It is common practice in the medical field to determine the body temperature of a patient by means of a temperature sensitive device that not only measures the temperature but also displays that temperature. Such temperature measurements are taken routinely in hospitals and in doctors'offices. One such device is a glass bulb thermometer incorporating a heat responsive mercury column that expands and contracts adjacent a calibrated temperature scale. Typically, the glass thermometer is inserted into the patient, allowed to remain inserted for a sufficient time interval to enable the temperature of the thermometer to stabilize at the body temperature of the patient, and subsequently removed for reading by medical personnel. This time interval is usually on the order of 3 to 8 minutes.

An electronic thermometer can take one or more minutes in its predictive mode and five or more minutes in its monitoring or direct reading mode. Electronic predictive thermometers have become popular because in their predictive mode, the time for taking the temperature is much less than the mercury thermometer. For busy nursing staffs, time is of the essence. Taking a temperature in one minute is much more desirable than taking a temperature in five minutes. More patients can be served with the faster thermometer and the nursing staff can be more productive.

Additionally, the more time that a probe must be in a patient's mouth to make a temperature determination, the more likely it is that the probe will not remain in the correct location. This is particularly true with younger patients who tend to be impatient. For patients who cannot be relied upon (by virtue of age or infirmity for example) to properly retain the thermometer for the necessary period of insertion in

the body, the physical presence of medical personnel during a relatively long measurement cycle is necessary. Taking a temperature of younger patients in one minute is immensely more desirable than taking the temperature in five minutes.

Thus, the predictive electronic thermometer has substantially advanced the art of temperature determination.

In addition to the above, rapid reuse on other patients is also a goal.

However, with reuse, precaution must be taken to avoid the possibility of cross contamination between patients. Consequently, protective covers have been designed for use with the probes of thermometers. The protective cover is designed to completely envelope the portion of the thermometer that comes into contact with the patient. Because the protective cover may then be removed after use of the thermometer, and because the protective cover has protected the thermometer from contact with the patient, the thermometer may be immediately reused by simply applying another protective cover.

Protective probe covers have been available for predictive electronic thermometers for many years making the thermometer rapidly reusable when properly used with such covers. However, a protective cover adds material between the temperature sensor in the probe of the thermometer and the heat source; i. e., the patient. Additional material between the patient and the sensor can slow down the process of determining the patient's temperature as heat from the patient must first pass through the probe cover before it reaches the sensor. Gains made in permitting immediate reuse of thermometers due to the use of a disposable probe cover may thus be offset by the increasing length of time it takes to obtain a reading, caused by that same probe cover.

An inherent characteristic of electronic thermometers is that they do not instantaneously measure the temperature of the site to which they are applied. It may take a substantial period of time before the temperature sensitive device stabilizes at the temperature of the site and the temperature indicated by the thermometer is representative of the actual temperature of the body or site measured.

This lag is caused by the various components of the measurement system that impede heat flow from the surface of the body or site to the temperature sensor. Some of the components are the sensor tip, the tissue of the body, and any hygienic probe covering applied to the sensor tip to prevent contamination between measurement subjects.

One approach to shortening the time required for an electronic thermometer to take an accurate reading of a patient's temperature is to preheat the probe tip of the thermometer to a temperature closer to the expected patient's temperature. Such probe tip heaters have been known for many years. However, the heater must have enough power to rapidly raise the temperature of the probe cover along with the probe tip. The probe cover adds further considerations, as, depending on the materials of construction, it may have a high heat capacity requiring more power on the part of the heater to raise its temperature. Failure to provide a heater with enough power will result in a slower increase in the temperature of the probe cover.

Applying enough heat to the probe tip to raise its temperature and the temperature of the probe cover to a level closer to the patients'temperature will reduce the time required for measurement as there is less difference between the temperature of the probe tip and that of the patient. Shortening the time to obtain the patient's temperature measurement would lessen the risk that the patient would not hold the probe in the correct position for the entire measurement period and requires less time of the attending medical personnel. In addition, the accuracy with which the temperature is predicted improves markedly as the processing and analysis of the data are more accurately performed. This approach has also contributed significantly to the advancement of temperature measurement technology.

