PULSED ELECTRIC MACHINE EFFICIENCY

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/399,983, filed on August 22, 2022, and which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present application relates generally to pulsed control of an electric machine where the electric machine is selectively controlled to operate between an off state and an on state during pulses, and more particularly, to a boost circuit and method for supplying a boost voltage to a rotor of the electric machine, just as the electric machine is pulsed on, the boost voltage aiding the rotor in quickly overcoming it’s start-up inductance to rapidly turn on the rotor, resulting in a much faster transition time as the electric machine transitions from the off state to the on state at the start of a pulse.

[0003] Most electric machines, which typically include a stator having a plurality of poles and a rotor, can operate as either a generator or a motor. When operating as motor, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. When operating as a generator, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The terms " electrical machine" or “machine” as used herein is therefore intended to be broadly construed to mean both electric motors and generators.

[0004] Electric machines have relatively high energy conversion efficiencies, provided they are operating at or near their optimal operational load. When operating below of their optimal operation load, however, the energy conversion efficiency can be considerably lower. Since in many applications electric machines are required to operate below their optimal operational load, overall efficiency of the machine is reduced, wasting the energy required to operate the electric machine.

[0005] Pulse control of electric machines is a known approach to improving the efficiency of electric machines. Under selected operating conditions, an electric machine is intermittently transitioned from an off state to an on state during pulses. By operating the electric machine to generate an output only during the on pulses at high efficiency levels, overall efficiency of the machine is improved while generating the needed output, compared to conventional continuous operation below the machine’s optimal operational load.

[0006] An issue with pulsed controlled is that a relatively large amount of energy and time is required to transition a given electric machine from the off state to the on state with each pulse. [0007] A need therefore exists to transition electric machines quickly and efficiently from the off state to the one state with each pulse, thereby operating such electric machines at even higher levels of efficiency.

SUMMARY

[0008] The present application is directed to a boost circuit and method for supplying a boost voltage to a rotor of the electric machine, just as the electric machine is pulsed on, the boost voltage aids the rotor in quickly overcoming its start-up inductance, rapidly turn on the rotor. As a result, much faster transition times are realized each time the electric machine transitions from the off state to the on state at the start of a pulse.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The invention and the advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0010] FIG 1 is graph illustrating pulsed operation of a motor in accordance with a nonexclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating a motor controller architecture in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0012] FIG. 3 is an operational flow diagram illustrating steps implemented by the motor controller in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0013] FIG. 4A is a torque versus efficiency map for a motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque.

[0014] FIG. 4B is a torque versus work lost for an exemplary motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque.

[0015] FIG. 5 A is an exemplary boost circuit for boosting a supply voltage applied to a rotor of the electric machine in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0016] FIG. 5B is an exemplary voltage rectifier used by the boost circuit in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0017] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating steps for boosting a supply voltage applied to a rotor of the electric machine during pulsed operation in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment of the invention.

[0018] In the drawings, like reference numerals are sometimes used to designate like structural elements. It should also be appreciated that the depictions in the figures are diagrammatic and not to scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Electric motors and generators are used in a very wide variety of applications and under a wide variety of operating conditions. In general, many modern electric machines have relatively high energy conversion efficiencies. However, the energy conversion efficiency of most electric machines can vary considerably based on their operational load. In general, when operating at or near their peak operational loads, electrical machines are highly efficient. However, when operating at lower load, efficiency tends to be much lower.

[0020] The present application relates generally to pulsed control of electric machines (e.g., electric motors and generators) to improve their energy conversion efficiency when operating conditions warrant. More specifically, under lower load operating conditions, an electric machine is pulsed controlled and intermittently transitioned between an off state and an on state during pulses. By controlling the magnitude, duty cycle and frequency of the pulses, the electric machine can be controlled to operate only at its higher efficiency levels compared to conventional continuous motor control, thereby delivering a desired average torque output in a more energy efficient manner than previously possible.

