BACKGROUND

[0001] Optical communication is becoming a much more prevalent way of transmitting data in computer and communications systems. One example of a system of modulating data for optical communication is a Mach-Zehnder modulation (MZM) system. A MZM system can implement a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to provide amplitude modulation of an optical signal based on a beam splitter that divides laser light into a plurality of paths to provide a relative phase modulation, such that changing the relative phase can determine whether the beams interfere constructively or destructively at a respective output to control an intensity of the optical output signal. The performance of an MZM system can be affected by a variety of factors, such as the environmental temperature change and arm length mismatch due to the fabrication variability. One such solution for tuning an MZM system is to adjust a temperature of the MZM system via a resistor implanted close to the photonic device to heat the waveguide of the interferometer, thus changing an associated refractive index. However, such a solution can result in a slower tuning speed based on a device thermal time constant that is limited, and thus necessitating longer calibration times, as well as degrading overall link power efficiency based on an increase in tuning power overhead.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a Mach-Zehnder modulation system.

[0003] FIG. 2 illustrates another example of a Mach-Zehnder modulation system

[0004] FIG. 3 llustrates an example of a graph of optical power.

[0005] FIG. 4 Ilustrates another example of a graph of optical power,

[0006] FIG. 5 llustrates yet another example of a graph of optical power,

[0007] FIG. 6 llustrates yet a further example of a graph of optical power,

[0008] FIG. 7 llustrates an example of a method for tuning a bias-based

Mach-Zehnder modulation system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a Mach-Zehnder modulation (MZM) system 1 0. The MZM system 10 can be implemented in any of a variety of optical data communication applications to modulate data into an optical input signal OPT| _N to generate an optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ- The MZM system 10 includes a Mach- Zehnder modulator 12 that is configured to receive the optical input signal OPT| _N and to provide the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ as a data-modulated signal. For example, the Mach-Zehnder modulator 12 can be configured to split the optical input signal OPT| _N into approximately equal component portions (e.g., two approximately equal portions), to modulate a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N based on a modulation signal HSM, to recombine the modulated component portions, and to provide the recombined portions as the optical output signal ΟΡΤ ₀ υτ- The modulation of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ via the modulation signal HSM can be based on a substantially high modulation data rate of the modulation signal HSM to provide a relative phase-change between the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , such that the relative phase changes can provide an additive or subtractive effect of the amplitude of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ after recombination of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N . Therefore, the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ can be modulated to carry a data signal defined by the modulation signal HSM based on a respective modulated amplitude of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ- [0010] The MZM system 10 also includes a bias feedback controller 14 configured to provide a bias voltage V _B IAS to set a bias amplitude of the Mach- Zehnder modulator 12 for the modulation of the optical input signal OPT| _N via the modulation signal HSM. The bias feedback controller 14 can also be configured to substantially stabilize the bias voltage V _B IAS in a feedback manner to tune the MZM system 1 0. In the example of FIG. 1 , the bias feedback controller 14 provides a switching signal SWM to the Mach-Zehnder modulator 12 to modulate the phase of the optical input signal OPT| _N to tune the Mach-Zehnder modulator 1 2 based on the bias voltage V _B IAS (e.g., to provide alternate control of a set of switches to apply the bias voltage V _B IAS via a respective set of PIN diodes associated with the Mach- Zehnder modulator 1 2) . The bias feedback controller 1 4 can thus stabilize the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS to maintain a sufficient bias for the data modulation of the optical input signal OPT| _N via the modulation signal HSM to provide the optical output voltage OPTOUT-

