Title: Bouquet of cut flowers Description

The invention relates to a bouquet of cut flowers capable of conferring elongated freshness to an aqueous nutrient medium for cut flowers, to a method for conferring elongated freshness to an aqueous nutrient medium for cut flowers, to the use of one or more cut flowers for prolonging the longevity of one or more cut flowers, and to a method for prolonging the longevity of one or more cut flowers.

Both florist and customers usually keep bouquets of cut flowers in an aqueous liquid nutrient medium, such as tap water or water enriched with plant nutrients. The flowers can be kept e.g. in a vase or a bucket, or any other suitable container that holds aqueous nutrient medium and allows the stems of the cut flowers to be in contact with the aqueous medium, in particular allowing the cutting edge of the stems to be submersed in the aqueous nutrient medium, and thus allowing the cut flowers to take up water and nutrients from the medium.

However, a well-known problem of cut flowers is the relatively short longevity. This phenomenon starts at the moment the stem of the flowers are cut, and put in the liquid nutrient medium. The medium start fouling within a relatively short period of time, resulting in early decay of the cut flowers. For florists, this problem is serious, as a significant portion of the flowers wither in the period that the flowers are offered for sale. Also customers are facing this problem, as many cut flowers only hold for a limited number of days. Both the florist and the customer would benefit significantly from elongation of the longevity of cut flowers.

The present inventors have now very surprisingly found that the aqueous nutrient medium has an elongated freshness, i.e. is less susceptible to fouling when the bouquet comprises one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe. It was noticed that the aqueous nutrient medium, such as tap water or water enriched with plant nutrients, remained fresh and odor free for as long as the stem of the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe were submerged in the aqueous nutrient medium (up to 8 weeks).

Therefore, the invention relates to a bouquet of cut flowers capable of conferring elongated freshness to an aqueous nutrient medium for cut flowers by contact of the cut surface of the stems of the said cut flowers with the said aqueous nutrient medium, said bouquet comprising one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe having a stem length of at least 35 cm.

Interestingly, it was believed that succulents such as Kalanchoe were not to be suitable as cut flowers. Natural habitats for succulents are very dry areas. Succulents therefor do not need much water, and in contrast, succulent tend to rather wilt and die when too much water is given. When cut flowers are in continuous contact with an aqueous nutrient medium, the said flowers are saturated with the medium. Such saturation would be detrimental for succulents grown in soil, or special growing medium used for potted plants. When used as cut flowers at all, succulents are generally kept dry, i.e. without being in contact with an aqueous nutrient medium. Plants of the genus Kalanchoe are succulents. As a potted plant, care should indeed be taken not to water Kalanchoe too much, resulting in wilting and eventual death of the plant, in particular in winter when the days become short. Nevertheless, cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe are recently described, indeed to be kept dry, see e.g. http://www.newplantsandflowers.com/cut-flower-kalanchoes- that-can-stay-weeks-without-water/. Accordingly, Kalanochoe has been used in wedding bouquets, see e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lae09 ls04A. Such bouquets are indeed not intended to be kept in a liquid aqueous nutrient medium. In contrast, such a bouquet is intended to be carried by the bride during her wedding day, without any contact with aqueous nutrient medium.

Although some florists have started to use Kalanchoe in bouquets. Hooftman (Bloem en Blad nr 8, 2012, pp. 10-18) describes the problem of incorporating hitherto available Kalanchoe in large bouquets, as such Kalanchoes were highly branched and relatively small, having a stem of about 20 cm. Indeed, the said Kalanchoe were used to produce relatively small bouquets wherein the flower of the said Kalanchoe was put on a wire. When such a bouquet was put in contact with a liquid nutrient medium, said wired Kalanchoe was kept above the said medium, i.e. not in contact therewith, see e.g. the "take-away bouquet"("meeneemboeketje" on page 12 of Hooftman, supra). It was indicated that after the bouquet was finished, the Kalanchoe flower could be kept longer by separating it from the finished flowers, cutting the flower again, resulting in a substantially stemless flower, and putting it in water separately. A similar proposal was made by the flower arrangement "impulse gift" ("impulscadeautje", page 13 of Hooftman, supra), where a single flower of the Kalanchoe variety 'Lea' (CPVO 2005/1650) with a short stem of less than 10 cm. is arranged in a small flower assembly in a drinking glass. This variety is bred and selected for compactness, to be used as a potted plant for its compactness and excessive branching in the lower part of the stem.