[0021] The Applicant has filed and received several U.S. Patents covering the pulsed motor control of electric machine, including U.S. Patent 10,742,155 (TULA P200B), U.S. Patent 11,228,272 (TULA P200C), and U.S. Patent 10,944,352 (TULA P201). Each of the above-listed applications are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes

Pulsed Machine Control

[0022] Referring to Figure 1, a graph 10 illustrating the basic operation of pulsed machine control is illustrated. In this example, several assumptions are made, including:

• The electric machine is operating as an electric motor.

• As plotted along the vertical axis, the maximum torque output of the motor is 50 Nm.

• The peak efficiency range of the motor is approximately 95% of its peak output, or a torque output of approximately 47.5 Nm.

• The motor is requested, in this example, to generate an output toque of 10 Nm, which is well below its peak efficiency range.

[0023] With conventional operation, the motor is continuously operated to generate the requested torque output of 10 Nm. This is represented in Fig. 1 by the dashed line 12. The disadvantage of continuously operating with a torque output of 10 is that the motor is operating well below its peak efficiency range (e.g., 47.5 Nm or above in this example). [0024] With pulsed operation on the other hand, the motor is pulsed on and off. Between on pulses, the motor is in the off state and generates little to no torque output. During the on pulses, the motor:

(1) Is in the on state and operates at or near its peak efficiency (i.e., at 50); and

(2) The average torque output of the motor over time, during which the motor is intermittent pulsed between the off and on states, is sufficient to meet the ascertained torque request.

[0025] In this example, the frequency of the on pulses occur once every five (5) time units as plotted along the horizontal axis. As a result, the motor is pulsed on twenty percent (20%) of the time, as represented by the pulses 14. By operating the motor at its peak output (e.g., 50) every fifth time unit (i.e., twenty percent twenty percent (20%) of the time), the requested 10 Nm of torque is generated over time. However, since the motor is operated only at or near its peak efficiency during the pulses, the overall operating efficiency of the motor is significantly improved over conventional continuous operation.

Three-Phase Wound Field Synchronous Machine

[0026] In a three-phase wound field synchronous machine, the stator may include a three-coil winding that is excited by a three-phase AC input and the field windings on the rotor that are powered by a DC input. When the three-phase AC input is passed through the three-phase armature windings, a rotating magnetic field (RMF) is generated. The rotational rate of the RMF is known as the synchronous speed (N _s ) of the electric machine. The interaction of the field winding fields and armature winding fields generates an electromagnetic force (EMF) causing the rotor rotation.

Power Converter

[0027] Referring to Figure 2, a diagram of a power controller 20 for pulsed operation of an electric machine is illustrated. The power controller 20 includes a power converter 22, a DC power supply 24, and an electric machine 26. In this non-exclusive embodiment, the power converter 22 also includes a pulse controller 28.

[0028] The power converter 22 may be operated as a power inverter or power rectifier depending on the direction of energy flow through the system.

[0029] When the electric machine 26 is operated as a motor, the power converter 22 is responsible for generating three-phased AC power from the DC power supply 24 to drive the electric machine 26. The three-phased input power, denoted as phase A, phase B, and phase C, is applied to the windings of the stator of the electric machine 26 for generating the RMF as described above.

[0030] During motor operation, the pulse controller 28 is responsible for selectively pulsing the three-phased input power provided to the electric machine 26. During conventional (i.e., continuous) operation, the three -phases A, B and C of the input power are continuous (i.e., not pulsed). During pulsed operation, the three-phases A, B and C, are selectively pulsed.

[0031] When the electric machine is operating as a generator, the power converter 22 operates as a power rectifier and the AC power coming from the electric machine 26 is converted to DC power and is stored in the DC power supply 24.

[0032] The lines depicting the phases, A, B, and C are shown with arrows on both ends indicating that current can flow both from the power converter 22 to the electric machine 26 when the machine is operating as a motor, or that current can flow in the opposite direction when the machine is used as a generator.

Pulsed Motor Control

[0033] Referring to Figure 3, a flow diagram 30 illustrating steps implemented by the pulse controller 28 for pulsed control operation of the electric machine 26 while operating as an electric motor are shown.

