The invention relates to a complex mixer for dispersion of gases in liquid and for mixing the mixture intensively in cylindrical reactors with vertical shaft, mainly in bioreactors containing mixing propeller blades fixed to the common vertical shaft of the apparatus. For the time being the so called Rushton turbomixer rotated by a shaft centrally arranged in the fermentor, and consisting of 6 rectangular straight blades radially fixed to a circular plate is mainly used in bioreactors (fermentors) . If the height of the bioreactor is multiple of the diameter, a system consisting of 2-4 turbomixers fixed to a common shaft is used.

The air to be dispersed is injected below the lower mixer through perforated loop expansion pipe, nozzles, or a central nozzle (Fejes, G.: Industrial mixers, p 52-55).

The turbomixers usually making out 1/3 of the fermentor's dia¬ meter disperse the air efficiently by the intensive turbulence and shear forces generated around the row of blades, but in consequence of the high local energy dissipation, - dispite the high specific power consumption of the turbomixers - the proportion of energy mixed into the zones farther from the mixer is minimal, and the axial transport capacity of the mixer is low, which causes more and more problems in the wake of the expanding volume of the bioreacotrs.

There are also known two or multi-winged propeller mixers with inclined blade or bent according to the geometrical helical surface, and the mixing system is built up from these.

The SEM type mixers utilize the flow properties of the thin propeller wings, the EKATO mixers utilize the interference

phenomena of the parallel double wing blades arranged at an angle and at the required distance above each other (Interming and Interprop mixers, Fejes, G. : Industrial mixers, p 65).

The energy dissipation of propeller mixers with great diameter ratio compared with the diameter of the fermentor is more uniform, and the axial transport capacity is high, therefore, with the same power consumption they mix the liquid more efficiently and evenly in the high fermentors, but their dispersion capacity is weaker which is counterbalanced with the use of several phases.

Suction mixers consisting of hollow mixing elements fixed to rotating tubular shaft suitable for mixing, dispersion and partly for transport of the gas are also known. The hollow mixing elements are mostly pipes cut at an angle of 45°, at the ^end of which - under adequate speed - pressure drop occurs sucking in the gas usually through the hollow tubular shaft, which is atomized by the shear forces generated in the liquid by the sharp pipe-ends (Fejes, G.: Industrial mixers, p 57). These mixers are not used in the fermenting industry because of their limited suction capacity. Such suction mixers are also known, where the hollow elements are nearly semi-circulator channels open on the side opposite the direction of progress, the diameter of which is nearly the same as that of the container, and thus they are suitable for the atomization of relatively large amount of gas. However, because of their low circulation capacity, they are used only in the yeast industry and sometimes in processes not requiring intensive mixing of the liquid.

The purpose of mixing in the reactors is the homogeneous distribution of the solid, liquid and gaseous phases for intensification of the material and heat transfer processes. As a result of mixing significant velocity gradient and turbulence

are bought about in the space between the mixing elements and the reactor wall provided with baffle plates. In the case of fermentation processes, the velocity gradient-proportional turbulence and shear forces increase the dispersiveness of the injected air bubbles, reduce the thickness of the boundary layers between the microorganisms, culture medium and air bubbles, thereby improve and speed up the material- and heat transfer processes taking place on the boundary surfaces of the phases.

Such three-phase system of the microorganisms, culture medium and injected air is brought about in the bioreactors, where the flow space and its effect on the transfer of material are made extremely complicated by the various interactions, such as change in the rheological properties of the fermenting liquid in consequence of the metabolism of the microorganisms. The problem is further complicated by diversity and contradiction of the requirements. E.g. in a significant part of the fermentation processes intensive turbulence and shear are required for dispersion of the air and oil drops, microblending the culture medium and biomass, cutting up the agglomeration, but at the same time the intensive mixing facilitates the formation of stable foams which partly directly and partly by the foam-inhibiting materials reduces the oxygen transfer, aeration of the carbondioxide, and it may mechanically damage the microorganisms, or may bring about production-reducing morphological changes.

