COMPOSITIONS OF SUBSTITUTED PYRAZOLOPYRIMIDINES AND USES

THEREOF

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present disclosure relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines. More particularly, this disclosure relates to bioavailable amorphous solid dispersions of substituted pyrazolopyrimidines. This disclosure also relates to processes for preparing these amorphous solid dispersions, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such dispersions, and to methods of use thereof.

Background of the Invention

[0002] Substituted pyrazolopyrimidines, such as 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-

5-yl)-l-(4-(l-isopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-imidazol-2 -yl) benzyl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4- d] pyrimidine of Formula (II) and 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-l-(4-(5- methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl) benzyl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine of Formula (III) are inhibitors of ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 1 (USP1). U S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 62/946,263 discloses compounds of Formula II and Formula III and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0003] It has now been determined that these compounds have limited solubility in aqueous environments at physiological pH and less than optimal bioavailability. Therefore, a need exists for bioavailable formulations of substituted pyrazolopyrimidines compounds which exhibit improved solubility and bioavailability, have a desirable pharmaceutical profile, and are amenable to manufacturing conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0004] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides an amorphous solid dispersion, comprising: a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R is Ci-3 alkyl; and

Xi and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C; and a polymer; wherein said compound is in a solid substantially amorphous form and is dispersed in the polymer.

[0005] In one aspect, the compound is 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-l-(4-

(l-isopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl) benzyl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine of Formula II: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.

[0006] In another aspect, the compound is 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-l-

(4-(5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl) benzyl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine of Formula (III): (HI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.

[0007] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of making the amorphous solid dispersions.

[0008] Another aspect of the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising the amorphous solid dispersions disclosed herein. [0009] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to methods of treating cancer by administering one of said solid amorphous dispersion, pharmaceutical composition or dosage form to a patient in need thereof.

[0010] The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) overlay of six amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) of compound of Formula II.

[0012] FIGs. 2(a) shows PLM image of ASD of compound of Formula II dispersed in

Eudragit LI 00-55 with 20% drug loading; 2(b) shows PLM image of ASD of compound of Formula II dispersed in Eudragit L100-55 with 33% drug loading; 2(c) shows PLM image of ASD of compound of Formula II dispersed in Eudragit LI 00-55 with 50% drug loading; 2(d) shows PLM image of ASD of compound of Formula II dispersed in HPMCAS-HG with 20% drug loading.

[0013] FIG. 3 shows an XRPD overlay of ASDs of Formula II after 12 days at 40°C/75%

RH chamber.

[0014] FIG. 4 shows an XRPD overlay of the two ASDs of Formula II after suspension in vehicle for 24 hours.

[0015] FIG. 5 shows a modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) trace of ASD of Formula II with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMC-AS.

[0016] FIG. 6 shows an XRPD pattern of ASD of Formula II with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMC-AS.

[0017] FIG. 7 shows a PLM image of ASD sample of Formula II with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMC-AS.

[0018] FIG. 8 shows Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/mDSC curves of ASD sample of Formula II with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMCAS-HG.

[0019] FIG. 9 shows a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) trace of sample of Formula II with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMCAS-HG.

[0020] FIG 10 shows XRPD overlay of six ASDs of Formula III.

[0021] FIG. 11 shows PLM images of ASD of Formula III. [0022] FIGs. 11 (a) shows PLM image of ASD of Formula III dispersed in Eudragit

L100-55 with 20% drug loading; 11(b) shows PLM image of ASD of Formula III dispersed in Eudragit L100-55 with 33% drug loading; 11(c) shows PLM image of ASD of Formula III dispersed in Eudragit LI 00-55 with 50% drug loading; 11(d) shows PLM image of ASD of Formula III dispersed in HPMCAS-HG with 20% drug loading.

[0023] FIG. 12 shows XRPD overlay of six ASDs of Formula III after 12 days in

40°C/75% RH.

[0024] FIG. 13 shows XRPD overlay of ASDs of Formula III after suspension in vehicle for 24 hours.

[0025] FIG. 14 shows mDSC of ASD of Formula III with 33% drug loading dispersed in

HPMC-AS.

[0026] FIG. 15 shows XRPD overlay of ASDs of Formula III with 33% drug loading dispersed in HPMC-AS).

[0027] FIG. 16 shows PLM image of ASD of Formula III with (33% drug loading dispersed in HPMC-AS).