[0034] In the initial step 32, the current motor output and current motor speed are ascertained. [0035] In decision step 34, a determination is made based on the current motor output and current motor speed if the motor should be operated in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode. In other words, a determination is made if the desired motor torque is above or below the most efficient output torque range for the current motor speed (e.g., 47.5 Nm in the Figure 1 example). [0036] In step 36, the motor is operated in the continuous mode if the current motor torque request is above the most efficient output torque for the current motor speed.

[0037] In the alternative step 38, the motor is operated in the pulsed mode if the current motor torque request is below the most efficient output torque for the current motor speed.

[0038] In step 40, the desired pulse magnitude, duty cycle and frequency for operation in the pulsed mode are determined so that the average output power or torque over time matches the desired torque output.

[0039] In step 42, the motor is operated in the pulsed mode using the determined pulse magnitude, duty cycle and frequency of the pulses.

[0040] The above steps 32-42 are continuously performed while the motor is in operation. At any given motor speed, there will be a corresponding most efficient output torque at which the motor operates at or near its maximum efficiency. As the instantaneous motor output request and/or current motor speed change, a decision is made to operate the motor in either the continuous or pulsed mode as appropriate.

[0041] From a conceptual standpoint, the more often the desired motor torque is below the most efficient output torque for the current motor speed, the more significant the overall efficiency of the motor can be improved by pulsing the motor.

Pulse Rise Times

[0042] Current power converters are typically designed for continuous, not pulsed operation. Such power converters are typically required to transition from the unenergized to an energized state relatively infrequently. As a result, little design effort has been made to date in managing the transition time between when a machine is off to when it is pulsed on. To the extent any such efforts have been made, the focus is typically directed to achieving a smooth transition as opposed to a fast transition. The transition from a non-energized (off) to an energized state (pulsed on) for most electric machines, is therefore, relatively not very fast.

[0043] The applicants have discovered that for an electric machine system that frequently transitions from a non-energized state to peak efficiency state such as with pulsed operation, further efficiency improvements can be realized when the transitions occur as fast as possible. With fast transitions, for example from zero torque to the peak efficiency torque, the overall average efficiency is improved because the motor spends less time in transition where efficiency is less than the peak. This relationship is depicted in Figure. 4 A and Figure 4B.

[0044] Referring to Figure 4A, a torque versus efficiency map for an exemplary electric machine operating as a motor at a fixed speed (e.g., 6000 rpms) is illustrated. In the exemplary map, a range of torque outputs from 0.0 Nm to 250 Nm is plotted along the horizontal axis, while the efficiency of the motor from 0.0 percent to 100 percent is plotted along the vertical axis. The curve 46 depicts the transition of the motor from zero to peak efficiency torque. During this transition, as depicted by the shaded region 48, the motor is operating at a much lower efficiency before reaching at or near the peak efficiency of the motor as depicted by reference number 50.

[0045] Referring to Figure. 4B, a map is provided illustrating torque versus work lost for an exemplary motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque. In this map, the work losses (W) are plotted along the vertical axis, while the torque output of the motor is plotted along the horizontal axis. As demonstrated by the curve 52, the work losses of the motor increase as the torque output increases during the transition from zero to peak efficiency torque. Therefore, the faster that transition time from zero to peak efficiency torque, the less work is performed, and the less energy is consumed by the electric motor.

[0046] By substituting time in place of torque along the horizontal axis and then integrating the area under the curve 52, the energy consumed by the electric motor can be calculated for a given transition time. For instance, with an exemplary motor, 7234.5 Joules of energy was used with a transition time of 0.5 seconds, while only 723.4 Joules of energy were used a transition time of 0.05 second. This comparison demonstrates that the faster the transition time from zero to peak efficiency torque, the lower the energy consumed in losses. It should be noted that with this example, it is assumed that no acceleration of the load has taken place, so no energy has been added to the load inertia. Just as efficiency is increased by reducing rise time, efficiency can also be increased by reducing pulse fall times as well.