A further consideration is the amount of time needed for the probe to preheat.

It is undesirable to take the probe out of its well only to have to hold it for a substantial amount of time until it preheats enough to take the patient's temperature.

While there is some advantage in that the probe is not in the patient's mouth while it

is preheating, it still requires time of the medical staff to hold the probe until it is preheated.

While electronic thermometers have advanced the art of thermometry and preheating the probe tips of thermometers is well known, it would be desirable to increase the speed at which the tip may be heated. This would permit faster determination of the patient's temperature. The invention fulfills these needs and others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly and in general terms, the present invention is directed to providing a closed loop system and method for heating the probe of a thermometer. In a more detailed aspect, a closed loop heating system is provided that comprises a sensor mounted to the probe, the sensor configured to sense the temperature of the probe and provide a time varying temperature signal in response to the temperature of the probe, a heater mounted at the probe and responsive to heater control signals to provide heat to the probe, a power source, and a processor connected to the power source, the sensor, and the heater so as to provide a closed loop system in heating the probe, the processor providing a drive level of energy from the power source to the heater to cause the heater to heat the probe, the processor applying an offset to the drive level to the heater, the offset being a non-zero value which is a function of ambient temperature and the power source voltage to more rapidly achieve heating of the probe to a target temperature in a stable controlled fashion.

In a further detailed aspect, the processor senses the temperature of the probe and if the temperature of the probe is below a first threshold, the processor is configured to apply a larger level of drive energy to the heater to cause the probe to heat faster, and upon reaching the first threshold, the processor reduces the drive of battery energy to the heater in a proportional manner, the threshold being dependent on the drive level offset.

A method in accordance with aspects of the invention comprises the steps of sensing the temperature of the probe and providing a time varying temperature signal

in response to the temperature of the probe, heating the probe in response to heater control signals, and sensing the temperature of the probe and applying heater control signals in a closed loop manner, wherein the heater control signals are applied to the heater at a drive level, and applying an offset to the drive level to the heater, the offset being a non-zero value which is a function of ambient temperature and the power source voltage to more rapidly achieve heating of the probe to a target temperature in a stable controlled fashion.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a perspective view showing an electronic thermometer probe and probe cover assembly incorporating a probe tip having a temperature sensor and a probe tip heater therein in accordance with aspects of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an end-on view of the distal tip of the thermometer probe shown in FIG. 1 without the probe cover being installed; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of the distal tip of the thermometer probe shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 taken on lines 3-3 of FIG. 2 and in accordance with aspects of the present invention, showing the internal components of the probe tip including the temperature sensor, the probe tip heater, and wire connections; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the probe and probe cover of FIG. 1 showing the probe cover mounted on the probe and the temperature sensor and probe tip heater; FIG. 5 is a block diagram view of a temperature measurement system incorporating a processor forming a part of the system controlling the temperature of the probe in accordance with aspects of the invention; FIG. 6 is a graph showing the drive level applied to the probe tip heater; and

FIG. 7 is a flow or data chart showing the control over the drive level to the probe tip heater shown in FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the following description, like reference numerals will be used to refer to like or corresponding elements in the different figures of the drawings.

Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a thermometer probe 10 and probe cover 12 assembly in accordance with aspects of the present invention that comprises an elongated thermometer probe shaft 14 mounted to a probe housing 16 and an electric cable 18 extending from a temperature sensing element disposed within the distal tip of the shaft (not shown) through the shaft and housing to the data processing portion 19 of the thermometer (shown in block diagram form for convenience) for measuring and displaying 21 the temperature sensed by a temperature sensing element located in the probe 10. The shaft 14 includes a proximal end 20 mounted within the housing 16 and a distal end 22 with the probe tip 24 mounted thereupon. The elongated probe cover 12 is shaped and sized to fit over the probe shaft 14 and includes an open end 26 to accept the probe shaft into the probe cover and a distal tip 28 to fit snugly and securely over the probe tip 24.

