Technical Field

This invention relates to novel composite fibrous structures which have utility as filters. These composite structures contain unique grooved fibers that enable enhanced filter life. These composite structures have at least two layers. The first layer is a nonwoven fibrous structure made from uniquely grooved fibers. The second layer is of a fibrous material that offers high filter efficiency. The first layer has significantly lower pressure drop and higher dust holding capacity than the second layer.

Background of the Invention

Filters are used to remove contaminants from fluid streams. In various applications, filters made from fibrous structures are used to remove dust particles from air streams. With conventional filters made from round cross—section fibers, as the dust is collected by the fibrous structures, there is a build— p of pressure drop with an increase in the dust retained by the filters. Filters are generally replaced once the pressure—drop across the filters reaches a pre—determined value. Particularly, filters made from submicron size fibers, such as melt blown fibers, have a very rapid build up of pressure with increased dust retention. This results in significantly reduced filter life. Grooved fibers provide unique capability to trap and store dust particles in the fiber grooves from the fluid stream that are smaller than the groove size and can therefore hold large amounts of dust without any significant rise in pressure drop. Thus, it is shown in the present invention that by utilizing nonwoven structures made from grooved fibers (as a firεt layer)

in series with melt blown fibrous structures, the useful life of the composite filter structure can be significantly enhanced without adversely affecting the pressure drop. For particles as small as O.lμ NaCl, high filtration efficiencies are obtained at pressure drops essentially the same as in conventional fiber filters. In principle, one can make composite filter structures, wherein the second layer can be one having higher filtration efficiency than the first layer, but a greater pressure—drop than the first layer. The first layer is made from grooved fibers. The first layer may additionally contain binder fibers.

The fibrous structures may be electrostatically charged also. There may be a third layer to support the first two layers. When we have a composite structure, a large percentage of contaminant is removed by the first layer containing the grooved fibers. The first layer has a low pressure drop and a very large "dust capacity" as compared to the second layer. The second layer has a high filter efficiency. The composite fibrous structure has enhanced filter performance — a significant improvement in filter life.

U.S. Patent 5,336,286 discloses a high efficiency air filtration media composed of fibrids, binder fiber, and staple fiber.

U.S. Patent 4,904,174 discloses an apparatus for electrically charging melt blown webs.

U.S. Patent 4,215,682 discloses melt blown fibrous electrets which improve the filtration efficiency of the filter media, however, the melt blown structures have a relatively high pressure drop. U.S. Patent 4,714,647 discloses melt blown filter material having different fiber sizes along the depth of the filter. Japanese Patent 6198108A discloseε composite filtering material

made from sheets of inorganic fiber (glass fiber) and sheets of synthetic (organic) fiber.

Also, the following are of interest:

— U.S. Patent 3,490,211 — Article from October 1994 issue of Chemical Engineering — pp 181, 119, 120

— 1994 "Nonwovens Conference" Proceedings, pp 9—11

— Air Filtration Improved by Corona Charging of Fibrous Materials — Wadsworth and Tsai, Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) , Univerεity of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.

— European Patent Application 0 558 091 Al

— U.S. Patent 4,824,451.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is a cross section of a filter according to thiε invention having a layer of grooved fibers and a layer of conventional fibers.

Figure 2 is a croεε section of a fiber having a shape factor greater than about 1.5 which iε useful in the present invention.

Description of the Invention

According to the present invention there is provided

1. A filter for removing particulate matter from a fluid stream comprising a first layer of fibrous material and a second layer of fibrous material, a) said first layer comprising fibers having a denier of 3.0 to 15 and grooved in the longitudinal direction, said fibers having a cross—sectional shape factor of greater than 1.5 and a specific volume of 1.5 to 5 cc/g, and

b) εaid second layer comprising fibers having a denier of 0.1 to 1.0. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of filtering particulate matter from a fluid stream which comprises placing in said stream a filter comprising a) said first layer comprising fibers having a denier of 3 to 15 and grooved in the longitudinal direction, said fibers having a cross—sectional shape factor of greater than

1.5 and a specific volume of 1.5 to 5 cc/g, and b) said second layer comprising fibers having a denier of 0.1 to 1.0 wherein the pressure drop acrosε said second layer (ΔP-) is much greater than the pressure drop acrosε said first layer (ΔP-- _; the particle holding capacity of said firεt layer (PHC ₁ ) iε much greater than the particle holding capacity of εaid εecond layer (PHC ₂ ) , and the filtration efficiency of εaid εecond layer iε greater than the filtration efficiency of εaid firεt layer.

