Title of the Invention: COMPOSITION OF TOLFENPYRAD AND ETHION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION:

The present invention relates to a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition comprising combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion, methods of preparation of the said composition and use thereof. The said composition is highly suitable for controlling unwanted pests, such as insects, acaricides and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

In many economically important crops, such as cabbage, okra, cotton, chili, mango, cumin, onion, rice, soybean, pigeon pea, tea and gram and other agricultural, plantations and horticultural crops, there is infestation of chewing, sucking and biting insects that may occur simultaneously for which growers are applying control measures either separately or by tank mixing various insecticides to manage various type of insects. This practice of mixing various pesticides might lead to poor efficacy and crop damage due to compatibility issues, hence, a premix of the best possible formulation for a combination of insecticides with different mode of action together, would help growers to combat these insects/mites effectively.

It is known in the art that certain pyrazole carboxamide derivatives have insecticidal as well as fungicidal properties for example tolfenpyrad. Tolfenpyrad is a contact insecticide and fungicide, which was developed by Mitsubishi Chemical (now Nihon Nohyaku), as described in US5039693. It is used to control or suppress wide range of insect pests and diseases including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Thysanoptera insects, downy mildew and powdery mildew. It is effective in controlling all developmental stages of most target pests. It is classified under group 21A of the IRAC mode of action and group 39 of FRAC mode of action. Tolfenpyrad is a MET1 inhibitor, which inhibits cell respiration when it comes in contact with the target pests.

Chemically, it is 4-chloro-3-ethyl-l-methyl-A-[4-(p-tolyloxy)benzyl]-l//-pyraz ole-5-carboxamide and has the following structure:

Ethion is an insecticidal compound, which belongs to organic thiophosphate chemical class. Ethion developed by FMC Corporation, as described in US2873228. Ethion is classified under group IB of the IRAC mode of action. It is used against the leaf-feeding insects, mites, scales, horn flies, gulf coast ticks, ear ticks, face flies, lice, stable flies, house flies. Chemically, ethion is O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methylene bis(phosphorodithioate) and has the following structure:

Various patent applications disclose the mixture of tolfenpyrad or ethion along with different insecticides. For instance, CN106359421 discloses the combination of diafenthiuron and tolfenpyrad and WO2020225723 discloses the combination of pymetrozine and ethion.

However, there is no specific disclosure for the composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion in the prior art. Further, there is no effective composition available that can act simultaneously on a wide variety of insect pests and mites.

Therefore, there is a continuing need for a combination of insecticidal compounds with other insecticides that may help to improve the spectrum of control. With crop tolerances decreasing, lower use rates being imposed and increasing resistance, there is a need for a composition of actives that allows for broader disease control spectrum and a lower dosage rate. The present invention relates to a pesticidal product that contains a composition of active substances, a method of controlling pests using this product, its use and the plant propagation organs treated with this product, as well as the use of the composition for the preparation of the product.

It has been found that, as a solution to the above problems, a composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion helps in controlling a wide variety of insect pest and mites. The present invention provides a combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion with enhanced efficacy and spectrum as compared to use of tolfenpyrad and ethion alone.

OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION:

The main objective of the present invention is to provide a combination comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a composition comprising a synergistic combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of a composition comprising a combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a method for the management of the unwanted pests, such as insects, mites, ticks and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi to which it is applied. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a composition that achieves increased yield in the crops to which it is applied.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a composition that causes an enhanced insecticidal activity.

The present invention, described hereinafter, achieves at least one, and preferably more than one, of the above mentioned objectives of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:

Accordingly, the present invention provides a composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a synergistic combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising tolfenpyrad, ethion and agriculturally acceptable additives.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the preparation of composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion to control a wide variety of unwanted pests, such as insects, mites, ticks and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the management of the unwanted pests, such as insects, mites, ticks and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi, said method applying to the insect pests or mites and/or phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms the combination/composition of the present invention.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion used for foliar application.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is to provide a composition that achieves increased yield in the crops to which it is applied.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is to provide a composition that causes an enhanced insecticidal or acaricidal activity.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion used to treat plant parts or plant propagation material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

ABBREVIATIONS

DEFINITIONS

The foregoing definitions provided herein for the terminologies used in the present disclosure are for illustrative purpose only and in no manner limit, the scope of the present invention disclosed in the present disclosure.

It will be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the reference to "a surfactant" includes one or more of such surfactants.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ordinary skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Although other methods and materials similar, or equivalent, to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.

As used herein, the terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition or a method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, or method.

As used herein, the terms “consisting of’ or “consisting essentially of’ or “consisting substantially of’ are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. In these embodiment, the combination or composition described includes or comprises or consists of or consists essentially of or consists substantially of the specific components recited therein, to the exclusion of other insecticides or adjuvants or excipients not specifically recited therein. As used herein, the term “composition” or "formulation" can be used interchangeably, unless stated otherwise, is meant to encompass, and are not limited to, compositions or formulations containing the combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

As used herein, the term “additive(s)” or "auxiliaries" or “agriculturally acceptable carrier(s)” can be used interchangeably and refers to inert substances which are commonly used as diluent, to provide stability or to increase the activity profile of the composition or formulation with or without having agrochemical activity.

As used herein, the term “surfactant(s)” means a compound that, when dissolved in a liquid, reduces the surface tension of the liquid, which reduces the interfacial tension between two liquids or which reduces surface tension between a liquid and a solid.

As used herein, the term “stabilizer(s)” refers to a substance capable of imparting resistance against physical or chemical deterioration or deformulation.

As used herein, the term “biocide(s)” refers to a substance used to protect against unwanted plants, animals, or microorganisms.

As used herein, the term “defoaming agent(s)” refers to a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in the industrial process liquids, semi-solids, or solids. The terms defoaming agent and anti-foaming agent can be used interchangeably.

As used herein, the term “thickener(s)” refers to a polymeric material, which at a low concentration increases the viscosity of an aqueous solution and helps to stabilize the composition.

Unless otherwise specified, % refers to % weight; and % weight refers to % of the weight of the respective component with respect to the total weight of the composition.

As used herein, the term "effective amount" means the amount of the active substances in the compositions to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. The effective amount can vary for the various compositions used in the present invention. An effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.