[0028] FIG. 17 shows TGA/mDSC curves of ASD sample of Formula III (a) 6021274-17

(33% drug loading with HPMC-AS).

[0029] FIG. 18 shows HPLC trace of ASD sample of Formula III (a) 6021274-17 (33% drug loading with HPMC-AS).

[0030] FIG. 19 shows XRPD pattern of (a) compound of Formula II used as starting material in the preparation of ASD and (b) compound of Formula III used as starting material in the preparation of nanosuspensions.

[0031] FIG. 20 shows TGA and DSC overlays for (a) compound of Formula II used as starting material in the preparation of ASD and (b) compound of Formula III used as starting material in the preparation of nanosuspensions.

[0032] FIG. 21 shows XRPD overlays of nanosuspensions for (a) Formula II and (b)

Formula III.

[0033] FIG. 22 (a) shows lyophilized powder reconstitution study and stability test for

Formula II and (b) lyophilized powder after reconstitution in water.

[0034] FIG 23 (a) shows lyophilized powder reconstitution study and stability test for

Formula III and (b) lyophilized powder after reconstitution in water. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] Pyrazolopyrimidine compounds of Formulae I, II and III are poorly soluble in water at physiological pHs (from pH 1.5-8.0). Studies of these compounds indicate that these compounds are BCS class II compounds (low solubility /high permeability). Consequently, these compounds have low bioavailability. Poor bioavailability is also often accompanied by highly variable patient blood levels and unpredictable dose/therapeutic effects due to erratic absorption of the drug by the patient. Accordingly, a need exists for compositions and methods to increase the solubility of these compounds.

[0036] A reduction in particle size improves the dissolution rate significantly, which provides better absorption potential and potentially leads to improved therapeutics. Wet milling and nanotechnology to prepare nanosuspensions is one approach that can be applied to enhance solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Nanosuspensions are submicron colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants and have been evaluated in Examples 8, 9 and 10 herein. Although nanosuspensions, as described herein, enhance dissolution rate of drug, there are practical limitations as the desired bioavailability enhancement may not always be achieved simply by particle size reduction.

[0037] In recent years, solid dispersions have attracted attention in the field of oral preparations, especially as one mechanism for formulating poorly soluble compounds. However, to use this technology effectively, identification of an appropriate carrier that is compatible with the drug is necessary. The solid dispersions prepared from different methods may differ in properties, such as porosity, surface area, density, stability, hygroscopicity, dissolution and consequently, bioavailability.

[0038] Amorphous solid dispersions are high energy formulations that may present additional challenges since they are, by nature, thermodynamically unstable. Consequently, their successful development depends in good measure on the understanding of the specific interactions responsible for their stabilization (Serajuddin, A. T. M. J. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 1058-1066; Janssens, S. and Van den Mooter, G. J. Pharm. Phamacol. 2009, 61, 1571-1586).

[0039] Amorphous solid dispersions described herein show a significant enhancement in oral bioavailability and/or an improvement in dose linearity at higher doses. [0040] In one aspect, the present invention provides an amorphous solid dispersion, comprising a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is C1-3 alkyl; and Xi and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of N and C, wherein said compound is in a substantially amorphous form and is dispersed in a polymer.

[0041] In another aspect, the compound is 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-l-

(4-(l-isopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-imidazol-2-yl)benz yl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine of Formula II: (P), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.

[0042] In another aspect, the compound is 6-(4-cyclopropyl-6-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-l-

(4-(5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)benzyl)- lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine of Formula (III): (HI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.

[0043] In an aspect, the starting material of the solid dispersions can be crystalline forms, amorphous form, salts, or solvates thereof of a compound of Formula II.

[0044] In an aspect, the starting material of the solid dispersions is a crystalline form of a compound of Formula II. [0045] In another aspect, the starting material of the solid dispersions can be crystalline forms, amorphous form, salts, or solvates thereof of a compound of Formula III.

[0046] In an aspect, the starting material of the solid dispersions is a crystalline form of a compound of Formula III.

[0047] The polymer used in amorphous dispersion is found to play a role in stabilizing amorphous solid dispersions. In an aspect, suitable polymers include those that reduce or prevent the conversion of amorphous compounds of this invention to a crystalline form.