[0047] For different motors, the transition of the motor from zero to peak efficiency torque, the peak efficiency torque and the work losses will all vary. The maps of Figures 4A and 4B should, therefore, be viewed as merely exemplary and should not be construed as limiting in any regard.

Boosting Rotor Supply Voltage

[0048] The Applicants have discovered that the transition time for transitioning an electric machine from the off state to the on state when pulsed can be significantly reduced by applying a boost voltage to the rotor at the start of each pulse. By applying the boost voltage, the inherent tum-on time determined by the inductance and resistance of the rotor is reduced, allowing the winding of the rotor to be rapidly energized to the target operating current, developing the desired rotor flux faster than would be the case without boosted rotor voltage. By significantly reducing the transition time from the off state to the on state for each pulse, the overall efficiency for pulsed controlled electric machines can be significantly improved.

[0049] As detailed below, the boost voltage applied to the rotor can be generated or otherwise supplied in one of several different ways.

[0050] In one embodiment, an external power supply, such as a battery or other power source, can be used to provide the boost voltage. Alternatively, the boost voltage can be generated internal to the electric machine.

[0051] Referring to Figure 5A, an exemplary electric machine 80 with a boost circuit 82 is illustrated. In the explanation below, the electric machine 80 is operated as a motor. As noted above however, the electric machine 80 can also be operated as a generator as well.

[0052] With this embodiment, much of the existing electric components of the electric machine 80, with a few additional components, are used to generate and store a boost voltage. As described in detail below, a storage device such as a capacitor is charged during off states between pulses. Then, just as the electric machine starts its transition into the on state with the next on pulse, the charge on the storage device is used to “boost” the supply voltage otherwise applied to the rotor. As a result, the rotor is turned on faster, significantly reducing the transition time of the electric machine from the off state to the on state compared to if no boost voltage is used. Since mostly existing elements of the electric machine 80 are used to generate the boost voltage with this embodiment, the benefits of faster transition times are realized almost for “free”, with little overhead in terms of additional circuitry or components.

[0053] The electric machine 80 includes a power converter 22, pulse controller 28, a stator 82 with three winding labelled A, B and C, a rotor 84, and a DC power supply 85 (e.g., a battery) coupled to a first power rail 86 and a second power rail 88.

[0054] The power converter 22 includes three sets of transistor-diode pairs labelled Q1-Q2, Q3- Q4, and Q5-Q6 respectively. As is well known in the art, the three sets of transistor-diode pairs generate from the DC power supply 85 three-phase AC power to the three windings A, B and C of the stator 82 respectively.

[0055] As previously described, the pulse controller 28 determines if the machine 80 should be operated in the continuous mode or the pulsed modes. If the latter, the pulse controller 28 determines the magnitude, duty cycle and frequency of the pulses, depending such factors as the current speed of the electric machine and/or the instantaneous demand on the electric machine. In response, the pulse controller 28 controls the power converter 22 to selectively energize the windings A, B and C of the stator 82 as needed to realize the desired magnitude, duty cycle and frequency of the pulses. Between the pulses, the windings A, B and C are de-energized and the electric machine 80 is in the off state. In the continuous mode, the pulse controller 28 directs the power converter 22 to continually energize the windings A, B and C of the stator 82.

[0056] The boost circuit 82 includes a rectifier 87, a storage device such as a capacitor Cl, and a controller 90 coupled between the power rail 86 and another power rail 92. Also, a one-way current flow device such as diode DI is couple between the rails 86 and 92. With this arrangement, diode DI allows current flow from the power rail 86 to the rail 92, but not in the opposite direction. [0057] During pulsed-mode operation of the electric machine 80, the pulse controller 28 and the controller 90 cooperate to (1) recharge the capacitor Cl up to a target boost voltage when the electric machine 80 is in the off state between on pulses, and (2) supply the boost voltage from the capacitor Cl, in addition to the voltage from the DC power supply 85, to the rotor 84 just at the start of the transition for the next on pulse. With the additional boost voltage at the start of a pulse, the rotor 84 is rapidly energized and turned on faster compared to if no boost voltage is applied as described above.

