Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 1 CARRIER PHASE MEASUREMENT ASSISTED POSITION ESTIMATION BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure [0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. 2. Description of the Related Art [0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc. [0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning. SUMMARY [0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 2 identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. [0005] In an aspect, a method of operating a wireless node includes measuring a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measuring a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmitting one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0006] In an aspect, a method of operating a network entity includes receiving one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and performing a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0007] In an aspect, a wireless node includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: measure a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measure a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and perform a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmit one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0008] In an aspect, a network entity includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 3 a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and perform a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0009] In an aspect, a wireless node includes means for measuring a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; means for measuring a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and means for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or for transmitting one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0010] In an aspect, a network entity includes means for receiving one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and means for performing a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0011] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: measure a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measure a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and perform a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmit one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 4 one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and perform a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0013] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. [0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0016] FIGS.2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0017] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein. [0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0019] FIG.5 illustrates an example Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) call flow between a UE and a location server for performing positioning operations. [0020] FIG.6 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure. [0021] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a measured carrier phase of a carrier of a reference signal and a distance from a transmitter of the reference signal to a receiver of the reference signal, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0022] FIG.7B is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a first measured carrier phase of a first carrier of a reference signal, a second measured carrier phase of a second carrier of QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 5 the reference signal, and a distance from the transmitter of the reference signal the receiver of the reference signal, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0023] FIG. 8 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of an example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0024] FIG.9 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of another example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0025] FIG. 10 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of another example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0026] FIG. 11A is a timing diagram showing performing measurements according to the first mode and the second mode during different time windows, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0027] FIG. 11B is a timing diagram showing power consumption levels corresponding to the first mode and the second mode performed in the example of FIG. 11A, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0028] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method of operating a wireless node for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE), according to aspects of the disclosure. [0029] FIG. 13 illustrates an example method of operating a network entity for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE), according to aspects of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0030] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. [0031] The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 6 aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation. [0032] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc. [0033] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action. [0034] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 7 “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on. [0035] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and/or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel. [0036] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 8 physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. [0037] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and/or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and/or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs). [0038] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal. [0039] FIG.1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. [0040] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 9 management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity. [0041] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless. [0042] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 10 may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110. [0043] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). [0044] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink). [0045] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 11 [0046] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. [0047] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein. [0048] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 12 “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. [0049] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. [0050] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. [0051] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 13 signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam. [0052] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam. [0053] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency/wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. [0054] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 14 and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band. [0055] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. [0056] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104/182 and the cell in which the UE 104/182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104/182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104/182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably. [0057] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 15 the macro cell base stations 102 and/or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104/182 to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier. [0058] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and/or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164. [0059] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 16 [0060] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and/or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and/or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on. [0061] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160. [0062] In the example of FIG.1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG.1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 17 noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and/or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112. [0063] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi- functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems. [0064] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non- terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102. [0065] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 18 well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. [0066] FIG.2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). [0067] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server). [0068] FIG.2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 19 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks. [0069] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink/ downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 20 [0070] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface. [0071] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP). [0072] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and/or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and/or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. [0073] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 21 The gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface. [0074] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F1” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission/reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer. [0075] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, access point (AP), a transmit receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 22 [0076] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU). [0077] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit. [0078] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 23 In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287. [0079] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units. [0080] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling. [0081] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 24 one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280. [0082] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture. [0083] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255. [0084] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 25 Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications/features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259. [0085] In some implementations, to generate AI/ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI/ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies). [0086] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 26 [0087] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively. [0088] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 27 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers. [0089] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuring satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi- Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm. [0090] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 28 backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces. [0091] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements. [0092] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 29 base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver. [0093] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof. [0094] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include carrier phase measurement component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The carrier phase measurement component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the carrier phase measurement component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the