COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING UBA5

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/454,667, filed February 3, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO A "SEQUENCE LISTING," A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER

PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII FILE

[0002] The Sequence Listing written in file 052103-502001WO Sequence

Listing_ST25.txt, created February 1, 2018 97,319 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

[0003] This invention was made with Government support under grant number CA172667 awarded by The National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

[0004] In the United States, it is estimated that over 53,000 people will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and over 40,000 patients will die from pancreatic cancer with a dismal overall 5-year survival rate of 7.7 %. Unfortunately, current treatment strategies are insufficient for current pancreatic cancer therapy and better strategies are needed to discover both novel anti-cancer agents and targets for combatting pancreatic cancer. However, a major bottleneck in this effort has been that many novel protein targets that control cancer considered difficult to target with small-molecules. Disclosed herein, inter alia, are solutions to these and other problems in the art.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0005] Herein are provided, inter alia, compounds capable of modulating the level of activity of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 and methods of using the same. [0006] In an aspect is provided a compound having the formula:

-OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^{l c} , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^{1 C} , - R ^1A 0R ^1C , -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. L ¹ and an adjacent R ¹ substituent may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol zl is an integer from 0 to 5. L ¹ is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, - R ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-,

- R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ene. R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , - CH2X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ 3, -OCH2X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^4A , -C(0)-OR ^4A , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. L ² is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-, -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-,

-NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , -OCH2X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^5A , -C(0)-OR ^5A , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol E is an electrophilic moiety. Each R ^1A , R , R , R , R , R , R , and R is independently

hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbols are each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. The symbols nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4. The symbols ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

[0007] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0008] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0009] In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer, the method including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor.

[0010] In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound described herein.

[0011] In an aspect is provided a method of treating a disease associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor.

[0012] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including contacting the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 with a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor. [0013] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including contacting the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 with a compound described herein.

[0014] In an aspect is provided a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein covalently bonded to a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor through the reacted residue of an electrophilic moiety.

[0015] In an aspect is provided a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein covalently bonded to a compound described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] FIGS. 1A-1D. Coupling Reactive Fragment Screening with isoTOP-ABPP to Identify Covalent Ligands, Targets, and Druggable Hotspots for Pancreatic Cancer (FIG. 1 A), by coupling screening of cysteine-reactive fragment libraries with chemoproteomics. Shown schematically in FIGS. 1 A-1D is isoTOP-ABPP for target identification of lead cysteine-reactive fragments that impair triple-negative breast cancer cell viability. A library of cysteine-reactive fragments was screened in pancreatic cancer cells to identify leads that impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity and used isoTOP-ABPP platforms to identify the targets and site of labeling of these leads (FIG. IB). The compounds tested, from left to right in FIG. IB, are DKM 2-72, TRH 1-23, DKM 2-67, DKM 3-30, DKM 2-79, DKM 3-22, DKM 2-85, TRH 1-17, DKM 2-90, DKM 2-94, DKM 2-71, DKM 2-76, DKM 3-8, TRH, 1- 65, DKM 2-52, DKM 3-29, DKM 2-119, DKM 3-10, DKM 2-101, DKM 2-93, DKM 2-80, DKM 2-95, DKM 2-40, DKM 2-91, TRH 1-55, TRH 1-12, DKM 2-83, DKM 2-107, DKM

2- 114, DKM 2-59, DKM 3-5, DKM 2-84, TRH 1-56, DKM 2-86, DKM 3-13, DKM 3-43, DKM 3-16, TRH 1-32, DKM 2-95, TRH 1-54, DKM 2-113, DKM 3-41, DKM 2-87, DKM

3- 7, DKM 3-12, DKM 3-42, DKM 2-47, DKM 3-31, DKM 3-32, TRH 1-115, DKM 3-4, DKM 2-97, DKM 2-111, DKM 2-108, TRH 1-13, DKM 2-106, TRH 1-19, DKM 2-106,

TRH 1-19, DKM 2-50, DKM 3-3, DKM 2-60, DKM 2-110, DKM 2-103, DKM 2-102, DKM 2-43, DKM 2-67, DKM 2-37, DKM 2-32, DKM 2-33, DKM 3-15, DKM 2-117, TRH 1-20, DKM 2-120, DKM 3-11, DKM 2-42, DKM 2-48, DKM 2-116, DKM 3-9, DKM 2-31, DKM 2-100, DKM 2-34, DKM 3-36, DKM 2-109, DKM 2-49, DKM 2-58, and DKM 2-39 respectively. A library of cysteine-reactive acrylamides and chloroacetamides were screened in PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells (50 μΜ) to identify any compounds that impaired PaCa2 48 h serum -free cell survival. Cell survival was assessed using Hoescht staining, (FIG. 1C). The compounds tested, from left to right in FIG. 1C are TRH 1-12, DKM 2-76, DKM 2-101, DKM 2-72, DKM 3-30, DKM 2-40, DKM 2-71, DKM 2-85, TRH 1-65, DKM 2-91, DKM 2- 94, DKM 2-52, DKM 2-98, TRH 1-56, DKM 2-79, TRH 1-23, DKM 3-10, DKM 2-90, DKM 2-119, TRH 1-17, DKM 3-7, DKM 3-22, DKM 2-80, DKM 2-107, DKM 2-93, DKM 2-83, and DKM 2-67. Leads from this screen were counterscreened in HPDE cells to identify agents that did not significantly impair serum-free cell survival in these cells. (FIG. ID) Shown are lead molecules that impaired PaCa2 cell survival, but showed the least degree of viability impairments in HPDE cells. Data in (FIGS. IB, 1C) are presented as mean ± sem, n=3/group. Raw data for screen can be found in Table 1. [0017] FIGS. 2A-2F. DKM 2-93 Targets the Catalytic Cysteine of UBA5, (FIG. 2A).

Dose-response of DKM 2-93 in PaCa2 and Panel pancreatic cancer cells in a 48 h serum-free survival assay, (FIG. 2B). PaCa2 tumor xenograft growth in immune-deficient SCID mice. Mice were subcutaneously injected with PaCa2 cells to initiate the tumor xenograft study and treatments of mice were initiated with vehicle or DKM 2-93 (50 mg/kg ip, once per day) three days after injection of cancer cells (FIG. 2C). IsoTOP-ABPP analysis of DKM 2-93 in PaCa2 cells. PaCa2 proteomes were pre-treated with DMSO or DKM 2-93 (50 μΜ) prior to labeling proteomes with IAyne and appending a biotin-azide handle bearing a TEV protease recognition site and an isotopically light (for DMSO-treated) and heavy (for DKM 2-93- treated) tag. DMSO and DKM 2-93-treated proteomes were then mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio and subsequently avi din-enriched, tryptically digested, and then probe-modified tryptic peptides were released by TEV protease and analyzed using quantitative proteomic approaches.

Peptide ratios shown are average ratios for those probe-modified peptides that were identified in at least 2 out of 3 biological replicates. A light to heavy ratio of 1 indicates that the probe- labeled cysteine-bearing peptide was not bound by DKM 2-93, whereas a ratio >3 indicates bound sites, (FIG. 2D). Gel -based ABPP validation of UBA5 as a target of DKM 2-93.

DMSO or DKM 2-93 was preincubated with pure human UBA5 (30 min) prior to labeling with IAyne (10 μΜ, 30 min), followed by rhodamine-azide conjugation by CuAAC,

SDS/PAGE, and readout of gel fluorescence. Shown is a representative gel from n=3. (FIG. 2E) UBA5 activity assay. UBA5 was pre-incubated with DMSO or DKM 2-93, then UFM1 and ATP were added to initiate the reaction. DTT is used as a negative control to release the UBA5-UFM1 thioester linkage. Shown is a representative gel from n=3. (FIG. 2F) IsoTOP- ABPP analysis of cysteine-reactivity in pooled primary human pancreatic ductal

adenocarcinoma tumors. Ten primary human pancreatic tumor lysates were pooled together and labeled with 100 or 10 μΜ of IAyne followed by subsequent isoTOP-ABPP analysis. Shown are ratios of heavy (100 μΜ) to light (10 μΜ) peptides. Data in (Figures 2 A, 2B) are presented as mean ± sem, n=5-8/group. Significance is expressed as *p<0.05 compared to vehicle-treated or siControl or shControl cells. Raw data for (FIGS. 2C, 2F) can be found in Table 2.

[0018] FIGS. 3 A-3C. UBA5 Knockdown Impairs Pancreatic Cancer Pathogenicity. (FIG. 3 A) UBA5 expression in Paca2 cells. UBA5 was transiently knocked down with siRNA and stably knocked down with shRNA and expression was determined by qPCR. (FIG. 3B) Serum-free cell survival (48 h) from transient siRNA or stable shRNA knockdown of UBA5 in PaCa2 cells. (FIG. 3C) Tumor xenograft growth of shControl and shUBA5 Paca2 cells in immune-deficient SCID mice. Data are presented as mean ± sem, n=3-6/group. Significance is expressed as *p<0.05 compared to sicontrol or shControl cells.

[0019] FIG. 4. Body weight of mice after tumor xenograft study. PaCa2 tumor xenograft growth in immune-deficient SCID mice. Mice were subcutaneously injected with PaCa2 cells to initiate the tumor xenograft study and treatments of mice were initiated with vehicle or

DKM 2-93 (50 mg/kg ip, once per day) three days after injection of cancer cells. Body weight was measured at the end of the tumor xenograft study. Data are represented as mean ± sem, n=8 mice/group.