As used herein, the term “active against a pest”, refer herein means direct or indirect effects include inducing death of the pest, repelling the pest from any part of the plant, including but not limited to seeds, roots, shoots and/or foliage, inhibiting feeding of the pest on, or the laying of its eggs on, the plant seeds, roots, shoots and/or foliage, and inhibiting or preventing reproduction of the pest. As used herein, the term “locus" means a plant, plant parts, plant propagation material (preferably seed), soil, area, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow.

As used herein, the term “plant parts” are understood to mean all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples including leaves, needles, stems, stalks, flowers, fruit-bodies, fruits and seeds, and also roots, tubers and rhizomes. The plant parts also include harvested plants and vegetative and generative propagation material, for example seedlings, tubers, rhizomes, cuttings and seeds.

As used herein, the term the term "plant propagation material" is to be understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e. g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants, including seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil. These young plants may also be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion or pouring. In a particular preferred embodiment, the term propagation material denotes seeds.

Surprisingly, the insecticidal and/or acaricidal and/or the fungicidal activity of the active ingredients combinations according to the invention was found to be significantly higher than the sum of the activities of the individual active ingredients.

It has surprisingly been found that the addition of tolfenpyrad and ethion synergistically enhances the efficacy against pests. Therefore, the insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity of the combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion of the present invention was surprisingly higher than the sum of the activities of the individual tolfenpyrad and ethion.

As used herein, the term “tolfenpyrad” encompasses tolfenpyrad or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of tolfenpyrad.

As used herein, the term “ethion” encompasses ethion or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of ethion.

In view of the above, the present invention provides a combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides an acaricidal composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion to control a wide variety of unwanted pests, such as insects, mites, ticks and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is to provide longer residual control of the unwanted pests, such as insects, acaricides and/or nematodes, and unwanted phytopathogenic fungi treated with the synergistic combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is to provide longer residual control of the undesired phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms treated with the synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In an embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be admixed in the ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 of the tolfenpyrad and ethion. Preferably, can be admixed in the ratio of 1 :2 to 1 :8 and more preferably, 1:3 to 1:5 of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be admixed in ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9 and 1:10 of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be admixed in ratio of 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1 of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In an embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises total amount of tolfenpyrad that is in the range of 0.1 to 99% by weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises total amount of ethion that is in the range of 0.1 to 99% by weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the total amount of tolfenpyrad in the composition may typically be in the range of 1 to 20% by weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, the total amount of ethion in the composition may typically be in the range of 20 to 50% by weight of the composition.

The total content of tolfenpyrad and ethion, in the composition is selected in the weight range typically from 20% to 80%, and preferably from 25% to 70%.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad, ethion and agriculturally acceptable additives.

In an embodiment, the total amount of tolfenpyrad in the composition may typically be in the range of 1 to 20% by weight, the total amount of ethion in the composition may typically be in the range of 20 to 50% by weight and the total amount of agriculturally acceptable additives in the composition may typically be in the range of 1 to 90% by weight and preferably in the range of 30 to 79% by weight of the composition. The composition comprising organic or inorganic carrier material, including agriculturally acceptable additive(s) are selected from the group comprising solid carrier(s), liquid carrier(s), gaseous carrier(s), surfactant(s), binder(s), biocide(s), disintegrating agent(s), pH adjuster(s), thickener(s), preservative(s), anti-caking agent(s), anti-freezing agent(s), defoaming agent(s), extender(s), stabilizer(s) and/or coloring agent(s) or a combination thereof. The composition may also contain if desired, one or more auxiliaries customary for crop protection compositions.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion may further comprise one or more active ingredient selected from the group consisting of insecticide(s), fungicide(s), nematicide(s), acaricide(s), safener(s), herbicide(s), bactericide(s), plant growth regulator(s), biostimulant(s) and combinations thereof.

The composition of the present invention is selected from a wettable powder (WP), a water dispersible granule (WG), a water dispersible tablet (WT), granule (GR), an emulsifiable granule (EG), a water soluble powder (SP), an ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid (UL), an ultra-low volume (ULV) suspension (SU), a soluble concentrate (SL), a water soluble granule (SG), a suspo-emulsion (SE), an oil-in-water emulsion (EW), an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), a micro -emulsion (ME), an oil dispersion (OD), a capsule suspension (CS), an aerosol (AE), a mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), a mixed formulation of CS and SW (ZW) or a mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC).

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of the composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion, comprising the steps of a) addition of tolfenpyrad and ethion; b) addition of agriculturally acceptable additives selected from surfactant(s), carrier(s) and other additive(s) uniformly in a mixer; c) optionally milling by a mill.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oil dispersion (OD) composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a suspo-emulsion (SE) composition of composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides an emulsion-in-water (EW) composition of composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

These compositions may be manufactured by any process known in the art, such as, “Pesticide Formulation Guide” (edited by Pesticide Science Society of Japan, The Agricultural Formulation and Application Committee, published by Japan Plant Protection Association, 1997). The compositions of the present invention can be applied at the locus in conventional manner by using techniques a skilled person is familiar with. The type of application depends on the intended purpose in a well-known manner; in any case, the techniques should ensure the finest possible distribution of the active ingredients according to the invention.

Solid carrier(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, natural minerals such as quartz, talc, kaolin, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, bentonite, chalk, zeolite, calcite, sericite, clay, acid clay, diatomaceous earth, Fuller’s earth, meerschaum, gibbsite, dolomite or pumice; synthetic minerals such as precipitated silica, fumed silica, sodium silicate, alumina, aluminum hydroxide; inorganic salts such as calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, organic materials such as urea, solid polyoxyethylene, solid polyoxypropylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, lactose, starch, lignin, cellulose, cottonseeds hulls, wheat flour, soyabean flour, wood flour, walnut shell flour, plant powders, sawdust, coconut shellflower, corn cob, tobacco stem. These solid carriers may be used alone or in combination.

Liquid carrier(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, water; alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, n-octanol, isopropanol ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, glycerin; polyol ethers such as ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone; ethers such as dipropyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as light paraffin oil, isoparaffin, kerosene, mineral oil; aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, toluene, naphthene, solvent naphtha, solvent C9, solvent CIO, solvent C12, solvesso 100, solvesso 150, solvesso 200; chlorinated aliphatic or aromatics hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, chloroethylene, methylene chloride; esters such as ethyl acetate, diisopropyl phthalate, dimethyl adipate, methyl oleate, methyl tallowate; lactones such as gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, epsilon-caprolactone; amides such as dimethylformamide, N- methylpyrrolidone, N-octylpyrolidone, N,N-dimethyldecanamide; nitriles such as acetonitrile; organosulfur compound such as dimethyl sulfoxide; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, cotton seed oil. These liquid carriers may be used alone or in combination.