Referring now to the end-on view of FIG. 2, there is shown the distal tip 24.

In phantom lines, a probe tip heater 30 and a probe tip sensor 32 are mounted in the probe tip. The probe tip sensor 32 makes no physical contact with the probe tip heater 30 and in this embodiment, they are diametrically separated, although other arrangements are possible.

Referring now to FIG. 3 which is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 3-3 of FIG. 2, the heater 30 and sensor 32 are shown as are their respective electrical conductors 34 and 36. These conductors make connections 38 with main body conductors 40 in the probe distal end 22. In this embodiment, the sensor 32 is primarily mounted to the distal end 24 of the probe 10 while the heater 30 is primarily mounted to the distal end wall 42. This configuration permits enough

room for both devices in the distal end without their touching each other. Other arrangements are possible.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the same view as in FIG. 3 is presented with the additional element of an installed probe cover 12. As shown, the heater 30 and sensor 32 positions are at locations on the distal tip 22 wall which is in contact with the probe cover 12. As mentioned above, the probe cover 12 will be located between the patient and the temperature sensor 32 and will also therefore need to be preheated by the heater 30.

Referring to FIG. 5, the block diagram generally shows major electronic components of an electronic thermometer 42. The temperature sensor 32 provides temperature signals in response to the temperature sensed during measurement. In the case where a thermistor is used as the temperature sensor 32, these signals are analog voltages or currents representative of the resistance of the thermistor and therefore representative of the sensed temperature. They are converted into digital form for further processing by an analog-to-digital converter 44. The analog-to- digital converter 44 is connected to a processor 46 that receives the digital temperature signals and processes them to determine the temperature of the subject being measured.

A timer 48 provides time signals to the processor 46 used during the processing of the temperature signals, and a memory 50 stores the temperature and time signal data so that the signal data can be analyzed at a subsequent time. The memory 50 also stores empirically-derived constants used by the processor 46 to control the heater 30 and calculate the temperature. Once the signals have been processed, the processor 46 provides a signal to the display 52 to display the temperature. Activating a switch 54 enables the temperature measurement functions of the thermometer 42. This switch is preferably located within the probe storage well 17 such that removal of the probe enables the measurement. A power source 56, such as a battery, is connected to the processor. The processor controls the application of power to the heater 30, or the heater's drive level, as discussed below.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a graph of the drive level 60 of the heater is presented. The graph has the axes of drive level and probe temperature. In this embodiment, at 94 degrees F, the drive level is reduced to zero, which means that no energy is applied to the heater when it reaches this temperature. The drive level at lower temperatures is set at 0.4 is this embodiment and is reduced as it reaches a particular temperature as will be discussed below.

In accordance with aspects of the invention, the amount of power applied to the heating element is a function of the difference between a predefined"target" temperature (94 degrees F) and the tip temperature. Although the basic design of the feedback control loop is that of a"Proportional, Integral, Derivative" (PID) system, novel approaches were incorporated to modify this design.

In a PID heater control system, the"P"component computes a drive level proportional to the temperature error (target-actual). If the tip temperature is close to the target (small error), the"P"component will be small. If the tip temperature is far away (large error), the"P"component of the drive level will be large. If the tip is at the target temperature, the error will be zero, and the"P"component of the drive level will be zero. However, under normal conditions, a non-zero drive level must be maintained to keep the tip at or near the target temperature. Therefore, an offset must be added to the"P"component to attempt to maintain a zero error under existing conditions (e. g., in a cool room, a larger offset will be needed). As conditions vary (e. g., room temperature, variability of instrument components, etc.), it is often necessary to make small adjustments to the offset to maintain zero error. If adjustments to the offset are proportional to the error, then the offset, which is the sum of the adjustments, will essentially be proportional to the"Integral"of the error.