[0020] FIG. 5. DKM 2-93 selectively alkylates C250 on protein UBA5. C250 is the active site catalytic cysteine of UBA5, and projects outward toward into a small hole formed by the junctions of Ufml with UBA5. Surrounding C250 are amino acids Asn-210, Glu-209, Leu- 254, Ser-253, and Ala-251. DKM 2-93 may be participating in hydrogen bonding with the protein backbone or these amino acids. Along with hydrogen bonding, these amino acids may impart steric limits which DKM 2-93 is able to overcome, thus providing specificity of this compound. We hypothesize that by binding to C250, DKM 2-93 blocks the active site cysteine thus preventing thioester bond formation between C250 on UBA5 and the adenylated C-terminal glycine of UFMl .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

[0021] The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts. [0022] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -CH2O- is equivalent to -

[0023] The term "alkyl," by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include mono-, di- and multivalent radicals. The alkyl may include a designated number of carbons (e.g., C1-C10 means one to ten carbons). Alkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n- hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(l,4- pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (-0-). An alkyl moiety may be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be fully saturated. An alkenyl may include more than one double bond and/or one or more triple bonds in addition to the one or more double bonds. An alkynyl may include more than one triple bond and/or one or more double bonds in addition to the one or more triple bonds.

[0024] The term "alkylene," by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, - CH2CH2CH2CH2-. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred herein. A "lower alkyl" or "lower alkylene" is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term "alkenylene," by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene. [0025] The term "heteroalkyl," by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, P, Si, or S), and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) (e.g., O, N, P, S, B, As, or Si) may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Heteroalkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples include, but are not limited to: -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -NH-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )- CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -S-CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ , -S(0)-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -S(0) ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH=CH-0-CH ₃ , - Si(CH ₃ ) ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH=N-OCH ₃ , -CH=CH-N(CH ₃ )-CH ₃ , -0-CH ₃ , -0-CH ₂ -CH ₃ , and -CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH ₂ -NH-OCH ₃ and - CH ₂ -0-Si(CH ₃ ) ₃ . A heteroalkyl moiety may include one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include two optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include three optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include four optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include five optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include up to 8 optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P).

[0026] Similarly, the term "heteroalkylene," by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -S-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and -CH ₂ -S-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - H-CH ₂ -. For

heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula - C(0) ₂ R'- represents both -C(0) ₂ R'- and -R'C(0) ₂ -. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as -C(0)R', -C(0) R', - R'R", -OR, -SR, and/or -S0 ₂ R. Where

"heteroalkyl" is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as - NR'R" or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR'R" are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term "heteroalkyl" should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R" or the like. [0027] The terms "cycloalkyl" and "heterocycloalkyl," by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of "alkyl" and "heteroalkyl," respectively. Cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are not aromatic. Additionally, for

heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1- (1,2,5, 6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3- morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl,

tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A "cycloalkyl en e" and a "heterocycloalkylene," alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, respectively.

[0028] The terms "halo" or "halogen," by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as "haloalkyl" are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term "halo(Ci-C4)alkyl" includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

[0029] The term "acyl" means, unless otherwise stated, -C(0)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0030] The term "aryl" means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term "heteroaryl" refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term "heteroaryl" includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazoyl benzimidazolyl, benzofuran, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2- naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1 -pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3 -pyrrolyl, 3 -pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4- imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3- thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1 -isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3- quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An "arylene" and a "heteroarylene," alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. A heteroaryl group substituent may be -O- bonded to a ring heteroatom nitrogen.

[0031] Spirocyclic rings are two or more rings wherein adjacent rings are attached through a single atom. The individual rings within spirocyclic rings may be identical or different. Individual rings in spirocyclic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted and may have different substituents from other individual rings within a set of spirocyclic rings. Possible substituents for individual rings within spirocyclic rings are the possible substituents for the same ring when not part of spirocyclic rings (e.g. substituents for cycloalkyl or

heterocycloalkyl rings). Spirocylic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene and individual rings within a spirocyclic ring group may be any of the immediately previous list, including having all rings of one type (e.g. all rings being substituted heterocycloalkylene wherein each ring may be the same or different substituted heterocycloalkylene). When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, heterocyclic spirocyclic rings means a spirocyclic rings wherein at least one ring is a heterocyclic ring and wherein each ring may be a different ring. When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, substituted spirocyclic rings means that at least one ring is substituted and each substituent may optionally be different.

[0032] The symbol -" denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula.

[0033] The term "oxo," as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.

[0034] The term "alkylarylene" as an arylene moiety covalently bonded to an alkylene moiety (also referred to herein as an alkylene linker). In embodiments, the alkylarylene group has the formula:

[0035] An alkylarylene moiety may be substituted (e.g. with a substituent group) on the alkylene moiety or the arylene linker (e.g. at carbons 2, 3, 4, or 6) with halogen, oxo, -N ₃ , - CF ₃ , -CC1 ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CI ₃ , -CN, -CHO, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₂ CH ₃ - S0 ₃ H, , -OS0 ₃ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC(0) HNH ₂ , substituted or

unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl). In embodiments, the alkylarylene is unsubstituted.

[0036] Each of the above terms (e.g., "alkyl," "heteroalkyl," "cycloalkyl,"

"heterocycloalkyl," "aryl," and "heteroaryl") includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.

[0037] Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, -OR', =0, = R', =N-OR', - R'R", -SR, -halogen, - SiRR'R", -OC(0)R, -C(0)R, -C0 ₂ R, -CO R'R", -OC(0) R'R", - R"C(0)R, -NR- C(0) R"R", - R"C(0) ₂ R, - R-C( R'R"R")= R"", - R-C( R'R")= R"', -S(0)R, - S(0) ₂ R, -S(0) ₂ R'R", - RSO2R', -NR R"R", -O R'R", - R'C(0) R" R"'R"", -CN, - N0 ₂ , -NRS0 ₂ R", -NRC(0)R", -NRC(0)-OR", -NROR", in a number ranging from zero to (2m'+l), where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R, R, R", R", and R"" each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R, R", R", and R"" group when more than one of these groups is present. When R and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7- membered ring. For example, - R'R" includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4- morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term "alkyl" is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., -CF ₃ and -CH ₂ CF ₃ ) and acyl (e.g., - C(0)CH ₃ , -C(0)CF ₃ , -C(0)CH ₂ OCH ₃ , and the like). [0038] Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: -OR, -NR'R", -SR, - halogen, -SiRR'R", -OC(0)R, -C(0)R, -C0 ₂ R, -CONR'R", -OC(0)NR'R", -NR"C(0)R, - NR'-C(0)NR"R", -NR"C(0) ₂ R, -NR-C(NR'R"R")=NR"", -NR-C(NR'R")=NR"', -S(0)R, - S(0) ₂ R, -S(0) ₂ NR'R", -NRS0 ₂ R, -NRNR"R", -ONR'R", -NR'C(0)NR"NR"'R"", -CN, - N0 ₂ , -R, -N ₃ , -CH(Ph) ₂ , fluoro(Ci-C ₄ )alkoxy, and fluoro(Ci-C ₄ )alkyl, -NR'S0 ₂ R", -

NR'C(0)R", -NR'C(0)-OR", -NR'OR", in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R, R", R", and R"" are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R, R", R", and R"" groups when more than one of these groups is present.

[0039] Substituents for rings (e.g. cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroaryl ene) may be depicted as

substituents on the ring rather than on a specific atom of a ring (commonly referred to as a floating substituent). In such a case, the substituent may be attached to any of the ring atoms (obeying the rules of chemical valency) and in the case of fused rings or spirocyclic rings, a substituent depicted as associated with one member of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on a single ring), may be a substituent on any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on multiple rings). When a substituent is attached to a ring, but not a specific atom (a floating substituent), and a subscript for the substituent is an integer greater than one, the multiple substituents may be on the same atom, same ring, different atoms, different fused rings, different spirocyclic rings, and each substituent may optionally be different. Where a point of attachment of a ring to the remainder of a molecule is not limited to a single atom (a floating substituent), the attachment point may be any atom of the ring and in the case of a fused ring or spirocyclic ring, any atom of any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings while obeying the rules of chemical valency. Where a ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings contain one or more ring heteroatoms and the ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings are shown with one more floating substituents (including, but not limited to, points of attachment to the remainder of the molecule), the floating substituents may be bonded to the heteroatoms. Where the ring heteroatoms are shown bound to one or more hydrogens (e.g. a ring nitrogen with two bonds to ring atoms and a third bond to a hydrogen) in the structure or formula with the floating substituent, when the heteroatom is bonded to the floating substituent, the substituent will be understood to replace the hydrogen, while obeying the rules of chemical valency.

[0040] Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to non- adjacent members of the base structure.

[0041] Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(0)-(CRR') _q -U-, wherein T and U are

independently - R-, -0-, -CRR'-, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3.

Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH2) _r -B-, wherein A and B are independently -CRR'-, -0-, - R-, -S-, -S(0) -, -S(0) ₂ -, -S(0) ₂ R'-, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula - (CRR')s-X'- (C"R"R"')d-, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X' is - 0-, - R'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) ₂ -, or -S(0) ₂ R'-. The substituents R, R, R", and R" are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0042] As used herein, the terms "heteroatom" or "ring heteroatom" are meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

[0043] A "substituent group," as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties: (A) oxo,

halogen, -CC1 ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ ,-CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S 0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC(0) HNH ₂ , - HC(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H,

- HC(0)H, - HC(0)OH, - HOH, -OCCb, -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ ,-OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OC HI ₂ , -OCHF ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl),

unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and

(B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from:

(i) oxo,

halogen, -CC1 ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ ,-CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S 0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC(0) HNH ₂ ,- HC(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H,

- HC(0)H, - HC(0)OH, -NHOH, -OCCb, -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ ,-OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OC HI ₂ , -OCHF2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and

(ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (a) oxo, halogen, -CCI3, -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ ,-CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC(0) HNH ₂ ,- HC(0) H ₂ ,

- HSO2H, - HC(0)H, - HC(0)OH, - HOH, -OCCb, -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ ,-OCHCl ₂ , -O CHBr ₂ , -OCHI2, -OCHF2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: oxo,

halogen, -CC1 ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -CF ₃ , -CI ₃ ,-CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC (0) HNH ₂ , - HC(0) H ₂ , -NHSO2H,

- HC(0)H, - HC(0)OH, -NHOH, -OCCb, -OCF ₃ , -OCBr ₃ , -OCI ₃ ,-OCHCl ₂ , -OCHBr ₂ , -OCHI2, -OCHF2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0044] A "size-limited substituent" or " size-limited substituent group," as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a "substituent group," wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Cio aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. [0045] A "lower substituent" or " lower substituent group," as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a "substituent group," wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Cio aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl.