[0011] In the example of FIG. 1 , the bias feedback controller 1 4 includes a peak voltage detector 1 6 and a reference voltage comparator 1 8. The peak voltage detector 1 6 is configured to monitor a peak intensity of the optical output signal OPTOUT based on modulating a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N . As an example, the optical intensity of the modulated optical output signal OPTOUT can be monitored by the bias feedback controller 1 4 via a photodetector (e.g., photodiode) to provide a detection voltage. Thus, the peak voltage detector 1 6 can be configured to monitor a peak voltage associated with a peak amplitude of the detection voltage. The reference voltage comparator 1 8 can thus compare the peak voltage with a predetermined reference voltage and can adjust the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS based on the comparison. For example, the bias feedback controller 1 4 can be configured to monitor an extinction ratio associated with the phase-shift about a bias point associated with the bias voltage V _B IAS- AS described in greater detail herein, the bias feedback controller 1 4 can substantially continuously adjust the bias voltage V _B | _A s in a feedback manner to substantially maximize the extinction ratio.

[0012] For example, the bias feedback controller 1 4 can set an initial predetermined low amplitude of the bias voltage V _B | _A s and a corresponding predetermined amplitude of the reference voltage. The bias feedback controller 1 4 can thus iteratively increase the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B | _A s until the peak amplitude associated with the phase changes of the component portions, and thus the amplitude of the peak voltage, are approximately equal to the reference voltage. Additionally, as described in greater detail herein, the reference voltage can be iteratively increased, such that the bias voltage V _B | _A s can be iteratively increased during each iteration of the reference voltage, until the bias feedback controller 1 4 detects an approximate maximum associated with the extinction ratio, such that the bias voltage V _B IAS is set to an amplitude corresponding to a quadrature point at an approximate π/2 phase to achieve approximately symmetric modulation, such that corresponding positive and negative 90 ⁵ relative phase-shifts of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N via the switching signal SWM result in respective peak and zero amplitudes of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ, and thus a maximum extinction ratio.

[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates another example of an MZM system 50. The MZM system 50 can be implemented in any of a variety of optical data communication applications to modulate data into an optical input signal OPT| _N to generate an optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ- As an example, the MZM system 50 can correspond to the MZM system 1 0 in the example of FIG. 1 .

[0014] The MZM system 50 includes a Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 that is configured to receive the optical input signal OPT| _N and to provide the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ as a data-modulated signal. In the example of FIG. 2, the Mach- Zehnder modulator 52 splits the optical input signal OPT| _N into a pair of

approximately equal component portions in a first leg 54 of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 and a second leg 56 of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52, respectively, to modulate a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPTIN based on a respective pair of high-speed differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ . In the example of FIG. 2, the first modulation signal SM is provided to the first leg 54 of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 via an amplifier 58 and the second modulation signal HSM ₂ is provided to the second leg 56 of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 via an amplifier 60. The pair of differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ can thus modulate a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 based on data associated with the pair of differential modulation signals SM and HSM ₂ . The Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 can thus recombine the modulated component portions and provide the recombined portions as the optical output signal ΟΡΤ ₀ υτ- The modulation of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ via the differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ can provide a relative phase-change between the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , such that the relative phase changes can provide an additive or subtractive effect of the amplitude of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ after recombination of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N to modulate the data therein.

[0015] The MZM system 50 also includes a bias feedback controller 55. The bias feedback controller 55 is configured to provide a bias voltage V _B IAS to set a bias amplitude of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 for the modulation of the optical input signal OPT| _N . The bias feedback controller 55 is also configured to substantially stabilize the bias voltage V _B IAS in a feedback manner to tune the MZM system 50. In the example of FIG. 2, the bias feedback controller 55 provides a switching signal SWM to the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 to modulate the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N in each of the legs 54 and 56 to tune the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52. The switching signal SWM is provided to a pair of switches S\N-[ and SW ₂ that are associated with the respective legs 54 and 56 of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52, such that a bias voltage V _B IAS is provided from the bias feedback controller 55 to each of the legs 54 and 56 via respective PIN diodes 62 and 64. For example, the switching signal SWM can alternately activate the switches S\N-[ and SW ₂ (e.g., equally and oppositely) to apply the bias voltage VBIAS to the legs 54 and 56 via the PIN diodes 62 and 64 to provide a relative phase- shift of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N separately and independently from the relative phase-shift of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N via the differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ . As an example, the alternate activation of the switches S\N-[ and SW ₂ can be at a frequency that is significantly less than the frequency of the differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ (e.g., by at least one order of magnitude).