The term "bouquet" intends to mean a collection of a plurality of cut flowers, the flowers preferably having a stem length of at least 35 cm, more preferably of at least 45 cm, or at least 50 cm. The cut flowers are intended to be arranged in a vase, capable to receive and hold cut flowers having a stem length of at least 35 cm. by the customer. In a preferred embodiment, a bouquet is also defined as a plurality of cut flowers having a stem length of at least 35 cm, the cut flowers being displayed or offered for sale, hold together by a foil wrap (e.g. of plastic or paper) and/or by a binders, holding the stems of the flowers of the bouquet together. A bouquet preferably comprises 3 or more cut flowers with a stem length of at least 35 cm, more preferably 5 or more cut flowers or even 7, 8 or 10 or more such cut flowers.

Accordingly, the "impulse gift" as described by Hooftman, supra cannot be regarded as a bouquet. This flower arrangement only comprises a short stemmed Kalanchoe in combination with a Gerbera, presented for sale in a small drinking glass, i.e. not a bouquet. Furthermore, it was not observed by Hooftman that Kalanchoe was capable of conferring elongated freshness to the aqueous nutrient medium, resulting in prolonged longevity of cut flowers, arranged in a bouquet. Indeed, in such small arrangement, such fouling of the aqueous medium is very much less pronounced and appeared to have remained unnoticed.

Cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe can very well be kept in an aqueous nutrient medium, such as tap water, resulting even in a prolonged longevity as compared to when kept in the absence of an aqueous nutrient medium. Even more surprisingly, cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe confer elongated freshness to an aqueous nutrient medium for keeping cut flowers, even in the presence of other cut flowers. The medium stays clearer for a longer period. Such medium with elongated freshness surprisingly confers, to cut flowers kept therein, i.e. the cut surfaces of the stem thereof being submerged in the said nutrient medium, a prolonged longevity. Therefore, cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe have the ability to confer, not only to themselves, but also to other cut flowers, a prolonged longevity by allowing the cut surface of the stem of said Kalanchoe and, if desired, of such other cut flowers, to be in contact with the aqueous nutrient medium. The term 'aqueous nutrient medium' is meant to encompass all known media, intended for keeping cut flowers by contacting the cut stem of the said cut flowers with the said media. In particular, such media are liquid, such as tap water, optionally further enriched with nutrients as known in the art (such as marketed by Chrysal, Naarden, Netherlands). However, the aqueous media can also be in the form of a gel, or be held in another matrix such as (artificial) cotton wool or Oasis® Floral Foam (Kent, Ohio, USA), soaked with liquid nutrient medium, .

It is surprisingly observed that cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe, when, against all prejudices, are kept in an aqueous nutrient medium, said medium has an extended freshness, and tends to foul significantly later in time as compared to aqueous nutrient media wherein other cut flowers are kept, in the absence of Kalanchoe. Furthermore, the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe have a better performance when kept in an aqueous nutrient medium as compared to keeping under dry conditions as prescribed in the art.

Without the intention to be bound by any explanation, it is believed that cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe have an hitherto unnoticed antiseptic effect on the medium wherein they are kept, and may to this end comprise one or more substances that are excreted in the aqueous nutrient medium, which one or more substances are believed to be taken up by the other cut plants, as a result of which these plants obtain the ability to live longer and to wither far later than compared to the situation without a cut flower of the genus Kalanchoe being, or having been in contact with the aqueous nutrient medium wherein the said cut flower is held. It is therefore advantageous not to change the aqueous nutrient medium, in which the basal parts are submerged in order to maintain as high concentration as possible of the excreted substances from cut flowers belonging to the Kalanchoe genus, suppressing undesired microbial activity.

Larger Kalanchoes do not only contribute to the attractive appearance of the bouquet, but it has also been found that the freshness of the liquid medium is elongated even more if the bouquet comprises larger Kalanchoes. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe in the bouquet have a stem length of at least 45 cm, more preferably of at least 50 cm, and may even have a stem length of up to 60 cm or more. The stem length of the cut flower herein is defined by the length as measured from the cut surface of the stem to the node that is most remote from the said cut surface. In particular, not only the Kalanchoe present in the bouquet but the plurality and preferably all of the cut flowers of the bouquet have such a length.

In a very attractive embodiment, the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe are free of branches that originate from the lower quarter of the cut flower. This means that in case a cut flower has a stem length of 40 cm, said flower is free of branches over the lowest 10 cm of the said stem. By being free of branches, such Kalanchoe is very suitable to be incorporated in a bouquet. To this end, it is even more preferable for the Kalanchoe, to be free of branches that originate from the lower third of the stem of the cut flower, even more preferably from the lower half thereof.

