BLOCK COPOLYMERS OF POLYPHENYLENE OXIDES AND POLYFORMALS OF NON-STERICALLY-HINDERED DIHYDRIC PHENOLS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This invention is related to U.S. patent applications Serial Nos. (RD-11060) entitled "Formal-Coupled Poly¬ phenylene Oxides", filed of Dwain Montgomery White and George Raymond Loucks, and (RD-11170) entitled "Block Polymers of Polyphenylene Oxide and Aromatic

Polyformals", filed of Dwain Montgomery White.

Both applications are assigned to the assignee of this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to block copolymers of poly¬ phenylene oxides and polyformals of non-sterically- hindered dihydric phenols. These block copolymers can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture. 2. Description of the Prior Art

Polyphenylene oxides having an average hydroxyl group per molecule of 1.0 or less are described in A. S. Hay's U.S. Patents 3,306,879; 3,914,266; and 4,028,341; among others. Polyphenylene oxides having an average hydroxyl group per molecule greater than zero including 2.0 or less are ^•' described in D. M. White's U.S. 4,140,675 and 4,234,706 among others.

Polyformals are described in R. Barclay, Jr.'s U.S. 3,069,386, A. S. Hay's copending U.S. Serial No.

858,040, filed. November 6, 1978, and G. R. Loucks et al., U.S. Serial No. 889,397, filed March 23, 1978.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention embodies block copolymers of polyphenylene oxides and polyformals of non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenols.

In general, illustrative of the broad group of block polymers of polyphenylene oxides and polyformals of

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non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenols (hereinafter also referred to as "NSH-dihydric phenols") included within the scope of this invention are those described, among others by the following model structures: AZ(CZ) _χ , BZ(CZ) _χ , AZ(CZ) _χ A, AZ(CZ) _χ B, BZ(CZ) _χ B, (I) AZ(CZ) BZ(CZ) A, AZ(CZ) BZ(CZ) (CZ) B,

AZBZ(CZ) BZ(CZ) BZA, etc., etc., etc. wherein x is a number of from 1 to 200 or higher, often preferably from 30 to 100, and frequently from 40 to 70. The above illustrative linear combinations of ono- and poly-functional polyphenylene oxides, non-sterically- hindered aromatic polyformals including random and/or alternating arrangements of the polymer segments defined by the units A, B, (CZ) _&, and coupling agent Z, which units and coupling agents are described in greater detail hereafter, are not intended to limit the combinations that can be obtained by the practice of this invention.

The expression polyphenylene oxides includes "mono- functional polyphenylene oxides" well known to those skilled in the art having an average hydroxyl group per molecule value greater than zero including 1.0 or less. These polyphenylene oxides can be prepared by any of the methods of the prior art, and may be illustrated by formula (II) set out hereafter:

where independently each R is hydrogen, a hydrocarbon radical, a halohydrocarbon radical, a hydrocarbonoxy radical or a halohydrocarbonoxy radical, m is a number of at least 1, preferably 10, and more preferably 40 to 170. The monofunctional polyphenylene oxide units ot the block polymers can be conceptualized by the structure

of formula (II) above wherein the hydrogen atom is disassociated from the onohydroxy group of the poly¬ phenylene oxide, i.e., a phenoxy radical, which may be referred to as a monovalent phenoxy radical, abbreviated herein by the formula-A.

The expression "polyphenylene oxide" also includes "polyfunctional polyphenylene oxides" also well known to those skilled in the art including quinone-coupled polyphenylene oxides having an average hydroxyl group per molecule greater than zero including 2.0 or less. These polyphenylene oxides can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. 4,234,706 and may be illustrated by formula (III) set out hereafter:

wherein independently (-0E0 -) is a divalent quinone residue, E is a divalent arene radical, either a or b is at least equal to 1, the sum of a plus b is preferably at least equal to 10, more preferably 40 to 170, and R is the same as in formula (II) above. The polyfunctional polyphenylene oxide units of the block polymers can be conceptualized by the structure of formula (III) above wherein the hydrogen atoms are disassociated from the hydroxy groups of the quinone-coupled polyphenylene oxide, i.e., a quinone-coupled polyphenoxy radical, which may be referred to as a divalent phenoxy radical, abbreviated herein by the formula -B-.