Gaseous carrier(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, liquefied petroleum gas, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or dimethyl ether. These gaseous carriers may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Surfactant(s) are nonionic or anionic surfactants or a combination of these surfactants. It is preferred to use one or more than one kind of surfactant. Surfactant(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to sugar esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate; C1-C30 alkylcarboxylate, C1-C20 hydroxy alkylcarboxylate, polymer containing carboxylate, arylcarboxylate, alkylx (e.g. aliphatic di- and tricarboxylates) having 2 to 32 carbon atoms, such as aconitic acid, adipic acid, aspartic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, oxoglutaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalate, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid; alkyl poly glucoside such as decyl glucoside; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, or polyoxyethylene coconut fatty alcohol ether; polyoxyethylene alkynyl ether such as polyoxyethylene 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol ether; polyoxyethylene aryl ethers such as polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether or polyoxyethylene tristyrylphenyl ether; polyoxyethylene vegetable oil ethers such as polyoxyethylene castor oil or polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil; vegetable oil ethoxylate; C6-C20 linear and branched alcohol ethoxylates, C6-C20 alcohol propoxylates, C6-C20 propoxylated and ethoxylated alcohols; polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polyoxyethylene distearate or polyoxyethylene resin acid ester; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene (EO-PO) block co-polymers such as Pluronic®, Genapol PF 40, Genapol PF 80; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ether such as polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene lauryl ether; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene aryl ether such as polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene styrylphenyl ether; a modified styrene acrylic polymer such as Atlox Metaspese 5505, polyoxyethylene alkyl amines such as polyoxyethylene stearyl amine; polyoxyethylene fatty acid amide such as lauric acid diethanolamid; fluorinated surfactant; alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, calcium alkylbenzene sulphonate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate; polyoxyethylene aryl ether sulfates such as sodium polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether sulfate or ammonium polyoxyethylene tristyrylphenyl ether sulfate; aryl sulfonate such as calcium benzene sulfonate calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate (MORWET® D-425) or sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate; poly aryl phenyl ether sulphate ammonium salt; ‘alpha’ -olefin sulfonate; lauryl sulfosuccinate, laureth sulfosuccinate, laureth-5 sulfosuccinate, ricinoleamide MEA sulfosuccinate, undecylenearnide MEA sulfosuccinate, diisobutyl sulfosuccinate, dioctyl sulphosuccinate, dihexyl sulfosuccinate, dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate, diisodecyl sulfosuccinate, diisotridecyl sulfosuccinate, di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, di-2-methylamyl sulfosuccinate, dimethylamyl sulfosuccinate, dibutylhexyl sulfosuccinate, diisooctyl sulfosuccinate or their alkali metal salts, sodium lignosulphonate; polycarboxylic acid sodium salt; N-methyl fatty acid sarcosinate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate; polyoxyethylene aryl ether phosphates such as polyoxyethylene phenyl ether phosphate; polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether phosphate; graft co-polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate -polyethylene glycol graft copolymer. These surfactants may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Suitable stabilizing surfactants include anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers and polyelectrolytes. Further on, polysaccharide (e.g. starch, starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, xanthan gum, and gelatin) may be used as stabilizing surfactants. Preferred stabilizing surfactants are nonionic surfactants (preferably alkoxylates, such as comb polymers) and/or block polymers, and EO-PO block copolymers. Mixtures of aforementioned stabilizing surfactants are also suitable. On the other hand, surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, dispersing agent, spreader, adjuvant for penetration enhancement, rain fastness, or soil leaching control etc.

Binder(s) or adhesive-imparting agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, dextrin, denatured dextrin, soluble starch, guar gum, xanthan gum, sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum arabic, polyvinyl acetate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt, carboxymethylcellulose dextrin, bentonite, polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 6,000 to 20,000, polyethylene oxide having average molecular weight of 100,000 to 5,000,000, natural phosphatide such as cephalinic acid or lecithin. These binders or adhesive-imparting agents may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Biocide(s) is selected from the group consisting, but not limited to, Proxel® GXL, dibromonitrilopropionamide, decylthioethanamine (DTEA), quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (polyquats), dodecyl guanidine hydrochloride (DGH). These biocides may be used alone or in combination thereof. Disintegrating agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, sodium tripolyphosphate, stearic acid metal salt, cellulose powder, dextrin, methacrylate co-polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaminocarboxylic acid chelate compound, styrene sulfonate/isobutylene/maleic anhydride co-polymer, starch/polyacrylonitrile graft co-polymer, sodium hexametaphosphate, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polycarbonate, bentonite. These disintegrating agents may be used alone or in combination thereof. pH adjuster(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, sodium or potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium or potassium dihydrogenphosphate, disodium or dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, citric acid, malic acid and triethanolamine. These pH adjusters may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Thickener(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxyvinyl polymer, acrylic polymer, acrylic graft copolymer, starch derivative, synthetic macromolecules, such as modified cellulose-based polymers, polycarboxylates, montmorillonites, hectonites, attapulgites, polysaccharide gums such as gellan gum, jelutong gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, gum karya, tara gum, locust gum, agar agar, carrageenan, alginic acid, propylene glycol alginate, alginates (e.g. sodium, potassium, ammonium, or calcium), or an inorganic fine powder selected from high purity silica, bentonite, white carbon. These thickeners may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Preservative(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde, 2- hydroxybiphenyl ether and its salts, 2-zinc sulfidopyridine N-oxide, inorganic sulfites and bisulfites, sodium iodate, chlorobutanol, dehydroacetic acid, formic acid, 1, 6-bis (4- amidino-2- bromophenoxy)-n-hexane and its salts, 10-undecylenic acid and their salts, 5-amino-l,3-bis (2- ethylhexyl)-5-methyl-hexahydropyrimidine, 5-bromo-5-nitro-l,3-dioxane, 2-bromo-2-nitro-l,3 propanediol, 2,4-dichlorobenzylalcohol, potassium sorbate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, dichlorophene, isothiazolenes and isothiazolones such as l,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (Proxel® GXL), 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one -hydrochloride, 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3(2H)-isothiazolone, 5- chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H- isothiazol-3-one -hydrochloride, 4,5-dichloro-2-cyclohexyl- 4-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl- 2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one-calcium chloride complex, 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol- 3-one. These preservatives may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Anti-caking agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, disodium benzene disulfonate, dipotassium benzene disulfonate, disodium toluene disulfonate, and dipotassium toluene disulfonate, glycol based aqueous solvents such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and propylene glycol, precipitated silica, fumed silica, aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate, sodium silicate, calcium silicate, talc, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, aluminium oxide, and talcum, cellulose, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, silica aerogel, silica xerogel, perlite, talc, vermiculite, sodium aluminosilicate, zirconium oxychloride, starch, sodium or potassium phthalate, calcium phosphate, calcium nitride, aluminum nitride, copper oxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium nitride, magnesium phosphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, magnesium and aluminum salts of C10- C22 fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid, tricalcium phosphate, hydrophobic starch derivatives, powdered cellulose, polyacrylic acid and sodium salts thereof, and sodium polyalkyl naphthalene sulfonate. These anti-caking agents may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Anti-freezing agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, urea, glycerine, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2- butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-l,5-pentanediol, 2,3-dimethyl- 2,3-butanediol, trimethylol propane, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, 1,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, xylenol, bisphenols such as bisphenol A or the like, propylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, butoxyethanol, butylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, tetrapentaerythritol, diglycerol, triglycerol, tetraglycerol, pentaglycerol, hexaglycerol, heptaglycerol and octaglycerol. These anti-freezing agents may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Defoaming agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, silicone compounds such as polysiloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, silicone oil, magnesium stearate, long chain alcohol, fatty acid, salts of fatty acid and organic fluorine compounds. These defoaming agents may be used alone or in combination thereof. Extender(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, silicon type surfactant, a cellulose powder, dextrin, processed starch, a polyaminocarboxylic acid chelate compound, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, maleic acid and styrene, methacrylic acid co-polymer, half ester of polymer of polyhydric alcohol with dicarboxylic anhydride, water-soluble salt of polystyrene sulfonic acid. These extenders may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Stabilizer(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, drying agent such as zeolite, quick lime or magnesium oxide; antioxidant agent such as phenol type, amine type, sulfur type or phosphorus type; or ultraviolet absorber such as salicylic acid type or a benzophenone type. These stabilizers may be used alone or in combination thereof.