[0046] In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted

heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.

[0047] In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ - Cio aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered

heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or

unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Cio arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered

heteroaryl ene.

[0048] In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Cio aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or

unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Cio arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in the Examples section, figures, or tables below.

[0049] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted

heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group is different.

[0050] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroaryl ene) is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group is different.

[0051] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroaryl ene) is substituted with at least one lower substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group is different. [0052] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroaryl ene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group is different. [0053] Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)-or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention do not include those that are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present invention is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.

[0054] As used herein, the term "isomers" refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms.

[0055] The term "tautomer," as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another.

[0056] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this invention may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention.

[0057] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

[0058] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³ C- or ¹⁴ C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. [0059] The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( ³ H), iodine-125 ( ¹²⁵ I), or carbon-14 ( ¹⁴ C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

[0060] It should be noted that throughout the application that alternatives are written in Markush groups, for example, each amino acid position that contains more than one possible amino acid. It is specifically contemplated that each member of the Markush group should be considered separately, thereby comprising another embodiment, and the Markush group is not to be read as a single unit.

[0061] "Analog," or "analogue" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning within Chemistry and Biology and refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another compound (i.e., a so-called "reference" compound) but differs in composition, e.g., in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element, or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group, or the absolute stereochemistry of one or more chiral centers of the reference compound. Accordingly, an analog is a compound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance but not in structure or origin to a reference compound. [0062] The terms "a" or "an," as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase "substituted with a[n]," as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is "substituted with an unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl," the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls.

[0063] Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as "R-substituted." Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different. Where a particular R group is present in the description of a chemical genus (such as Formula (I)), a Roman alphabetic symbol may be used to distinguish each appearance of that particular R group. For example, where multiple R ¹³ substituents are present, each R ¹³ substituent may be distinguished as R ^{13 1} , R ^{13 2} , R ^{13 3} , R ^{13 4} , etc., wherein each of R ¹³ R ^{13 2} , R ^{13 3} , R ^{13 4} , etc. is defined within the scope of the definition of R ¹³ and optionally differently.

[0064] A "covalent cysteine modifier moiety" as used herein refers to a substituent that is capable of reacting with the sulfhydryl functional group of a cysteine amino acid (e.g.

cysteine corresponding to C250 of the human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 of SEQ ID NO:337) to form a covalent bond. Thus, the covalent cysteine modifier moiety is typically electrophilic.

[0065] Description of compounds of the present invention are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds.

[0066] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic,

monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p- tolyl sulfonic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al, "Pharmaceutical Salts", Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.

[0067] Thus, the compounds of the present invention may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present invention includes such salts. Non-limiting examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, proprionates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (-)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like). These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. [0068] The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound may differ from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents.

[0069] In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein may be converted in vivo after administration. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment, such as, for example, when contacted with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

[0070] Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. [0071] "Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" and "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refer to a substance that aids the administration of an active agent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in the compositions of the present invention without causing a significant adverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples of

pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normal saline solutions, lactated Ringer's, normal sucrose, normal glucose, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, and the like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are useful in the present invention. [0072] The term "preparation" is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. [0073] A "Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein inhibitor" and "UBA5 inhibitor" is a substance (e.g., oligonucleotide, protein, composition, or compound) that negatively affects (e.g. decreases) the activity or function of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 relative to the activity or function of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 in the absence of the inhibitor (e.g., wherein the UBA5 inhibitor binds ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5). A "ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor compound" or "UBA5 inhibitor compound" refers to a compound (e.g. a compound described herein, including embodiments) that reduces the activity of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 when compared to a control (e.g., the absence of the compound or a compound with known inactivity). [0074] The terms "polypeptide," "peptide" and "protein" are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, wherein the polymer may optionally be conjugated to a moiety that does not consist of amino acids. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymer.

[0075] A polypeptide, or a cell is "recombinant" when it is artificial or engineered, or derived from or contains an artificial or engineered protein or nucleic acid (e.g. non-natural or not wild type). For example, a polynucleotide that is inserted into a vector or any other heterologous location, e.g., in a genome of a recombinant organism, such that it is not associated with nucleotide sequences that normally flank the polynucleotide as it is found in nature is a recombinant polynucleotide. A protein expressed in vitro or in vivo from a recombinant polynucleotide is an example of a recombinant polypeptide. Likewise, a polynucleotide sequence that does not appear in nature, for example a variant of a naturally occurring gene, is recombinant.

[0076] An amino acid residue in a protein "corresponds" to a given residue when it occupies the same essential structural and/or spatial position within the protein as the given residue in a reference sequence. For example, a selected residue in a selected protein corresponds to Cys250 when the selected residue occupies the same essential structural and/or spatial position as Cys250 in SEQ ID NO:337. In some embodiments, where a selected protein is aligned for maximum homology with the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein, the position in the aligned selected protein aligning with Cys250 is said to correspond to Cys250. Instead of a primary sequence alignment, a three dimensional structural alignment can also be used, e.g., where the three dimensional structure of the selected protein is aligned for maximum correspondence with the human reticulon 4 protein (reference sequence) and the overall structures compared. In this case, the amino acid that occupies the same essential structural position as Cys250 in the structural model relative to the reference sequence is said to correspond to the Cys250 residue.

[0077] "Contacting" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g. chemical compounds including biomolecules or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated; however, the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents that can be produced in the reaction mixture. [0078] The term "contacting" may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein or enzyme. In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a protein or enzyme that is involved in a signaling pathway. [0079] As defined herein, the term "activation", "activate", "activating", "activator" and the like in reference to a protein-inhibitor interaction means positively affecting (e.g.

increasing) the activity or function of the protein relative to the activity or function of the protein in the absence of the activator. In embodiments activation means positively affecting (e.g. increasing) the concentration or levels of the protein relative to the concentration or level of the protein in the absence of the activator. The terms may reference activation, or activating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein decreased in a disease.

[0080] As defined herein, the term "inhibition", "inhibitor", "inhibit", "inhibiting" and the like in reference to a protein-inhibitor interaction means negatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the activity or function of the protein relative to the activity or function of the protein in the absence of the inhibitor. In embodiments inhibition means negatively affecting (e.g.

decreasing) the concentration or levels of the protein relative to the concentration or level of the protein in the absence of the inhibitor. In embodiments inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms of disease. In embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction in the activity of a particular protein target. Thus, inhibition includes, at least in part, partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein. In embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction of activity of a target protein resulting from a direct interaction (e.g. an inhibitor binds to the target protein). In

embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction of activity of a target protein from an indirect interaction (e.g. an inhibitor binds to a protein that activates the target protein, thereby preventing target protein activation).

[0081] The terms "ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5" and "UBA5" and

"UBE1DC1" refer to a protein (including homologs, isoforms, and functional fragments thereof) with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity. The term includes any recombinant or naturally-occurring form of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 or variants thereof that maintain ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity (e.g. within at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% activity compared to wildtype ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein encoded by the UBA5 gene has the amino acid sequence set forth in or corresponding to Entrez 79876, UniProt Q9GZZ9, UniProt E7EQ61, UniProt E7EWE1, or RefSeq (protein) P 079094. In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 gene has the nucleic acid sequence set forth in RefSeq (mRNA)

M 024818. In embodiments, the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence is the sequence known at the time of filing of the present application. In embodiments, the sequence corresponds to P 079094.1. In embodiments, the sequence corresponds to

M 024818.4. In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 is a human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5, such as a human cancer causing ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, UBA5 has the following sequence:

MAESVERLQQRVQELERELAQERSLQVPRSGDGGGGRVRIEKMSSEWDSNPYSRLMALK RMGIVSDYEKIRTFAVAIVGVGGVGSVTAEMLTRCGIGKLLLFDYDKVELANMNRLFFQP HQAGLSKVQAAEHTLRNINPDVLFEVHNYNITTVENFQHFMDRISNGGLEEGKPVDLVLS CVDNFEARMTINTACNELGQTWMESGVSENAVSGHIQLI I PGESACFACAPPLWAANID EKTLKREGVCAASLPTTMGWAGILVQNVLKFLLNFGTVSFYLGYNAMQDFFPTMSMKPN PQCDDRNCRKQQEEYKKKVAALPKQEVIQEEEEIIHEDNEWGIELVSEVSEEELKNFSGP VPDLPEGITVAYTIPKKQEDSVTELTVEDSGESLEDLMAKMKNM

(SEQ ID NO:337)

[0082] The term "expression" includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. Expression can be detected using conventional techniques for detecting protein (e.g., ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, etc.).

[0083] The terms "disease" or "condition" refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with the compounds or methods provided herein. The disease may be a cancer. In some further instances, "cancer" refers to human cancers and carcinomas, sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, etc., including solid and lymphoid cancers, kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine, testicular, glioma, esophagus, and liver cancer, including hepatocarcinoma, lymphoma, including B-acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (e.g., Burkitt's, Small Cell, and Large Cell lymphomas), Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (including AML, ALL, and CML), or multiple myeloma. [0084] As used herein, the term "cancer" refers to all types of cancer, neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals (e.g. humans), including leukemia, carcinomas and sarcomas. Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include brain cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and cancer of the head. Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include cancer of the thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head & neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus, Medulloblastoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer. Additional examples include, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, or prostate cancer.

[0085] The term "leukemia" refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases of the blood- forming organs and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified on the basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute or chronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid (lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase in the number abnormal cells in the blood- leukemic or aleukemic (subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocyte leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling's leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia.