The expression "NSH-dihydric phenols" as employed herein and in the claims includes any dihydric phenol free of steric-hindrance, i.e. dihydric phenols having neither hydroxy group sterically-hindered by the presence of

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more than one halogen, hydrocarbon or hydrocarbonoxy group ortho-positioned relative to the hydroxy groups of the dihydric phenol. Sterically-hindered as defined herein as the presence of a halogen, hydrocarbon or hydro¬ carbonoxy group directly bonded to each carbon atom ortho- positioned (adjacent to) the carbon atoms directly bonded to the hydroxyl groups of the dihydric phenol. These dihydric phenols are well known to those skilled in the art and can be illustrated by formula (IV) set out

10 hereaf er:

where R^ is an alkylene, alkylidene including "vinylidene", cycloalkylene, cycloalkylidene or arylene linkage or a mixture thereof, a linkage selected from the group

15 consisting of ether, carbonyl, a ine, a sulfur or phosphorous containing linkage, Ar and Ar' are arene radicals, Y is bromine, chlorine or a monovalent alkyl or alkoxy group, each d represents a whole number up to a maximum equivalent to the number of replaceable hydrogens

^' 20- ^* substituted on the aromatic rings comprising Ar or Ar' -- subject to the proviso that when d is equal to 2 or more, no more than one Y group is ortho-positioned relative to an -OH group, X is bromine, chlorine or a monovalent hydrocarbon group selected from the class consisting of

25 alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl including mixtures thereof, e represents a whole number of from 0 to a maximum controlled by the number of replaceable hydrogens on R^, aa, bb and cc represent whole numbers including 0 , when bb is not zero, neither aa or cc may be zero, otherwise either aa

30 or cc but not both may be 0 , when bb is zero, the aromatic groups can be joined by a direct carbon bond.

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Included in the NSH-dihydric phenols of formμla (IV) are, for example the following: resorcinol;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl; 1,6-dihydroxy-naphthalene; 2,6-dihydroxy-naphthalene; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,1-ethane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,1-butane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,1-isobutane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,1-cyclopentane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,1-cyclohexane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-phenyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2-chlorophenyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,4-dichlorophenyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-p-isopropylphenyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-propane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-methyl-diphenyl-2,2-propane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-cyclohexyl-diphenyl-2,2-propane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-diphenyl-2,2-propane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3' -dimethyl-diphenyl-2,2-propane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dichloro-diphenyl-2-2-propane; 4,4-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-butane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-pentane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-( -methyl pentane) ; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-n-hexane; 4, '-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,2-nonane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-4,4-heptane; 4,4' -dihydroxy-diphenyl phenylmethyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-4-chlorophenyImethyl methane;

4,4" -dihydroxy-diphenyl-2,5-dichlorophenylmethyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diρhenyl-3,4-dichlorophenyImethyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-2-naphthyImethyl methane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-tetraphenyl methane; 4, ' -dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,2-ethane;

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YΛ, WIPO -

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,10-n-decane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,6(1,6-dioxo-n-hexane) ;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-1,10.(1,10-dioxo-n-decane) ; bis-p-hydroxy-phenylether-4,4 ^* -biphenyl; a,a,a' ,a'-tetramethyl-a,a'-(di-p-hydroxyphenyl)-p-xylylene; a, ,a' ,a'-tetramethyl-a,a ¹ -(di-p-hydroxyphenyl)-m-xylylene;

4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethyl-diphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethyl-diphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dichloro-diphenyl methane; 4,4-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-diphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2' ,5,5'- etramethyl-diphenyl methane;

4,4' -dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-diixopropyldiphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2' ,-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropyl-diphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2' -dimethyl-5,5' -di-ter .-butyldiphenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-5,5-nonane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-6,6-undecane; 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-3,3-butanone-2;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl-4,4-hexanone-3;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenylmethyl-4-methoxy-phenyl methane;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl ether;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl sulfide; 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl sulfide;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl sulfoxide;

4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenyl sulfone;

4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone;

2,2'-bis(4rhydroxyphenyl)-1-chloroethylene; 2,2' -bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene; and

2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dibromoethylene; etc. The difunctional non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenol portion of the polymers can be conceptualized by the structure of formula (IV) above wherein the hydrogen atoms are disassociated from the hydroxyl groups of the

NSH-dihydric phenols, and is abbreviated herein by the formula -C-.

The expression "methylene halides" as employed herein and in the claims includes dichloromethane which is more commonly known as methylene chloride, dibromomethane, bromochloromethane including mixtures thereof. The coupling agent of the block copolymers can be conceptualized by the -C^- divalent methylene radical wherein the halogen atoms are disassociated from the methylene halides. These radicals are abbreviated herein by the symbol -Z-.