Coloring agent(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, inorganic pigment such as iron oxide, titanium oxide or Prussian blue; organic dye such as alizarin dye, azo dye, metal phthalocyanine dye. These coloring agents may be used alone or in combination thereof.

The composition of the present invention can be applied by any one of the methods selected from atomization, spreading, dusting, spraying, diffusion, immersion, irrigation, injection, mixing, sprinkling (water immersion), foaming, dressing, coating, blasting, fumigation, smoking, smog and painting.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion for the control of a wide variety of undesired insect pests and mites.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion, wherein the composition is used as insecticidal/acaricidal composition.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion for the control of a wide variety of phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion used for foliar application.

In yet another embodiment, the ratio of tolfenpyrad and ethion depends on various factors such as, the undesired insect pests and mites to be controlled, the degree of infestation, the climatic conditions, the characteristics of the soil and the application method.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method of controlling wide variety of undesired phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms, with an effective amount of a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion that is used to treat the plant parts or plant propagation material, wherein plant parts includes shoots, leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits, seeds, roots, tubers, and rhizomes. The plant parts also include harvested material and vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, slips, and seeds.

The undesired pathogenic microorganism for the present invention is selected from the group comprising Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamentals, vegetables (e.g. A. Candida) and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis); Altemaria spp. (Alternaria leaf spot) on vegetables, citrus fruits (A. citri), rape (A. brassicola or brassicae), sugar beets (A. tenuis), fruits, rice, soybeans, potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. altemata), tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. altemata) and wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cotton, cereals and vegetables, e.g. A. tritici (anthracnose) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp. for e.g. Cochliobolus carbonum (northern corn leaf blight)), e.g. Southern leaf blight ( . maydis) or Northern leaf blight (B. zeicola) on corn, e.g. spot blotch (B. sorokiniana) on cereals, e.g. B. oryzae on rice and turfs and on oats; Blumeria (formerly Erysiphe) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (e.g. on wheat or barley); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana-. grey mold) on fruits and berries (e.g. strawberries), vegetables (e.g. lettuce, carrots, celery and cabbages), rape, flowers, vines, forestry plants and wheat; Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce; Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (rot or wilt) on broadleaved trees and evergreens, e.g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. (Cercospora leaf spots) on corn and cotton, (Cercospora blight spots) on cotton, (e.g. Gray leaf spot: C. zeae-maydis), rice, sugar beets (e.g. C. beticola), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchii) and rice, sunflower (e.g. cercospora leaf spot: C. helianthi), peanut (e.g. early leaf spot: C. arachidicola); Cercosporidium spp. on peanut (e.g. C. personatum: late leaf spot); Cladosporium spp. on tomatoes (e.g. C. fulvum: leaf mold) and cereals, e.g. C. herbarum (black ear) on wheat, C. caryigenum (pecan scab) on pecan; Cylindrocladium spp. on peanut (C. crotalariae-. cylindrocladium black rot); Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus (anamorph: Helminthosporium of Bipolaris) spp. (leaf spots) on corn (C. carbonum), cereals (e.g. C. sativus (black point), anamorph: B. sorokiniana) and rice (e.g. C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae) Colletotrichum (teleomorph: Glomerella) spp. (anthracnose) on cotton (e.g. C. gossypii), corn (e.g. C. graminicola: Anthracnose stalk rot), soft fruits, potatoes (e.g. C. coccodes: black dot), beans (e.g. C. lindemuthianum), citrus fruits (e.g. C. acutatum (post bloom fruit drop), C. gloeosporioides) and soybeans (e.g. C. truncatum or C. gloeosporioides); Corticium spp., e.g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spots) on soybeans and ornamentals; Cycloconium spp., e.g. C. oleaginum on olive trees; Cylindrocarpon spp. (e.g. fruit tree canker or young vine decline, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, vines (e.g. C. liriodendri, teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri: Black Foot Disease) and ornamentals; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root and stem rot) on soybeans; Diplodia spp. e.g. Diplodia boll rot on cotton, Diaporthe spp., e.g. D. phaseolorum (damping off) on soybeans, D. citri (melanose) on citrus fruits; Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e.g. D. teres, net blotch), oats (e.g. D. avenae, leaf spot), and wheat (e.g. D. tritici-repentis: tan spot), rice and turf; Esca (dieback, apoplexy) on vines, caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F. mediterranea, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (earlier Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeria obtusa-, Elsinoe spp. on pome fruits (E. pyri), on citrus fruits (E. fawcetti), soft fruits (E. veneta-. anthracnose) and vines (E. ampelina-. anthracnose); Entyloma oryzae (leaf smut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black mold) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildew) on sugar beets (E. betae). (powdery mildew) on rye (E. graminis), vegetables (e.g. E. pisi), such as cucurbits (e.g. E. cichorac earum), cabbages, sunflower, rape (e.g. E. cruciferarum), peas and bean (e.g. E. polygonif, Eutypa lata (Eutypa canker or dieback, anamorph: Cytosporina lata, syn. Libertella blepharis) on fruit trees, vines and ornamental woods; Exserohilum (syn. Helminthosporium) spp. on corn (e.g. E. turcicum); Fusarium (teleomorph: Gibberella) spp. (wilt, root or stem rot) on various plants, such as hardlock, boll rot of cotton, F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot, scab or head blight) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum on tomatoes, F. solani on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn; Gaeuman nomyces graminis (take-all patch) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley) and corn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (e.g. G. zeae) and rice (e.g. G.fujikuroi: Bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on vines, pome fruits and other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; Grain staining complex on rice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on vines, Guignardia citricarpa (balck spot) on citrus fruits; Gymnosporangium spp. on rosaceous plants and junipers, e.g. G. sabinae (rust) on pears; Helmintho sporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) on vines; Kabatiella zeae (eyespot) on corn; Laetisaria fuciformis (red thread); Limonomyces roseipellis (pink patch); Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) on