In particular, the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe in the bouquet are not and have not been subjected to removal of branches before being incorporated in the bouquet. Although it is possible to use Kalanchoe varieties that have branches in the lower half thereof, which branches are then preferably been cut away by hand, it is highly preferred to use Kalanchoe varieties that do not or significantly not have branches as indicated above, so that there is no necessity to cut away any branches. The present inventors have been able to provide Kalanchoe varieties that fulfill such qualities, which will be discussed in more detail below.

In another attractive embodiment, the cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe in the bouquet are free of stems that reach not further than below the upper third, preferably the upper quarter of the stem.

Examples of suitable species of the genus Kalanchoe or incorporation in a bouquet are K ambolensis, K aromatica, K blossfeldiana, K campanulata, K citrina, K coccinea, K crundallii, K daigremontiana, K decumbens, K dixoniana, K faustii, K fedtschenkoi, K figueredoi, K flammea, K gastonis-bonnieri, K. glaucescens, K gracilipes, K grandiflora, K guignardii, K humilis, K jongmansii, K laciniata, K latisepela, K laxiflora, K lobata, K longiflora, K manginii, K marmorata, K nyikae, K. obtuse, K paniculata, K pinnata, K porphyrocalyx, K. prittwitzii, K pubescens, K pumila, K rauhii, K rotundifolia, K scapigera, K schumacherii, K spathulata, K streptantha, K synsepala, K tomentosa, K thyrsi flora, K tubi flora and K. uni flora.

Preferred Kalanchoe varieties are double type, i.e. have more than four petals per flower, preferably more than 10, 20, 30, 35, 40 petals per flower. Even more preferred are interspecific hybrids of Kalanchoe and progeny thereof, as e.g. disclosed in EP1671536, in particular those of double type and having the branching characteristics and lengths as described above.

In a particular embodiment, the interspecific hybrids originate from but a not limited to, a crossing with Kalanchoe laciniata. Interspecific hybrids originating from Kalanchoe laciniata also encompass any progeny thereof, i.e. obtained by further crossing and selection. Such interspecific hybrids have excellent flowering and varieties that have the envisaged stem length can conveniently be selected. As the first step in making new Kalanchoe interspecific hybrid of the instant invention, a fertile Kalanchoe plant selection is crossed with a fertile Kalanchoe selection from another species or a fertile Kalanchoe interspecific hybrid. Crossings are made by transferring fertile pollen from the pollen donor (<S) to the pollen receiver ($ ). After seed maturation and seed harvest, the seeds are germinated. Seedlings are transferred to a suitable growing medium and three to six weeks after transplanting flowering is induced by short day treatment (day length 10 hours and 14 hours uninterrupted night). After flowering is induced, progeny are screened for required phenotypes, e.g. plant height, branching habit, stem strength, flower size, flower color, petal number as well as ethylene sensitivity and flower longevity. Large numbers of progeny may have to be screened to identify hybrids that meet the trait requirements. The hybrid progeny plant with desirable phenotypic characteristics is propagated asexually by conventional methods to determine if the phenotypic characteristics are stable.

To this end, the interspecific hybrids preferably originates from crossings between at least two of the following species: Kalanchoe aromatica, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Kalanchoe campanulata, Kalanchoe crundallii, Kalanchoe gricilipes and Kalanchoe laciniata.