[0086] As used herein, the term "lymphoma" refers to a group of cancers affecting hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. It begins in lymphocytes, the blood cells that are found primarily in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Two main types of lymphoma are non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Hodgkin's disease represents

approximately 15% of all diagnosed lymphomas. This is a cancer associated with Reed- Sternberg malignant B lymphocytes. Non-Hodgkin' s lymphomas (NHL) can be classified based on the rate at which cancer grows and the type of cells involved. There are aggressive (high grade) and indolent (low grade) types of NHL. Based on the type of cells involved, there are B-cell and T-cell NHLs. Exemplary B-cell lymphomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, but are not limited to, small lymphocytic lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, extranodal (MALT) lymphoma, nodal (monocytoid B-cell) lymphoma, splenic lymphoma, diffuse large cell B-lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma,

immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, or precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Exemplary T- cell lymphomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, but are not limited to, cunateous T-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma.

[0087] The term "sarcoma" generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocyte sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma.

[0088] The term "melanoma" is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Melanomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma. [0089] The term "carcinoma" refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, medullary thyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebnform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniforni carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypemephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma villosum.

[0090] The terms "treating", or "treatment" refers to any indicia of success in the therapy or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of

degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. The term "treating" and conjugations thereof, may include prevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease. In

embodiments, treating is preventing. In embodiments, treating does not include preventing. In embodiments, the treating or treatment is no prophylactic treatment.

[0091] "Patient" or "subject in need thereof refers to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein. Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In some embodiments, a patient is human.

[0092] A "effective amount" is an amount sufficient for a compound to accomplish a stated purpose relative to the absence of the compound (e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduce a signaling pathway, or reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition). An example of an "effective amount" is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a "therapeutically effective amount." A "reduction" of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). A "prophylactically effective amount" of a drug is an amount of a drug that, when administered to a subject, will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The full prophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a prophylactically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. An "activity decreasing amount," as used herein, refers to an amount of antagonist required to decrease the activity of an enzyme relative to the absence of the antagonist. A "function disrupting amount," as used herein, refers to the amount of antagonist required to disrupt the function of an enzyme or protein relative to the absence of the antagonist. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins).

[0093] For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those

concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

[0094] As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.

[0095] Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

[0096] As used herein, the term "administering" means oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal) compatible with the preparation. Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. In

embodiments, the administering does not include administration of any active agent other than the recited active agent.

[0097] "Co-administer" it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies. The compounds of the invention can be administered alone or can be

coadministered to the patient. Coadministration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation). The compositions of the present invention can be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, or formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols.

[0098] A "cell" as used herein, refers to a cell carrying out metabolic or other function sufficient to preserve or replicate its genomic DNA. A cell can be identified by well-known methods in the art including, for example, presence of an intact membrane, staining by a particular dye, ability to produce progeny or, in the case of a gamete, ability to combine with a second gamete to produce a viable offspring. Cells may include prokaryotic and eukaroytic cells. Prokaryotic cells include but are not limited to bacteria. Eukaryotic cells include but are not limited to yeast cells and cells derived from plants and animals, for example mammalian, insect (e.g., spodoptera) and human cells. Cells may be useful when they are naturally nonadherent or have been treated not to adhere to surfaces, for example by trypsinization. [0099] "Control" or "control experiment" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experiment in which the subjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in a parallel experiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, or variable of the experiment. In some instances, the control is used as a standard of comparison in evaluating experimental effects. In some embodiments, a control is the measurement of the activity of a protein in the absence of a compound as described herein (including

embodiments and examples).

[0100] The term "modulator" refers to a composition that increases or decreases the level of a target molecule or the function of a target molecule or the physical state of the target of the molecule relative to the absence of the composition. In some embodiments, a ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5 associated disease modulator is a compound that reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of a disease associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (e.g. cancer). A ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 modulator is a compound that increases or decreases the activity or function or level of activity or level of function of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the modulator is an inhibitor of UBA5. In embodiments, the modulator is an activator of UBA5.

[0101] The term "modulate" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the act of changing or varying one or more properties. "Modulation" refers to the process of changing or varying one or more properties. For example, as applied to the effects of a modulator on a target protein, to modulate means to change by increasing or decreasing a property or function of the target molecule or the amount of the target molecule. In embodiments, modulating is activating. In embodiments, modulating is inhibiting.

[0102] The term "associated" or "associated with" in the context of a substance or substance activity or function associated with a disease (e.g. a protein associated disease, a cancer associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity, ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 associated cancer, ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 associated disease) means that the disease (e.g. cancer) is caused by (in whole or in part), or a symptom of the disease is caused by (in whole or in part) the substance or substance activity or function. For example, a cancer associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity or function may be a cancer that results (entirely or partially) from aberrant ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 function (e.g. enzyme activity, protein-protein interaction, signaling pathway) or a cancer wherein a particular symptom of the disease is caused (entirely or partially) by aberrant ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity or function. As used herein, what is described as being associated with a disease, if a causative agent, could be a target for treatment of the disease. For example, a cancer associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity or function or a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 associated cancer, may be treated with a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 modulator or ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor, in the instance where ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity or function (e.g. signaling pathway activity) causes the cancer.

[0103] The term "aberrant" as used herein refers to different from normal. When used to describe enzymatic activity or protein function, aberrant refers to activity or function that is greater or less than a normal control or the average of normal non-diseased control samples. Aberrant activity may refer to an amount of activity that results in a disease, wherein returning the aberrant activity to a normal or non-disease-associated amount (e.g. by administering a compound or using a method as described herein), results in reduction of the disease or one or more disease symptoms. [0104] The term "signaling pathway" as used herein refers to a series of interactions between cellular and optionally extra-cellular components (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, lipids) that conveys a change in one component to one or more other components, which in turn may convey a change to additional components, which is optionally propagated to other signaling pathway components. For example, binding of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein with a compound as described herein may reduce the interactions between the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein and downstream effectors or signaling pathway components, resulting in changes in cell growth, proliferation, or survival.

[0105] The term "electrophilic chemical moiety" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary chemical meaning and refers to a chemical group (e.g., monovalent chemical group) that is electrophilic. [0106] The term "nucleophilic chemical moiety" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary chemical meaning and refers to a chemical group (e.g., monovalent chemical group) that is nucleophilic.

[0107] "Nucleic acid" refers to nucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides) and polymers thereof in either single-, double- or multiple-stranded form, or complements thereof. The terms "polynucleotide," "oligonucleotide," "oligo" or the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to a linear sequence of nucleotides. The term "nucleotide" refers, in the usual and customary sense, to a single unit of a polynucleotide, i.e., a monomer. Nucleotides can be ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or modified versions thereof. Examples of polynucleotides contemplated herein include single and double stranded DNA, single and double stranded RNA, and hybrid molecules having mixtures of single and double stranded DNA and RNA. Examples of nucleic acid, e.g. polynucleotides contemplated herein include any types of RNA, e.g. mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and guide RNA and any types of DNA, genomic DNA, plasmid DNA, and minicircle DNA, and any fragments thereof. The term "duplex" in the context of polynucleotides refers, in the usual and customary sense, to double strandedness. Nucleic acids can be linear or branched. For example, nucleic acids can be a linear chain of nucleotides or the nucleic acids can be branched, e.g., such that the nucleic acids comprise one or more arms or branches of nucleotides. Optionally, the branched nucleic acids are repetitively branched to form higher ordered structures such as dendrimers and the like.

[0108] Nucleic acids, including e.g., nucleic acids with a phosphothioate backbone, can include one or more reactive moieties. As used herein, the term reactive moiety includes any group capable of reacting with another molecule, e.g., a nucleic acid or polypeptide through covalent, non-covalent or other interactions. By way of example, the nucleic acid can include an amino acid reactive moiety that reacts with an amio acid on a protein or polypeptide through a covalent, non-covalent or other interaction.

[0109] The terms also encompass nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non- naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid, and which are metabolized in a manner similar to the reference nucleotides. Examples of such analogs include, include, without limitation, phosphodiester derivatives including, e.g., phosphoramidate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphorothioate (also known as phosphothioate having double bonded sulfur replacing oxygen in the phosphate), phosphorodithioate, phosphonocarboxylic acids, phosphonocarboxylates, phosphonoacetic acid, phosphonoformic acid, methyl phosphonate, boron phosphonate, or O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages (see Eckstein, OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, Oxford University Press) as well as modifications to the nucleotide bases such as in 5-methyl cytidine or pseudouridine.; and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages. Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones; non-ionic backbones, modified sugars, and non-ribose backbones (e.g. phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligos or locked nucleic acids (LNA) as known in the art), including those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,235,033 and 5,034,506, and Chapters 6 and 7, ASC Symposium Series 580, CARBOHYDRATE MODIFICATIONS IN ANTISENSE RESEARCH, Sanghui & Cook, eds. Nucleic acids containing one or more carbocyclic sugars are also included within one definition of nucleic acids. Modifications of the ribose-phosphate backbone may be done for a variety of reasons, e.g., to increase the stability and half-life of such molecules in physiological environments or as probes on a biochip. Mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs can be made;

alternatively, mixtures of different nucleic acid analogs, and mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs may be made. In embodiments, the internucleotide linkages in DNA are phosphodiester, phosphodiester derivatives, or a combination of both.