oilseed crops, Leptosphaeria korrae and Leptosphaeria namari on bluegrass, Ophiosphaerella herpotricha on bermudagrass; Leptosphaerulina spp. on peanut (e.g. L. crassiasca: pepperspot); Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root and stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Myeosphaerella citri (greasy spot) on citrus fruit, Monilinia spp., e.g. M. laxa, M. fructicola and M. fructigena (bloom and twig blight, brown rot) on stone fruits and other rosaceous plants; Myeosphaerella spp. on peas and beans, cereals, bananas, soft fruits and ground nuts, such as e.g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria blotch) on wheat or M. fijiensis (black Sigatoka disease) on bananas; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e.g. P. brassicae), rape (e.g. P. parasitica), onions (e.g. P. destructor), tobacco (P. tabacina) and soybeans (e.g. P. manshuricaf, Phyllosticta maydis (yellow leaf blight) on corn; Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans; Phialophora spp. e.g. on vines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans (e.g. P. gregata: stem rot); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on rape and cabbage and P. betae (root rot, leaf spot and damping-off) on sugar beets, Phoma exigua (ascochyta blight) on peas and beans, phoma blight, boll rot on cotton, Phoma arachidicola (web blotch) on peanut; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, vines (e.g. P. viticola: can and leaf spot) and soybeans (e.g. stem rot:, phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum)', Phykopsora spp. e.g. rust on cotton, Physoderma maydis (physoderma brown spot) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt, root, leaf, fruit and stem root) on various plants, such as paprika and cucurbits (e.g. P. capsici), soybeans (e.g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (e.g. P. infestans: late blight), broad-leaved bees (e.g. P. ramorum: sudden oak death) and peas and beans (e.g. P. nicotianae: downy mildew); Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) on cabbage, rape, radish and other plants; Plasmopara spp., e.g. P. viticola (downy mildew) on vines and P. halstedii on sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew) on rosaceous plants, hop, pome and soft fruits, e.g. P. leucotricha on apples; Polymyxa spp., e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beets (P. betae) and thereby transmitted viral diseases; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eyespot, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae) on cereals, e.g. wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, e.g. P. cubensis on cucurbits or P. humili on hop; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (red fire disease or rotbrenner, anamorph: Phialophora) on vines; Puccinia spp. (rusts) on various plants, e.g. P. dichondrae (dichondra rust), P. triticina (brown or leaf rust), P. striiformis (stripe or yellow rust), P. hordei (dwarf rust), P. graminis (stem or black rust) or P. recondita (brown or leaf rust) on cereals, such as e.g. wheat, barley or rye (P. recondita), P. kuehnii (orange rust) on sugar cane and P. asparagi on asparagus, P. coronata (crown rust) and P. graminis (stem rust) on oats, P. arachidis (rust) on peanut; Pyrenophora (anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (tan spot) on wheat, P. feres (net blotch) on barley, or P. avenae (leaf blotch) on oats; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P. oryz.ae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast) on rice, Magnaporthe poae (summer patch) on Kentucky bluegrass and P. grisea (gray leafspot) on turf and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, rape, sunflowers, soybeans, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. aphanidermatum)', Ramularia spp., e.g. R. collo-cygni (Ramularia leaf spots, physiological leaf spots) on barley and mint, and R. beticola on sugar beets; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, turf, corn, rape, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants, e.g. R. solani (brown patch) (root and stem rot) on soybeans, R. solani (sheath blight) on rice and peanut, or R. cerealis (Rhizoctonia spring blight) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (black mold, soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, vines and tomatoes; Rhynchosporium secalis (scald) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem rot or white mold) on vegetables and field crops, such as rape, sunflowers (e.g. S. sclerotiorum) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii or S. sclerotiorum), Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (Dollar spot), S. minor (sclerotinia blight) on peanut, S. sclerotiorum (white mold) on potato; Sclerotium spp. on peanut (e.g. S. rolfsii ', Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (brown spot) on soybeans, S. tritici (Septoria blotch) on wheat, S. avenae (septoria blotch) on oats, S. linicola (pasmo) on flax seed; Uncinula (syn. Erysiphe) necator (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri) on vines; Setospaeria spp. (leaf blight) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and turf; Sphacelotheca spp. (smut) on corn, (e.g. S. reiliana: head smut), sorghum und sugarcane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucurbits; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and thereby transmitted viral diseases; Stagonospora spp. on cereals, e.g. .S', nodorum (Stagonospora blotch, teleomorph: Leptosphaeria (syn. Phaeosphaerid) nodorum) on wheat, septrotia leaf and glume blotch on rye; Stemphyllium spp. e.g. stemphyllium leaf spot on cotton, Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrina spp., e.g. T. deformans (leaf curl disease) on peaches and T. pruni (plum pocket) on plums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruits, vegetables, soybeans and cotton, e.g. T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans)', Tilleda spp. (common bunt or stinking smut) on cereals, such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat; Typhula incamata (grey snow mold) on barley or wheat; Urocystis spp., e.g. U. occulta (stem smut) on rye, U. agropyn on wheat; Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetables, such as beans (e.g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoli) and sugar beets (e.g. U. betaey. Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (e.g. U. nuda and U. avaenae), corn (e.g. U. maydis'. corn smut) and sugar cane, U. striiformis (stripe smut) on grasses grown for turf; Venturia spp. (scab) on apples (e.g. V. inaequalis) and pears; and Verticillium spp. (wilt) on various plants, such as fruits and ornamentals, vines, soft fruits, vegetables and field crops, e.g. V. dahliae on strawberries, rape, potatoes and tomatoes.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic combination/composition to control the plant disease selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, powdery mildew, downy mildew, dollar spot, anthracnose, brown patch, pink patch, red thread, red stalk rot of cereals, collar rot, stripe smut, gray leafspot, melting out leafspot, Australian carpet beetle, summer patch, poa patch, take-all patch, spring dead spot, necrotic ring spot, pink snowmold, fusarium patch, yellow patch, zoysia patch, stem rust, dichondra rust, crown rust, brown rust, yellow rust, stripe smut, leaf blights, rhizoctonia spring blight, sheath blight, sooty mold, pink snow mold, and sclerotinia.