Attractive examples of suitable interspecific hybrids between species within the genus Kalanchoe are e.g. Kalanchoe interspecific hybrids 'Adorable White Meadow', 'African Delight' (CVPO2012/0055), 'Fancy White Meadow', 'Delicate White Meadow', 'Sophisticated Pink Meadow', 'Amazing Pink Meadow' (CVPO 201 1 /1549), 'Adorable Pink Meadow' (CVPO 2013/2836), 'Blossom Pink Meadow', ' Beautiful Red Meadow', 'Fascinating Red Meadow', 'Juicy Pink Meadow', 'Tender White Meadow', 'Warm Orange Meadow', 'Romantic Pink Meadow', 'Romantic Orange Meadow', 'Feminine Pink Meadow (CVPO 201 1/2696)', 'Feminine Orange Meadow', 'Spring Yellow, 'Warm Yellow Meadow (CVPO 2013/2835),', '201 1 -1274', Charming Purple Meadow'(CVPO 2013/2853), 'Surprising Desert'(CVPO 2013/0256), 'Shiny Red Meadow', 'Funky Red Meadow', 'Baroque Rose Meadow', 'Jazzy White Meadow', 'Loveable Pink Meadow' (CPVO 2014/1367), 'Shiny Coral', 'Smooth Yellow Meadow', 'Cheerful Orange Meadow', 'Dreaming Pink Meadow', 'Frozen White Meadow', 'Sugar Red', 'Tropical Parfait', '2005-0891 ', '2005-2693', '201 1 -5028', 2010-501 1 , 'Dreaming Pink', MADONNAQ2 (CVPO2013/1038), '2008-5200', '2012- 5046', Yellow African', 2005-1333', 2009-5233', 5002-0127', '2004-4002', 2004- 4012', '2008-5090', '2010-51 10', 2010-5060', '2006-0013', '201 1 -1274' '2009-0938', '2009-0261 ', '2012-0939', '2009-1274', '2012-6026', '201 1 -0322' and 'Frozen White', in particular Fancy White Meadow, Delicate White Meadow, Blossom Pink Meadow, Beautiful Red Meadow, Amazing Pink Meadow, Adorable White Meadow, Adorable Pink Meadow, Fascinating Red Meadow, Juicy Pink Meadow, Lovable Pink Meadow, Sophisticated Pink Meadow, Tender White Meadow, Warm Yellow Meadow, Warm Orange Meadow, 2009-0938, 2009-0261 , 2012-0939, 2009-1274, 2012-6026 and 201 1 -0322.

In particular, Kalanchoe interspecific hybrids 'Adorable White Meadow', 'Fancy White Meadow', 'Delicate White Meadow', 'Sophisticated Pink Meadow', 'Amazing Pink Meadow' (CVPO 2013/1549), 'Adorable Pink Meadow' (CVPO 2013/2836), 'Blossom Pink Meadow', ' Beautiful Red Meadow', 'Fascinating Red Meadow', 'Juicy Pink Meadow', 'Tender White Meadow', 'Warm Orange Meadow', 'Romantic Pink Meadow', 'Romantic Orange Meadow', 'Feminine Pink Meadow (CVPO 201 1/2696)', 'Feminine Orange Meadow', 'Warm Yellow Meadow (CVPO 2013/2835), '201 1 -1274', 'Surprising Desert'(CVPO 2013/0256), 'Loveable Pink Meadow', 2009-0261 , 2012-0939, 2009-1274, 2012-6026 and 201 1 -0322 provide for cut flowers having a stem length of at least 35 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm or more.

It has been shown that in addition to conferring longevity to other cut flowers, the flowers of the genus Kalanchoe have a very high longevity themselves, of up to at least 4 weeks, preferably 6 - 8 weeks in aqueous nutrient medium, whereas in the art Kalanchoe cut flowers are kept dry and start to wither and wilt after 2 - 3 weeks. As indicated, it was shown that when flowers of the genus Kalanchoe were kept in an aqueous nutrient medium such as tap water, optionally enriched with nutrients, it took longer for the said medium to foul. Preferably, the one or more cut flowers to confer prolonged longevity to, belong to a genus different from Kalanchoe. Although it is possible for the one species of the genus Kalanchoe to prolong the longevity of other species of the Kalanchoe genus, the effect is more pronounced and significant when the first cut flowers belong to a different genus. E.g. Kalanchoe interspecific hybrids 'Adorable White Meadow', 'Fancy White Meadow', 'Delicate White Meadow', 'Sophisticated Pink Meadow', 'Amazing Pink Meadow' (CVPO 2013/1549), 'Adorable Pink Meadow' (CVPO 2013/2836), 'Blossom Pink Meadow', ' Beautiful Red Meadow', 'Fascinating Red Meadow', 'Juicy Pink Meadow', 'Tender White Meadow', 'Warm Orange Meadow', 'Romantic Pink Meadow', 'Romantic Orange Meadow', 'Feminine Pink Meadow (CVPO 201 1/2696)', 'Feminine Orange Meadow', 'Warm Yellow Meadow (CVPO 2013/2835), '201 1 -1274', 'Surprising Desert' (CVPO 2013/0256), 'Loveable Pink Meadow', 2009-0938, 2009-0261 , 2012-0939, 2009-1274, 2012-6026 and 201 1 - 0322have been selected for their longevity and their ability to prolong longevity for cut flowers and decorative greenery of other species and varieties thereof belonging to the Kalanchoe genus but in particular to cut flowers and decorative greenery of a genus different from Kalanchoe.