[0048] In an aspect, suitable polymers include ionic cellulosic polymers which include, without limitation, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and its sodium or calcium salts; carboxyethyl cellulose (CEC); carboxymethyl ethylcellulose (CMEC); hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose acetate phthalate; hydroxyethyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate; hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate phthalate (HPCAP); hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPCAS); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate (HPMCAP); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate trimellitate (HPMCAT); hydroxypropyl cellulose butyrate phthalate; carboxymethyl ethylcellulose and its sodium salt; cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP); methylcellulose acetate phthalate; cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT); cellulose acetate terephthalate; cellulose acetate isophthalate; cellulose propionate phthalate; cellulose propionate trimellitate; cellulose butyrate trimellitate; and mixtures thereof.

[0049] In an aspect, suitable polymers include nonionic cellulosic polymers which include, without limitation, methylcellulose (MC); ethyl cellulose (EC); hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC); hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate; hydroxyethyl methylcellulose; hydroxyethyl cellulose acetate; hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose; and mixtures thereof.

[0050] In an aspect, suitable polymers include methacrylic acid copolymers and aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, which are available, for example, under the trade names EUDRAGIT® L, S, NE, RL, RS, and E. Other exemplary polymers include carboxylic acid functionalized polymethacrylates and amine-functionalized polymethacrylates; poly(vinyl acetal) diethylaminoacetate; polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); and polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl acetate (PVA/PVAc) copolymers; and mixtures thereof. [0051] In another aspect, suitable polymers include homopolymers of N-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), including, for example, water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVPs or povidones), such as KOLLIDON® 12 PF, 17 PF, 25, 30, and 90 F; water-soluble copolymers of PVP and vinylacetate (VA), such as KOLLIDON® VA64; and water- insoluble cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones (crospovidone), such as KOLLIDON® CL, CL-M, and SR, which are available from BASF; and mixtures thereof.

[0052] In another aspect, suitable polymers include polymeric ethers and esters of polyhydric alcohols, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) homopolymers and copolymers (PEG/PPG); polyethylene/polyvinyl alcohol (PE/PVA) copolymers; dextrin; pullulan; acacia; tragacanth; sodium alginate; propylene glycol alginate; agar powder; gelatin; starch; processed starch; glucomannan; chitosan; and mixtures thereof. Other exemplary polymeric ethers include polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers (poloxamers) such as those available from BASF under the trade names LUTROL® F 68, F 127, and F 127-M; and mixtures thereof.

[0053] In a particular aspect, the polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS).

[0054] In a particular aspect, the polymer is poly (methacylic acid)-co-methyl methacrylate (EUDRAGIT L-100® or EUDRAGIT L100-55®)).

[0055] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersion comprises a compound of Formula II dispersed in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate.

[0056] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersion comprises a compound of Formula II dispersed in poly (methacylic acid)-co-methyl methacrylate.

[0057] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersion comprises a compound of Formula

III dispersed in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate.

[0058] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersion comprises a compound of Formula

III dispersed in poly (methacylic acid)-co-methyl methacrylate

[0059] In an aspect, the polymer generally comprises about 40% to about 95% of the resulting solid dispersion, often of the solid dispersion, and more typically, about 50% to about 70% of the solid dispersion, based on weight.

[0060] The drug loading in solid amorphous dispersions has been found to be important.

Above a certain drug loading, there is a high probability in re-crystallization of amorphous solid dispersion during shelf life and this diminishes the benefit of the improved solubility and bioavailability.

[0061] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersions comprise from about 1% to about

50% w/w of compound of Formula II.

[0062] In further aspects, the amorphous solid dispersions comprise about 20% w/w or about 33% w/w or about 50% w/w of compound of Formula II.

[0063] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersions comprise about 1% to about 50% w/w of compound of Formula III.

[0064] In further aspects, the amorphous solid dispersions comprise about 20% w/w or about 33% w/w or about 50% w/w of compound of Formula III.

[0065] In a further aspect, pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid dispersions of compounds of Formula II as disclosed by present invention comprise less than about 20% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 15% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 10% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 8% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 5% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 2% crystalline compound of Formula II, less than about 1% crystalline compound of Formula II, or less than about 0.5% crystalline compound of Formula II. In an aspect, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are substantially free of crystalline compound of Formula II as determined by XRPD.

[0066] In a further aspect, pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid dispersions of compounds of Formula III as disclosed by present invention comprise less than about 20% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 15% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 10% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 8% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 5% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 2% crystalline compound of Formula III, less than about 1% crystalline compound of Formula III, or less than about 0.5% crystalline compound of Formula III. In an aspect, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are substantially free of crystalline compound of Formula III as determined by XRPD.