It is characteristic to the complexity of the mixing processes taking place in the bioreactors, that each basic operation: dispersion, suspension, dissolution, homogenization, etc. has an important role in the processes, i.e. essentially each fermentation process has its associated specific requirements significantly different according to the type and strain. Thus, the effects of the basic operations should remain within

relatively narrow limits in order that - besides the required benificial effect - the adverse effects should remain minimal. In respect of the turbomixers used in the majority of the bioreactors, it is equally unfavourable to spend the major proportion of the mixed in energy for the generation of turbulence, and that dissipation about 70 % of the mixing energy takes place in the immediate vicinity of the turbine blades, and these conditions can be changed only in a minor degree.

In the case of fermenting liquids forming intensively aerated viscous and stable foams of non Newtonian property, the circulation and turbulence generated by small diameter turbomixers may slow down relatively quickly. The circulation could be intensified with increasing the turbomixer's diameter, but this is limited by the disproportionate growth of the mixing power, which - according to the known relationship - increases with the 5th power of the mixer's diameter. Therefore, diameter of the turbomixer must not exceed 40 % of the apparatus even in case of small fermentor below 40 m ³ , thus their characteristic feature is the small diameter ratio. On the other hand, this causes additional problem, as the reactor volume and viscosity of the fermenting liquid are increases in the wake of insufficiently mixed zones.

Diameter of the propeller mixers - with regard to their much lower rate of power input - may approach the diameter of the reactor. Therefore, use of propeller mixers of high diameter ratio making out 60-70 % of the apparatus' diameter is becoming wide-spread in the bioreactors, the dispersion capacity of which is lower but more suitable for the efficient mixing of the viscous fermenting liquids.

To provide an efficient mixer is difficult because properties of the viscous fermenting liquids containing microorganisms and

air bubbles are often extremely different from those of the Newtonian liquids. Some scientists found that the turbomixer with smaller diameter is capable for 8-times higher rate of oxygen absorption, than the turbomixers of greater diameter under the same energy input, although such difference cannot be detected in clear water (Steel, R. - Maxon, .D.: Bioteσhn. and Bioeng. 2, 231, 1962). These not properly known phenomena dependent on the properties of cultures and composition of the culture media also justify the build-up of mixing systems, the mixing effect of which can be controlled within wide limits and can be modified in respect of every mixing operation.

On the other hand, a common characteristic of the described mixers is that any of them is suitable for producing mainly a certain mixing effect which could limit optimization of the processes.

The efficiency of the mixing in respect of the apparatus depends on the magnitude of the introduced energy and construction of the mixing system. The dissolved oxygen concentration can be improved to the required level generally with the known mixers by increasing the amount of mixing energy and the injected air. However, the disproportionately increasing demand for energy and its cost, intensification of the foam formation and impairment of the microorganisms may limit the economic production more and more with the increasing dimension of the reactor.

The known multi-stage turbine consisting usually of the same elements, and other mixing systems in consequence of the mentioned capabilities and restrictions of the constructions do not provide adequate flexibility for satisfying the specific requirements of the various microorganisms.

Due to the growing dimensions of the bioreactors, the discribed circumstances require optimization of the mixing-aeriting systems to an increasing degree, which is just the object of the present invention.

Accordingly, the invention provides a complex mixer which contains propeller mixers with high diameter ratio, fixed to common vertical mixing shaft, and open channels opposite the direction of rotation are on the blades - hereinafter primary blades - of at least one of the mixers, which channels are interconnected with the gas inlet, and the angle of incidence of a certain part of the other secondary propeller mixing blades is in opposite direction and their length and angle of incidence are less compared with the other blades.

Turbulence intensifying baffle bars are mounted on the edges of the primary and secondary mixing blades or on part of them.

The gas passing through the hollow mixer hub into the channels on the primary mixing blades of the mixing system according to the invention is exhausted and finely dispersed along the whole length of the channels and blades by the depression and turbulence arising on the suction side of the wing blades forcing the liquid to intensive axial flow, then the gas is entrained by the flow rate forced to efficient axial flow and accelerated by the propeller wings.

Construction of the primary propeller mixers according to the invention is based on the recognition that with the aid of channels on the blades, the gas can be finely dispersed on a large surface without additional energy, and it can be evenly mixed into the whole mass of the flowing liquid. Thus, the mixing system utilizes the major part of the energy for circulation of the gas and liquid mixture, which is a

significant advantage in respect of the system's power consumption.

The gas is conducted conventionally through the hollow shaft to the hollow hub of the primary mixer, or in another way when a pipeline conducts the gas into the mixer hub machined as a cylinder open at its lower end.