In a very attractive embodiment, the bouquet comprises one or more cut flowers belonging to a genus different from Kalanchoe. Said flowers can be any cut flower, suitable to be held in an aqueous nutrient growth medium. Such cut flowers can e.g. be of the family of the Rosaceae, in particular of the genus Rosa, or of the genus Chrysanthemum (spray or disbud), Tulipa, Lilium, Gerbera, Cymbidium, Freesia, Eustoma, Hydrangea, Hippeastrum, Alstromeria, Paeonia, Anthurium, Zanthedeschia, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Helianthus, Hypericum, Limonium, Hyacinthus, Ranunculus, Iris, Gladiolus, Solidago, Aster and decorative greenery. It has been found that in the majority of cases, if not in all, the longevity is prolonged when the aqueous medium also contains, or contained, one or more cut flowers or decorative greenery belonging to the genus Kalanchoe. Therefore the term 'cut flower' also encompasses decorative greenery of which the stem is cut and being placed in contact with the aqueous nutrient medium. These are cut plants, incorporated in e.g. bouquets in particular for the green appearance and e.g. attractive leaf form, and to a much lesser extent for reason of their flowers, if present at all. Herein, however, such cut plants are deemed to be encompassed by the term 'cut flower', although it may be preferred for the majority of the cut flowers to indeed have attractive flowers instead or in addition thereto.

The said cut flower preferably comprises one or more cut flowers from the family of the Rosaceae, preferably from the genus Rosa, as it is shown that in particular the longevity of Rosa is significantly increase when a bouquet comprising Rosa also comprises Kalanchoe.

It has been found that only a few or even a single cut flower of the genus Kalanchoe is capable to confer prolonged longevity to a plurality of other cut flowers, in particular to plants of a different genus. So only the presence of a limited number of Kalanchoe flowers in the medium is necessary. So the florist is free to keep a bunch, i.e. a bouquet of cut flowers comprising many flowers not belonging to the genus Kalanchoe, in presence of only one or a few Kalanchoe flowers. However, it can be advantageous from an esthetic point of view to incorporate more flowers of the Kalanchoe genus in the bouquet. In an attractive embodiment, the one or more cut flowers in the bouquet belonging to a genus different from Kalanchoe comprise a plurality of cut flowers belonging to different genus, species and/or varieties, which is particularly attractive to the customer.

The invention also provides a method for conferring elongated freshness to an aqueous nutrient medium for cut flowers, comprising the step of contacting one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe as defined above, with the cut surface of the stem thereof, with the aqueous nutrient medium.

Additionally, the invention further provides the use of one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe as defined above for prolonging the longevity of one or more cut flowers belonging to a genus different from Kalanchoe. It is also possible for the cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe to be held in the aqueous medium before any other cut flowers, are put in the said aqueous medium. In that case, the said cut flower of the Kalanchoe genus should be kept in the said medium long enough to confer to the medium the quality needed to confer prolonged longevity to the other cut flowers envisaged to confer a prolonged longevity to. A period of at least one, but preferably some or more days such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days is advisable. Such an approach would be advantageous for florists, who can pre-treat the aqueous medium intended to hold other cut flowers than of the Kalanchoe genus by allowing cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe to enrich the said aqueous medium resulting in prolonged longevity of the cut flowers that are put in the said medium later, e.g. after the Kalanchoe flowers have been removed. These cut flowers will stand longer without withering, enabling the florist to offer the said flowers for sale for a longer period of time. However, the one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe are preferably held in the aqueous medium simultaneously with the one or more other cut flowers, and are preferably part of the same bouquet as explained above. As discussed, the one or more cut flowers belonging to a genus different from Kalanchoe are preferably incorporated in a bouquet.

As it has now been found that cut flowers stay longer fresh when kept in an aqueous medium wherein one or more cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe are kept or have been kept, the invention also relates to a method for conferring prolonged the longevity to one or more cut flowers belonging to a genus different from Kalanchoe, comprising the step of contacting the said one or more cut flowers together with one or more cut flowers belonging to the genus Kalanchoe as defined above, with the cut surface of the stem thereof, with an aqueous nutrient medium for the said cut flowers.

The invention is now further illustrated by the following figures and examples, wherein figures 1 A-G show different bouquets comprising both Kalanchoe and cut flowers, including greenery, of other species.

Figure 1 A shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Adorable Pink Meadow', and the following greenery: Eucalyptus, Pistacia and palm leaves.

Figure 1 B shows a bouquet Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow', and the following greenery: Eucalyptus, Pistacia and palm leaves.