This is the"I"part of PID.

The"D"component is proportional to the rate of change of the tip temperature. Its purpose is to improve stability by adjusting the drive level if the tip temperature is rapidly increasing or decreasing. Under certain system configurations, the"D"component will minimize overshoot.

Returning to the examination of the"P"and"I"components, the"P" component is responsible for rapidly driving the tip temperature to the target temperature when they are substantially different. The"I"component is responsible for making small adjustments to maintain the tip at or near the target temperature during slowly varying conditions. The"I"component could be considered the "adaptive"part of the algorithm that compensates for changing room temperature, battery voltage, component tolerances, etc.

In a patient thermometer, the goal is to heat the probe tip as quickly as possible. In most cases, tissue contact will be established before the tip reaches the target temperature. The faster the probe can heat, the sooner a predicted temperature can be computed.

In order to heat the tip quickly, in a controlled manner, without severe overshoot, it is necessary to immediately set the drive offset at or near its correct value. There is not enough time for the slow, adaptive"I"component to drive it toward its correct value. In accordance with the invention, the proper drive offset was empirically determined to be a function of ambient temperature and battery voltage. Thus the initial offset was set according to this derived function and not merely initialized to zero, as with a typical PID controller. In addition, while the probe tip is heating but still far away from target temperature, the"I"part of the algorithm is inhibited from adjusting the drive offset. The drive offset has already been set to its optimum value and should not be altered until the tip temperature is close to the target temperature. Therefore, offset adjustment by the"I"part of the PID algorithm is restricted to those times when the error is within a predetermined range. This prevents the algorithm from manipulating the offset during the time when the error is large and the"P"part of the algorithm is quickly driving the tip temperature toward the target temperature. Once the tip temperature is close to the target, and tissue contact has not been achieved, the"I"part of the algorithm can make small adjustments to the offset to adapt to the current environment.

Significant delays between changing the heater drive level to sensing an effect at the temperature sensor exist. Loop gains for either the"P"or the"I"components must be kept small to ensure loop stability. Since the goal is to quickly heat the probe tip, standard PID techniques are insufficient. As described above, the drive offset has to be initialized to a precomputed value, and the adaptive,"I", component momentarily disabled. In addition, the"P"component requires novel customization to achieve rapid heating while preserving loop stability. To maintain stability, the loop gain associated with the"P"component has to be severely limited. However, for errors outside a predetermined range, the loop gain is dramatically increased. The increased gain allows the heater drive to be higher for a large error, and thus heat the tip more quickly. Once the tip approaches target temperature, the error enters the "control zone"62 where the gain is reduced to ensure loop stability. The amount of gain is predetermined as a function of battery voltage. In addition, the maximum allowed drive level 60 is predetermined as a function of battery voltage. If the drive level 60 were allowed to get too high, the stored energy and the thermal delays would allow the tip temperature to severely overshoot the target temperature.

In accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the drive level 60 is modified once it reaches the control zone 62. The temperatures at which the drive level changes is controlled by the offset. In the case of FIG. 6, the drive level outside the control zone 62 is set at 0.4. Once inside the control zone, the drive level rapidly reduces in a first segment 64. In a second segment 66, the slope is approximately one-fourth that of the first segment allowing for less change of the drive level in regard to the temperature. In a third and final segment 68, the slope of the drive level once again resumes is four times greater value. In this drive control approach, the drive level is altered in steps rather than varied continuously. However, other approaches may be possible.

Referring finally to FIG. 7, a heater control flow chart is presented. In accordance with this flow chart, from the start step 70, the routine next gets the next temperature from the A-to-D converter every 0.1 seconds 72. Next a decision is made

as to whether this is the first temperature of the session 74. If so, the initial heater drive offset is set as a function of ambient temperature and battery voltage 76.

While one form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that further modifications and improvements may additionally be made to the device and method disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.