[0058] As the rotor is rapidly energized, the charge on the capacitor Cl is depleted. Once the rotor 84 has been fully energized, it is powered only by the DC power supply 85 for the remainder of the on pulse. With this arrangement, the boost voltage is thus applied only when it is needed the most, meaning at the transition from the off state to the one state at the start of each pulse.

[0059] The capacitor Cl is re-charged in the off state between on pulses by the pulse controller 28 directing the power controller 22 to energize at least one of the windings A, B and/ C of the stator 82 for short time-period after the electric machine has transitioned from the on state to the off state at the end of each pulse. Typically, the windings are simply de-energized during this transition. However, by energizing at least one of the windings A, B and/or C beyond the transition, and switching any of the inactive phases to the negative bus voltage on power rail 88, it induces an AC voltage in the rotor 84 as the rotor moves through the flux produced by the stator or as a phase is pulsed. In response, the rectifier 87 converts the AC voltage into a DC voltage, which in turn is stored on the storage plate of the capacitor Cl. Once the charge on the capacitor Cl reaches a target boost voltage, then the controller 90 directs the power converter 22, via the pulse controller 28, to stop the energization of the one or more windings A, B and/or C of the stator. The controller 90 thus acts as a voltage clamp for limiting the voltage stored on the capacitor Cl once the storage of the target boost voltage is achieved. As a result, the desired boost voltage is (1) harvested and stored on the capacitor Cl, and (2) is available for the rotor 84 at the start of the transition to the on state with the next pulse.

[0060] In various embodiments, the excitation of the one or more winding A, B and/or C of the stator 82 after a pulse has ended may widely vary.

[0061] In one non-exclusive embodiment, the excitation is a reverse sinusoidal three-phase voltage waveform that is the opposite of that used to drive the electric machine 80 during a given on pulse. For instance, if the rotor 84 is rotating clockwise at 4000 RPMs during a given on pulse, it will continue to rotate at this rate and direction immediately after the given on pulse ends. If the stator is intentionally excited after the given on pulse ends with a reverse rotating (counterclockwise) 4000 RPM field, then the net effect is the rotor 84 is effectively rotating at 8000 RPMs, which means more poll-crossings and a higher frequency of the resulting AC voltage induced in the rotor 84. In response, the AC voltage is rectified by rectifier 87, and the resulting DC voltage is stored on the capacitor Cl. [0062] In yet another embodiment, one (or more) of the windings A, B and C can be statically energized while the rotor 84 is rotating. As a result, the rotor 84 will generate an AC voltage that coincides with each pole crossing.

[0063] In yet another embodiment, the windings A, B and C can be energized using three-phase AC power, but at a lower frequency or speed compared to the rotation of the rotor 84. As a result, the rotor will generate an AC voltage that coincides with each pole crossing.

[0064] It is noted that all the possible embodiments for exiting one or more of the windings A, B and C are not exhaustively listed herein. Consequently, those embodiments mentioned herein should not be construed as limiting in any regard. On the contrary, any embodiment of exciting at least one (or more) of the windings may be used. With any such embodiment, however, at least one (or all) non-excited phases are selectively switched to the negative bus voltage on power rail 88

[0065] The above-described process of charging the capacitor Cl to the target boost voltage is typically relatively short in duration, typically 2-3 milliseconds, before the capacitor Cl is charge to its target boost level. Thereafter, for the remainder of the time the electric machine 80 is in the off state, the one or more windings of the stator are de-energized until the start of the next pulse.

[0066] In various embodiments, the magnitude of the boost voltage harvested and stored on capacitor Cl may widely vary. Regardless of the magnitude, the boost voltage aids in reducing the turn-on time of the rotor 84. For instance, if the DC power supply 85 provides 400 volts, and an additional 400 volts is harvested and stored on the capacitor Cl when the electric machine 80 is in the off state between pulses, then a total of 800 volts is available at the start of the next on pulse.