The "polyformals of non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenols" (hereinafter also referred to as "NSH-aromatic polyformals") are formed "in situ" in accordance with the process described herein. The NSH-aromatic poly- formal segments associated with the block copolymers may be illustrated by formula (V) set out hereafter:

wherein R^, Ar, Ar' , Y, d, X, e, aa, bb, and cc are as defined above, and are referred to herein as divalent

NSH-aromatic polyformal radicals, abbreviated herein by the formula —(- CZ 4—„ wherein C, Z are as previously defined, and x is a number at least equal to 1.

Presently preferred NSH-aro atic-PF units may be illustrated by formulas (VI) and (VII) set out hereafter:

and

wherein R' is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, or a C, , alkyl or alkoxy group, and R, are hydrogen or a ^1-2 ^a l^yl ^r ou , and Z is hydrogen, chlorine or bromine, subject to the proviso that at least one Z is chlorine or bromine, and x is as previously defined. The process of preparing the block copolymers of polyphenylene oxides and polyformals of non-sterically- hindered dihydric phenols requires the combination of the reactants in accordance with the following process sequence:

(1) Reacting a non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenol with methylene halide in the presence of a solvent and a base, and optionally, preferably, a phase transfer agent to form a non-sterically-hindered aromatic polyformal "block",

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(2) Adding a homogeneous solution of a polyphenylene oxide in an inert solvent to the resulting NSH-aromatic polyformal solution plus an additional amount of a base, and optionally a phase transfer agent, 5 (3) Reacting the polyphenylene oxide with the aromatic polyformal, and

(4) Recovering a block copolymer of polyphenylene oxide and a non-sterically-hindered aromatic polyformal. The solvents that may be employed include solvents 10 which are generally suitable for preparation of homo¬ geneous solutions of polyphenylene oxide and include medium polar solvents such as chlorobenzene, anisole, bromobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, iodobenzene, acetophenone, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethyIforma ide, 15 acetonitrile, nitrobenzene, gamma-butyrolacetone, nitro- methane, dimethylsulfoxide, sulpholane, N-me-thylpyrroli- done, etc. and mixtures thereof. Preferably the solvents employed are polar aprotic solvents i.e. solvents substantially incapable of forming strong hydrogen bonds 20 with the hydric groups associated with the polyphenylene oxide reactant or the non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenols during the course of the process reactions. Accordingly, any solvent can be employed which does not deleteriously inhibit the reaction of this process via '25, hydrogen bonding associated with protic organic solvents. In general, the process can be carried out in any strongly basic reaction medium, preferably, that provided by the presence of a strong inorganic base, including mixtures thereof. Representative of basic species which 30 can be employed are alkali metal hydroxides. Specific examples of the aforementioned are lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxides; etc. Especially preferred bases are substantially anhydrous soidum hydroxide pellets, e.g. , electrolytic grade sodium hydroxide pellets con- 35 taining at least about 98% NaOH by weight.

Optionally, a catalytic phase transfer agent can be employed to enhance the process reaction rate. Preferably, the phase transfer agents are selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium, and tertiary sulfonium compounds including mixtures thereof. These phase transfer agents are well known and include illustratively "onium compounds" described by CM. Starks in J.A.C.S. 93, 195 (1971), "crown ethers" described in Aldrichi ica ACTA 9, Issue #1 (1976) Crown Ether Chemistry-Principles and Applications, G.W. Gokel and H.D. Durst, as well as C.J. Pederson in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,577 and "chelated cationic salts" which include alkali or alkaline earth metal diamine halides. Specific illustrative examples are described in U.S. 4,201,721 whose descriptions are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

Any amount of a functionally reactive polyphenylene oxide, non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenol and methylene halide can. be employed, subject to the proviso that the methylene halide be present in stoichiometric amounts at least sufficient to react with the hydroxy groups associated with the polyphenylene oxide and the NSH-dihydric phenols. Preferably the methylene halide is present in excess of from about 1.25 to as much as 5 to 20 times the stoichiometric amounts required to completely couple all of the polyphenylene oxide and NSH- dihydric phenol reactants.

Any amount of base can be employed. Generally effective mole proportions of base relative to the hydroxyl groups associated with the polyphenylene oxide and the NSH- dihydric phenols are within the range from about 1:1 to 50:1 and frequently preferably are from about 1.1:1.0 to 3:1.