The air suction-dispersing channels of the primary mixer are arranged suitably in the full length along their trailing ends, but they can be arranged (generally with less efficiency) on an other part of the blades, even in the vicinity of the blades, where the dispersing effect of the flow accelerated by the blades still does not prevail. This distance is about twice the width of the channel, thus to mount the channels farther would not be practical. Against the complexity of the construction it is an advantage that the blades jointed in several points with the channels constitute a rigid system which resists better to the resonance phenomena leading to breakage of the relatively long and thin blades.

The gas to be dispersed is conducted into the bioreactor below the lower mixer with the aid of perforated loop expansion pipe or nozzles. Therefore, in the case of several hundred cubic metre capacity bioreactors, the air is transported under high pressure. A further important recognition relating to the mixing system according to the invention is that the primary mixer performing the primary dispersion can be arranged as a higher stage, whereby not only the compression work can be reduced, but the path of air bubbles can be lenthened which might improve the material transfer. This arrangement is not realizable for the known reasons either in case of turbomixers or suction mixers.

According to the invention, the weaker flow of opposite

direction generated by the blades with opposite transporting direction and lower transporting capacity, i.e. smaller angle of incidence and/or shorter blades of the secondary propeller mixers performing the intensive circulation of the gas-liquid mixture and the secondary dispersion of each gas bubble results in series of vortex impacting the main flow, whereby the energy dissipation becomes more uniform, than with the series of vortex generated at the thin blade-ends of the conventionally used turbomixers. Intensity of the so generated vortex series is variable within wide limits by altering the angle of incidence and/or the length of wing blades.

Thus, contrary to the restrictions of the traditional turbo¬ mixers, the proportion of the amounts of energy spent on circulation and generation of turbulence is variable at will with this specific blade arrangement, and the low dispersing capacity of the traditional propeller mixers can also be improved as necessary. In many cases the result is more favourable with the use of this system compared with the traditional systems.

The dispersion effect of the secondary propeller mixers can also be improved if the propeller wings of smaller angle of incidence and/or smaller diameter generated weaker counterflow constitute separate stage and are mounted alternately on the mixing ^' shaft with secondary propeller mixers provided with blade wings of higher transport capacity, thus with greater angle of incidence and/or greater diameter generating the main flow. With this soulution however, less number of impact zones is realizable.

The dispersion capacity of the wing blades of propeller mixers can be further improved as needed with baffle bars fixed to their training ends. It has been found that the baffle bars generate vortex series the intensity of which is adjustable

within wide limits by their width, which however, follow the main flow direction of the mixture, and this way facilitate the dispersion and mixing of the components without reducing adversely the mixing of fermenting liquid.

The dispersion capacity of the blades can be similarly improved with auxiliary wings exceeding l/3rd of the width of blades arranged below or above the air dispersing channels. Altering appropriately the angle of incidence of these auxiliary wings in relation to the blades, the velocity of the liquid-gas mixture passing between them and between the blade can be altered within wide limits, whereby turbulence of the flow genarated by both the primary and secondary mixers can be further intensified. In case of the primary blades, accelera¬ tion of the flow and its consequences: the suction effect, intensification of the turbulence and dispersion capacity take place with the auxiliary wings fixed parallel with the blades, because the channels narrow the cross section between the blades and auxiliary blades.

In some less demanding cases the blades of the propeller mixers can be shaped as inclined plates at acute angle to the direction of rotation, instead of the geometrical helical surface used in the propeller mixers. In this cases the angle of incidence of the blades can be reduced incidentally in several stages. Naturally, intensification of the turbulence has to be reckoned with in any case.

The different versions of the complex apparatus according to the invention allow the adaptation of the mixing systems to the extremely different proportions and requirements of the various cultures of microorganisms.

Thus for example in the case of intensively foaming fermenting liquids - which inhibits the transfer of O2 and the material -

the uses of system consisting of a primary mixer with suction channel and secondary propeller mixers without wing blades of opposite direction might be more favourable. On the other hand, in case of less foaming fermenting liquids of low viscosity, requiring little mixing, the use of a system consisting only of secondary mixers would be sufficient.

In the majority of the known fermentation processes however, a complex system consisting only of primary and secondary mixers ensures the optimal conditions for the transfer of material.