[0067] With the onset of the next pulse, the DC voltage on the rail 86 and the boost voltage on the capacitor Cl are combined on the rail 92 and provided through the rectifier 87 to the rotor 84. Using the voltage values provided in the above non-exclusive example, 800 volts as opposed to only 400 volts is provided to the rotor 84. With the extra 400 volts, voltage, the winding of the rotor 84 is rapidly energized, developing the desired rotor flux much faster than would be the case if only the 400 volts of the supply 85 is used. Consequently, just as more voltage is needed to speed up the turn-on of the rotor 84, the boost voltage is available.

[0068] As the windings of the rotor are energized during the startup process, the boost voltage on the capacitor Cl is depleted, Thereafter, the DC voltage provided by the power supply 85 is used to drive the rotor 84 once it has achieved steady-state operation for the remainder of the on pulse. With this arrangement, the boost voltage is applied to the rotor only when it is needed the most, and for a very short time-period. As a result, the startup time of the rotor is reduced significantly (e.g., typically 2-3 milliseconds), compared to up to 10-100 milliseconds required for comparable, but non-boosted, electric machines.

[0069] It is noted that the tum-on inductance of a rotor of a given electric machine is typically much higher than its stator due to its larger number of windings relative to the stator. Consequently, the application of the boost voltage is most beneficial when applied to the rotor as opposed to the stator. However, a boost voltage can similarly be applied to the stator as well.

H-Bridge Rectifier

[0070] Many electric machines commonly rely on a transistor-diode H-bridge to aid in demagnetizing the rotor 84 and reducing the generation of a back Electromotive Force (EMF). As described below, the Applicant has discovered that such an H-bridge can also, in addition to reducing back EMF, be used (1) as a rectifier for converting the AC voltage generated by the rotor 84 into the DC voltage when charging the storage capacitor Cl, and (2) for providing a circuit path for supplying the boost and power supply voltage to the rotor 84 when energized (e.g., during on pulses or during continuous operation).

[0071] Referring to Fig. 5B, an H-bridge rectifier 94 is illustrated. The H-bridge rectifier 94 includes a first transistor-diode pair Q7-Q8 and a second transistor diode pair Q9 and Q10. The remainder of the elements, namely the rotor 84, DC power supply 85, first and second power rails 86, 88, diode DI, storage capacitor Cl, controller 90 and rail 92 operate as described above. Also, for the sake of clarity, the remainder of components (e.g., the power converter 22, pulse controller 28, and stator 82) discussed above regarding Figure 5A are not illustrated.

[0072] Immediately following a pulse, the H-bridge rectifier 94 converts the AC voltage generated by the rotor 84 to a DC voltage. When the AC voltage is positive, the diodes associated with transistors Q7 and Q10 are turned on while the diodes associated with transistors Q8 and Q9 are off. When the AC voltage is negative, the diodes associated with transistors Q8 and Q9 are turned on while the diodes associated with transistors Q7 and Q10 are off. The resulting DC voltage is stored on capacitor Cl via the power rail 92. When the capacitor Cl has reached the target boost voltage, the charging process is halted as described above, which ideally occurs within 3-5 milliseconds after the end of an on pulse after the rotor drive circuit is disabled.

[0073] Alternatively, the H-bridge rectifier 94 is also used to provide the boost and supply voltages to the rotor 84 on the start of each pulse. By activation transistors-diode pairs Q7 and Q10 or Q9 and Q8, this voltage on the power rail 92 is provided to the rotor 84. The target boost voltage stored by the capacitor Cl is preferably selected to (1) deliver sufficient current such that the current the rotor requires at nominal operation is achieved in the shortest possible time, and (2) upon the nominal steady-state operation of the rotor 84, the boost voltage on Cl is fully depleted, meaning the rotor 84 is energized only by the power supply 84 via rail 86, diode DI, power rail 92 and the H-bridge rectifier 94. Current in the rotor 84 during normal operation (e.g., during continuous operation or once the rotor is fully energized during a pulse) is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) drive of the H-bridge IGBTs Q8 or Q10 as is known in the art. [0074] It is noted that while the AC to DC rectification is occurring, the rotor 84 is effectively demagnetized by the H-bridge rectifier 94, reducing or eliminating back EMF.