[0016] The Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 includes an optical power tap 66 that is configured to provide a portion of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ to the bias feedback controller 55. As an example, the portion of the optical output signal OPTOUT provided via the optical power tap 66 can be approximately 1 0% of the total optical power of the optical output signal OPTOUT- The bias feedback controller 55 includes a photodetector 67 (e.g., a photodiode) that is configured to convert the portion of the optical output signal OPTOUT to an electrical signal, demonstrated in the example of FIG. 2 as a detection signal DET. As an example, the detection signal DET can be provided as a current signal having an amplitude that

corresponds to an optical power of the optical output signal OPTOUT- [0017] The bias feedback controller 55 also includes a peak voltage detector system 68 that is configured to monitor a peak intensity of the optical output signal OPTOUT based on modulating a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N based on the detection signal DET. The peak voltage detector system 68 includes a transimpedance amplifier 70 that receives the detection signal DET at an input and is arranged in parallel with a variable resistor Ri . The variable resistor F can be adjustable, for example, to adjust a gain associated with the transimpedance amplifier 70. The peak voltage detector system 68 also includes a peak sensor 72 arranged in series with the

transimpedance amplifier 70 and variable resistor R _{1 ;} and is configured to generate a peak voltage V _PK that is associated with a peak amplitude of the detection signal DET, and thus a peak intensity of the optical output signal OPTOUT- AS an example, the peak sensor 72 can be configured as a capacitor-based peak sensor that includes reset control. Therefore, the peak voltage detector system 68 can be configured as a filter to generate the peak voltage V _PK as a DC voltage

corresponding to a peak amplitude of the optical output signal OPTOUT based on the changes to the intensity of the optical output signal OPTOUT resulting from the relative phase modulation based on the switching signal SWM.

[0018] The bias feedback controller 55 also includes a reference voltage comparator 74 that is configured to compare the peak voltage V _PK with a

predetermined reference voltage V _REF . The reference voltage comparator 74 generates a signal CMP that is indicative of the comparison. In the example of FIG. 2, the reference voltage comparator 74 receives the peak voltage V _PK at a non- inverting input and the reference voltage V _RE F at an inverting input. Thus, the signal CMP is logic-high in response to the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to or greater than the reference voltage V _REF . The signal CMP is provided to a bias controller 76 that is configured to control the bias voltage V _B IAS and the reference voltage V _RE F in response to the signal CMP, and thus the comparison of the peak voltage V _PK and the reference voltage V _REF . AS an example, the bias controller 76 can be configured to monitor a sequence of 0s and 1 s associated with the signal CMP to determine the relative amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS and the reference voltage V _RE F, such as based to compensate for noise that may affect the MZM system 50. Additionally or alternatively, the reference comparator 74 can include a voltage offset and/or filter(s) to compensate for noise associated with the reference comparator 74.

[0019] The bias controller 76 is configured to generate the switching signal SWM, a digital signal BIAS that is indicative of an amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS, and a digital signal REF that is indicative of an amplitude of the reference voltage VREF- The digital signal BIAS is provided to a bias digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 78 configured to generate the bias voltage V _B IAS based on the digital signal BIAS, and the digital signal REF is provided to a reference DAC 80 configured to generate the reference voltage V _RE F based on the digital signal REF. As an example, the bias controller 76 can be configured as a state machine that is configured to iteratively adjust the bias voltage V _B IAS and the reference voltage V _RE F in response to the signal CMP to substantially maximize an extinction ratio associated with the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ based on a phase-shift about a bias point associated with the bias voltage V _B | _A s to tune the MZM system 50.