Specifically, the filtration efficiency of the second layer is greater than 80% while the filtration efficiency of the first layer is below 80%. Also, ΔP

ΔP, should be greater than 3, preferably greater than 5. Also,

PHC,

PHC ₂ should be greater than 3, preferably greater than 5.

Referring to Figure 1, the filter 10 compriseε a layer of grooved fiberε 12 and a layer of conventional fiberε 14. Flow of the fluid to be filtered iε

indicated by the arrow. A confining conduit is illustrated at 16.

Referring to Figure 2, the cross section of a fiber used in the filters of this invention is shown. The fiber is irregular in cross—sectional shape, and has a shape factor of 1.72.

The filters according to the present invention are unique in that their life is significantly enhanced. This is due to the filtered particulate matter being trapped in the grooves of the fibers. The layer of grooved fibers remove about 50—60% of the particulate material being filtered, while the layer of conventional fibers are very efficient as a filter, it quickly approaches a saturation condition (with filtered particulate material) and the preεεure drop dramatically increases. Typically, the layer of grooved fibers will remove about 50—60% of the particles before the fluid stream being filtered gets to the second fiber layer. Typically, the total thicknesε will be at least 0.1 inch, preferably greater than 0.5 inch. As with conventional filters, the filters according to this invention will be placed generally transverse to the flow of the fluid stream.

The grooved fibers of the first layer are produced by conventional means using spinnerettes of a shape to produce grooved fiberε. Suitable grooved fiberε have a single fiber denier of about 3-15 denier per filament (dpf) . The grooves extend in a longitudinal direction of the fiber, and in cross section, have a shape factor of greater than 1.5.

Useful grooved fibers and their method of preparation are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,954,398, 4,707,409, 4,392,808, 5,268,229, and European Patent No. 0000466778, incorporated herein by reference.

Shape factor of the cross section of fibers used in the present invention relates to the irregularity of the fiber in cross section. Shape factor is defined by the equation

X = P

4r + (ττ-2)D

wherein P is the perimeter of the fiber and r is the radius of the circumscribed circle circumscribing the fiber cross section and D is the minor axiε dimension across the fiber crosε section.

In Figure 2, the method for determining the shape factor, X, of the fiber crosε section is illustrated. In Figure 2, r = 37.5 mm, P = 355.1 mm, D = 49.6 mm.

Thus, X therefore, is

X = 355.1 = 1.72

4 x 37.5 + (π-2) 49.6

Although the grooved fibers of the first layer may be of any conventional material, polymers such as cellulose esters and polyesters are found to be very useful. Polymers and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate are particularly useful.

The grooved fibers of the first layer are preferably formed into a mat in random orientation, and may be staple or continuous. Preferably, these fiberε are bonded by suitable thermal bonding or binder fibers. However, they may also be needle—punched into a mat by conventional procedures.

The fibers of the second layer are conventional in cross section and may be generally round, oval, geometrical shapes, curved, etc. They are produced by conventional spinnerettes well known in the art. The dpf of these fibers may also be in the range of 0.1 to

1.0 dpf. Also, they may be randomly oriented and either staple or continuous. A preferred embodiment of this invention is to make the fibers of the second layer into a mat by conventional melt blowing as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,267,002, incorporated herein by reference. Melt blown fibers would be round in cross—section.

The fibers of the second layer also may be of a conventional material such as natural or synthetic polymers. Preferred polymers include cellulose esterε, polyesters, polyamides, etc. Especially preferred are polyolefins such as polypropylene.

Preferably, the fibers of one or both of the layers may be electrostatically charged. Charging of the fibers may be accomplished by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as discloεed in U.S. Patent No. 4,215,682 incorporated herein by reference.

The firεt and εecond layers of fibers are typically formed separately and then placed in face—to—face contact. However, if desired, they may be spaced apart in the fluid stream to be filtered.

Typical uεes for the filters according to this invention include, for example, removal of dust or smoke particles from gaseε such as air. Suitably, the filter would be placed in a conduit or other confined space for the pasεage of gas, and in a filter of conventional construction would be oriented in a position generally transverse to the flow of fluid to be filtered. The first layer of grooved fibers would be placed upstream of the second layer of fibers. The term "layer" is used herein in a broad sense to include situations where a group of loose fibers of each kind described herein are placed together, or nearly together in a fluid conduit. Also, by the term "particulate", we intend to include not only solid

particulate material, but also liquids such as droplets of water, for example.