Synergistic combination/composition of the present invention is also suitable for controlling the undesired pathogenic microorganisms occurring in plant parts, in the protection of materials (e.g. wood, paper, paint dispersions, fiber or fabrics) and in the protection of stored products. The term "protection of materials" is to be understood to denote the protection of technical and non-living materials, such as adhesives, glues, wood, paper and paperboard, textiles, leather, paint dispersions, plastics, cooling lubricants, fiber or fabrics, against the infestation and destruction by undesired pathological microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria. As to the protection of wood and other materials, the particular attention is paid to the following undesired pathogenic microorganisms: Ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocys s spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.; Basidiomycetes such as Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lendnus spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Deuteromycetes such as Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichorma spp., Altemaria spp., Paecilomyces spp. and Zygomycetes such as Mucor spp., and in addition in the protection of stored products the following undesired pathogenic microorganisms are worthy of note: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisae. Synergistic combination or composition of the present invention provides a nonagronomic (other than field crops) application such as application on horticultural crops (e.g., greenhouse, nursery or ornamental plants not grown in a field), residential, commercial and industrial structures, turf (e.g., sod farm, pasture, golf course, lawn, sports field, etc.).

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method of controlling wide variety of insect pests and mites, with an effective amount of a synergistic composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

Insect pests or mites is selected from the order of moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera). beetles (Coleopterd), flies, mosquitoes (Diptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), termites (Isoptera), booklice, barklice or barkflies (Psocopterd), cockroaches (Blattaria - Blattodea), ants, bees, wasps, sawflies (Hymenoptera). true bugs (Hemiptera), crickets, grasshoppers, locusts (Orthopter ), arachnids (Acarina), fleas (Siphonaptera), silverfish, firebrat (Thysanura), millipedes (Diplopoda), earwigs (Dermapterd), lice (Phthiraptera), or plant parasitic nematodes.