[0067] The term “solid dispersion” means a system in a solid state comprising at least two components, wherein one component is dispersed throughout the other component.

[0068] The term “amorphous” refers to a state in which the material lacks long-range order at the molecular level and, depending upon temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Typically, such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns.

[0069] The term "crystalline” refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks.

[0070] The term “substantially amorphous” as used herein is intended to mean that greater than 50%; or greater than 55%; or greater than 60%; or greater than 65%; or greater than 70%; or greater than 75%; or greater than 80%; or greater than 85%; or greater than 90%; or greater than 95%, or greater than 99% of the compound present in a composition is in amorphous form.

[0071] The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, in the region of, roughly, or around. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 20%.

[0072] The terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to therapeutic, prophylactic, palliative or preventative measures. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. "Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder, as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.

[0073] The term “therapeutically effective amount.” as used herein, refers to an amount of the drug Substance present in the amorphous dispersion or pharmaceutical composition being administered that is sufficient to prevent development of or alleviate to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease being treated. Likewise, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition refers to an amount of such composition that is Sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disease being treated.

[0074] In an aspect, solid dispersions of the present invention can be prepared by melt- extrusion, spray-drying, lyophilization, and solution-evaporation. [0075] Melt-extrusion is the process of embedding a compound in a thermoplastic carrier.

The mixture is processed at elevated temperatures and pressures, which disperses the compound in the matrix at a molecular level to form a solid solution. Extruded material can be further processed into a variety of dosage forms, including capsules, tablets and transmucosal systems.

[0076] For spray dried solid dispersions, the solid dispersion can be made by a) mixing the compound and polymer in a solvent to provide a feeder Solution; and b) spray drying the feeder solution to provide the solid dispersion.

[0077] For the lyophilization technique, the compound and carrier can be co-dissolved in a common solvent, frozen and sublimed to obtain a lyophilized molecular dispersion.

[0078] For the solution-evaporation method, the solid dispersion can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitable liquid solvent and then incorporating the solution directly into the melt of a polymer, which is then evaporated until a clear, solvent free film is left, the film is further dried to constant weight.

[0079] In a particular aspect, solid dispersions of the present invention are prepared by spray drying.

[0080] Solvents suitable for spray-drying can be any organic compound with relatively low toxicity in which the drug and polymer are mutually soluble.

[0081] In an aspect, suitable solvents include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n- propanol, iso-propanol, butanol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl iso-butyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate and propylacetate; and various other solvents such as acetonitrile, methylene chloride, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dimethyl acetamide, dimethylsulfoxide and mixtures thereof.

[0082] In a further aspect, mixtures of solvents, such as 50% methanol and 50% acetone, can also be used, as can mixtures with water, so long as the polymer and drug are sufficiently soluble to make the spray-drying process practicable.

[0083] In an aspect, the amorphous solid dispersions as disclosed herein were subjected to accelerated stability studies by exposing the formulations to stress conditions 25°C, 30%RH; 25°C, 75%RH; 40°C, 75%RH. The samples were analyzed for the presence of crystallinity, at different time points (5 days and 12 days).

[0084] In an aspect, the solid dispersions of compound of Formula II as described herein, exhibit stability against recrystallization when exposed to humidity and temperature over time. In a further aspect, solid dispersions of compound of Formula II dispersed in HPMC-AS exhibited superior stability when exposed to humidity and temperature over time.

[0085] In a further aspect, the solid dispersions of compound of Formula III as described herein, exhibit stability against recrystallization when exposed to humidity and temperature over time. In a further aspect, solid dispersions of compound of Formula III dispersed in HPMC-AS exhibited superior stability when exposed to humidity and temperature over time. In an aspect, physical stability of the dispersions was determined using DSC and XRPD.

[0086] The amorphous solid dispersion of the present invention may be used in a wide variety of dosage forms for administration by a wide variety of routes, including, but not limited to, oral, nasal, rectal, vaginal, transdermal, buccal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and pulmonary.

[0087] In certain aspects, the amorphous solid dispersion as disclosed herein is formulated as an oral dosage form. Exemplary oral dosage forms include powders or granules that can be taken orally either dry or reconstituted by addition of water to form a paste, slurry, suspension or solution, tablets, capsules, or pills. Various additives can be mixed, ground or granulated with the solid dispersion as described herein to form a material suitable for the above dosage forms. Potentially beneficial additives may fall generally into the following classes: other matrix materials or diluents, Surface active agents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, and pH modifiers (e.g., acids, bases, or buffers). Examples of other matrix materials, fillers, or diluents include lactose, mannitol, xylitol, micro crystalline cellulose, calcium diphosphate, and starch. Examples of surface active agents include sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80.

