48, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second mapping of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations after expiration of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0217] Clause 50. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 49, further comprising: means for receiving, from the network entity, a request for the plurality of beam representations.

[0218] Clause 51. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 50, further comprising: means for receiving, from the network entity, based on transmission of the plurality of beam representations, a request for the first mapping.

[0219] Clause 52. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 50, wherein the first mapping is transmitted autonomously in response to transmission of the plurality of beam representations.

[0220] Clause 53. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 52, wherein: the network node is a base station, the network entity is a location server, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more downlink PRS resources or downlink PRS resource sets.

[0221] Clause 54. The network node of clause 53, wherein, based on the base station operating at a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) frequency band below a threshold, all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0222] Clause 55. The network node of clause 54, wherein the base station is a type 1-C base station or a type 1-H base station.

[0223] Clause 56. The network node of any of clauses 53 to 55, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or a Frequency Range 2 (FR2) frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and the antenna configurations further include antenna element patterns associated with the plurality of beams.

[0224] Clause 57. The network node of any of clauses 53 to 56, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or an FR2 frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams.

[0225] Clause 58. The network node of clause 57, wherein the base station is a type 1-0 base station or a type 2-0 base station.

[0226] Clause 59. The network node of any of clauses 53 to 58, wherein the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams or the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams based on a type or a class of the base station.

[0227] Clause 60. The network node of any of clauses 53 to 59, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first New Radio positioning protocol type A (NRPPa) messages, and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second NRPPa messages.

[0228] Clause 61. The network node of any of clauses 43 to 52, wherein: the network node is a user equipment (UE), the network entity is a location server or a serving base station, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more uplink PRS resources or uplink PRS resource sets. [0229] Clause 62. The network node of clause 61, wherein the plurality of beam representations is associated with a frequency band, a combination of frequency bands, or a frequency range.

[0230] Clause 63. The network node of any of clauses 61 to 62, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) messages, one or more first radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more first medium access control control element (MAC-CEs), and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second LPP messages, one or more second RRC messages, or one or more second MAC-CEs.

[0231] Clause 64. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network node, cause the network node to: transmit, to a network entity, a plurality of beam representations for a corresponding plurality of beams, wherein each beam representation of the plurality of beam representations comprises an antenna configuration associated with a beam of the plurality of beams or a mapping of beam angle and beam gain associated with the beam, the antenna configuration including at least a number of antenna elements and an antenna element spacing; and transmit, to the network entity, a first mapping of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations, wherein each of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets is associated with a single beam representation of the plurality of beam representations.

[0232] Clause 65. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 64, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0233] Clause 66. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 65, wherein all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0234] Clause 67. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 66, wherein: a first set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and a second set of beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprises at least mappings of beam angles and beam gains associated with the plurality of beams.

[0235] Clause 68. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 67, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the network node, further cause the network node to: transmit, to the network entity, an indication of a time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0236] Clause 69. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 68, wherein the indication comprises: a timestamp indicating a time until which the first mapping is valid, or a timer indicating a length of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0237] Clause 70. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 68 to 69, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the network node, further cause the network node to: transmit, to the network entity, a second mapping of the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets to the plurality of beam representations after expiration of the time period during which the first mapping is valid.

[0238] Clause 71. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 70, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the network node, further cause the network node to: receive, from the network entity, a request for the plurality of beam representations.

[0239] Clause 72. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 71, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the network node, further cause the network node to: receive, from the network entity, based on transmission of the plurality of beam representations, a request for the first mapping.

[0240] Clause 73. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 71, wherein the first mapping is transmitted autonomously in response to transmission of the plurality of beam representations.

[0241] Clause 74. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 73, wherein: the network node is a base station, the network entity is a location server, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more downlink PRS resources or downlink PRS resource sets.

[0242] Clause 75. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 74, wherein, based on the base station operating at a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) frequency band below a threshold, all beam representations of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams.

[0243] Clause 76. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 75, wherein the base station is a type 1-C base station or a type 1-H base station.

[0244] Clause 77. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 74 to 76, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or a Frequency Range 2 (FR2) frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams, and the antenna configurations further include antenna element patterns associated with the plurality of beams.

[0245] Clause 78. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 74 to 77, wherein: based on the base station operating at an FR1 frequency band above a threshold or an FR2 frequency band, all of the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams.

[0246] Clause 79. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 78, wherein the base station is a type 1-0 base station or a type 2-0 base station.

[0247] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 74 to 79, wherein the plurality of beam representations comprise antenna configurations associated with the plurality of beams or the plurality of beam representations comprise mappings of beam angles and beam gains of the plurality of beams based on a type or a class of the base station.

[0248] Clause 81. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 74 to 80, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first New Radio positioning protocol type A (NRPPa) messages, and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second NRPPa messages.

[0249] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 64 to 73, wherein: the network node is a user equipment (UE), the network entity is a location server or a serving base station, and the one or more PRS resources or PRS resource sets are one or more uplink PRS resources or uplink PRS resource sets.

[0250] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, wherein the plurality of beam representations is associated with a frequency band, a combination of frequency bands, or a frequency range.

[0251] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 82 to 83, wherein: the plurality of beam representations is transmitted in one or more first Long- Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) messages, one or more first radio resource control (RRC) messages, or one or more first medium access control control element (MAC-CEs), and the first mapping is transmitted in one or more second LPP messages, one or more second RRC messages, or one or more second MAC-CEs. [0252] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0253] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0254] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0255] The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0256] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0257] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.