The term "specific volume" is described aε the volume in cubic centimeters (cc) occupied by one gram of the fibers.

The specific volume of the yarn or tow made from the fiber is determined by winding the yarn or tow at a specified tension (normally 0.1 g/d) into a cylindrical slot of known volume. The yarn or tow is wound until the slot is completely filled. The weight of yarn contained in the slot is determined to the neareεt

0.1 mg. The εpecific volume is then defined as:

Specific Volume = Volume of cylindrical Slot (cc) = cc @ 0.1 g/d weight of yarn in the completely gms filled slot—gmε

Filtration efficiency refers to the ability of the filter media to remove particulate matter from the feed εtream. It can be measured in several ways. A simple way is to measure the weight of particulate matter fed to the filter media (W _f ) and the weight retained by the filter media (W ) . The test dust can be SAE fine test dust. Then % gravimetric efficiency is defined as

% gravimetric _ Wr _nnn „ efficiency ~ _H x ^l oo ^% f

There are various other methodε to determine filter efficiency, εuch as defined in ASHRAE-52.1-1992 test method. E-:filtration efficiency of second layer >80%,

ΔP 2 > 3, preferentially

ΔP,

ΔP ₂ > 5

ΔP,

particle holding capacity (PHC) ^PHC) 1 > 3, preferably > 5

(PHC) ₂

Particulate holding capacity is the amount of particles fed to the device, i.e., filtration material, being teεted times its average arrestance until resiεtance to teεt device reacheε the rated final resistance (pressure drop) . Arrestance is the percentage of particles by weight captured by the filter media. Rated final resistance is the maximum operating resistance of the device at rated air flow rate. The definitions of initial resistance (pressure drop) , atmospheric particle spot efficiency, particle holding capacity, arreεtance (gravimetric efficiency) and ASHRAE synthetic dust as discussed in ASHRAE Standard 52.1-1992, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., incorporated herein by reference.

In other words, particle holding capacity of a filter material may be defined as the amount of particles retained by the filter medium at the rated final resistance (pressure drop) .

A measure of pressure drop can be obtained by Frazier air permeability test method ASTM—D737. High Frazier air permeability implies low pressure drop across the test medium.

Pressure drop across a filter medium can also be measured at a given air flow rate.

If desired, more than one of either or both of the first and second layers may be used in a filter according to thiε invention.

The following exampleε are preεented for a better underεtanding of the invention.

Example 1

(Comparative) A melt blown layer, made from polypropylene fiber, having a basis weight of l oz/yd ² was made on a standard melt— lowing unit and electrostatically charged. This layer waε tested for filtration performance. The filter efficiency of O.lμ NaCl particle was 98.2% and the pressure drop was 2.5 millimeters of water at an airflow of 32.5 Lts/min at the beginning of the test. Air was allowed to continually filter through the melt blown layer. After 57 minutes, the efficiency waε 99.4% and the pressure drop was 12.6 mm H ₂ 0 (very high pressure drop). Dust retained in the filter media after 57 minutes was 180 mg. Filter area was 100 cm ² .

Example 2

(Comparative) A needle—punched fabric made from 6 dpf grooved fiber shown in Figure 2 having a shape factor of 1.72, basis wt 8.6 oz/yd ² , was εcoured in iεopropanol and hot water. It was electrostatically charged and tested for filtration performance. Initial pressure drop was 0.4 mm of water (low) and filter efficiency for O.lμ NaCl was 75%. Pressure drop after 90 minutes of air flow remained low 0.5 mm H 0.

Example 3

(Example of the present invention) A composite structure was made consisting of a first layer of needlepunched fabric of Example 2 and a second layer of melt blown fabric of Example 1 (polypropylene melt blown 1 oz/yd ² ) . This composite structure is subjected to air filtration testing, with the needlepunched layer first facing the air—stream. Initial preεεure drop waε 3.0 mm water with a filter efficiency of 98%. After 60 minuteε the pressure drop was 4.1 mm H ₂ 0, much lower than the

preεεure drop for Example 1 (12 mm water) . In fact, after 4 hours, the pressure drop was 12.5 mm H 0. The corresponding dust retained after four hours waε 720 mgs. Thus a four—fold increase in filter life iε obtained for thiε compoεite structure, compared to that of the melt blown fabric of Example 1.

The invention has been deεcribed in detail with particular reference to preferred embodimentε thereof, but it will be underεtood that variationε and modificationε can be effected within the εpirit and εcope of the invention.