[0088] In an aspect, the oral dosage form of the present invention is a suspension.

[0089] In an aspect, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein can be used to inhibit the activity of a USP1 protein. For example, in some aspects, a method of inhibiting a USP1 protein comprises contacting the USP1 protein with a pharmaceutical formulations as disclosed herein. The contacting can occur in vitro or in vivo.

[0090] In an aspect, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein can be used to treat a "USP1 protein mediated disorder." A USP1 protein mediated disorder is any pathological condition in which a USP1 protein is known to play a role. In some aspects, a USP1 protein mediated disorder is a proliferative disease such as cancer.

[0091] Various methods of treating diseases and disorders with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines are provided herein.

Exemplary diseases and disorders that may be treated with the pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines include, but are not limited to, cancer.

[0092] In some aspects, methods of treating cancer with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines are provided. Such methods comprise administering to a subject with cancer a therapeutically effective amount of pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein.

[0093] In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is selected from a hematological cancer, a lymphatic cancer, and a DNA damage repair pathway deficient cancer. In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with a pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is a cancer that comprises cancer cells with a mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is a cancer that comprises cancer cells with a loss of function mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is a cancer that comprises cancer cells with a mutation in a gene encoding BRCA1. In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is a cancer that comprises cancer cells with a mutation in a gene encoding BRCA2. In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is a cancer that comprises cancer cells with a loss of function mutation in a gene encoding ATM.

[0094] In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is selected from non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is ovarian cancer or breast cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is ovarian cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is breast cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is a triple negative breast cancer.

[0095] In some aspects, the cancer to be treated with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is selected from the group consisting of bone cancer, including osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma; brain cancer, including glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma; soft tissue cancer, including rhabdoid and sarcoma; kidney cancer; bladder cancer; skin cancer, including melanoma; and lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer; colon cancer, uterine cancer; nervous system cancer; head and neck cancer; pancreatic cancer; and cervical cancer.

[0096] Various methods of treating cancer with pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines are provided herein. In some aspects, a therapeutically effective amount of pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein is administered to a subject with cancer, wherein the cancer comprises cancer cells with elevated levels of RAD18. In some aspects, the elevated levels of RAD18 are elevated RAD18 protein levels. In some aspects, the elevated levels of RAD 18 are elevated RAD 18 mRNA levels. In some aspects, elevated levels of RAD18 (e.g., RAD18 protein and/or RAD18 mRNA) have been detected (e.g., in a cancer sample obtained from the subject) prior to the administration. That is, in some aspects, a subject's cancer has been tested for RAD 18 protein or mRNA prior to beginning treatment with a USP1 inhibitor.

[0097] In some aspects, such methods comprise (a) identifying a cancer in a subject as a

USP1 inhibitor-sensitive cancer and then (b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein to the subject.

[0098] In some aspects, such methods comprise (a) detecting levels of RAD18 (e.g.,

RAD 18 protein and/or RAD 18 mRNA) in cancer cells (e.g., in a cancer sample obtained from the subject) and then (b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein to a subject having a cancer comprising cells with elevated levels of RAD18.

[0099] In some aspects, such methods comprise administering to a subject with triple negative breast cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein.

[0100] In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a homologous-recombination deficient cancer. In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer comprises cancer cells with a mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer comprises cancer cells with a loss of function mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer that does not have a defect in the homologous recombination pathway.

[0101] In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a BRCA1 mutant cancer. In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a BRCA2 mutant cancer. In some aspects pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a BRCA1 mutant cancer and a BRCA2 mutant cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is not a BRCA1 mutant cancer or a BRCA2 mutant cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is a BRCA1 deficient cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is a BRCA2 deficient cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is a BRCA1 deficient cancer and a BRCA2 mutant cancer.

[0102] In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is an ATM mutant cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is not an ATM mutant cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is an ATM deficient cancer.

[0103] In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a PARP inhibitor resistant or refractory cancer. In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used to treat a cancer, wherein the cancer is a PARP inhibitor resistant or refractory BRCA1- deficient cancer.