[0020] For example, during initial operation of the MZM system 50, the bias controller 76 can set an initial predetermined low amplitude of the bias voltage V _B | _A s via the digital signal BIAS and a corresponding predetermined amplitude of the reference voltage V _RE F via the digital signal REF. The bias controller 76 can monitor the extinction ratio of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ based on the signal CMP corresponding to the comparison of the peak voltage V _PK , as defined by the bias voltage V _B | _A s, and the reference voltage V _REF . The bias controller 76 can thus iteratively increase the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B | _A s via the digital signal BIAS for a given amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF until the peak voltage V _PK is approximately equal to the reference voltage V _REF , and thus the peak amplitude associated with the phase changes of the component portions is approximately equal to an intensity defined by the reference voltage V _REF . [0021] Upon the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to the reference voltage V _RE F, the bias controller 76 can increase the amplitude of the reference voltage V _RE F via the digital signal REF, and can again iteratively increase the bias voltage V _B IAS via the digital signal BIAS until the peak voltage V _PK is again approximately equal to the reference voltage V _RE F, as indicated by the signal CMP. Therefore, the bias controller 76 can iteratively increase the reference voltage V _RE F until the bias controller 76 detects an approximate maximum associated with the extinction ratio associated with the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ based on a phase- shift about a bias point associated with the bias voltage V _B IAS to tune the MZM system 50. Accordingly, the bias voltage V _B IAS is then set to an amplitude corresponding to a quadrature point at an approximate π/2 phase to achieve approximately symmetric modulation, such that corresponding positive and negative 90 ⁵ relative phase-shifts of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N via the switching signal SWM result in respective peak and zero amplitudes of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ, and thus an approximate maximum extinction ratio.

[0022] FIGS. 3-6 illustrate examples of graphs of optical power. Particularly, FIG. 3 demonstrates a graph 1 00, FIG. 4 demonstrates a graph 1 50, FIG. 5 demonstrates a graph 200, and FIG. 6 demonstrates a graph 250. The graphs 1 00, 1 50, 200, and 250 can correspond to an optical power of the output optical signal OPTOUT as a function of a relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N as a function of phase-shift resulting from the application of the bias voltage V _B IAS to the legs 54 and 56 in the example of FIG. 2 via the PIN diodes 62 and 64, respectively. Therefore, reference is to be made to the example of FIG. 2 in the following description of the examples of FIGS. 3-6.

[0023] The graph 1 00 in the example of FIG. 3 demonstrates an initial condition of the MZM system 50. Thus, the bias controller 76 can set an initial predetermined low amplitude of the bias voltage V _B | _A s via the digital signal BIAS and a corresponding predetermined initial amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF i via the digital signal REF. Thus, the bias point of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 can be offset from the quadrature bias point of π/2 by an error phase Φι . Therefore, the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N can vary between a phase of O+ -ι and Ή+ -Ι . Accordingly, based on the sinusoidal variation of the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , the intensity of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ can vary between an amplitude that is less than an approximate intensity peak (full additive combination of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N ) and greater than an approximate intensity trough (full subtractive combination of the component portions of the optical input signal OPTIN). The bias controller 76 can thus iteratively increase the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS via the digital signal BIAS until the corresponding peak voltage VPK is approximately equal to the predetermined initial reference voltage V _RE FI , and thus the peak amplitude associated with the phase changes of the component portions is approximately equal to the intensity defined by the initial predetermined reference voltage V _RE FI - AS a result, the graph 100 demonstrates a first extinction ratio EPi _! that corresponds to the extinction ratio of the MZM system 50 that is defined by the predetermined initial reference voltage V _{RE F} i .