In a further embodiment of the present invention defines the insect pests and mites from the orders of: lepidopterans (Lepidoptera), for example Agrotis ypsilon, Agrotis segetum (cutworm), Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyresthia conjugella, Autographa gamma, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia murinana, Capua reticulana, Cheimatobia brumata, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis , Cirphis unipuncta, Cydia pomonella, Cydia caryana (hickory shuckworm), Dendrolimus pini, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea grandosella, Earias insulana, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Evetria bouliana, Feltia subterranea, Galleria mellonella, Grapholitha funebrana, Grapholitha molesta, Heliothis armigera, Heliothis virescens (tobacco or cotton budworm), Heliothis zea, Hellula undalis, Hiberniadefoliaria, Hyphantria cunea, Hyponomeuta malinellus, Keiferia lycopersicella, Lambdina fiscellaria, Laphygma exigua, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocolletis blancardella, Lobesia botrana, Loxostege sticticalis, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha, Lyonetia clerkella, Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Orgyia pseudotsugata, Ostrinia nubilalis (european corn borer), Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Peridroma saucia, Phalera bucephala, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae (imported cabbageworm), Plathypena scabra, Plutella xylostella, Pseudoplusia includens, Rhyacioniafrustrana, Scrobipalpula absoluta, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Tortrix viridana, Trichoplusia ni, Zeiraphera canadensis, Giant swallowtail (orangedog), Paralobesia viteana (grape berry moth), Desmiafuneralis (grape leaffolder), Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis exclamationis, Manduca quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm), Lithophane antennata (green fruitworm), Lithophane unimoda, Orthosia hibisci, Anarsia lineatella (peach twig borer), Acrobasis nuxvorella (pecan nut casebearer), Amyelois transitella (navel orangeworm), Marmara gulosa (Citrus peelminer) and Harrisina Americana (Grapeleaf skeletonizer), beetles (Coleoptera), for example Agrilus sinuatus, Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscuras, Amphimallus solstitialis, Anisandrus dispar, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus pomorum, Aphthona euphoridae, Athous haemorrhoidalis, Atomaria linearis, Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchus rufimanus, Bruchus pisorum, Bruchus lentis, Byctiscus betulae, Cassida nebulosa, Cerotoma trifurcata, Cetonia aurata, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Ceuthorrhynchus napi, Chaetocnema tibialis, Conoderus vespertinus, Crioceris asparagi, Ctenicera ssp., Curculio caryae (pecan weevil), Diabrotica longicomis, Diabrotica semipunctata, Diabrotica 12-punctata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica virgifera, Epilachna varivestis, Epitrix hirtipennis, Eutinobothrus brasiliensis, Hylobius abietis, Hypera brunneipennis, Hypera postica, Ips typographus, Lerna bilineata, Lerna melanopus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), Limonius califomicus, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha hippocastani, Melolontha melolontha, Oulema oryzae, Ortiorrhynchus sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus ovatus, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllobius pyri, Phyllotreta chrysocephala, Phyllophaga sp., Phyllopertha horticola, Phyllotreta nemorum, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle), Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granaria, Diaprepes abbreviatus, and Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curculio), flies, mosquitoes (Dipterd), e.g. Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya macellaria, Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops atlanticus, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Contarinia sorghicola Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex pipiens, Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, Culiseta melanura, Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus oleae, Dasineura brassicae, Delia antique, Delia coarctata, Delia platura, Delia radicum, Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila), Fannia canicularis, Geomyza Tripunctata, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Glossina morsitans, Glossina palpalis, Glossina fuscipes, Glossina tachinoides, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis equestris, Hippelates spp., Hylemyia platura, Hypoderma lineata, Leptoconops torrens, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii, Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria pectoralis, Mansonia titillanus, Mayetiola destructor, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Oestrus ovis, Opomyza florum, Oscinella frit, Pegomya hysocyami, Phorbia antiqua, Phorbia brassicae, Phorbia coarctata, Phlebotomus argentipes, Psorophora columbiae, Psila rosae, Psorophora discolor, Prosimulium mixtum, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot), Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga sp., Simulium vittatum, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus bovinus, Tabanus atratus, Tabanus lineola, Tabanus similis, Tipula oleracea, Tipula paludosa, and Rhagoletis cerasi (cherry fruit fly), thrips (Thysanoptera), e.g. Dichromothrips corbetti, Dichromothrips ssp., Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri (Citrus thrips), Thrips oryzae, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci, and Drepanothrips reuteri (grape thrips), termites (Isopterd), e.g. Calotermes flavicollis, Leucotermes flavipes, Heterotermes aureus, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes virginicus, Reticulitermes lucifugus, Termes natalensis, and Coptotermes formosanus, booklice, barklice or barkflies (Psocoptera). e.g Liposcelis bostrychophila, Liposcelis brunnea, Liposcelis fusciceps, Liposcelis hirsutoides, Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis corrodens, Liposcelis silvarum, Liposcelis deltachi, Liposcelis entomophila, Liposcelis rufa, Liposcelis formicaria, Liposcelis ornata, Liposcelis paeta, Liposcelis pearmani, Liposcelis mendax, Liposcelis bicolor, Lepinotus patruelis, Lepinotus angolensis, Lepinotus lepinotoides, Lepinotus reticulatus, Lepinotus indicus, Lepinotus vermicularis, Lepinotus inquilinus, Lepinotus fuscus, Lepinotus machadoi, Lepinotus huoni, Lepinotus stoneae, and Lepinotus tasmaniensis, cockroaches (Blattaria - Blattodea). e.g. Blattella germanica, Blattella asahinae, Penplaneta americana, Periplaneta japonica, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuligginosa, Periplaneta australasiae, and Blatta orientalis, true bugs (Hemiptera). e.g. Diaphorina citri, Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedins, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Solubea insularis , Thyanta perditor, Acyrthosiphon onobrychis, Adelges laricis, Aphidula nasturtii, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi, Aphis pomi, Aphis gos sypii, Aphis grossulariae, Aphis schneideri, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis sambuci, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola, Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola, Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphon rosae, Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus varians, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Nilaparvata lugens, Pemphigus bursarius, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phorodon humuli, Psylla mail, Psylla piri, Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Sappaphis mala, Sappaphis mall, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura lanuginosa, Sitobion avenae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Toxoptera aurantiiaud, Viteus vitifolii, Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., Cicadella viridis (green leafhoppers), Bactericera cockerelli (potato psyllid), Arilus critatus, Pianococcus citri (citrus mealybug), Pseudococcus maritimus (grape mealybug), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (cotton fleahopper), Proxys punctulatus (black stink bug), Halyomorpha halys, Citricola scale (Coccus pseudomagnoliarum), Barnacle scale (Ceroplastes cirripediformis), and Brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum), ants, bees, wasps, sawflies (Hymenoptera), e.g. Athalia rosae, Atta cephalotes, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana, Crematogasterspp., Hoplocampa minuta, Hoplocampa testudinea, Monomorium pharaonis, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis richteri, Solenopsis xyloni, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, Pogonomyrmex californicus, Pheidole megacephala, Dasymutilla occidentalis, Bombus spp. Vespula squamosa, Paravespula vulgaris, Paravespula pennsylvanica, Paravespula germanica, Dolichovespula maculata, Vespa crabro, Polistes rubiginosa, Camponotus floridanus, and Linepithema humile, crickets, grasshoppers, locusts (Orthoptera), e.g. Acheta domestica, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus bivittatus, Melanoplus femurrubrum, Melanoplus mexicanus, Melanoplus sanguinipes, Melanoplus spretus, Nomadacris septemfasciata, Schistocerca americana, Schistocerca gregaria, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Tachycines asynamorus, Oedaleus senegalensis, Zonozerus variegatus, Hieroglyphus daganensis, Kraussaria angulifera, Calliptamus italicus, Chortoicetes terminifera, Scudderia spp. (katydid) and Locustana pardalina,

Arachnoidea, such as arachnids (Acarina), e.g. of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma variegatum, Ambryomma maculatum, Argas persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Boophilus microplus, Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus, Ornithodorus moubata, Ornithodorus hermsi, Ornithodorus turicata, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus schlechtendali, Phyllocoptrata oleivora (citrus rust mite), Aceria sheldoni (citrus bud mite) and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae spp. such as Phytonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus; Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis; Tetranychidae spp. such as Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus kanzawai, Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus telarius and Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri (citrus red mite), and Oligonychus pratensis; Araneida, e.g. Latrodectus mactans, and Loxosceles reclusa, fleas (Siphonaptera), e.g. Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, silverfish, firebrat (Thysanura), e.g. Lepisma saccharina and Thermobia domestica, centipedes (Chilopoda), e.g. Scutigera coleoptrata, millipedes (Diplopoda), e.g. Narceus spp., earwigs (Dermaptera). e.g. forficula auricularia, lice (Phthiraptera). e.g. Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus eurystemus, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus vituli, Bovicola bovis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Solenopotes capillatus, plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species; seed gall nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ring nematodes, Criconema species, Criconemella species, Criconemoides species, and Mesocriconema species; stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and other Ditylenchus species; awl nematodes, Dolichodorus species; spiral nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and other Helicotylenchus species, Rotylenchus robustus and other Rotylenchus species; sheath nematodes, Hemicycliophora species and Hemicriconemoides species; Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; pin nematodes, Paratylenchus species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus and other Radinaphelenchus species; burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and other Rotylenchulus species; Scutellonema species; stubby root nematodes, Trichodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus species and Merlinius species; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xiphinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal combination/composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion used to control virus transmitted diseases including vector-borne plant disease, aphid transmitted viruses (including persistent, semi -persistent and non-persistent), whitefly transmitted viruses, hopper transmitted viruses and psyllid transmitted viruses in various crops such as cabbage, okra, cotton, chili, mango, cumin, onion, rice, soybean, pigeon pea, tea and gram.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal combination/composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion to control the insect pests and mites from the order of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Phiraptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Acarina, Thysanura, and Thysanoptera insects, more preferably used to control the insect pests Plelicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and thrips, jassids and mites.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention used to control a wide variety of undesired insect pests and mites, is advantageous, for several purposes, e.g.:

• useful for addressing a wider range of pest and mites e.g. insecticidal and acaricidal activity;

• offering a single application as a uniform composition in place of separate application of insecticides;

• offering crop health improvement in comparison to separate applications of insecticides;

• longer residual control after application of the composition.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combination/composition that shows enhanced action against undesired insect pests and mites, in comparison to the control rates that are possible with the individual compounds and/or suitable for improving the health of plants when applied to plants, parts of plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of their growth.