[0104] In an aspect, the cancer is a BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutant cancer, wherein the cancer comprises cells with elevated levels of RAD18, e.g., wherein the elevated levels of RAD 18 are at least as high as the RAD 18 protein and/or mRNA levels in ES2 cells or wherein the elevated levels of RAD 18 are higher than the RAD 18 protein and/or mRNA levels in HEP3B217 cells. In some aspects, a triple negative breast cancer is a BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutant cancer.

[0105] In some instances, the cancer is a solid cancer. In some instances, the cancer is a hematological/lymphatic cancer. In some instances, the cancer is a DNA damage repair pathway deficient cancer. In some instances, the cancer is a homologous-recombination deficient cancer. In some instances, the cancer comprises cancer cells with a mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some instances, the cancer comprises cancer cells with a loss of function mutation in a gene encoding p53. In some instances, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer (including triple negative breast cancer). In some instances, the cancer is ovarian cancer or breast cancer (including triple negative breast cancer). In some instances, the cancer is ovarian cancer. In some instances, the cancer is breast cancer (including triple negative breast cancer.)

[0106] In some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents to treat cancer. It has been reported that p53 status determines PARP inhibitor sensitization (Sa et al. Genome Biology, (2019) 20:253) and that BRCAl/2 status predicts the efficacy of PARP inhibitors in the clinic (Audeh et al. Lancet (2010) 376 (9737), 245-51). As shown below, p53 mutant cancers and BRCA mutant cancers have increased sensitivity to USP1 inhibitors. Accordingly, in some aspects, pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as disclosed herein is used in combination with a PARP inhibitor to treat cancer.

[0107] In some aspects, provided herein are pharmaceutical formulations comprising substituted pyrazolopyrimidines for use as a medicament or for use in preparing a medicament, e.g., for the treatment of cancer. Examples Example 1:

General Methods of ASD Instrumental Measurements

X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD)

[0108] XRPD was performed with a Panalytical X’Pert ³ Powder XRPD on a Si zero- background holder. The 20 position was calibrated against a Panalytical Si reference standard disc. The parameters used are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

XRPD parameters

Parameters Reflection Mode

Cu, ka

Kal (A): 1.540598,

X-Ray wavelength

Ka2 (A): 1.544426, Ka2/Kal intensity ratio: 0.50

X-Ray tube setting 45 kV, 40 mA Divergence slit Fixed 1/8° Scan mode Continuous Scan range

3-40 (° 20)

Scan step time [s] 18.87 Step size 0.0131 (° 20)

Test Time 4 min 15 s

Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

[0109] PLM pictures were captured on Nikon DS-Fi2 upright microscope at room temperature.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

[0110] TGA data was collected using a TA Discovery 550 TGA from TA Instruments.

DSC was performed using a TA Q2000 DSC from TA Instruments. DSC was calibrated with Indium reference standard and the TGA was calibrated using nickel reference standard. Detailed parameters used are listed in Table 2. Table 2

TGA and DSC Parameters

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

[0111] An Agilent 1100 HPLC was utilized, with detailed chromatographic conditions listed in Table 3.

Table 3

Chromatographic conditions and parameters Example 2:

Formulation Development for the Compound of Formula II

(I) Preparation of ASDs of formula II

[0112] ASDs of 20%, 33%, and 50% API in excipients (HPMCAS-HG, Eudragit L100-

55) were prepared by spray drying. About 0.4-0.8 g API material and corresponding excipient were weighed into a glass vial followed by addition of about 80 mL acetone/water (4:6, v/v) to dissolve the solids (acetone used first, then added water). The inlet temperature for spray drying was set as 150 °C and the outlet temperature was measured around 70 °C. The ASDs were characterized by XRPD (FIG. 1) and PLM. The results are summarized in Table 4. PLM images displayed in FIG. 2a to FIG. 2d show that all ASD samples were fine particles without birefringence.

Table 4

Characterization summary of ASD samples of Formula II

(II) Evaluation of ASDs of formula II under stressed conditions

[0113] The stability of the six ASDs were evaluated under stressed conditions

(25°C/30%RH, 25°C/75%RH, 40°C/ 75% RH) over 5 and 12 days (Table 5 and Table 6, respectively). HPMCAS-HG ASDs exhibited better stability over 5 days, as no crystalline material was observed. Eudragit ASDs showed two incidents of the appearance of crystalline material. However, when the ASDs were exposed to stressed conditions over 12 days, the samples did not exhibit crystallinity. This is evidenced by the XRPD pattern overlay of the six ASDs under stressed conditions at 40°C/ 75% RH over 12 days as shown in FIG. 8. Table 5