[0024] In response to the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to the predetermined initial reference voltage V _RE FI , the bias controller 76 can increase the reference voltage V _REF to a next iterative amplitude. The graph 150 in the example of FIG. 4 demonstrates an increased amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF , demonstrated as V _REF 2, and an amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS which can correspond to the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS at which the peak voltage V _PK was approximately equal to the predetermined initial reference voltage V _{RE F} i . Thus, the bias point of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 can be offset from the quadrature bias point of π/2 by an error phase Φ ₂ . Therefore, the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N can vary between a phase of 0+Φ ₂ and π+Φ ₂ . Accordingly, based on the sinusoidal variation of the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , the intensity of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ can still vary between an amplitude that is less than the approximate intensity peak and greater than the approximate intensity trough. The bias controller 76 can thus iteratively increase the amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS via the digital signal BIAS until the corresponding peak voltage V _PK is approximately equal to the reference voltage V _RE F2, and thus the peak amplitude associated with the phase changes of the component portions is approximately equal to the intensity defined by the reference voltage V _REF 2- AS a result, the graph 150 demonstrates a second extinction ratio ER ₂ that corresponds to the extinction ratio of the MZM system 50 that is defined by the reference voltage V _RE F2, and is thus greater than the extinction ratio ER-[ .

[0025] In response to the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to the reference voltage V _REF 2, the bias controller 76 can increase the reference voltage V _REF to a next iterative amplitude. The graph 200 in the example of FIG. 5 demonstrates an increased amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF , demonstrated as V _RE F3, and an amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS- In the example of FIG. 5, the bias point of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 is demonstrated as approximately equal to the quadrature bias point of π/2. Therefore, the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N can vary between a phase of 0 and TT. Accordingly, based on the sinusoidal variation of the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , the intensity of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ can vary between an amplitude that is at the approximate intensity peak and an approximate intensity trough (full subtractive combination of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N ). For example, the graph 200 can demonstrate an amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS at which the peak voltage V _PK is approximately equal to the reference voltage V _REF 3, such as after a plurality of iterative increases of the bias voltage V _B IAS during an iteration of the reference voltage V _REF equal to the amplitude V _REF 3- The example of FIG. 5 thus demonstrates an amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF at which the corresponding extinction ratio ER ₃ is substantially maximized for substantially optimal performance of the MZM system 50.

[0026] As described previously, the bias controller 76 is configured to monitor the extinction ratio of the MZM system 50 based on the signal CMP to substantially maximize the extinction ratio. While the graph 200 in the example of FIG. 5 demonstrates the substantial maximum extinction ratio ER ₃ , the bias controller 76 is able to recognize that the extinction ratio ER ₃ is greater than the extinction ratios of previous iterations of the reference voltage V _RE F (e.g., the extinction ratio EF associated with the reference voltage V _RE FI and the extinction ratio ER ₂ associated with the reference voltage V _REF 2). Thus, because the bias controller 76 is unable to recognize that the extinction ratio ER ₃ is the approximate maximum extinction ratio, the bias controller 76 continues the iterative increase of the reference voltage V _REF .

[0027] In response to the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to the reference voltage V _REF 3, the bias controller 76 can increase the reference voltage V _REF to a next iterative amplitude. The graph 250 in the example of FIG. 6 demonstrates an increased amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF , demonstrated as V _REF , and an amplitude of the bias voltage V _B IAS that can correspond to a plurality of iterative increases of the bias voltage subsequent to the increase of the reference voltage V _REF to the amplitude V _REF . In the example of FIG. 6, the bias point of the Mach-Zehnder modulator 52 can be offset from the quadrature bias point of π/2 by an error phase Φ ₃ . Therefore, the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N can vary between a phase of 0-Φ ₃ and π-Φ ₃ . However, the reference voltage V _REF has an amplitude that is greater than an amplitude of the approximate intensity peak. Based on the sinusoidal variation of the relative phase of the component portions of the optical input signal OPT| _N , the intensity of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ varies between an amplitude that is less than the approximate intensity peak and greater than the approximate intensity trough. As a result, the graph 250 demonstrates a fourth extinction ratio ER that corresponds to the extinction ratio of the MZM system 50 that is defined by the reference voltage V _REF , and is thus less than the approximate maximum extinction ratio ER ₃ .