[0110] Nucleic acids can include nonspecific sequences. As used herein, the term

"nonspecific sequence" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that contains a series of residues that are not designed to be complementary to or are only partially complementary to any other nucleic acid sequence. By way of example, a nonspecific nucleic acid sequence is a sequence of nucleic acid residues that does not function as an inhibitory nucleic acid when contacted with a cell or organism. [0111] An "antisense nucleic acid" as referred to herein is a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA molecule) that is complementary to at least a portion of a specific target nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) and is capable of reducing transcription of the target nucleic acid (e.g. mRNA from DNA), reducing the translation of the target nucleic acid (e.g. mRNA), altering transcript splicing (e.g. single stranded morpholino oligo), or interfering with the endogenous activity of the target nucleic acid. See, e.g., Weintraub, Scientific American, 262:40 (1990). Typically, synthetic antisense nucleic acids (e.g. oligonucleotides) are generally between 15 and 25 bases in length. Thus, antisense nucleic acids are capable of hybridizing to (e.g. selectively hybridizing to) a target nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337). In embodiments, the antisense nucleic acid hybridizes to the target nucleic acid (e.g. a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) in vitro. In embodiments, the antisense nucleic acid hybridizes to the target nucleic acid (e.g. a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) in a cell. In embodiments, the antisense nucleic acid hybridizes to the target nucleic acid (e.g. a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) in an organism. In embodiments, the antisense nucleic acid hybridizes to the target nucleic acid (e.g. a nucleic acid coding for a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) under physiological conditions. Antisense nucleic acids may comprise naturally occurring nucleotides or modified nucleotides such as, e.g., phosphorothioate,

methylphosphonate, and -anomeric sugar-phosphate, backbonemodified nucleotides.

[0046] In the cell, the antisense nucleic acids hybridize to the corresponding RNA (e.g., a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) forming a double-stranded molecule. The antisense nucleic acids interfere with the endogenous behavior of the RNA (e.g., a nucleic acid coding for one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337) and inhibit its function relative to the absence of the antisense nucleic

acid. Furthermore, the double-stranded molecule may be degraded via the RNAi

pathway. The use of antisense methods to inhibit the in vitro translation of genes is well known in the art (Marcus-Sakura, Anal. Biochem., 172:289, (1988)). Further, antisense molecules which bind directly to the DNA may be used. Antisense nucleic acids may be single or double stranded nucleic acids. Non-limiting examples of antisense nucleic acids include siRNAs (including their derivatives or pre-cursors, such as nucleotide analogs), short hairpin RNAs (shRNA), micro RNAs (miRNA), saRNAs (small activating RNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) or certain of their derivatives or pre-cursors. [0092] The term "complement," as used herein, refers to a nucleotide (e.g., RNA or DNA) or a sequence of nucleotides capable of base pairing with a complementary nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides. As described herein and commonly known in the art the complementary (matching) nucleotide of adenosine is thymidine and the complementary (matching) nucleotide of guanidine is cytosine. Thus, a complement may include a sequence of nucleotides that base pair with corresponding complementary nucleotides of a second nucleic acid sequence. The nucleotides of a complement may partially or completely match the nucleotides of the second nucleic acid sequence. Where the nucleotides of the

complement completely match each nucleotide of the second nucleic acid sequence, the complement forms base pairs with each nucleotide of the second nucleic acid

sequence. Where the nucleotides of the complement partially match the nucleotides of the second nucleic acid sequence only some of the nucleotides of the complement form base pairs with nucleotides of the second nucleic acid sequence. Examples of complementary sequences include coding and a non-coding sequences, wherein the non-coding sequence contains complementary nucleotides to the coding sequence and thus forms the complement of the coding sequence. A further example of complementary sequences are sense and antisense sequences, wherein the sense sequence contains complementary nucleotides to the antisense sequence and thus forms the complement of the antisense sequence. [0112] As described herein the complementarity of sequences may be partial, in which only some of the nucleic acids match according to base pairing, or complete, where all the nucleic acids match according to base pairing. Thus, two sequences that are complementary to each other, may have a specified percentage of nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60% identity, preferably 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%), 98%), 99%), or higher identity over a specified region).

[0113] The term "antibody" refers to a polypeptide encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or functional fragments thereof that specifically binds and recognizes an antigen. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.

[0114] An exemplary immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kDa) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kDa). The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms "variable heavy chain," " VH," or "VH" refer to the variable region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, including an Fv, scFv , dsFv or Fab; while the terms "variable light chain," "VL" or "VL" refer to the variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain, including of an Fv, scFv , dsFv or Fab.

[0115] Examples of antibody functional fragments include, but are not limited to, complete antibody molecules, antibody fragments, such as Fv, single chain Fv (scFv), complementarity determining regions (CDRs), VL (light chain variable region), VH (heavy chain variable region), Fab, F(ab)2' and any combination of those or any other functional portion of an immunoglobulin peptide capable of binding to target antigen (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (Paul ed., 4th ed. 2001). As appreciated by one of skill in the art, various antibody fragments can be obtained by a variety of methods, for example, digestion of an intact antibody with an enzyme, such as pepsin; or de novo synthesis. Antibody fragments are often synthesized de novo either chemically or by using recombinant DNA methodology. Thus, the term antibody, as used herein, includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies, or those synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., single chain Fv) or those identified using phage display libraries (see, e.g., McCafferty et al, (1990) Nature 348:552). The term "antibody" also includes bivalent or bispecific molecules, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies. Bivalent and bispecific molecules are described in, e.g., Kostelny et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 148: 1547, Pack and Pluckthun (1992) Biochemistry 31 : 1579, Hollinger et al.( 1993), PNAS. USA 90:6444, Gruber et al. (1994) J Immunol . 152:5368, Zhu et al. (1997) Protein Sci . 6:781, Hu et al. (1996) Cancer Res. 56:3055, Adams et al. (1993) Cancer Res. 53 :4026, and McCartney, et al.

(1995) Protein Eng. 8:301.

[0116] "Percentage of sequence identity" is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. [0117] The terms "identical" or percent "identity," in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60% identity, preferably 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%), 96%), 97%), 98%, 99%, or higher identity over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region) as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., NCBI web site http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ or the like). Such sequences are then said to be "substantially identical." This definition also refers to, or may be applied to, the compliment of a test sequence. The definition also includes sequences that have deletions and/or additions, as well as those that have substitutions. As described below, the preferred algorithms can account for gaps and the like. Preferably, identity exists over a region that is at least about 25 amino acids or nucleotides in length, or more preferably over a region that is 50-100 amino acids or nucleotides in length.

[0118] The term "irreversible covalent bond" is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning in the art and refers to the resulting association between atoms or molecules of (e.g., electrophilic chemical moiety and nucleophilic moiety) wherein the probability of

dissociation is low. In embodiments, the irreversible covalent bond does not easily dissociate under normal biological conditions. In embodiments, the irreversible covalent bond is formed through a chemical reaction between two species (e.g., electrophilic chemical moiety and nucleophilic moiety).

[0119] "Anti-cancer agent" and "anticancer agent" are used in accordance with their plain ordinary meaning and refers to a composition (e.g. compound, drug, antagonist, inhibitor, modulator) having antineoplastic properties or the ability to inhibit the growth or proliferation of cells. In some embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapeutic. In some embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent identified herein having utility in methods of treating cancer. In some embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent approved by the FDA or similar regulatory agency of a country other than the USA, for treating cancer. Examples of anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, MEK (e.g. MEKl, MEK2, or MEKl and MEK2) inhibitors (e.g. XL518, CI-1040, PD035901, selumetinib/ AZD6244, GSK1120212/ trametinib, GDC-0973, ARRY-162, ARRY-300, AZD8330, PD0325901, U0126, PD98059, TAK-733, PD318088, AS703026, BAY 869766), alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin), triazenes (decarbazine)), anti-metabolites (e.g., 5- azathioprine, leucovorin, capecitabine, fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin), etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc.), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide (VP 16), etoposide phosphate, teniposide, etc.), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, plicamycin, etc.), platinum-based compounds (e.g. cisplatin, oxaloplatin, carboplatin), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine), adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L- asparaginase), inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (e.g. U0126,

PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002, Syk inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antibodies (e.g., rituxan), gossyphol, genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib

(Gleevec.RTM.), geldanamycin, 17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol, LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, PD184352, 20- epi-1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene;

adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine;

amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti- dorsalizing morphogenetic protein- 1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen;

antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin;

azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosponne; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine;

calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine;

carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4;

combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8;

cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone;

didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; efl ornithine; elemene; emitefur;

epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists;

etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin

hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin;

gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor- 1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon;

leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine;

lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysof lline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A;

marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1 -based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N- substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; 06-benzylguanine;

octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; palauamine;

palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine;

pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors;

picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B;

plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor;

protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylerie conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium

Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B 1 ; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A;

sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense

oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen-binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D;

spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; Strom elysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans;

tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors;

tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; zinostatin stimalamer, Adriamycin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin, acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa;

azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan;

cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; cedefingol; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cladribine; crisnatol mesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin hydrochloride;

decitabine; dexormaplatin; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene; droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate; eflornithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin; enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole; esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride; fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate;

fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide; iimofosine; interleukin II

(including recombinant interleukin II, or rlL.sub.2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-nl; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta- la; interferon gamma-lb; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotide acetate; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate;

melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin; mitosper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nocodazoie; nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin; pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan; piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin; puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol; safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium; sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin; streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teniposide; teroxirone; testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin; tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribine phosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin; tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; vapreotide; verteporfin; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine; vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate; vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate; vinzolidine sulfate; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zorubicin hydrochloride, agents that arrest cells in the G2-M phases and/or modulate the formation or stability of microtubules, (e.g. Taxol.TM (i.e.

paclitaxel), Taxotere.TM, compounds comprising the taxane skeleton, Erbulozole (i.e. R-

55104), Dolastatin 10 (i.e. DLS-10 and NSC-376128), Mivobulin isethionate (i.e. as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829, Discodermolide (i.e. as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, i.e. E-7010), Altorhyrtins (e.g. Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (e.g. Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4, Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8, and Spongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (i.e. LU-103793 and NSC- D-669356), Epothilones (e.g. Epothilone A, Epothilone B, Epothilone C (i.e.

desoxyepothilone A or dEpoA), Epothilone D (i.e. KOS-862, dEpoB, and desoxyepothilone B), Epothilone E, Epothilone F, Epothilone B N-oxide, Epothilone A N-oxide, 16-aza- epothilone B, 21-aminoepothilone B (i.e. BMS-310705), 21 -hydroxy epothilone D (i.e.