Any amount of the optional phase transfer agent can be employed, however, generally effective mole proportions of phase transfer agent relative to base are within the

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range of from about.1:10 to about 1:1000 and more frequently preferably are within the range of from about 1:100 to 1:500.

In general, the reactions can be carried out at any temperature. Preferably, temperatures within the range of from about 0° to 150°C. or even higher and more preferably from 50°C. to 100°C. are employed.

The best mode of practicing this invention is set out in Examples hereinafter. EXAMPLE 1

(A) Preparation of Mono-Functional Polyphenylene Oxide

A 2.5 gallon stainless steel reactor equipped with an air-driven paddle stirrer, oxygen inlet tube, and water- cooled coil and jacket was charged with 2 . 2> toluene, 150 g. 2,6-xylenol, 4.2 ml. of a stock catalyst solution (19.31 g. cuprous oxide added slowly with stirring to 100 ml. of a 47.2% aqueous hydrogen bromide (HBr) solution), .3.4 g. N,N'-di(t-butyl)ethylene diamine (DBEDA) , 47.5 g. N,N'-dimethyIbutylamine (DMBA) , 1.5 g. di(n-butyl)amine (DBA) and 1.5 g. tricaprylylmonomethylammonium chloride (Adogen 464) . Oxygen was bubbled into the resulting admixture at a rate of 8.3 moles per hour while vigorously agitating the admixture, and 1350 g. of 2,6-xylenol dissolved in 1.5 of toluene was pumped into the reactor ^-' over a 30 minute period. The temperature rose from 25° to 35°C. The polymerization reaction was terminated by replacing the oxygen stream with nitrogen and adding 15 ml. of a 38% aqueous solution of trisodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Na EDTA) . The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 50-55°C. under nitrogen for about one hour and the polymer was precipitated by adding three volumes of methanol. The precipitated polymer was filtered and washed with methanol yielding a white solid polymeric product having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.24 dl./g. measured in chloroform at 25°C. From the infrared absorption at 3610 cm ^" an average hydroxyl content of

1.1 -OH groups per polymer chain was calculated. Molecular weight determination by GPC analysis based on a poly¬ styrene calibration furnished the following data:

Mw » 17,260 Mn 8,800

Mw/ϊϊn = 1.96 (B) Preparation of Poly-Functional Polyphenylene Oxide

A 500 ml. 3-neck round-bottom flask equipped with condenser, N _j "bubbler" and mechanical stirrer was charged with 50.0 g. of mono-functional polyphenylene oxide — prepared as described in (A) above, 1.72 g. TMDQ (tetramethyl diphenoquinone) and 200 ml. of toluene. The mixture was heated under N2 at 65-70°C. for 3.5 hours. The solution was diluted with 150 ml. of toluene and transferred to a 1 quart Waring blender. With vigorous agitation, the polymer was coagulated by addition of 1 liter of methanol. The light yellow product was twice reslurried in methanol, then collected and dried in vacuo at fiJ 50°C. overnight. The polymer had an intrinsic viscosity of 0.28 dl./g. measured in chloroform at 25°C. From the infrared absorption at 3610 cm an average hydroxyl content of 1.8 -OH groups per polymer chain was calculated. Molecular weight determination by GPC analysis based on a polystyrene calibration furnished the following _ data:

Mw = 23,890 SE - 8,560 Mw/Mn = 2.79 EXAMPLE 2 (A) Preparation of Block Copolymers of Polyphenylene Oxides and Polyformals of Non-Sterically-Hindered Dihydric Phenols

A series of block copolymers was prepared according to the following process sequence: (1) Reacting a non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenol with methylene halide in the presence of

a solvent, e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone, and a base, e.g., sodium hydroxide pellets to form a polyformal block,

(2) Adding to this a polyphenylene oxide prepared as described in EXAMPLE 1 (A) or (B) , in solution in an inert solvent, e.g., chlorobenzene, and additional base,

(3) Reacting the polyphenylene oxide with the aromatic polyformal, and

(4) Recovering a block copolymer of a polyphenylene oxide and a non-sterically-hindered aromatic polyformal.

A detailed procedure with respect to Run No. I, further described in Tables I and II, follows.