Figure 1 C shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow', Phaelanopsis and decorative greenery.

Figure 1 D shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Adorable Pink Meadow', Cynara and decorative greenery.

Figure 1 E shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow', Rosa, Hyacinthus, Hy peri con, Ranunculus and decorative greenery.

Figure 1 F shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow',

Rosa, Hyacinthus, Gerbera, Ranunculus and decorative greenery.

Figure 1 G shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow', Rosa, Cymbidium and decorative greenery. Figure 2 shows Kalanchoe 'Spring Yellow Meadow' 3 weeks after harvest in top view (A) and in side view (B).

Figure 3 shows the condition of cut flower Kalanchoe in combination with Rosa (left), Rosa (2 ^nd from left), Kalanchoe (3 ^rd from left), and water without plant (right) after 7 days in keeping quality room in accordance with example 2 from the side (3A), the top (3B) and in detail (3C). In the detail, the sample of Rosa alone is on the left and the sample of Rosa in combination with Kalanchoe is on the right.

Figure 4 shows the condition of cut flower Kalanchoe in combination with Dianthus (left), Dianthus (2 ^nd from left), Kalanchoe (3 ^rd from left), and water without plant (right) after 7 days in keeping quality room in accordance with example 2 from the side.

Figure 5 shows the condition of cut flower Kalanchoe in combination with Chrysanthemum (left), Chrysanthemum (2 ^nd from left), Kalanchoe (3 ^rd from left), and water without plant (right) after 7 days in keeping quality room in accordance with example 2 from the side.

Figure 6 shows the condition of cut flower Kalanchoe in combination with Gerbera (left), Gerbera (2 ^nd from left), Kalanchoe (3 ^rd from left), and water without plant (right) after 7 days in keeping quality room in accordance with example 2 from the side.

Figure 7 shows a bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Adorable Pink Meadow', and the decorative greenery Pistacia, 3 weeks after harvesting of the cut flowers and decorative greenery, kept in tap water. Figure 7A is a top view, whereas figure 7B shows the stems of same bouquet. Figure 7C is a close up of the tap water after 3 weeks.

Figures 8A-C show bouquets containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow' kept for over 5 weeks in a quality room (Temperature: 19°C, Light: 8h/day, Light intensity: 10 μηΊθΙ/ηΊ ² ^) in tap water (pH 6,8, EC 0.72 mS/cm) (left panel) or without water (right panel) after 1 (A), 2 (B), and 5 (C) weeks after harvest. Example 1

Origin of exemplified varieties suitable for incorporation in a bouquet

As a first step in making Kalanchoe hybrids, a Kalanchoe plant selection is crossed with a Kalanchoe selection from the same or another species or interspecific hybrid. Crossings are made by transferring pollen from pollen donor (<S) to pollen receiver ($ ). After seed maturation and seed harvest, the seeds are germinated. After flower induction progeny are screened for e.g. plant height, branching habit, stem strength, flower size, flower color, petal number as well as ethylene sensitivity and flower longevity. Large numbers of progeny may have to be screened to identify hybrids that meet the trait requirements. The hybrid progeny plant with desirable phenotypic characteristics is propagated asexually by conventional methods to determine whether the phenotypic characteristics are stable.

Adorable Pink Meadow

Soft Pink double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2004-0916 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

$ 1998-469 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

Adorable White Meadow

White double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

White mutation found in Adorable Pink Meadow with the genetic background:

$ 2004-0916 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

$ 1998-469 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

Amazing Pink Meadow

Pink/soft orange double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 1998-469 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

8 2006-0199 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid) Beautiful Red Meadow

Red double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana x gracilipes) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2008-7042 (Kalanchoe laciniata x gracilipes hybrid)

$ 2009-0517 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

Blossom Pink Meadow

Soft Pink double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana x crundallii) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0547 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

$ 0306 Kalanchoe crundallii

Delicate White Meadow

White double type Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x aromatica) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2003-0638 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

$ 0091 B Kalanchoe aromatica

Fancy White Meadow

White double type Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x crenata) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2003-0818 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

S 0101 A Kalachoe crenata

Fascinating Red Meadow

Red double type Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana x gracilipes) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2008-7042 (Kalanchoe laciniata x gracilipes hybrid)

$ 2006-0645 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid) Juicy Pink Meadow

Pink double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2007-2024 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

8 2006-0199 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

Lovable Pink Meadow

Pink double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 1998-469 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

8 2006-0199 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid) Sophisticated Pink Meadow