Desoxyepothilone F and dEpoF), 26-fluoroepothilone, Auristatin PE (i.e. NSC-654663),

Soblidotin (i.e. TZT-1027), LS-4559-P (Pharmacia, i.e. LS-4577), LS-4578 (Pharmacia, i.e. LS-477-P), LS-4477 (Pharmacia), LS-4559 (Pharmacia), RPR-112378 (Aventis), Vincristine sulfate, DZ-3358 (Daiichi), FR-182877 (Fujisawa, i.e. WS-9885B), GS-164 (Takeda), GS- 198 (Takeda), KAR-2 (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), BSF-223651 (BASF, i.e. ILX-651 and LU-223651), SAH-49960 (Lilly/Novartis), SDZ-268970 (Lilly/Novartis), AM-97 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), AM-132 (Armad), AM-138 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), IDN-5005 (Indena), Cryptophycin 52 (i.e. LY-355703), AC-7739 (Ajinomoto, i.e. AVE-8063A and CS- 39.HC1), AC-7700 (Ajinomoto, i.e. AVE-8062, AVE-8062A, CS-39-L-Ser.HCl, and RPR- 258062 A), Vitilevuamide, Tubulysin A, Canadensol, Centaureidin (i.e. NSC- 106969), T- 138067 (Tularik, i.e. T-67, TL-138067 and TI-138067), COBRA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, i.e. DDE-261 and WHI-261), H10 (Kansas State University), H16 (Kansas State University), Oncocidin Al (i.e. BTO-956 and DIME), DDE-313 (Parker Hughes Institute), Fijianolide B, Laulimalide, SPA-2 (Parker Hughes Institute), SPA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, i.e. SPIKET- P), 3-IAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, i.e. MF-569), Narcosine (also known as NSC-5366), Nascapine, D-24851 (Asta Medica), A-105972 (Abbott), Hemiasterlin, 3-BAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, i.e. MF-191), TMPN (Arizona State University), Vanadocene acetyl acetonate, T- 138026 (Tularik), Monsatrol, lnanocine (i.e. NSC-698666), 3-IAABE (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine), A-204197 (Abbott), T-607 (Tuiarik, i.e. T-900607), RPR-115781 (Aventis), Eleutherobins (such as

Desmethyleleutherobin, Desaetyleleutherobin, lsoeleutherobin A, and Z-Eleutherobin), Caribaeoside, Caribaeolin, Halichondrin B, D-64131 (Asta Medica), D-68144 (Asta Medica), Diazonamide A, A-293620 (Abbott), NPI-2350 (Nereus), Taccalonolide A, TUB-245 (Aventis), A-259754 (Abbott), Diozostatin, (-)-Phenylahistin (i.e. NSCL-96F037), D-68838 (Asta Medica), D-68836 (Asta Medica), Myoseverin B, D-43411 (Zentaris, i.e. D-81862), A- 289099 (Abbott), A-318315 (Abbott), HTI-286 (i.e. SPA-110, trifluoroacetate salt) (Wyeth), D-82317 (Zentaris), D-82318 (Zentaris), SC-12983 (NCI), Resverastatin phosphate sodium, BPR-OY-007 (National Health Research Institutes), and SSR-250411 (Sanofi)), steroids (e.g., dexamethasone), finasteride, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) such as goserelin or leuprolide, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide), immunostimulants (e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), levamisole, interleukin-2, alpha- interferon, etc.), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-HLA- DR, and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies), immunotoxins (e.g., anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-calicheamicin conjugate, anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-pseudomonas exotoxin conjugate, etc.), radioimmunotherapy (e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody conjugated to ^m In, ⁹⁰ Y, or ¹³¹ I, etc.), triptolide, homoharringtonine, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, topotecan, itraconazole, vindesine, cerivastatin, vincristine, deoxyadenosine, sertraline, pitavastatin, irinotecan, clofazimine, 5-nonyloxytryptamine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, erlotinib, gefitinib, EGFR inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy or therapeutic (e.g. gefitinib (Iressa™), erlotinib (Tarceva™), cetuximab

(Erbitux™), lapatinib (Tykerb™), panitumumab (Vectibix™), vandetanib (Caprelsa™), afatinib/BIBW2992, CI-1033/canertinib, neratinib/HKI-272, CP-724714, TAK-285, AST- 1306, ARRY334543, ARRY-380, AG-1478, dacomitinib/PF299804, OSI-420/desmethyl erlotinib, AZD8931, AEE788, pelitinib/EKB-569, CUDC-lOl, WZ8040, WZ4002, WZ3146, AG-490, XL647, PD153035, BMS-599626), sorafenib, imatinib, sunitinib, dasatinib, or the like.

[0120] The term "ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (UBA5) activity" as used herein refers to the biological activity of the protein. Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (UBA5) activity may be quantified by measuring the rate of cell division, cell survival, cell migration, liver toxicity, or cell death.

[0121] The term "ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein-ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor complex" as used herein refers to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein bonded (e.g., covalently bonded) to a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., a compound described herein).

II. Compounds

[0122] In an aspect is provided a compound having the formula: ( ^r1 )ZI

(I). R ¹ is independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A OR ^lc , -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; L ¹ and an adjacent R ¹ substituent may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol zl is an integer from 0 to 5. L ¹ is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, - R ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , - CH2X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH2X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^4A , -C(0)-OR ^4A , -C(0) R ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. L ² is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, - R ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-,

-C(0) R ⁵ -, - R ⁵ C(0)-, - R ⁵ C(0) H-, - HC(0) R ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ 2, -CH2X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH2X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^5A , -C(0)-OR ^5A , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol E is an electrophilic moiety. Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^5A , and R ^5B is independently

hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbols are each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. The symbols nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4. The symbols ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2. [0123] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (Ia), wherein R ¹ , zl, L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0124] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (lb), wherein R ¹ , zl, L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0125] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (Π), wherein R ¹ , L ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0126] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (Ila), wherein R ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments

[0127] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (lib), wherein R ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments

[0128] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (He), wherein R ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments

[0129] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (III), wherein L ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX^, -CHX ¹ !, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D ,

-SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-0R ^1C , -C(0) R _R IB _ _OR ID _NR ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0R ^1C , - R ^1A 0R ^1C , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0130] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein R ^{1 J} , R ^{1 2} , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0131] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

wherein R ^{1 J} , R ^{1 2} , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0132] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (Illb), wherein L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0133] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0134] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (IV), wherein L ¹ , L ² , and E are as described herein including embodiments. R , R ^{1 2} , R ¹ ^ R ^{1 5} , and R ^{1 6} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX^, -CHX ¹ !, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D ,

-SOviNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR R , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1L , - R ^1A C(0)OR ^1L , -NR OR , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0135] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (IVa), wherein L ¹ , L ² , R ^{1 5} , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0136] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: (IVb), wherein

L ¹ , L ² , R ^{1 3} , and E are as described herein including embodiments.

[0137] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, - H ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0138] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0139] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents are joined to form an unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl.

[0140] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CX ^X ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - CHX In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ¹ is

independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ¹ is

independently -N(0) _m i. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)-OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ¹ is

independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - R ^1A OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH3, In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - H ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CO H2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -I. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - OCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SCH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -SCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - SC(CH ₃ ) ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -CH(CH ₃ )2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(CH ₃ ) ₃ . In

embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH2CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -N ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)OCH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently - C(0)OCH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)OCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ . In

embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)OCH(CH ₃ )2. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -C(0)OC(CH ₃ ) ₃ . ** [0141] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX ^X ₃ , -CHX ^X ₂ , -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0142] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0143] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In

embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0144] In embodiments, R ^1A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently -CX ^1A ₃ . In embodiments, R ^1A is independently -CHX ^1A ₂ . In embodiments, R ^1A is independently -CH ₂ X ^1A . In embodiments, R ^1A is independently -CN. In

embodiments, R ^1A is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^1A is

independently -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, X ^1A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. [0145] In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0146] In embodiments, R ^1B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -CX ^1B ₃ . In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -CHX ^1B 2. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -0¾Χ ^1Β . In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently -CO H2. In

embodiments, X ^1B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0147] In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is

independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-G5). In embodiments, R is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0148] In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0149] In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B

substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be j oined to form a substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0150] In embodiments, R is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R is independently -CX ^1C ₃ . In embodiments, R ^1C is independently -CHX ^1C 2. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently -0¼Χ ^1<: . In embodiments, R ^1C is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently -CO H2. In

embodiments, X ^1C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0151] In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is

independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-G5). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0152] In embodiments, R ^1D is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently -CX ^1D 3. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently -CHX ^1D 2. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently -CIHhX ¹⁰ . In embodiments, R ^1D is independently -CN. In

embodiments, R ^1D is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^1D is

independently -CO H2. In embodiments, X ^1D is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0153] In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0154] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0155] In embodiments, R ¹ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, - CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹ is independently -OCH3. [0156] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0157] R ²⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²⁰ ₃ , -CHX ²⁰ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²⁰ , -OCX ²⁰ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²⁰ , -OCHX ²⁰ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -CO OH, -CO H ₂ , -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ²¹ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cs, Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²¹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²¹ - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²¹ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²⁰ ₃ , -CHX ²⁰ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²⁰ , -OCX ²⁰ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²⁰ , -OCHX ²⁰ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ²⁰ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In

embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is

independently substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently -CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently - OCH ₃ . In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently -SCH ₃ . In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently - CN. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently R ²¹ -substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ²⁰ is independently -F.

[0158] R ²¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²¹ ₃ , -CHX ²¹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²¹ , -OCX ²¹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²¹ , -OCHX ²¹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5- C ₆ ), R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ²¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²¹ ₃ , -CHX ²¹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²¹ , -OCX ²¹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²¹ , -OCHX ²¹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ²¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ²¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In

embodiments, R ²¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ²¹ is -CN.