carrier phase measurement component 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG.3A illustrates possible locations of the carrier phase measurement component 342, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 30 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3B illustrates possible locations of the carrier phase measurement component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the carrier phase measurement component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. [0095] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and/or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and/or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. [0096] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces. [0097] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 31 connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0098] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0099] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 32 information to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality. [0100] In the downlink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection. [0101] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0102] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 33 appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0103] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384. [0104] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection. [0105] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and/or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG.3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art. [0106] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 34 respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them. [0107] The components of FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the carrier phase measurement component 342, 388, and 398, etc. [0108] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 35 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as WiFi). [0109] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG.4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and/or different channels. [0110] LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively. [0111] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (μ), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (μ=0), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz (μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3), and 240 kHz (μ=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 μs, and the maximum QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 36 nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800. [0112] In the example of FIG. 4, a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 4, time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top. [0113] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme. [0114] Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. FIG.4 illustrates example locations of REs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”). [0115] FIG. 5 illustrates an example Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) procedure 500 between a UE 504 and a location server (illustrated as a location management function (LMF) 570) for performing positioning operations. As illustrated in FIG. 5, positioning of the UE 504 is supported via an exchange of LPP messages QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 37 between the UE 504 and the LMF 570. The LPP messages may be exchanged between UE 504 and the LMF 570 via the UE’s 504 serving base station (illustrated as a serving gNB 502) and a core network (not shown). The LPP procedure 500 may be used to position the UE 504 in order to support various location-related services, such as navigation for UE 504 (or for the user of UE 504), or for routing, or for provision of an accurate location to a public safety answering point (PSAP) in association with an emergency call from UE 504 to a PSAP, or for some other reason. The LPP procedure 500 may also be referred to as a positioning session, and there may be multiple positioning sessions for different types of positioning methods (e.g., downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), round-trip-time (RTT), enhanced cell identity (E-CID), etc.). [0116] Initially, the UE 504 may receive a request for its positioning capabilities from the LMF 570 at stage 510 (e.g., an LPP Request Capabilities message). At stage 520, the UE 504 provides its positioning capabilities to the LMF 570 relative to the LPP protocol by sending an LPP Provide Capabilities message to LMF 570 indicating the position methods and features of these position methods that are supported by the UE 504 using LPP. The capabilities indicated in the LPP Provide Capabilities message may, in some aspects, indicate the type of positioning the UE 504 supports (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E- CID, etc.) and may indicate the capabilities of the UE 504 to support those types of positioning. [0117] Upon reception of the LPP Provide Capabilities message, at stage 520, the LMF 570 determines to use a particular type of positioning method (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based on the indicated type(s) of positioning the UE 504 supports and determines a set of one or more transmission-reception points (TRPs) from which the UE 504 is to measure downlink positioning reference signals or towards which the UE 504 is to transmit uplink positioning reference signals. At stage 530, the LMF 570 sends an LPP Provide Assistance Data message to the UE 504 identifying the set of TRPs. [0118] In some implementations, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message at stage 530 may be sent by the LMF 570 to the UE 504 in response to an LPP Request Assistance Data message sent by the UE 504 to the LMF 570 (not shown in FIG. 5). An LPP Request Assistance Data message may include an identifier of the UE’s 504 serving TRP and a request for the positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration of neighboring TRPs. [0119] At stage 540, the LMF 570 sends a request for location information to the UE 504. The request may be an LPP Request Location Information message. This message usually QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 38 includes information elements defining the location information type, desired accuracy of the location estimate, and response time (i.e., desired latency). Note that a low latency requirement allows for a longer response time while a high latency requirement requires a shorter response time. However, a long response time is referred to as high latency and a short response time is referred to as low latency. [0120] Note that in some implementations, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message sent at stage 530 may be sent after the LPP Request Location Information message at 540 if, for example, the UE 504 sends a request for assistance data to LMF 570 (e.g., in an LPP Request Assistance Data message, not shown in FIG. 5) after receiving the request for location information at stage 540. [0121] At stage 550, the UE 504 utilizes the assistance information received at stage 530 and any additional data (e.g., a desired location accuracy or a maximum response time) received at stage 540 to perform positioning operations (e.g., measurements of DL-PRS, transmission of UL-PRS, etc.) for the selected positioning method. [0122] At stage 560, the UE 504 may send an LPP Provide Location Information message to the LMF 570 conveying the results of any measurements that were obtained at stage 550 (e.g., time of arrival (ToA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx), etc.) and before or when any maximum response time has expired (e.g., a maximum response time provided by the LMF 570 at stage 540). The LPP Provide Location Information message at stage 560 may also include the time (or times) at which the positioning measurements were obtained and the identity of the TRP(s) from which the positioning measurements were obtained. Note that the time between the request for location information at 540 and the response at 560 is the “response time” and indicates the latency of the positioning session. [0123] The LMF 570 computes an estimated location of the UE 504 using the appropriate positioning techniques (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based, at least in part, on measurements received in the LPP Provide Location Information message at stage 560. [0124] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 6 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDoA positioning QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 39 procedure, illustrated by scenario 610, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location. [0125] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 620, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s). [0126] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDoA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDoA is similar to DL-TDoA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA. [0127] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 40 [0128] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx- Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 630, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 640. [0129] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s). [0130] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 41 PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data. [0131] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be +/- 500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 8 μs. [0132] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence). [0133] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a measured carrier phase ij of a carrier 712 of a reference signal and a distance ^ from a transmitter 720 of the reference signal to a receiver 730 of the reference signal, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the distance ^ between the transmitter 720 (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver 730 (e.g., a UE) of the reference signal can be represented in terms of N full wavelengths ^ of the carrier 712 and a residual fractional wavelength of the carrier 712. The residual fractional wavelength can be determined based on the measured carrier phase ij. Accordingly, the expression of: ^ ൌ ^^ ^ ^ఝ ଶ _గ ^ , QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 42 where ^ఝ ଶ _గ ^ represents the residual fractional wavelength. Measuring the carrier phase ij can provide the information regarding the fractional part, since the measured carrier phase ij is a modulo of 2ʌ. However, N can still be ambiguous and may require further estimation via different cycle count techniques. [0134] FIG.7B is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a first measured carrier phase ij1 of a first carrier 714 of a reference signal, a second measured carrier phase ij2 of a second carrier 716 of the reference signal, and a distance ^ from the transmitter 720 of the reference signal the receiver 730 of the reference signal, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the distance ^ between the transmitter 720 and the receiver 730 can be represented in terms of N ₁ full wavelengths ^ ₁ of the first carrier 714 and a first residual fractional wavelength of the first carrier 714, or in terms of N ₂ full wavelengths ^ ₂ of the second carrier 716 and a second residual fractional wavelength of the second carrier 716. Therefore, when the received waveform of the reference signal consists of multiple carriers, e.g., the first carrier 714 and the second carrier 716, multiple carrier phase observations can be made. For example, mathematically, the received phase of the i-th carrier can have the expression of: where N _i represents an integral number of the wavelength cycle of the i-th carrier, ^ _^ represents the wavelength of the i-th carrier, and ^ _ఝ^ represents the noise in phase measurement of the of the i-th carrier. Also, in some aspects, ^ _^ ൌ ^/ _^^ , where c is the speed of light (at which the i-th carrier is assumed to travel), and fi is the frequency of the i-th carrier. [0135] According to some communication standards, such as LTE or NR, the PRS is an OFDM- based signal and hence has a waveform consisting of multiple subcarriers. In some aspects according to LTE or NR, the reference signals (e.g., PRS) may be received in the form of resource elements (REs) in the frequency domain. In some aspects, many position estimation procedures are based on determining the channel impulse responses that require an IFFT operation to be performed to convert the received REs in the frequency domain to the time domain. In some other aspects, with the carrier-phase measurement and the Wide-Laning (or Extra-Wide-Laning) approach, the position estimation procedure of a UE can be performed in the frequency domain without the IFFT operation requirement. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 43 [0136] In some aspects, the Wide-Laning or Extra-Wide-Laning corresponds to an approach that is also used in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology. The Wide-Laning or Extra-Wide-Laning corresponds to the combinations of two or more received wavelengths at the receiver, such that a wider wavelength can be mathematically obtained, and the carrier phase measurement can be performed based on the wider wavelength. With multiple sub-carriers available in an OFDM-based communication system, several combinations of sub-carrier frequencies can be made to obtain many wide lanes (e.g., many wider wavelengths). In some aspects, carrier phase measurement on these wider wavelengths can be performed to resolve integral cycle ambiguity and thus determine an accurate distance accordingly. [0137] In some aspects, carrier phase measurement can be very sensitive to noise, such as the noise caused by the receiver and/or the channel. In some aspects, carrier phase measurement can be very sensitive to whether the signal path has a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenario. In some aspects, carrier phase measurement can be very sensitive to multipath scenarios. Therefore, in many implementations, many practical challenges will make using the carrier phase measurement as a standalone approach for a position estimation procedure in all the scenarios. [0138] On the other hand, the frequency domain estimation of the carrier phase can be a very simple task and require negligible processing resources. When the signal path condition permits, such as having a good LOS condition or a good likelihood of having the LOS scenario, rather than using only the career measurements as a standalone positioning approach, the carrier phase measurements can be used to assist other timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedures using timing measurements and/or angle measurements, such as TDOA, angle-of-departure (AOD), time-of-arrival (TOA), multi- cell RTT, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, the positioning accuracy of the timing- based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedures can be improved with the assistance of the carrier phase measurements. [0139] Therefore, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the carrier phase measurements, instead of being used as a standalone positioning estimation method, may be used to assist the timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedures without added performance capability requirements. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 44 [0140] FIG. 8 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of an example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 8 illustrates an example interaction between a UE 802 (e.g., any UE described in this disclosure), a TRP or base station 804 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is serving the UE 802), one or more TRPs or base stations 806 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is not serving the UE 802), and a location server 808 (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, or SLP 272 described in this disclosure). [0141] At 812, the location server 808 may send a message that includes assistance data to the UE 802 for performing a positioning estimation procedure of the UE. In some aspects, the assistance data includes information indicating the TRPs, the PRS resource sets, and/or the PRS resource elements the UE 802 may need for performing the positioning estimation procedure. In some aspects, the assistance data also specifies which timing- based positioning method and/or which angle-based positioning method is to be used in the positioning estimation procedure of the UE. [0142] In some aspects, the assistance data may further include an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure (e.g., to the position estimation procedure itself for a UE-based positioning or to one or more measurement reports for a UE-assisted positioning). In some aspects, the indication may further indicate whether the application of the carrier phase is mandatory, optional, and/or conditional for the UE 802. In some aspects, whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure or the one or more measurement reports may be conditioned upon at least a likelihood of the transmission of the references signals for the position estimation procedure (or prior transmission within a time duration) having a LOS scenario being greater than a threshold, the references signals (or prior transmission within a time duration) having a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than a threshold, or a schedule provided by the server 808. [0143] In some aspects, whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure (e.g., to the position estimation procedure itself for the UE-based positioning or to one or more measurement reports for the UE-assisted positioning) may be defined according to a communication standard, and the additional signaling may be simplified or omitted. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 45 [0144] In some aspects, the server 808 may be an LMF, and may be responsible for determining when to enable the carrier phase measurements on the PRS resources. In some aspects, the LMF may have the capability to enable or disable the PRS carrier phase measurements during a positioning session. [0145] In some aspects, the timing-based positioning method may include DL-TDoA positioning, RTT positioning, or Multi-RTT positioning. In some aspects, the angle- based positioning method may include DL-AoD. In some aspects, the one or more measurement reports may include DL-TDoA signal measurement information, Multi- RTT signal measurement information, or DL-AoD signal measurement information. [0146] At 816a, the TRP or base station 804 sends one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 802. At 816b, and the neighbor TRPs or base stations 806 also send one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 802. In some aspects, the downlink reference signals may be PRS. [0147] At 822, the UE 802 performs one or more timing measurements or angle measurements on the reference signals for performing the positioning estimation procedure as specified in the assistance data. In some aspects, a timing measurement may include measuring a time of arrival of the one or more reference signals and/or determining a time difference based on the time of arrival of the one or more reference signals. In some aspects, an angle measurement may include measuring a beam signal strength of the one or more reference signals, such that a directional relationship between the UE and the TRPs and base stations may be determined based on the beam that has the strongest beam signal strength. Next, at 826a, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-based positioning procedure, the UE 802 performs the timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedure to determine a location of the UE based on the method specified by the assistance data (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, RTT, or a combination thereof) and based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength). [0148] At 832, when the carrier phase is to be applied to the positioning estimation procedure or the one or more measurement reports, the UE 802 performs one or more carrier phase measurements to measure at least a carrier phase of the reference signals. Next, at 836a, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-based positioning procedure, the UE perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 826a based on the carrier phase measured at 832. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 46 [0149] Alternatively, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-assisted positioning procedure, at 840, the UE may transmit one or more measurement reports to the server 808 based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength), and based on the measured carrier phase. In some aspects, the one or more measurement reports may further include indications indicating a likelihood of transmission of each one of the references signals having a LOS or a NLOS scenario. The server 808 may determine a confidence level of each carrier phase measurement based on at least the LOS/NLOS indication. [0150] At 826b, the server performs the timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedure to determine a location of the UE based on the method specified by the assistance data (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, RTT, or a combination thereof) and based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength). At 836b, the UE perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 826a based on the carrier phase. In some aspects, during the carrier phase assisted refinement 836a or 836b, the integral cycle ambiguity of a carrier of a reference signal may be resolved based on a distance corresponding to the location determined at 826a or 826b. [0151] In some aspects, the carrier phase measurements may work extremely well when the transmission of the reference signals has an LOS scenario, such as in the indoor LOS use cases. However, the carrier phase measurements may not work as well or as conveniently in NLOS or multipath scenarios. Therefore, in some aspects in order to implement the carrier phase measurements under NLOS and multipath scenarios, the UE 802 may perform addition processing on the channel energy response (CER) in the time domain. Accordingly, the UE 802 may be implemented under an increased processing capability requirement to a level similar to that is required when the carrier phase is used as an independent (standalone) positioning method. [0152] On the other hand, most of the timing-based and/or the angle-based positioning estimation procedures may already include a process of descrambling the PRS resource elements in the frequency domain. In some aspects, the descrambling the PRS resource elements may be used to measure the carrier phase and/or integral cycle ambiguity of a carrier. Therefore, in some aspects according to the present disclosure, to support the carrier phase measurement, the UE 802 may calculate the carrier phase measurements only in the QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 47 frequency domain. Accordingly, in some aspects, there is no need to implement any processing capability enhancements on the UE in order to support the carrier phase measurements and/or carrier phase measurement assisted positioning estimation procedures. [0153] FIG.9 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of another example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 9 illustrates an example interaction between a UE 902 (e.g., any UE described in this disclosure), a TRP or base station 904 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is serving the UE 902), one or more TRPs or base stations 906 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is not serving the UE 902), and a location server 908 (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, or SLP 272 described in this disclosure). [0154] At 912, the location server 908 sends configuration information to the UE 902 for performing a positioning estimation procedure of the UE. In some aspects, the configuration information includes information indicating the TRPs and/or the SRS resource elements the UE 902 may need for performing the positioning estimation procedure. At 916a, the TRP or base station 904 receives a set of one or more reference signals from the UE 902 transmitted according to the configuration information. At 916b, the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 receive the same set or another set of one or more reference signals from the UE 902 transmitted according to the configuration information. In some aspects, the reference signals may be SRS. [0155] In some aspects, the server 908 may instruct the TRP or base station 904 and/or the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 that the carrier phase is to be applied, unconditionally or conditionally, to the position estimation procedure (e.g., to be measured and reported in one or more measurement reports to the server 908). In some aspects, the server 908, the TRP or base station 904, and/or the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 have been configured to apply, unconditionally or conditionally, the carrier phase to the position estimation procedure as defined according to a communication standard. In some aspects, whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure may be conditioned upon a likelihood of the transmission of the references signals for the position estimation procedure having a LOS scenario being greater than a threshold, the references signals having a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than a threshold, or a schedule provided by the server 908. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 48 [0156] At 922a, the TRP or base station 904 performs one or more timing measurements or angle measurements on the reference signals for performing the positioning estimation procedure. In some aspects, a timing measurement may include measuring a time of arrival of the one or more reference signals and/or determining a time difference based on the time of arrival of the one or more reference signals. In some aspects, an angle measurement may include measuring a beam signal strength of the one or more reference signals, such that a directional relationship between the UE and the TRPs and base stations may be determined based on the beam that has the strongest beam signal strength. At 932a, when the carrier phase is to be applied to the positioning estimation procedure, the TRP or base station 904 performs one or more carrier phase measurements to measure at least a carrier phase of the reference signals. [0157] Next, at 942a, the TRP or base station 904 may transmit one or more measurement reports to the server 908 based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength), and based on the measured carrier phase. [0158] Also, at 922b, the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 perform one or more timing measurements or angle measurements on the reference signals for performing the positioning estimation procedure. At 932b, when the carrier phase is to be applied to the positioning estimation procedure, the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 perform one or more carrier phase measurements to measure at least a carrier phase of the reference signals. Next, at 942b, the neighbor TRPs or base stations 906 may transmit one or more measurement reports to the server 908 based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength), and based on the measured carrier phase. [0159] In some aspects, the one or more measurement reports transmitted at 942a and/or 942b may further include indications indicating a likelihood of transmission of each one of the references signals having a LOS or a NLOS scenario. The server 908 may determine a confidence level of each carrier phase measurement based on at least the LOS/NLOS indication. [0160] At 950, the server 908 performs a timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedure to determine a location of the UE 902 based on the UL-TDoA, UL-AoA, RTT, or a combination thereof, and based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 49 strength). At 960, the server 908 performs a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 950 based on the carrier phase measured at 932a and/or 932b. In some aspects, during the carrier phase assisted refinement 960, the integral cycle ambiguity of a carrier of a reference signal may be resolved based on a distance corresponding to the location determined at 950. [0161] FIG. 10 is a signaling and event diagram illustrating various operations of another example carrier phase measurement assisted position estimation procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 10 illustrates example interaction between a UE 1002 (e.g., any UE described in this disclosure), a TRP or base station 1004 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is serving the UE 1002), one or more TRPs or base stations 1006 (e.g., any TRP or base station described in this disclosure that is not serving the UE 1002), and a location server 1008 (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, or SLP 272 described in this disclosure). [0162] At 1012, the location server 1008 may send a message that include assistance data to the UE 1002 for performing a positioning estimation procedure of the UE. In some aspects, the assistance data includes information indicating the TRPs, the PRS resource sets, and/or the PRS resource elements the UE 1002 may need for performing the positioning estimation procedure. In some aspects, the assistance data also specifies which timing- based positioning method and/or which angle-based positioning method is to be used in the positioning estimation procedure of the UE. [0163] In some aspects, the assistance data may further include an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure (e.g., to the position estimation procedure itself for a UE-based positioning or to one or more measurement reports for a UE-assisted positioning). In some aspects, whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure (e.g., to the position estimation procedure itself for the UE-based positioning or to one or more measurement reports for the UE- assisted positioning) may be predetermined as defined according to a communication standard. [0164] In some aspects, the timing-based positioning method may include DL-TDoA positioning, RTT positioning, or Multi-RTT positioning. In some aspects, the angle- based positioning method may include DL-AoD. In some aspects, the one or more measurement reports may include DL-TDoA signal measurement information, Multi- RTT signal measurement information, or DL-AoD signal measurement information. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 50 [0165] Moreover, in some aspects, the assistance data may indicate that the measurements of the reference signals will be performed according two different modes, including a first mode where one or more timing measurements or angle measurements are performed on first one or more reference signals and a second mode where the carrier phase measurements are performed on second one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the first mode may include performing carrier phase measurements on the first one or more reference signal. In some aspects, the second mode may be free from performing or reporting any timing measurements or angle measurements on the second one or more reference signal. In some aspects, the first mode and the second mode may be performed during different time windows in an alternating manner. In some aspects, 1022, 1026a, 1032, 1036a, and 1040 in FIG.10 may correspond to the operations of the first mode, and 1062, 1066a, and 1070 may correspond to the operations of the second mode. In some aspects, a time window for performing the first mode may correspond to a position acquisition period, and a time window for performing the second mode may correspond to a position tracking period. [0166] At 1016a, the TRP or base station 1004 sends one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 1002. At 1016b, and the neighbor TRPs or base stations 1006 also send one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 1002. In some aspects, the downlink reference signals may be PRS. The reference signals at 1016a and 1016b may correspond to first one or more reference signals for the first mode. [0167] At 1022, the UE 1002 performs one or more timing measurements or angle measurements on the first one or more reference signals for performing the positioning estimation procedure as specified in the assistance data. In some aspects, a timing measurement may include measuring a time of arrival of the one or more reference signals and/or determining a time difference based on the time of arrival of the one or more reference signals. In some aspects, an angle measurement may include measuring a beam signal strength of the one or more reference signals, such that a directional relationship between the UE and the TRPs and base stations may be determined based on the beam that has the strongest beam signal strength. Next, at 1026a, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-based positioning procedure, the UE 1002 performs the timing-based or angle-based positioning estimation procedure to determine a location of the UE based on the method specified by the assistance data (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, RTT or a combination thereof) and based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 51 arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength). [0168] At 1032, when the carrier phase is to be applied to the positioning estimation procedure or the one or more measurement reports for the first mode, the UE 1002 performs one or more carrier phase measurements to measure at least a carrier phase of the reference signals. Next, at 1036a, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-based positioning procedure, the UE perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 1026a based on the carrier phase measured at 1032. [0169] In some aspects, when the positioning estimation procedure according to the first mode is a UE-assisted positioning procedure, at 1040, the UE 1002 may transmit first one or more measurement reports to the server 1008 based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength), and/or based on the measured carrier phase. In some aspects, the first one or more measurement reports may further include indications indicating a likelihood of transmission of each one of the references signals having a LOS or a NLOS scenario. The server 1008 may determine a confidence level of each carrier phase measurement based on at least the LOS/NLOS indication. [0170] At 1026b, when the positioning estimation procedure according to the first mode is a UE- assisted positioning procedure, the server 1008 may determine a location of the UE based on a method specified by the assistance data (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, RTT, or a combination thereof) and based on the timing measurement (e.g., a measured time of arrival or a time difference) and/or the angle measurement (e.g., a measured beam signal strength). At 1036b, the server 1008 may perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 1026b based on the carrier phase. In some aspects, during the carrier phase assisted refinement 1036a or 1036b, the integral cycle ambiguity of a carrier of a reference signal may be resolved based on a distance corresponding to the location determined at 1026a or 1026b. [0171] At 1052a, the TRP or base station 1004 sends one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 1002. At 1052b, and the neighbor TRPs or base stations 1006 also send one or more downlink reference signals to the UE 1002. In some aspects, the downlink reference signals may be PRS. The reference signals at 1052 and 1052b may correspond to second one or more reference signals for the second mode. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 52 [0172] At 1062, the UE 1002 performs one or more carrier phase measurements to measure at least a carrier phase of the reference signals. Next, at 1066a, when the positioning estimation procedure is a UE-based positioning procedure, the UE perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 1026a or 1036a based on the carrier phase measured at 1062. [0173] In some aspects, when the positioning estimation procedure according to the second mode is a UE-assisted positioning procedure, at 1070, the UE may transmit second one or more measurement reports to the server 1008 based on the measured carrier phase. In some aspects, the second one or more measurement reports do not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the second one or more measurement reports may further include indications indicating a likelihood of transmission of each one of the references signals having a LOS or a NLOS scenario. The server 1008 may determine a confidence level of each carrier phase measurement based on at least the LOS/NLOS indication. [0174] At 1066b, when the positioning estimation procedure according to the first mode is a UE- assisted positioning procedure, the server 1008 may perform a carrier phase assisted refinement to refine the location of the UE determined at 1026b or 1036b based on the carrier phase. In some aspects, during the carrier phase assisted refinement 1066a or 1066b, the integral cycle ambiguity of a carrier of a reference signal may be resolved based on a distance corresponding to the location determined at 1026a, 1026b, 1036a, or 1036b. [0175] Accordingly, during a first time window where the first mode is performed, the UE 1002 may measure all the PRS resources based on the configuration provided in the assistance data. After measurements according to the first mode, the UE 1002 may be aware of whether the transmission of the reference signals during the first time window having the LOS or multipath scenarios. In some aspects, given that the UE 1002 is given a good number of PRS resources during the first window for the first mode, the UE 1002 may identify and/or use the PRS resources that are more likely to have the LOS scenario. Accordingly, the UE 1002 may have good estimate of the positioning fix. [0176] Moreover, in some aspects during a second time window where the second mode is performed after the first time window, instead of performing all the PRS measurements, the UE 1002 may only measure the PRS resources having good LOS scenarios according to the results from the first time window. In some aspects, the UE 1002 may perform the QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 53 carrier phase measurements in the frequency domain and omit the corresponding timing measurements and the angle measurements. Accordingly, in some aspects, the UE 1002 may save power consumption during the second time window by not operating the IFFT and/or Earliest Arrival Path (EAP, or sometimes referred to as First Arrival Path, FAP) processing engine or circuitry. [0177] In some aspects, the time windows for performing the first mode or the second mode may be determined by the server 1008 or may be based on the UE implementations. [0178] In some aspects, the time windows for performing the second mode may be based on the SNR of the reference signals. For example, the UE can monitor the SNR of the received PRS. In a case the SNR is greater than a predetermined threshold, the UE may start reporting only carrier phase measurements (i.e., the second mode) in a subsequent reporting session. The SNR threshold may trigger transmission of consecutive carrier phase only measurement reports, and the UE may continue the carrier phase only measurements and reports (i.e., the second mode) within a window defined by a duration T after a triggering condition for the transmission of consecutive measurement reports is met. In some aspects, the duration T may be provided in a unit of seconds. In some aspects, the duration T can be controlled by the server 1008 or implemented by the UE 1002. [0179] In some aspects, the time windows for performing the second mode may be based on a LOS factor of the reference signals. For example, the UE can monitor the LOS factor of the received PRS, where the LOS factor may indicate a likelihood of the transmission of the PRS having the LOS scenario. In some aspects, an LOS factor may range from 0.0 to 1.0, where 1.0 represents that the transmission is very likely to have the LOS scenario and 0.0 represents that the transmission is very unlikely to have the LOS scenario. In a case the LOS factor is greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g., greater than 0.9), the UE may start reporting only carrier phase measurements (i.e., the second mode) in a subsequent reporting session. The LOS factor threshold may trigger transmission of consecutive carrier phase only measurement reports, and the UE may continue the carrier phase only measurements and reports (i.e., the second mode) within a window defined by a duration T after a triggering condition for the transmission of consecutive measurement reports is met. In some aspects, the duration T may be provided in a unit of seconds. In some aspects, the duration T can be controlled by the server 1008 or implemented by the UE 1002. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 54 [0180] In some aspects, the time windows for performing the second mode can be based on a schedule provided by the server 1008. For example, the LMF may indicate the set of TRPs, PRS resource sets, and/or PRS resource elements for which UE need to report only CP measurements (i.e., the second mode). [0181] In some aspects, carrier phase only measurements and reports correspond to measurements or reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals, and may still include other configuration or system information. [0182] FIG. 11A is a timing diagram showing performing measurements according to the first mode and the second mode during different time windows, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this example, the first mode corresponding to performing one or more timing measurements or angle measurements on first one or more reference signals and optionally performing one or more carrier phase measurements on the first one or more reference signals. The second mode corresponding to performing one or more carrier phase measurements on second one or more reference signals without performing any timing measurements and angle measurements on the second one or more reference signals. [0183] As shown in FIG. 11A, the server (such as the LMF or the server 1008 in FIG. 10) may configure the UE (such as the UE 1002 in FIG. 10) to perform measurements according to the first mode during time window T1 and time window T3, and to perform measurements according to the second mode during time window T2 and time window T4. In some aspects, a duration of the time window T2 and the time window T4 may not exceed a predetermined duration T as described with reference to FIG.10. [0184] FIG. 11B is a timing diagram showing power consumption levels corresponding to the first mode and the second mode performed in the example of FIG. 11A, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, while the UE may need to operate the IFFT or EAP processing engine or circuitry to perform the timing and/or angle measurements according to the first mode, the UE may not need to operate the IFFT or EAP processing engine or circuitry to perform the carrier phase measurements according to the second mode. Accordingly, the power consumption level P2 during the time window T2 and power consumption level P4 during the time window T4 may be lower than the power consumption level P1 during the time window T1 and power consumption level P3 during QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 55 the time window T3. In some aspects, by mixing the measurements according to the first mode and the second mode, total power consumption of the UE may be reduced. [0185] Moreover, according to some communication standards, the results of the timing measurements and/or the angle measurements of the reference signals may be mandatory or required in each measurement report. In some aspects according to the examples of the present disclosure, the communication standards may be modified, or a new communication standard may be drafted, by omitting the requirements of including the results of the timing measurements and/or the angle measurements of a reference signal in each measurement report. [0186] For example, according to 3GPP NR standard, Release 16, a DL-TDoA measurement report includes the measured RSTD of the reference signal (e.g., nr-RSTD-r16 in NR- DL-TDOA-MeasElement-r16); a DL-AoD measurement report includes the measured RSRP of the reference signal (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-RSRP-ResultRSTD-r16 in NR-DL-AoD- MeasElement-r16); and a Multi-RTT measurement report includes the measured Rx-Tx time difference between a transmitted reference signal and a received reference signal (e.g., nr-UE-RxTxTimeDiff-r16 in NR-Multi-RTT-MeasElement-r16). [0187] In some aspects, when the carrier phase measurements may be used to assist the timing- based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedures, having the results of the timing measurements or the angle measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, and/or Rx-Tx time difference) omitted in the measurement report and reporting the results of the carrier phase measurements instead may be very useful in terms for power saving. For example, when the transmission of a reference signal having a very good SNR condition or a very good LOS condition, the carrier phase measurements alone may be good enough to update the positioning estimation of the UE with sufficient accuracy. [0188] Therefore, in the presence of the carrier phase reporting, or when the UE is reporting the carrier phase measurement optionally with the results of the timing measurements and/or angle measurements, the communication standards may omit the reporting of the results of the timing measurements and/or angle measurements. For example, the nr-RSTD-r16 information element may be made optional in the NR DL-TDOA reporting; the nr-DL- PRS-RSRP-ResultRSTD-r16 information element may be made optional in the NR DL- AoD reporting; or the nr-UE-RxTxTimeDiff-r16 information element may be made optional in the NR Multi-RTT reporting. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 56 [0189] FIG.12 illustrates an example method 1200 of operating a wireless node for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE), according to aspects of the disclosure. [0190] In some aspects, method 1200 may correspond to a positioning estimation procedure that may be performed by a UE (e.g., any of the UE described herein). In some aspects, method 1200 may correspond to the operations performed by UE 802, 902, and/or 1002. In an aspect, method 1200 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or carrier measurement component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1200. [0191] In some aspects, method 1200 may correspond to a positioning estimation procedure that may be performed by a TRP or base station (e.g., any of the TRP or base station described herein). In some aspects, method 1200 may correspond to the operations performed by TRP or base station 804, 904, and/or 1004. In an aspect, method 1200 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or carrier measurement component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1200. [0192] At 1210, the wireless node measures a time of arrival (i.e., for a timing measurement) or a beam signal strength (i.e., for an angle measurement) of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node. In some aspects, when the wireless node is the UE, the first one or more references signals may be PRS from one or more base stations. In some aspects, when the wireless node is a base station, the first one or more reference signals may be SRS from the UE. [0193] At 1220, the wireless node measures a carrier phase (i.e., for a carrier phase measurement) of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. In some aspects, when the wireless node is the UE, the second one or more references signals may be PRS from one or more base stations. In some aspects, when the wireless node is a base station, the second one or more reference signals may be SRS from the UE. [0194] At 1230, the wireless node performs a position estimation procedure of the UE or transmits one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 57 [0195] In some aspects, the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on DL-TDoA positioning, DL-AoD positioning, RTT positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the measurement report includes information regarding performing DL-TDoA positioning, DL-AoD positioning, RTT positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0196] In some aspects, the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. In such cases, method 1200 may correspond to a UE-based or UE-assisted positioning estimation procedure as illustrated with reference to FIG. 8 and/or FIG.9. [0197] In some aspects, the wireless node may receive a message from a server (e.g., assistance data), and the message may include an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. In some aspects, the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the transmitting the one or more measurement reports may be based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication included in the message indicating that the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the measurement report. [0198] In some aspects, the wireless node may obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario. In some aspects, the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the transmitting the one or more measurement reports may be based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold (e.g., greater than 0.9). [0199] In some aspects, the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. In such cases, method 1200 may correspond to a UE-based or UE-assisted positioning estimation procedure as illustrated with reference to FIG.10. [0200] In some aspects, a measurement report of the one or more measurement reports may be based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals, while the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports may be based on the time of arrival or the beam QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 58 signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. [0201] In some aspect, the wireless node may obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario. In some aspects, the measurement report based on the second one or more reference signals may not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold (e.g., 0.9). [0202] In some aspects, the wireless node may obtain an SNR of the first one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the measurement report based on the second one or more reference signals may not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the SNR of the first one or more reference signals being greater than a threshold. [0203] In some aspect, the wireless node may receive a message from a server, and the message may indicate a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report. In some aspects, the measurement report based on the second one or more reference signals may not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the schedule. [0204] In some aspect, the wireless node may obtain a time duration T for transmission of consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals, and the wireless node may configure itself to send the consecutive measurement reports during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for the transmission of consecutive measurement reports is met (e.g., based on SNR threshold or based on LOS condition). In some aspects, the measurement report based on the second one or more reference signals may not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of such measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 59 [0205] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1200 is to use carrier phase measurements to assist a timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedure of a UE in order to increase the accuracy of positioning of the UE with only neglectable demand for additional processing capability. Moreover, when the wireless node is the UE, by mixing the timing-based and/or angle-based measurements and the carrier phase measurement, total power consumption of the UE may be reduced. [0206] FIG.13 illustrates an example method 1300 of operating a network entity for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE), according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, method 1300 may be performed by a network entity (e.g., any of the network entity, LMF, SLP, or server described herein). In some aspects, method 1300 may correspond to the operations performed by server 808, 908 and/or 1008. In an aspect, method 1300 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 398, the one or more processors 394, memory 398, and/or carrier phase measurement component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1300. [0207] At 1310, the network entity receives one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. The first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are transmitted or received by a UE. In some aspects, when the wireless node is the UE, the first and second one or more references signals may be PRS from one or more base stations. In some aspects, when the wireless node is a base station, the first and second one or more reference signals may be SRS from the UE. [0208] At 1320, the network entity performs a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0209] In some aspects, the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on DL-TDoA positioning, DL-AoD positioning, RTT positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. In some aspects, the measurement report includes information regarding performing DL-TDoA positioning, DL-AoD positioning, or RTT positioning, QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 60 or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0210] In some aspects, the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. In such cases, method 1300 may correspond to a network-based positioning estimation procedure as illustrated with reference to FIG.8 and/or FIG.9. [0211] In some aspects, the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. In such cases, method 1300 may correspond to a network-based positioning estimation procedure as illustrated with reference to FIG.10. [0212] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1300 is to use carrier phase measurements to assist a timing-based and/or angle-based positioning estimation procedure of a UE in order to increase the accuracy of positioning of the UE with only neglectable demand for additional processing capability. Moreover, when the wireless node is the UE, by mixing the timing-based and/or angle-based measurements and the carrier phase measurement, total power consumption of the UE may be reduced. [0213] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause. [0214] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 61 [0215] Clause 1. A method of operating a wireless node, comprising: measuring a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measuring a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmitting one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0216] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0217] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein the one or more measurement reports include information regarding performing downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round- trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0218] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0219] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, further comprising: receiving a message from a server, the message including an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the transmitting the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication included in the message indicating that the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0220] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 4 to 5, further comprising: obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the transmitting the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 62 [0221] Clause 7. The method of clause 1, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. [0222] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, wherein: a measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals, and the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0223] Clause 9. The method of clause 8, further comprising: measuring another carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals at the wireless node, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is further based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals. [0224] Clause 10. The method of clause 9, further comprising: obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of- sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0225] Clause 11. The method of clause 8, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. [0226] Clause 12. The method of clause 8, wherein a power consumption level for preparing the measurement report that does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node is less than a power consumption level for preparing another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports that indicates the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0227] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, further comprising: obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the indication QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 63 indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0228] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, further comprising: obtaining a signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) of the first one or more reference signals, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the SNR of the first one or more reference signals being greater than a threshold. [0229] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, further comprising: receiving a message from a server, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report; and wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the schedule. [0230] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, further comprising: obtaining a time duration for transmission of consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals; and configuring the wireless node to send the consecutive measurement reports during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for the transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0231] Clause 17. The method of clause 16, further comprising: receiving a message from a server, the message indicating the time duration. [0232] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein: the wireless node is the UE, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from one or more base stations. [0233] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 1 to 18, wherein: the wireless node is a base station, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from the UE. [0234] Clause 20. A method of operating a network entity, comprising: receiving one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 64 a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and performing a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0235] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the performing the position estimation procedure of the UE comprises: determining a first location of the UE