In yet another embodiment, the combination or the composition of the present invention is particularly important for controlling a multitude of undesired phytopathogenic microorganisms, insect pests and mites, on various cultivated plants or plant parts, such as cereals, e.g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, e.g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e.g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries; leguminous plants, such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants, such as rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts or soybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, cucumber or melons; fiber plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or mandarins; vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or paprika; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar cane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; turf; sweet leaf (also called Stevia); natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees or evergreens, e.g. conifers; and on the plant propagation material, such as seeds, and the crop material of these plants. In one embodiment, the rate of application amount varies depending on, for example, the blending ratio of an active ingredient, a metrological condition, a dosage form, an application time, an application method, an application place, a pest to be controlled, and a target crop, in ordinary cases.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal combination or composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion to control the insect pests and mites on economically important crops such as cabbage, okra, cotton, chili, mango, cumin, onion, rice, soybean, pigeon pea, tea and gram.

In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal combination or composition comprising tolfenpyrad and ethion to control the insect pests and mites on economically important crops such as cotton and chili.

In an embodiment, the method of combating pests (insects, acarids or nematodes) depending on the type of compound and the desired effect, the application rates of the active ingredients in the mixture according to the invention are preferably from 500 to 2500 g/l/ha, more preferably from 500 to 1500 g/l/ha, most preferably from 750 to 1250 g/l/ha.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for improving crop health (phyto-tonic effect), comprising treating a plant with an effective amount of composition of tolfenpyrad and ethion.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples describe possible preferred embodiments for illustrative purposes only, but they do not limit the scope of the invention. These laboratory scale experiments can be scaled up to industrial/ commercial scale.

Examples 1-2: Oil Dispersion (OD)

Examples 3-4: Suspo-emulsion (SE)

Examples 5: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)

Examples 6-9: Emulsions in Water (EW)

Biological Examples:

Experiments were carried out to study synergies if any in terms of insect control with combinations (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) of the present invention. Efficacy assessments were done for control of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura in chili and Thrips, Jassid and Mite in cotton. The whole plant assay was conducted in the greenhouse, in which the desired quantity of the compounds (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) as given in the Table 1 were prepared. 25 to 30 days old chili plants were used for the treatments. Prepared compounds (Table 1) were sprayed in the booth of Generation III research sprayer (to obtain uniformity in spray) with a delivery rate of about 500 L/ hectare of spray solution through flat fan nozzle at a pressure of 25-30 psi. 50 mL of each compound was prepared to spray in the chamber of Generation III research sprayer and the area of spray was set to 1 m ² with a spray speed of 1 KMH. After the treatment, the plants were allowed to dry and then moved to the laboratory. The treated plants were covered with a mylar sheet for restricting the larval movement. Single starved 3 ^rd instar larva of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura was released on to the plants individually and mylar was covered at the top with a muslin cloth for better air ventilation. The observation on dead, moribund and alive larvae was recorded at 72 hours after the treatment. Percent mortality was calculated by combining dead and moribund larvae and comparing the result to the one of the untreated controls. Similarly, reared cotton Thrips, Jassid and Mite were released on cotton plants (20 cm high) after spraying of compound. Insect mortality was observed at 72 hr after exposure to treated plants and the mortality data of were converted to percentage-mortality.

Table 1: Treatment details

Synergies were worked out using S. R. Colby equation.

100

In which E represents the expected percentage of inhibition of the disease for the combination of two pesticides at defined doses (for example equal to x and y respectively), x is the percentage of inhibition observed for the disease by the compound (1) at a given dose (equal to x), y is the percentage of inhibition observed for the disease by the compound (2) at a defined dose (equal to y). When the percentage of inhibition observed for the combination is greater than E, there is a synergistic effect.

Results:

It is clearly evident that there is an unexpected and surprising result i.e. the synergistic effect of the pesticidal composition as the percentage insect’s mortality is significant compared to the independent use of insecticides i.e. Tolfenpyrad + Ethion (Table 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Table 2: Effect of insecticides mixture (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) against Helicoverpa armigera

Difference between observed and expected values are shown by a plus (+) sign to indicate synergism Table 3: Effect of insecticides mixture (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) against Spodoptera litura

Differences between observed and expected values are shown by a plus (+) sign to indicate synergism

Table 4: Effect of insecticides mixture (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) against Thrips

Differences between observed and expected values are shown by a plus (+) sign to indicate synergism Table 5: Effect of insecticides mixture (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) against Jassid

Difference between observed and expected values are shown by a plus (+) sign to indicate synergism

Table 6: Effect of insecticides mixture (Tolfenpyrad + Ethion) against Mite Differences between observed and expected values are shown by a plus (+) sign to indicate synergism

From the aforesaid, it is observed that all the chemical treatments with the combination of the present invention were able to effectively reduce the Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Thrips, Jassid and Mite population and were significantly superior to use of tolfenpyrad and ethion alone. The combinations were better in reducing the infestation of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Thrips, Jassid and Mite as compared to their stand alone treatments. In fact, no significant control of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Thrips, Jassid and Mite are observed with using tolfenpyrad and ethion alone. The combination displayed promising bio-efficacy results in comparison to stand alone treatments. Further, it is found that the present combinations are more effective in killing Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Thrips, Jassid and Mite over using tolfenpyrad and ethion alone. It is clearly observed that a combination of tolfenpyrad and ethion results in a synergistic insecticidal activity.

Thus, from the foregoing description, it will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the description. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the foregoing description is limited to the description set forth above, but rather that such description be construed as encompassing such features that reside in the present invention, including all the features and embodiments that would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in the relevant art.