With the complex mixing systems according to the invention every mixing basic operation determining the material transfer, such as energy proportions spent on the generation of circulation and turbulence can be evenly distributed in the whole volume of the mixed gas-liquid mixture and the given processes can be optimized even in extreme cases according to the proportions corresponding to the specific requirements.

With the suitable construction of the opposite directional wing blades of the mixers according to the invention and with regulation of the intensity of vortex series facilitating the mixing - besides optimizing the unifrom transfer of material - damage of the microorganisms is avoidable which causes serious problem in the case of turbomixers.

Further details of the invention will be described more in details by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure l is a detail of the mixer according to the inven¬ tion, Figure 2 is the top view of Figure 1,

Figure 3 is section III-III of Figure 1,

Figure 4 is a section of a blade with buffer bar,

Figure 5 is a section of a blade with auxiliary ring, and Figure 6 is a section of the bioreactor according to the invention.

Figures l to 3 show a mixing element of the apparatus according to the invention. The propeller mixer 2 fixed to mixing shaft 1 of the bioreactor consists of blades 4 arranged on hub 3. Channels 5 are machined on the back side of blades 4. These are interconnected through holes 6 with the hollow hub 3.

The gas passes through gas inlet 7 into the hollow hub 3 and from there through holes 6 into channels 5.

Figure 4 shows the baffle bar 8 fixed to the end of blades 4.

Figure 5 shows the section of mixing blade 4 illustrated in Figure l, the channel 5 welded 11 to the blade and auxiliary blade 12 fixed parallel with and above the blade at a distance of 0.3 blade width.

The drawing demonstrates the acceleration of the flow rate between the two parallel blades caused by narrowing the flow cross section by channel 5.

Figure 6 illustrates a practical embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention. Here the mixing shaft l is centrally arranged in the bioreactor 9 together with the four blade propeller mixers 2a-2d.

The gas inlet 7 is arranged at the lowest propeller mixer 2a. Construction of this primary propeller mixer 2a is the same as the one shown in Figures 1 to 3, its diameter d^ is 70 % of the bioreactor's diameter D, its transport is downwards. Further, four secondary propeller mixers 2b-2c are arranged on the mixing shaft 1. The diameter d^ and direction of transport of

propeller mixers 2c and 2e are the same as those of the primary propeller mixer 2a, the other two propeller mixers 2b and 2d have two downward transporting blades with diameter d^, i.e. 0.7 D and two upward transporting blades with diameter d2, i.e. 0,5 D. The distance h^ between propeller mixers 2a and 2e is 70 % of the diameter of the longer propeller mixers.

Baffle bars are fixed to the blades of the central propeller mixer 2c, their width is 3 % of the propeller mixer's diameter.

The above described mixing system is suitable for mixing and aeration of the fermenting liquids of medium foaming capacity requiring medium mixing intensity.

Tests were conducted with the apparatus according to the invention, in the course of which the complex mixing system - in respect of the characteristic hydromechanical parameters, time of homogenization, dispersion capacity and "hold up" of the gas - was found more favourable compared with the traditional Rushton turbomixers.

The measurements took place in clear water and intensively foaming culture medium. Surprisingly, in spite of better dispersion, the rate of foaming was lower than in the case of turbomixers, which is probably the consequence of more uniform energy dissipation.

This is highly significant in respect of the output of the fermentation proccesses, as the foam-inhibiting materials generally reduce the material transfer.

Based on the described principles, the mixing system can be built up in many ways, and their advantage is just the complexity and variability. However, their efficient operation requires to conform to certain proportions:

Diameter of the mixers with high diameter ratio generating usually downward flow is 50-70 % and diameter of the blades with lower transport capacity generating counter-flow is 40- 60 % of the reactor's diameter. Distance between the mixers is 50-100 % of the diameter of the mixers with high diameter ratio. Width of the baffle bars is 3-6 % of the mixer dia¬ meters.

The complex mixer according to the invention - depending on the circumstances - as a result of the improved hydraulic efficiency is capable to speed up the intensity of the process in the case of chemical processes, thereby to increase the capacity, incidentally to reduce the quantitiy of a component taking part in the process, furthermore to improve the output and/or to reduce the specific mixing energy utilization in case of the biological processes.

The above examples are only for illustration of the invention, and it will be understood that the apparatus is suscaptible to various modifications within the scope claimed.