Summary of ASDs samples of Formula II at under stressed conditions over five days

Table 6

Summary of ASDs samples of Formula II at under stressed conditions over 12 days

Investigation of target ASDs in vehicle

[0114] To establish a target ASD prototype, 50% drug loading Eudragit and 33%

HPMCAS ASDs were suspended in a vehicle using 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC El 5) and 0.1% Tween 80. The stability and characterization results are summarized in Table 7. The solubility of using 33% HPMCAS-HG polymer was boosted at 2 hours. Also, ASD in HPMCAS exhibited better stability However, both ASDs gave crystalline material after 24 hours of suspension in the vehicle, shown in FIG 4. Actual drug loading and Tg was measured for the 33% drug loading HPMCAS ASD, which contained 31.3% drug and a Tg of 85.6 °C, as shown in FIG. 5. Table 7

Summary of vehicle suspension test of ASDs of Formula II

Example 3 :

Scale-up and characterization of ASD of Formula II with HPMCAS-HG

[0115] One batch of ASD (2.9963 g API, compound of Formula II, and 6.0004 g

HPKCAS-HG) was prepared by spray drying (33% API loading) in -100 mL acetone/water (4:6, v/v) as solvent. The batch was dried under vacuum at RT and then characterized by XRPD, TGA, mDSC, PLM and HPLC. 6.217g ASD was obtained (69.1% yield). Results are summarized in Table 8.

[0116] The XRPD results (FIG. 6) showed the ASD batch was amorphous. Fine particles were observed without birefringence was observed in PLM, as shown in FIG 7. No weight loss up to 199 °C and a Tg at 86.5 °C (middle temperature) were observed by TGA/mDSC, as shown in FIG. 8. HPLC trace of the ASD shown in FIG. 9 yielded an actual drug loading of 31.2%. Table 8

Characterization results of scaled-up ASD sample (API + HPMCAS-HG)

*: Middle temperature.

Example 4:

Formulation Development for Formula III

(I) Preparation of ASDs

[0117] ASDs of 20%, 33%, and 50% API in excipients (HPMCAS-HG, Eudragit L100-

55) were prepared by spray drying. About 0.4-0.8 g API material and corresponding excipient were weighed into a glass vial followed by addition of about 80 mL acetone/water (4:6, v/v) to dissolve the solids (acetone used first, then added water). The inlet temperature for spray drying was set as 150 °C and the outlet temperature was measured around 70 °C. The ASDs were characterized by XRPD, FIG 10 .The results are summarized in Table 9. PLM images are displayed in FIG 11 a through FIG. l id show all the ASD samples were made of fine particles without birefringence.

Table 9

Characterization summary of ASD samples of Formula III

(II) Evaluation of ASDs of Formula III under stressed conditions

[0118] The stability of the six ASDs were evaluated in three stations (25 °C/30%RH, 25

°C/75%RH, 40°C/75% RH) over 5 days and 12 days (Table 10 and Table 11, respectively). The XRPD pattern overlay of the six ASDs under stressed conditions at 40°C/75% RH over 12 days are shown in FIG. 23. ASDs prepared with both polymers exhibited good physical stability, as no apparent crystalline materials were observed via XRPD.

Table 10

Summary of ASDs of Formula III under stressed conditions over 5 days

Table 11

Summary of ASDs of Formula III under stressed conditions over 12 days

Investigation of target ASDs of Formula III in vehicle

[0119] To establish a target ASD prototype, 33% drug loading Eudragit and 33%

HPMCAS ASDs were suspended in a vehicle using 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC El 5) and 0.1% Tween 80. The stability and characterization result are summarized in Table 12. The solubility of using 33% HPMCAS-HG polymer was boosted at 2 hours Both ASDs gave crystalline material after 24 hour suspension in the vehicle, shown in. FIG. 13. Actual drug loading and Tg was measured for the 33% drug loading HPMCAS ASD, which contained 31.4% drug and a Tg of 75.1 °C, as shown in FIG. 14.