Pink double type Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana x campanulata) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2003-0834 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

8 0098 Kalanchoe campanulata

Tender White Meadow

White double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2005-0292 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

8 2003-1685 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

Warm Yellow Meadow

Yellow double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0199 (Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

8 2006-0473 (Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid) Warm Orange Meadow

Orange double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Orange mutation found in Adorable Pink Meadow with the genetic background:

$ 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

S 2006-0473 {Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

2009-0938

Greenish double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific {laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0846 {Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

S 2008-3894 {Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

2009-0261

White double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific {laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

S 2005-2519 {Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

2012-0939

Yellow double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

S 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

2009-1274

Yellow double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

S 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid) 2012-6026

Orange double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific (laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2009-4162 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

$ 2008-3870 {Kalanchoe laciniata x blossfeldiana hybrid)

201 1 -0322

Orange double type (more than 35 petals) Kalanchoe interspecific {laciniata x blossfeldiana) hybrid.

Genetic background: crossing between

$ 2006-0199 {Kalanchoe laciniata hybrid)

3 2008-1089 {Kalanchoe blossfeldiana hybrid)

Example 2

Viability of Kalanchoe in aqueous nutrient medium

Different Kalanchoe varieties were harvested by cutting their stems, wrapped in plastic, placed in transport card board boxes, and stored for 5 days in darkness at 18 °C to mimic transport. The plants were placed in keeping quality room (Temperature: 19°C, Light: 8h/day, Light intensity: 1 0 μηΊθΙ/ηΊ ² ^), the cut stem of the cut flower being submerged in tap water. Evaluation of the cut flower plant height, fading, wilting, stem strength, and ornamental value took place 3 weeks after harvest. Just before the evaluation, the tested varieties were photographed from the top and the side, see figures 2A and 2B, respectively.

As shown in table 1 , wherein data concerning plant height (cm), fading (1 -5, 1 =no fading), wilting (1 -5, 1 =no wilting), stem strength (1 -5, 1 =very strong), ornamental value (1 -5, 1 =highest ornamental value), were measured 3 weeks after excision of the flower stems at the basal part of the Kalanchoe plant. At harvest, the values were Ί '.

It can be seen that all varieties keep their qualities after being kept in tap water. The tap water remained clear during this period and even longer, see also figure 2B. Table 1

Quality of different Kalanchoe varieties after being kept for 3 weeks in tap water

Stem Ornamental

Variety Height Fading Wilting strength value

2010-7367 40 2 1 2 2

Warm Yellow 40 3 2 1 2

201 1 -0036 34 3 2 3

Spring Yellow Meadow 42 1 1 1 1

2009-0377 43 2 2 2

2009-0938 32 1 1 1 1

2010-2541 35 2 1 1 2

2010-7027 45 2 3 1 3

2010-0209 36 2 2 2

2008-4048 37 2 2 1 2

MADONNAQ2 35 1 1 1 1

Amazing Pink Meadow 54 2 1 1 1

Dreaming Pink 42 1 2 1 1

Adorable Pink Meadow 43 1 1 1 1

Lovable Pink Meadow 41 1 1 1

2009-0192 39 1 1 1 1

2009-1 161 35 1 1 1

2008-6037 42 2 1

Vintage Pink Meadow 44 1 2 1 1

2010-0792 44 1 2 1 1

2009-0701 36 1 3 1

201 1 -2200 39 1 1 1 1

201 1 -2187 43 1 1 1 1

2010-7099 46 1 1 2 1

2010-6038 35 1 3 2

2010-6013 35 1 1 3 2

2010-7018 42 1 3 1 3

2009-0219 36 1 1 1 1

2010-6031 35 2 1 2 2 Example 3

Effect of Kalanchoe on freshness of nutrient medium and longevity of other cut flowers - single flower test

Cut flowers Rosa, Dianthus, Chrysanthemum and Gerbera, alone or together with a cut flower of Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow' were kept for 7 days in keeping quality room (Temperature: 19°C, Light: 8h/day, Light intensity: 10 μηΊθΙ/ηΊ ² ^) in 28.5 ml tap water (pH 6,8, EC 0.72 mS/cm), 1 flower stem per cylinder glass for the test of individual species or together with a Kalanchoe flower stem. Water consumption was measured. Light transmission was measured in samples of 5 ml of the tap water of the flowers and compared to tap water stored in similar vial under same conditions for 7 days. This was done at 340nm using a Spectroquant SC1 18, Merck, (Method 242).