[0028] Therefore, in the example of FIG. 6, the peak voltage V _PK will never be equal to the reference voltage V _REF4 . Thus, in response to an iterative increase of the bias voltage V _B IAS a predetermined number of times without the peak voltage V _PK being approximately equal to the reference voltage V _REF (e.g., the reference voltage V _RE F ), the bias controller 76 can determine that the extinction ratio has decreased relative to a previous iterative increase of the reference voltage V _REF (e.g., the reference voltage V _REF3 ). In response, the bias controller 76 can decrease the amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF to the previous iteration (e.g., the reference voltage V _RE F3), and thus decrease the bias voltage V _B IAS to the amplitude

corresponding to the amplitude at which the peak voltage V _PK was approximately equal to the previous iterative amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF . Accordingly, the bias controller 76 can monitor the extinction ratio to substantially maximize the extinction ratio to tune to the MZM system 50 to approximately optimal operation to achieve peak output power of the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ- [0029] Thus, the examples of FIGS. 3-6 demonstrate a manner in which the bias controller 76 can monitor the extinction ratio to substantially maximize the extinction ratio to tune to the MZM system 50 to approximately optimal operation. The operation described herein can be implemented automatically during operation of the MZM system 50, without interrupting the high speed modulation of the MZM system 50 (e.g., via the differential modulation signals HSMi and HSM ₂ ).

Accordingly, the MZM system 50 can implement an efficient automatic tuning implementation that can operate during normal operation of the MZM system 50, and thus without interrupting or interfering with the data modulation of the optical input signal OPT| _N to provide the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ- While the examples of FIGS. 3-6 demonstrate only four iterative changes of the amplitude of the reference voltage V _RE F, it is to be understood that the bias controller 76 can implement more or less changes to the amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF , with any of a variety of iterative increases of the bias voltage V _B IAS in each iterative amplitude of the reference voltage V _REF .

[0030] In view of the foregoing structural and functional features described above, an example methodology will be better appreciated with reference to FIG. 7. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodology of FIG. 7 is shown and described as executing serially, it is to be understood and appreciated that the present invention is not limited by the illustrated order, as some embodiments could in other embodiments occur in different orders and/or concurrently from that shown and described herein.

[0031] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a method 300 for tuning a bias-based Mach-Zehnder modulation system (e.g., the MZM system 1 0) . At 302, an optical input signal (e.g., the optical input signal OPT| _N ) is provided into a Mach-Zehnder modulator (e.g., the Mach-Zehnder modulator 12) to provide an intensity-modulated optical output signal (e.g., the optical output signal ΟΡΤουτ) at an output. At 304, a set of switches (e.g., the switches S\N-[ and SW ₂ ) is controlled to modulate the phase of the optical input signal to tune the Mach-Zehnder modulator based on a bias voltage (e.g., the bias voltage V _B IAS)- At 306, a detection voltage (e.g., the detection signal DET) associated with an optical power of the intensity-modulated optical output signal is generated. At 308, a peak voltage (e.g., the peak voltage V _PK ) associated with the detection voltage is determined. At 310, the peak voltage is compared with a reference voltage (e.g., the reference voltage V _RE F) to determine an extinction ratio associated with the optical power of the intensity-modulated optical output signal. At 312, an amplitude of the bias voltage is adjusted to substantially maximize the extinction ratio (e.g., the extinction ratio ER ₃ ) associated with the optical power of the intensity-modulated optical output signal based on the comparison.

[0032] What have been described above are examples. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methods, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of this application, including the appended claims. Additionally, where the disclosure or claims recite "a," "an," "a first," or "another" element, or the equivalent thereof, it should be interpreted to include one or more than one such element, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. As used herein, the term "includes" means includes but not limited to, and the term "including" means including but not limited to. The term "based on" means based at least in part on.