Table 12

Summary of vehicle suspension test of ASDs of Formula III

Example 5:

Scale-up and characterization of ASD of Formula III dispersed in HPMCAS-HG

[0120] One batch of ASD (3.012 g API, compound of Formula III, and 6.016 g

HPMCAS-HG) was prepared by spray drying (33% API loading) in -150 mL acetone/water (4:6, v/v) as solvent. The batch was dried under vacuum at RT and then characterized by XRPD, TGA, mDSC, PLM and HPLC. 4.18 lg ASD was obtained (46.4% yield). Results are summarized in Table 13. The XRPD results in FIG. 15 showed that the ASD is amorphous. Fine particles were observed without birefringence was observed in PLM, as shown in FIG.16. No weight loss up to 200 °C and a Tg at 77.1 °C (middle temperature) were observed by TGA/mDSC, as shown in FIG.17. HPLC trace of the ASD shown in FIG. 18 yielded an actual drug loading of 31.4% (area = 890.3, time = 8.10 min). Table 13

Characterization results of scaled-up ASD sample of Formula III dispersed in HPMCAS-HG)

*: Middle temperature.

Example 6:

General Methods of Nanosuspension Instrumental Measurements

[0121] XRPD patterns were measured on a Bruker PDS-PF-XRD-01 X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu-koc radiation. The tube voltage and amperage were set to 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively. A two-theta (20°) scanning rate of lOYmin with a scan scope ranging from 3° to 40° was used. TGA and DSC data were collected using a TA Q2000 using a 10°C/min heating range (temperature range from RT to 300°C) in an N2 atmosphere. Roller mixing was carried out using a Stoneware 755 RMV. ANicomp 380/ZLS was used for zeta potential and particle size measurements.

Example 7 :

Physical Characterization of Starting Materials

[0122] The raw material of Formula II and Formula III were characterized by XRPD,

TGA, and DSC. The XRPD results indicated that the starting material was crystalline, as shown in FIG. 19a and 19b. TGA and DSC results for Formula II showed that the starting material exhibited a weight loss of 1.1571% in total up to 200°C and an endothermic peak at 161.33°C, as shown in FIG.20a. TGA and DSC results for Formula III showed that the starting material exhibited a weight loss of 0.6824% in total up to 200°C and an endothermic peak at 145.365°C, as shown in FIG. 20b.

Example 8:

Preparation of Nanosuspensions

[0123] Nanosuspensions were prepared with four different vehicles (0.5% HPMC

E5/0.5%Tween® 80, 0.5% HPMC E5/0.5% PVP K30/0.2% SLS, 0.5% HPMC E5/0.5% PVP K30/0.5% Tween® 80, and. 1% Poloxamer 188/0.5% Tween® 80). Briefly, 50 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was weighed into a 30 mL bottle and 0.5 mL of 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E5/0.5% Tween® 80 was added. Then 0.25 mL or 0.5 mL of 0.8mm zirconium beads were added. The bottle was put onto roller mixer for continuous milling (up to 3 days). The obtained nanosuspensions for Formula II and Formula III were characterized by particle size distribution (PSD), appearance, pH, purity and physical form as noted in Table 14 and Table 15. XRPD results are shown in FIG. FIG 20a and FIG 20b.

Table 14

Characterization of Formula II nanosuspensions

Table 15

Characterization of Formula III nanosuspensions Example 9:

Nanosuspension stability evaluation

[0124] Stability measurements for the nanosuspensions were evaluated at 3 days and 7 days under two different conditions (room temperature and 4°C). Stability results for Formula II nanosuspensions are shown in Table 16. Stability results for Formula III nanosuspensions are shown in Table 17.

Table 16

Stability of Formula II nanosuspensions

Table 17

Stability of Formula III nanosuspensions

Example 10:

Lyophilization feasibility study of Nanosuspensions

Lyophilization

[0125] For both Formula II and Formula III, two batches of a nanosuspension (API and

1% Poloxamer 188/0.5% Tween® 80) were prepared. Batch 1 was API and % Poloxamer 188/0.5% Tween® 80; Batch 2 was API, 1% Poloxamer 188/0.5% Tween® 80, and mannitol in a 1:1 mass ratio as a bulking agent. Batch 1 and 2 were lyophilized. The lyophilized powder was then reconstituted in water and evaluated by XRPD, PSD, and HPLC. Results for Formula II and Formula III are shown in Table 18. XRPD results are shown in FIG.22a , FIG. 22bFIG.23a, and FIG.23b.

Table 18.

Lyophilized powder reconstitution study and stability test

Stability of Lyophilized Powders

[0126] Lyophilized powder for Formula II was evaluated for stability under two conditions for up to two weeks, results summarized in Table 19. After 1 week, lyophilized powders were found to be physically and chemically stable after reconstitution into water. After 2 weeks, particle size under two conditions increased after reconstitution into water. Table 19

Stability of lyophilized powder after 1 week under RT and 4°C