Seven days after start of the experiment the plants were evaluated for fading (1 -5, 1 =no fading), wilting (1 -5, 1 =no wilting), ornamental value (1 -5, 1 =highest ornamental value), and water consumption (ml), see table 2. At the start of the experiment, the values for fading, wilting and ornamental value were set to 1 .

On the fading evaluation, there was a slight positive effect of combining Rosa with Kalanchoe (1 .3 vs. 2). The same is true for Dianthus (1 .4 vs. 1 .5). In Chrysanthemum and Gerbera no effect was found after 7 days.

In Rosa there was a positive effect of combining Rosa with Kalanchoe on the wilting evaluation (2 vs. 4).

The ornamental value of all species tested was improved by combining Rosa with Kalanchoe ( 2 vs. 4) and Dianthus with Kalanchoe (1 .3 vs. 1 .7) and Chrysanthemum with Kalanchoe (1 .5 vs. 2.2) and Gerbera with Kalanchoe (1 .1 vs. 1 .5).

Water consumption was calculated by subtracting the amount of water 7 days after start of the experiment from the initial amount of water at the start of the experiment. Of the 5 species tested, Kalanchoe had the significantly lowest water consumption. For Kalanchoe combined with Rosa the uptake of water (16,6 ml) was higher that when adding the individual uptake from Kalanchoe (3,4 ml) with the individual uptake from Rosa (1 1 ,6 ml). An obvious explanation is that the individual Rosa started wilting relative early compared to the Rosa combined with Kalanchoe. The same pattern is seen in Gerbera. For Kalanchoe combined with Gerbera the uptake of water (1 1 ,9 ml) was higher that when adding the individual uptake from Kalanchoe (3,4 ml) with the individual uptake from Gerbera (6,3 ml).

Table 2

Effect of Kalanchoe on longevity and medium fresh

In Gerbera we experience higher water uptake in combination with

Kalanchoe, although no wilting after 7 days (as for Rosa), but we can see that light transmission was higher through water from Kalanchoe combined with Gerbera, than from individual Gerbera. We see clear effects of increased light transmission through the water for all four species when combined with Kalanchoe, supporting the idea that cut flowers of the genus Kalanchoe comprise one or more substances that are excreted in the aqueous nutrient medium, or that substances excreted from plants of other species are taken up by Kalanchoe or that the excreted substances for the other species are eliminated or degraded by substances excreted from Kalanchoe. As a result of these plants of species other than Kalanchoe obtain the ability to live longer and to wither far later than compared to the situation without a cut flower of the genus Kalanchoe being, or having been in contact with the aqueous nutrient medium wherein the said cut flower is held. See also figures 3-6. Similar results were obtained when any of the Kalanchoe varieties as mentioned in example 1 were used instead of the Kalanchoe variety 'Amazing Pink Meadow' as described here. Example 4

Effect of Kalanchoe on freshness of nutrient medium and longevity of other cut flowers - Bouquet test

A bouquet containing the Kalanchoe interspecific hybrid 'Adorable Pink

Meadow', and the decorative greenery Pistacia was kept in a quality room (Temperature: 19°C, Light: 8h/day, Light intensity: 10 μηΊθΙ/ηΊ ² ^) in tap water (pH 6,8, EC 0.72 mS/cm) for 3 weeks after harvesting of the cut flowers and decorative greenery. Both the cut flowers and decorative greenery remained fresh, as well as the basal parts of both. See figure 7A and 7B, respectively. The tap water remained fresh during this period, see figure 7C. The amount of water was reduced by 75% over the 3 weeks indicating significant uptake of water and compounds emitted from the Kalanchoe cut flowers. The transmission through the water that has surrounded the basal parts of the cut flowers and decorative greenery was measured. We found the transmission to be reduced to 91 ,7% of the initial 100% measured in tap water. The very high transmission rate and the lack of any odors from the water indicate that there are no significant microbial activity in the water. Similar results were obtained for other Kalanchoe containing bouquets, such as shown in figures 1 A-G. Example 5

Kalanchoe live longer in tap water than without

A bouquet containing Kalanchoe 'Amazing Pink Meadow' was kept for over 5 weeks in a quality room (Temperature: 19°C, Light: 8h/day, Light intensity: 10 μηΊθΙ/ηΊ ² ^) in tap water (pH 6,8, EC 0.72 mS/cm) or without. After 1 , 3 and 5 weeks, the flowers were evaluated and it was shown that the flowers that were kept in tap water kept more fresh than those without water. See figures 8A-C, respectively.