[0075] The boost circuit of the present application as described herein can be used in a wide variety of applications, such as but not limited to electric vehicles (EVs), variable speed and load industrial motor applications, or any other application where greater efficiency of electric machines can be realized using pulsed controlled operation. With EVs for example, as a general rule, the faster the transition times when an electric motor transitions from the off state to the one state at the start of each pulse, the higher the operating efficiency. With this in mind, components such as the capacitor Cl and the diode DI with the rotor H-Bridge’s body diodes or protection diodes acting as a full wave rectifier, boost voltage monitoring circuitry, and the excitation of the phases A, B and/or C of the stator 82, during off periods are ideally selected or otherwise defined to achieve an on-pulse transition time of at least 100 milliseconds, and if possible, 10 milliseconds are even smaller transition times. To achieve these objectives, the size of the capacitor Cl may range from 40uF or less to lOOuF or more, and the boost voltage stored thereon may range from bus voltage to any voltage not to exceed the safe operating voltages of the H-Bridge components operating limits with sufficient safety margins. It should be understood that the values described herein are merely exemplary and should in no regard be construed as limiting. On the contrary, the size of the capacitor Cl, and the boost voltage stored thereon, may widely vary based on any given application or set of circumstances.

Pulse Control Operation

[0076] Referring to Figure 6, a flow diagram 60 illustrating steps for boosting a supply voltage applied to the rotor 84 of the electric machine 80 is illustrated.

[0077] In decision step 62, the pulse controller determines if the current on pulse has ended.

[0078] If the current pulse has ended, then pulse controller 28 in step 64 transitions the electric machine 80 to the off state, while directing the power controller 22 to energize one or more of the windings of the stator 82 using any of the embodiments mentioned above or any other embodiment not listed herein. [0079] In step 66, the rotor 84 generates an AC voltage in response to the energization of the one or more windings of the stator 82.

[0080] In step 68, the rectifier 87 or H-bridge rectifier 94 rectifies the AC voltage into a DC voltage.

[0081] In step 70, the DC voltage is used to charge the storage capacitor Cl.

[0082] In decision step 72, it is determined if the capacitor has reached the target boost voltage. If the target is not reached, the charging continues as steps 66 through 70 are repeated. Typically, the re-charging to the target boost voltage is rapid, taking in the order of 2-3 milliseconds.

[0083] In the step 74, the stator windings of the stator 82 are de-energized when the target boost voltage is reached. Thereafter, the stator 82 is dormant for the remainder of the off state until the start of the next on pulse.

[0084] In step 76, the pulse controller 28 determines the time when the electric machine is to transition on for the next pulse.

[0085] In step 78, the sum of the boost voltage and the voltage from the power supply 85 are provided to the rotor so that it can rapidly turn on. As the winding of the rotor 84 is fully energized as the boost voltage dissipates, only the voltage from the power supply 85 is provided to the rotor 84 for the remainder of the on pulse.

[0086] The steps 62 through 78 are preferably continually repeated. In this way, the storage capacitor Cl is continually re-charged to the target boost voltage immediately following the end of each pulse so that the boost voltage is ready and available for the rotor at the start of the next one pulse. Consequently, the time for transitioning between the off state and the on state for each on pulse is significantly reduced, improving the overall operational efficiency of the electric machine.

[0087] The Applicants have found that the use of a boost voltage as described herein has reduced the transition time from the off state to the on state to approximately 2-3 milliseconds, which is a significant improvement over any non-boosted electric machine equivalents. As a result, the overall efficiency of such electric machines is improved.

[0088] It is noted that other transition times, either longer or shorter, maybe realize using boosting as described herein. The 2-3 millisecond tum-on time, as mentioned herein, is merely illustrative and should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention in any regard. Generator Operation

[0089] Although the above description has been largely directed to the operation of an electric machine as a motor, in no way should this be construed as limiting. On the contrary, a boost voltage to the windings of a rotor as described herein can also be used during operation of such an electric machine during pulsed control operation as a generator.