based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL- AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, using at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals; and determining a second location of the UE based on the first location and the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0236] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 20 to 21, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0237] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 20 to 21, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals, and the one or more measurement reports comprise a first measurement report indicating the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and a second measurement report indicating the carrier phase of second one or more reference signals. [0238] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, further comprising: transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a time duration enabling the wireless node to configure the wireless node to send consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the second measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0239] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 23 to 24, further comprising: transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 65 time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the schedule. [0240] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 20 to 25, further comprising: transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message including an indication of the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0241] Clause 27. A wireless node, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: measure a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measure a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and perform a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmit one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0242] Clause 28. The wireless node of clause 27, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0243] Clause 29. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 28, wherein the one or more measurement reports include information regarding performing downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0244] Clause 30. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0245] Clause 31. The wireless node of clause 30, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a message from a server, the message including an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the one or more QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 66 measurement reports are based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication included in the message indicating that the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0246] Clause 32. The wireless node of any of clauses 30 to 31, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the one or more measurement reports are based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0247] Clause 33. The wireless node of clause 27, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. [0248] Clause 34. The wireless node of clause 33, wherein: a measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals, and the position estimation procedure of the UE or another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0249] Clause 35. The wireless node of clause 34, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: measure another carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals at the wireless node, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is further based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals. [0250] Clause 36. The wireless node of clause 35, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0251] Clause 37. The wireless node of clause 34, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 67 [0252] Clause 38. The wireless node of clause 34, wherein a power consumption level for preparing the measurement report that does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node is less than a power consumption level for preparing another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports that indicates the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0253] Clause 39. The wireless node of any of clauses 37 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0254] Clause 40. The wireless node of any of clauses 37 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the first one or more reference signals, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the SNR of the first one or more reference signals being greater than a threshold. [0255] Clause 41. The wireless node of any of clauses 37 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a message from a server, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report; and wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the schedule. [0256] Clause 42. The wireless node of any of clauses 37 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: obtain a time duration for transmission of consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals; and configure the wireless node to send the consecutive measurement reports during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for the transmission of the consecutive measurement reports QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 68 is met, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0257] Clause 43. The wireless node of clause 42, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a message from a server, the message indicating the time duration. [0258] Clause 44. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 43, wherein: the wireless node is the UE, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from one or more base stations. [0259] Clause 45. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 44, wherein: the wireless node is a base station, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from the UE. [0260] Clause 46. A network entity, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and perform a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0261] Clause 47. The network entity of clause 46, wherein the at least one processor is configured to perform the position estimation procedure of the UE comprising the at least one processor further configured to: determine a first location of the UE based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, using at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals; and determine a second location of the UE based on the first location and the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 69 [0262] Clause 48. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 47, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0263] Clause 49. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 47, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals, and the one or more measurement reports comprise a first measurement report indicating the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and a second measurement report indicating the carrier phase of second one or more reference signals. [0264] Clause 50. The network entity of clause 49, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a time duration enabling the wireless node to configure the wireless node to send consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the second measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0265] Clause 51. The network entity of any of clauses 49 to 50, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the schedule. [0266] Clause 52. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 51, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a message to the wireless node, the message including an indication of the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0267] Clause 53. A wireless node, comprising: means for measuring a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; means for measuring a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and means for performing a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 70 for transmitting one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0268] Clause 54. The wireless node of clause 53, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0269] Clause 55. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 54, wherein the one or more measurement reports include information regarding performing downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0270] Clause 56. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 55, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0271] Clause 57. The wireless node of clause 56, further comprising: means for receiving a message from a server, the message including an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the one or more measurement reports are based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication included in the message indicating that the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0272] Clause 58. The wireless node of any of clauses 56 to 57, further comprising: means for obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the one or more measurement reports are based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0273] Clause 59. The wireless node of clause 53, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. [0274] Clause 60. The wireless node of clause 59, wherein: a measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the second one or more QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 71 reference signals, and the position estimation procedure of the UE or another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0275] Clause 61. The wireless node of clause 60, further comprising: means for measuring another carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals at the wireless node, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is further based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals. [0276] Clause 62. The wireless node of clause 61, further comprising: means for obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0277] Clause 63. The wireless node of clause 60, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. [0278] Clause 64. The wireless node of clause 60, wherein a power consumption level for preparing the measurement report that does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node is less than a power consumption level for preparing another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports that indicates the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0279] Clause 65. The wireless node of any of clauses 63 to 64, further comprising: means for obtaining an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0280] Clause 66. The wireless node of any of clauses 63 to 64, further comprising: means for obtaining a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the first one or more reference signals, wherein QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 72 the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the SNR of the first one or more reference signals being greater than a threshold. [0281] Clause 67. The wireless node of any of clauses 63 to 64, further comprising: means for receiving a message from a server, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report; and wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the schedule. [0282] Clause 68. The wireless node of any of clauses 63 to 64, further comprising: means for obtaining a time duration for transmission of consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals; and means for configuring the wireless node to send the consecutive measurement reports during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for the transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0283] Clause 69. The wireless node of clause 68, further comprising: means for receiving a message from a server, the message indicating the time duration. [0284] Clause 70. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 69, wherein: the wireless node is the UE, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from one or more base stations. [0285] Clause 71. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 70, wherein: the wireless node is a base station, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from the UE. [0286] Clause 72. A network entity, comprising: means for receiving one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 73 user equipment (UE); and means for performing a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0287] Clause 73. The network entity of clause 72, wherein the means for performing the position estimation procedure of the UE comprises: means for determining a first location of the UE based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, using at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals; and means for determining a second location of the UE based on the first location and the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0288] Clause 74. The network entity of any of clauses 72 to 73, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0289] Clause 75. The network entity of any of clauses 72 to 73, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals, and the one or more measurement reports comprise a first measurement report indicating the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and a second measurement report indicating the carrier phase of second one or more reference signals. [0290] Clause 76. The network entity of clause 75, further comprising: means for transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a time duration enabling the wireless node to configure the wireless node to send consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the second measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0291] Clause 77. The network entity of any of clauses 75 to 76, further comprising: means for transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 74 signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the schedule. [0292] Clause 78. The network entity of any of clauses 72 to 77, further comprising: means for transmitting a message to the wireless node, the message including an indication of the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0293] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: measure a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at the wireless node; measure a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node; and perform a position estimation procedure of a user equipment (UE) or transmit one or more measurement reports, based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0294] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 79, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE is based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round- trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0295] Clause 81. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 80, wherein the one or more measurement reports include information regarding performing downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, based on at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0296] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 81, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0297] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a message from a server, the message including an indication of whether the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports, wherein QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 75 the position estimation procedure of the UE or the one or more measurement reports are based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication included in the message indicating that the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0298] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 82 to 83, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the transmitting the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0299] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 79, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals. [0300] Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 85, wherein: a measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals, and the position estimation procedure of the UE or another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0301] Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 86, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: measure another carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals at the wireless node, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is further based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference signals. [0302] Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 87, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the position estimation procedure of the UE or the other measurement report of the one or more measurement reports is based on the carrier phase of the first one or more reference QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 76 signals on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0303] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 86, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node. [0304] Clause 90. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 86, wherein a power consumption level for preparing the measurement report that does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node is less than a power consumption level for preparing another measurement report of the one or more measurement reports that indicates the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals. [0305] Clause 91. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 89 to 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: obtain an indication indicating a likelihood of transmission of the first one or more reference signals having a line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the indication indicating the likelihood of the transmission of the first one or more reference signals having the LOS scenario being greater than a threshold. [0306] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 89 to 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: obtain a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the first one or more reference signals, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the SNR of the first one or more reference signals being greater than a threshold. [0307] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 89 to 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a message from a server, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength free measurement report; and wherein the measurement report of the one or more QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 77 measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the schedule. [0308] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 89 to 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: obtain a time duration for transmission of consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals; and configure the wireless node to send the consecutive measurement reports during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for the transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the measurement report of the one or more measurement reports does not indicate the time of arrival and the beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the wireless node on a basis of the measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0309] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 94, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a message from a server, the message indicating the time duration. [0310] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 95, wherein: the wireless node is the UE, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from one or more base stations. [0311] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 96, wherein: the wireless node is a base station, and the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals are from the UE. [0312] Clause 98. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: receive one or more measurement reports, the one or more measurement reports indicating a time of arrival or a beam signal strength of first one or more reference signals at a wireless node and a carrier phase of second one or more reference signals at the wireless node, the first one or more reference signals and the second one or more reference signals being transmitted or received by a user equipment (UE); and perform a position estimation procedure of the UE based on the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and based on the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 78 [0313] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 98, wherein the computer-executable instructions that cause the network entity to perform the position estimation procedure of the UE comprise instructions that cause the network entity to: determine a first location of the UE based on downlink time difference of arrival (DL- TDoA) positioning, downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) positioning, or round-trip time (RTT) positioning, or a combination thereof, using at least the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals; and determine a second location of the UE based on the first location and the carrier phase of the second one or more reference signals. [0314] Clause 100. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 99, wherein the second one or more reference signals are the same as the first one or more reference signals. [0315] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 99, wherein the second one or more reference signals are received at the wireless node after the first one or more reference signals, and the one or more measurement reports comprise a first measurement report indicating the time of arrival or the beam signal strength of the first one or more reference signals and a second measurement report indicating the carrier phase of second one or more reference signals. [0316] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 101, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a time duration enabling the wireless node to configure the wireless node to send consecutive measurement reports that do not indicate time of arrival and beam signal strength of corresponding measured reference signals during a time window that is within the time duration after a triggering condition for transmission of the consecutive measurement reports is met, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the second measurement report is scheduled to be sent during the time window. [0317] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 101 to 102, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit a message to the wireless node, the message indicating a schedule for transmission of a time-of-arrival free and beam signal strength QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 79 free measurement report, wherein the second measurement report does not indicate a time of arrival and a beam signal strength of the second one or more reference signals at the UE on a basis of the schedule. [0318] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 98 to 103, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit a message to the wireless node, the message including an indication of the carrier phase is to be applied to the position estimation procedure of the UE or to be included in the one or more measurement reports. [0319] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. [0320] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. [0321] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 80 devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. [0322] The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. [0323] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually QC2205106WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2205106WO 81 reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. [0324] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. QC2205106WO