A 500 ml. flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer and condenser having a nitrogen bubbler attached was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 24.3 g. of 4,4'-dihydroxy-diρhenyl-2,2-propane also known as bis(4-hydroxyρhenyl)propane-2,2, i.e., bisphenol-A, 60 mis. of N-methylpyrrolidone, and 40 ml. of methylene chloride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the bisphenol-A was completely dissolved. The flask was heated and maintained at about 70°C. in a constant temperature bath. 8.53 g. (98% of stoichiometric weight) of sodium hydroxide pellets (electrolytic grade) was added. After stirring at reflux for 160 minutes a low molecular weight aromatic BPA polyformal block was formed having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.17 dl./g. when measured in CHCl at 25°C. A solution of 8.2 g. of monofunctional polyphenylene oxide prepared as in EXAMPLE I (A) above -- in 25 ml. of monochlorobenzene, and 2.84 g. of sodium hydroxide pellets -- again electrolytic grade, i.e., 98% NaOH were added. After the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at about 70°C. for 80 minutes, the resulting block copolymer solution was diluted with 300 ml. of chlorobenzene and transferred to a high speed mixing blender. The block copolymer was coagulated by the JUREAT/

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addition of a methanol/acetone mixture - containing equal parts by volume of each, during continuous agitation under high speed mixing conditions. The resulting admixture was reslurried in Λ/1.0 liter of water to 5 remove residual sodium chloride, washed with _* ^** '-'1.0 liter of methanol and dried in vacuo at about 50°C. 27.3 g. of block copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of 1.32 dl./g. measured in chloroform at 25°C. was isolated. By proton nmr analysis the block copolymer was formed to

10 contain 28 wt. % polyphenylene oxide.

A sample of the resulting block copolymer was compression molded into disks 1 mm. thick and 2.5 cm. in diameter at 270°C. and 5000 psi in a laboratory press. The disks were transparent indicating a single phase solid

15 solution.

A resume of the product reaction parameters and product properties are set out in Tables I and II, respectively, which correspond to a series of-runs carried out in a manner analogous to that described in detail above,

20 TABLE I

REACTION PARAMETERS

Run BPA P PPO PPO NaOH NMP C1 No . (g) [ (_2) [ηj (g) (m£ ) (ml ) (rr . )

I 24. 3 0. 17 8.2 0.24 11.37 60 25 40

^" 25 (A)

II 24 . 3 0.11 25. 6 0. 24 11.37 60 50 40 (A)

II 5. 2 0.10- 17 . 3 0. 24 2 .52 45 25 30 0.15 (A)

30 IV 24. 3 ' ^• θ . 15 8. 2 0. 28 11.1 60 25 40 (B)

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TABLE II

COPOLYMER PROPERTIES

Run Yield Wt. % GPC Data

No. ⁽ g ⁾ In. ^τ g PPO Mw Mn Mw/Mn

I 27.3 1 . 32 97 ^W C 28 189 , 000 24 , 860 7. 6 II 50. C 0.73 99°C & 169°C 54 90 , 000 37 , 530 2. 4

III 20. 9 0. 60 188 ^U C 77 62 , 240 28 , 130 2.2

IV 30. 5 0. 55 — 24 70 , 540 20 , 130 3.5

In general, the formal-coupled polyphenylene oxide and non-sterically-hindered dihydric phenols based upon the observed T values (T values determined employing differential scanning procedure (DCS) techniques in accordance with the teachings set out in J. Chiu, Polymer Characterization by Thermal Methods of Analysis, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1974)) depending on the relative amounts of polyphenylene oxide and NSH-aromatic polyformal block segments contained by the copolymers exhibit (1) a single phase solid solution, i.e., block copolymers exhibiting complete compatibility or (2) multiple phase solid solutions, i.e. block copolymers exhibiting only partial compatibility. In general the relative proportions on a weight percent basis of polyphenylene oxide and non-sterically-hindered aromatic polyformal blocks corresponding to single or multiple phase solid solutions are within the ranges set out below in Table III.

TABLE III

PPO NSH- •APF ( t. %) (wt. %) Solid Solution

1-35 99-65 Single Phase 35-65 65-35 Multiple Phase 99-65 1-35 Single Phase

In general, the block copolymers of this invention, preferably exhibit intrinsic viscosities greater than

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about 0.30 and more preferably greater than about 0.45 deciliters per gram measured in chloroform at 25°C.

The formal-coupled block polymers of this invention can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture at temperatures of about 300°F. to about 550°F. employing conventional processing equipment for engineering thermoplastic materials including extruders, e.g. mono and multiple screw types, mills or other mechanical equipment which subject engineering thermoplastic materials to high sheer stress at elevated temperatures.