Electric Machine Types

[0090] It should be apparent from the foregoing description that the described boosted pulsed machine control can be utilized in a wide variety of different applications to improve the energy conversion efficiency of a wide variety of different types of electric motors and generators. These include both AC and DC motors/generators. A few representative types of electric machines that may benefit from the described boosted embodiments of machine pulsing include both asynchronous and synchronous AC electric machines including Induction machines (IM), switched reluctance machines (SRM), Synchronous Reluctance machines (SynRM), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance machines (PMaSynRM), Hybrid PMaSynRMs; Externally Excited AC Synchronous machines (SyncAC), Permanent Magnet Synchronous machines (PMSM), Eddy current machines, AC linear machines, AC and DC mechanically commutated machines, axial flux motors, etc. Representative DC electric machines include brushless, electrically excited, permanent magnet, series wound, shunt, brushed, compound and others.

Electric Machines and Vehicles

[0091] Electric vehicles are now common and are increasing in popularity. It has been predicted that over the course of the next decade or two, electric vehicles will surpass or altogether replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

[0092] With electric vehicles, one or more onboard machines is/are provided. When driving the vehicle, the machine acts as a motor to generate torque, which in turn, is used to propel the vehicle. In the case of an electric vehicle, the electric machine(s) is/are used exclusively to generate the needed torque. The torque may be a positive torque to propel the vehicle or a negative torque to transfer vehicle kinetic energy into stored electrical energy. With hybrid vehicles, the onboard electric machines may be used either exclusively, or in cooperation with, an internal combustion engine, to propel the vehicle. With regenerative braking, the machine is typically used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy that is stored in a storage device, such as a battery or capacitor. The stored energy can be used by the electric machine when operating as a motor, or alternatively to power other electrical bs on the vehicle, such as the air conditioner, heater, defroster, various lighting systems, entertainment system, etc. [0093] The pulsing of an onboard electric machine, with boost voltages as described herein, on a vehicle promises significant advantages for increased efficiency. By increasing efficiency, the range of the vehicle can be increased before either a battery recharge is needed and/or refueling is needed as is the case with hybrids.

Additional Embodiments

[0094] Motors used in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) applications are another good example of an application that can benefit from pulsed control. There are several factors that contribute to pulsed motor control being a good fit for HVAC applications. These include the facts that: (a) the motors used in HVAC applications today are predominantly induction motors that don’t contain permanent magnets; (b) a high percentage of the motors used in HVAC applications, including in particular variable speed HVAC condensers and/or air handlers, operate a substantial portion of the time operating regions below their high efficiency areas; and (c) the inertia of a fan or pump normally dominates the motor inertia, which tends to further mitigate potential NVH related impacts associated with pulsing.

[0095] Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it should be appreciated that the invention may be implemented in many other forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The various described pulse controllers and other control elements may be implemented, grouped, and configured in a wide variety of different architectures in different embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, the pulse controller may be incorporated into a motor controller or an inverter controller or it may be provided as a separate component. Similarly, for a generator, the pulse controller may be incorporated into a generator controller or a rectifier controller and in combined motor/generators the pulse controller may be incorporated into a combined motor/generator controller or a combined inverter/rectifier controller. In some embodiments, the described control functionality may be implemented algorithmically in software or firmware executed on a processor - which may take any suitable form, including, for example, general purpose processors and microprocessors, DSPs, etc.

[0096] Generally, the schemes for pulsed motor control may be implemented digitally, algorithmically, using analog components, or using hybrid approaches. The pulse generator and/or the motor controller may be implemented as code executing on a processor, on programmable logic such as an FPGA (field programmable gate array), in circuitry such as an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), on a digital signal processor (DSP), using analog components, or any other suitable piece of hardware. In certain me implementations, the described control schemes may be incorporated into object code to be executed on a digital signal processor (DSP) incorporated into an inverter controller (and/or rectifier controller in the context of a generator and/or a combined inverter/rectifier controller).

[0097] Therefore, the present embodiments should be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.