[0159] R ²² is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²² ₃ , -CHX ²² ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²² , -OCX ²² ₃ , -OCH2X ²² , -OCHX ²² ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ²² is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ²² is independently unsubstituted methyl. In

embodiments, R ²² is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0160] In embodiments, R ^1A is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1A ₃ , -CHX ^1A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1A , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, R ^20A - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^20A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^20A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^20A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^20A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^20A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ^1A is independently hydrogen, -CX ^1A ₃ , -CHX ^1A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1A , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^1A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0161] In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^20A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^20A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a R ^20A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0162] R ^20A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20A ₃ , -CHX ^20A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20A , -OCX ^20A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20A , -OCHX ^20A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH 2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^21A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^21A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^21A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^21A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^21A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^21A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^20A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20A ₃ , -CHX ^20A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20A , -OCX ^20A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20A , -OCHX ^20A ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^20A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^20A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^20A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0163] R ^21A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21A ₃ , -CHX ^21A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21A , -OCX ^21A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21A , -OCHX ^21A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^22A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^22A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^22A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^22A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^22A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C5-C10, or phenyl), or R ^22A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^21A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21A ₃ , -CHX ^21A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21A , -OCX ^21A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21A , -OCHX ^21A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^21A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^21A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^21A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0164] R ^22A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^22A ₃ , -CHX ^22A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^22A , -OCX ^22A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^22A , -OCHX ^22A ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^22A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^22A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^22A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0165] In embodiments, R ^1B is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1B ₃ , -CHX ^1B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1B , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , R ^20B - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^20B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ^1B is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1B ₃ , -CHX ^1B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1B , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^1B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0166] In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^20B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a R ^20B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0167] R ^20B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20B ₃ , -CHX ^20B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20B , -OCX ^20B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20B , -OCHX ^20B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^21B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^21B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^21B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^21B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^21B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or R ^21B - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^20B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20B ₃ , -CHX ^20B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20B , -OCX ^20B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20B , -OCHX ^20B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^20B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^20B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^20B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0168] R ^21B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21B ₃ , -CHX ^21B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21B , -OCX ^21B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21B , -OCHX ^21B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^22B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^22B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^22B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^22B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^22B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or R ^22B - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^21B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21B ₃ , -CHX ^21B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21B , -OCX ^21B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21B , -OCHX ^21B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^21B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^21B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^21B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0169] R is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^22B ₃ , -CHX ^22B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^22B , -OCX ^22B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^22B , -OCHX ^22B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^22B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^22B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^22B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0170] In embodiments, R ^1C is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1C ₃ , -CHX ^1C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1C , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^20C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ^1C is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1C ₃ , -CHX ^1C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1C , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^1C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1C is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0171] R ^c is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20C ₃ , -CHX ^20C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20C , -OCX ^20C ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20C , -OCHX ^20C ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^2ic -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^2ic -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^2ic -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^21C - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^21C - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^2ic -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^20C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20C ₃ , -CHX ^20C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20C , -OCX ^20C ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20C , -OCHX ^20C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^20C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^20C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^20C is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0172] R ^21C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21C ₃ , -CHX ^21C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21C , -0CX ^21C ₃ , -0CH ₂ X ^21C , -0CHX ^21C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^22C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^22C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^22C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^22C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^22C - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or R ^22C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^21C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21C ₃ , -CHX ^21C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21C , -0CX ^21C ₃ , -0CH ₂ X ^21C , -0CHX ^21C ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^21C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^21C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^21C is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0173] R ^22C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^22C ₃ , -CHX ^22C ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^22C , -OCX ^22C ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^22C , -OCHX ^22C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^22C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^22C is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^22C is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0174] In embodiments, R ^1D is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1D ₃ , -CHX ^1D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1D , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , R ^20D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^20D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^20D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^20D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^20D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). In embodiments, R ^1D is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^1D ₃ , -CHX ^1D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^1D , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^1D is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^1D is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0175] R ^20D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20D ₃ , -CHX ^20D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20D , -OCX ^20D ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20D , -OCHX ^20D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH 2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^21D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^21D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^21D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^21D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^21D - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or R ^21D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^20D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^20D ₃ , -CHX ^20D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^20D , -OCX ^20D ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^20D , -OCHX ^20D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^20D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^20D is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0176] R ^21D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21D ₃ , -CHX ^21D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21D , -OCX ^21D ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21D , -OCHX ^21D ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^22D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^22D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^22D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^22D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^22D - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ^22D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^21D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^21D ₃ , -CHX ^21D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^21D , -OCX ^21D ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^21D , -OCHX ^21D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^21D is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^21D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^21D is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0177] R ^22D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^22D ₃ , -CHX ^22D ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^22D , -OCX ^22D ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^22D , -OCHX ^22D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^22D is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^22D is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^22D is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0178] In embodiments, zl is 0. In embodiments, zl is 1. In embodiments, zl is 2. In embodiments, zl is 3. In embodiments, zl is 4. In embodiments, zl is 5. In embodiments, zl is 0, 1, or 2. [0179] In embodiments, L ¹ is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl ene. In embodiments, L ¹ is a bond. [0180] In embodiments, L ¹ is a bond. In embodiments, L ¹ is -S(0) ₂ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is - R ⁴ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is -0-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -S-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -C(O)- . In embodiments, L ¹ is -C(0) R ⁴ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is - R ⁴ C(0)- . In embodiments, L ¹ is - R ⁴ C(0) H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is - HC(0)NR ⁴ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is -C(0)0-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -OC(O)-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -NH-. In

embodiments, L ¹ is -C(0) H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is - HC(O)- . In embodiments, L ¹ is - HC(0) H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is -OCH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ 0-. In embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ CH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is - HCH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is a bond. In embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ R ⁴ -. [0181] In embodiments, L ¹ is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁴ -, -NR ⁴ C(0)-, -NR ⁴ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci- C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0182] In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted methylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted propylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted isopropylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted tert-butylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently substituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0183] In embodiments, L ¹ is independently

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -N(R ⁴ )-, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)N(R ⁴ )-, -N(R ⁴ )C(0)-, -N(R ⁴ )C(0) H-, - HC( 0)N(R ⁴ )-, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene), or R ³⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -N(R ⁴ )-, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)N(R ⁴ )-, -N(R ⁴ )C(0)-, -N(R ⁴ )C(0) H-, - HC( 0)N(R ⁴ )-, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene), or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted methylene. In

embodiments, L ¹ is independently unsubstituted ethylene. In embodiments, L ¹ is

independently methyl-substituted methylene.

[0184] In embodiments, L ¹ is independently - H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently - CH2- H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently -OCH2CH2 H-. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently -CH2CH2CH2 H-. In embodiments, L is independently embodiments, L ¹ is independently In embodiments, L ¹ is independently

. In embodiments, L ¹ is independently . In embodiments, L ¹ i is

independentl [0185] R is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁵ ₃ , -CHX ³⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁵ , -OCX ³⁵ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁵ , -OCHX ³⁵ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -CO OH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ - C ₆ ), R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³⁵ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁵ ₃ , -CHX ³⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁵ , -OCX ³⁵ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁵ , -OCHX ³⁵ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁵ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ³⁵ is independently unsubstituted phenyl. [0186] R ³⁶ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁶ ₃ , -CHX ³⁶ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁶ , -OCX ³⁶ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁶ , -OCHX ³⁶ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ³⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ - C ₆ ), R ³⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³⁶ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁶ ₃ , -CHX ³⁶ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁶ , -OCX ³⁶ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁶ , -OCHX ³⁶ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁶ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁶ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁶ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0187] R ³⁷ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁷ ₃ , -CHX ³⁷ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁷ , -OCX ³⁷ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁷ , -OCHX ³⁷ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁷ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁷ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁷ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0188] In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^4A , -C(0)OR ^4A , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ - Cio or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0189] In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁴ is

independently -CX ⁴ ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CHX ⁴ ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH ₂ X ⁴ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -C(0)R ^4A . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -C(0)-OR ^4A . In

embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -C(0) R ^4A R ^4B . In embodiments, R ⁴ is

independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CF ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently -CH(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently - C(CH ₃ ) ₃ . [0190] In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁴ is

independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0191] In embodiments, R ^4A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently -CX ^4A ₃ . In embodiments, R ^4A is independently -CHX ^4A ₂ . In embodiments, R ^4A is independently -CH ₂ X ^4A . In embodiments, R ^4A is independently -CN. In

embodiments, R ^4A is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^4A is

independently -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, X ^4A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0192] In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4A is

independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4A is

independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0193] In embodiments, R ^4B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -CX ^4B ₃ . In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -CHX ^4B 2. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -0¾Χ ^4Β . In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently -CO H2. In

embodiments, X ^4B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0194] In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is

independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-G5). In embodiments, R is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4B is

independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0195] In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0196] In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0197] In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently

hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , R ²⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cs, Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ²⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ²⁹ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ²⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently

hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ⁴ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ⁴ is

independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁴ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0198] R ²⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²⁹ ₃ , -CHX ²⁹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²⁹ , -OCX ²⁹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²⁹ , -OCHX ²⁹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CO OH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ²⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ²⁹ ₃ , -CHX ²⁹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ²⁹ , -OCX ²⁹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ²⁹ , -OCHX ²⁹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ²⁹ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ²⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ²⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0199] R ³⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁰ ₃ , -CHX ³⁰ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁰ , -OCX ³⁰ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁰ , -OCHX ³⁰ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ³¹ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³¹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³¹ - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C ₅ - C ₆ ), R ³¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³¹ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁰ ₃ , -CHX ³⁰ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁰ , -OCX ³⁰ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁰ , -OCHX ³⁰ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁰ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0200] R ³¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³¹ ₃ , -CHX ³¹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³¹ , -OCX ³¹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³¹ , -OCHX ³¹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³¹ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³¹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³¹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0201] In embodiments, R ^4A is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^4A ₃ , -CHX ^4A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^4A , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A is independently hydrogen, -CX ^4A ₃ , -CHX ^4A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^4A , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^4A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^4A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0202] In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^29A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0203] R ^29A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^29A ₃ , -CHX ^29A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^29A , -OCX ^29A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^29A , -OCHX ^29A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH 2, -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH ₂ , -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^30A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^30A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^30A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^30A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^30A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^30A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^29A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^29A ₃ , -CHX ^29A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^29A , -OCX ^29A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^29A , -OCHX ^29A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH? , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^29A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^29A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^29A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0204] R ^30A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^30A ₃ , -CHX ^30A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^30A , -OCX ^30A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^30A , -OCHX ^30A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^31A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^31A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^31A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^31A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^31A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^31A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^30A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^30A ₃ , -CHX ^30A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^30A , -OCX ^30A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^30A , -OCHX ^30A ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^30A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^30A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^30A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0205] R ^31A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^31A ₃ , -CHX ^31A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^31A , -OCX ^31A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^31A , -OCHX ^31A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^31A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^31A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^31A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0206] In embodiments, R is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^4B ₃ , -CHX ^4B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^4B , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^29B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4B is independently hydrogen, -CX ^4B ₃ , -CHX ^4B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^4B , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^4B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^4B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0207] In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^29B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0208] R ^29B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^29B ₃ , -CHX ^29B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^29B , -OCX ^29B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^29B , -OCHX ^29B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^30B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^30B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^30B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^30B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^30B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^30B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^29B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^29B ₃ , -CHX ^29B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^29B , -OCX ^29B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^29B , -OCHX ^29B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^29B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^29B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^29B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0209] R ^30B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^30B ₃ , -CHX ^30B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^30B , -OCX ^30B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^30B , -OCHX ^30B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ^31B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^31B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^31B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^31B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^31B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^31B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^30B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^30B ₃ , -CHX ^30B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^30B , -OCX ^30B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^30B , -OCHX ^30B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^30B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^30B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^30B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0210] R ^31B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^31B ₃ , -CHX ^31B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^31B , -OCX ^31B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^31B , -OCHX ^31B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^31B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^31B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^31B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0211] In embodiments, L ² is -NR ⁵ - or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ene including a ring nitrogen bonded directly to E. In embodiments, L ² is -NR ⁵ -.

[0212] In embodiments, L ² is a bond. In embodiments, L ² is -S(0) ₂ -. In embodiments, L ² is -NR ⁵ -. In embodiments, L ² is -0-. In embodiments, L ² is -S-. In embodiments, L ² is -C(O)- . In embodiments, L ² is -C(0)NR ⁵ -. In embodiments, L ² is -NR ⁵ C(0)- . In embodiments, L ² is -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-. In embodiments, L ² is -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -. In embodiments, L ² is -C(0)0-. In embodiments, L ² is -OC(O)-. In embodiments, L ² is -NH-. In embodiments, L ² is -C(0) H-. In embodiments, L ² is - HC(O)- . In embodiments, L ² is - HC(0) H-. In embodiments, L ² is -CH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ² is -OCH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ² is -CH ₂ 0-. In embodiments, L ² is - HCH ₂ -. In embodiments, L ² is - CH ₂ H-. [0213] In embodiments, L ² is a

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, - R ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁵ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁵ C(0) H-, - HC(0) R ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci- C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0214] In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted methylene. In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted ethylene. In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted propylene. In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted isopropylene. In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted tert-butylene. In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5- C ₆ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently substituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0215] In embodiments, L ² is independently

bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -N(R ⁵ )-, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)N(R ⁵ )-, -N(R ⁵ )C(0)-, -N(R ⁵ )C(0) H-, - HC( 0)N(R ⁵ )-, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene), or R ³⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -N(R ⁵ )-, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)N(R ⁵ )-, -N(R ⁵ )C(0)-, -N(R ⁵ )C(0) H-, - HC( 0)N(R ⁵ )-, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenylene), or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted methylene. In

embodiments, L ² is independently unsubstituted ethylene. In embodiments, L ² is

independently methyl-substituted methylene.

[0216] R ³⁸ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁸ ₃ , -CHX ³⁸ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁸ , -OCX ³⁸ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁸ , -OCHX ³⁸ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -CO OH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³⁸ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁸ ₃ , -CHX ³⁸ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁸ , -OCX ³⁸ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁸ , -OCHX ³⁸ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁸ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁸ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0217] R ³⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁹ ₃ , -CHX ³⁹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁹ , -OCX ³⁹ ₃ , -OCH2X ³⁹ , -OCHX ³⁹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ⁴⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³⁹ is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ³⁹ ₃ , -CHX ³⁹ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁹ , -OCX ³⁹ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁹ , -OCHX ³⁹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C 1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁹ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁹ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁹ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0218] R ⁴⁰ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁴⁰ ₃ , -CHX ⁴⁰ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴⁰ , -OCX ⁴⁰ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ⁴⁰ , -OCHX ⁴⁰ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ⁴⁰ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ⁴⁰ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁴⁰ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0219] In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted Ci-C ₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen.

[0220] In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5A , -C(0)OR ^5A , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5A , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ - C10 or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0221] In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁵ is

independently -CX ⁵ ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CHX ⁵ 2. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH2X ⁵ . In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -C(0)R ^5A . In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -C(0)-OR ^5A . In

embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -C(0) R ^5A R ^5B . In embodiments, R ⁵ is

independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CO H2. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CF ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently -CH(CH ₃ )2. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently - C(CH ₃ ) ₃ . In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted Ci-C ₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl. [0222] In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁵ is

independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0223] In embodiments, R ^5A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently -CX ^5A 3. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently -CHX ^5A 2. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently -0¾Χ ^5Α . In embodiments, R ^5A is independently -CN. In

embodiments, R ^5A is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^5A is

independently -CO H2. In embodiments, X ^5A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0224] In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5A is

independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5A is

independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0225] In embodiments, R ^5B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -CX ^5B 3. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -CHX ^5B 2. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -CH2X ^5B . In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently -CO H2. In

embodiments, X ^5B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

[0226] In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is

independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5B is

independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0227] In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0228] In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form a substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0229] In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently

hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , R ³² -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³² -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ³² - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³² -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently

hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ⁵ is

independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ⁵ is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0230] R ³² is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³² ₃ , -CHX ³² ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³² , -OCX ³² ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³² , -OCHX ³² ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CO OH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³² is independently oxo, halogen, -CX ³² ₃ , -CHX ³² ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³² , -OCX ³² ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³² , -OCHX ³² ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³² is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³² is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³² is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0231] R ³³ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³³ ₃ , -CHX ³³ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³³ , -OCX ³³ ₃ , -OCH2X ³³ , -OCHX ³³ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ³⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ³³ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³³ ₃ , -CHX ³³ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³³ , -OCX ³³ ₃ , -OCH2X ³³ , -OCHX ³³ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COO H, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³³ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0232] R ³⁴ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ³⁴ ₃ , -CHX ³⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ³⁴ , -OCX ³⁴ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ³⁴ , -OCHX ³⁴ ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COO H, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ³⁴ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ³⁴ is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ³⁴ is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0233] In embodiments, R ^5A is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^5A ₃ , -CHX ^5A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^5A , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A is independently hydrogen, -CX ^5A ₃ , -CHX ^5A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^5A , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^5A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^5A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0234] In embodiments, R and R substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^32A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0235] R ^32A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^32A ₃ , -CHX ^32A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^32A , -OCX ^32A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^32A , -OCHX ^32A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH 2, -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^33A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^33A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^33A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^33A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^33A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^33A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^32A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^32A ₃ , -CHX ^32A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^32A , -OCX ^32A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^32A , -OCHX ^32A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^32A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^32A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^32A is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0236] R ^33A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^33A ₃ , -CHX ^33A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^33A , -OCX ^33A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^33A , -OCHX ^33A ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^34A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C ₁ -C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^34A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^34A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^34A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^34A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^34A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^33A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^33A ₃ , -CHX ^33A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^33A , -OCX ^33A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^33A , -OCHX ^33A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^33A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^33A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^33A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0237] R ^34A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^34A ₃ , -CHX ^34A ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^34A , -OCX ^34A ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^34A , -OCHX ^34A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^34A is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^34A is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^34A is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0238] In embodiments, R ^5B is independently

hydrogen, -CX ^5B ₃ , -CHX ^5B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^5B , -CN, -COOH, -CO H ₂ , R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), R ^32B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5B is independently hydrogen, -CX ^5B ₃ , -CHX ^5B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^5B , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^5B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^5B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0239] In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered) or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R and R substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a R ^32B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0240] R ^32B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^32B ₃ , -CHX ^32B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^32B , -OCX ^32B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^32B , -OCHX ^32B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ ,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH,

R ^33B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), R ^33B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^33B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), R ^33B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^33B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^33B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^32B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^32B ₃ , -CHX ^32B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^32B , -OCX ^32B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^32B , -OCHX ^32B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHS0 ₂ H, -NHC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , Ci-C ₄ , or Ci-C ₂ ), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C ₄ -C ₆ , or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^32B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^32B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^32B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0241] R ^33B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^33B ₃ , -CHX ^33B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^33B , -OCX ^33B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^33B , -OCHX ^33B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ NH ₂ , -NHNH ₂ , -ONH ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, - HOH, R ^34B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ^34B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ^34B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), R ^34B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ^34B - substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or R ^34B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^33B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^33B ₃ , -CHX ^33B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^33B , -OCX ^33B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^33B , -OCHX ^33B ₂ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2,

- HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC= (O)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^33B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^33B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^33B is independently unsubstituted ethyl.

[0242] R ^34B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^34B ₃ , -CHX ^34B ₂ , -CH ₂ X ^34B , -OCX ^34B ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ^34B , -OCHX ^34B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2,

-NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C5, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ^34B is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^34B is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^34B is independently unsubstituted ethyl. [0243] In embodiments, X is -F. In embodiments, X is -CI. In embodiments, X is -Br. In embodiments, X is -I. In embodiments, X ¹ is -F. In embodiments, X ¹ is -CI. In

embodiments, X ¹ is -Br. In embodiments, X ¹ is -I. In embodiments, X ⁴ is -F. In embodiments, X ⁴ is -CI. In embodiments, X ⁴ is -Br. In embodiments, X ⁴ is -I. In embodiments, X ⁵ is -F. In embodiments, X ⁵ is -CI. In embodiments, X ⁵ is -Br. In embodiments, X ⁵ is -I.

[0244] In embodiments, nl is 0. In embodiments, nl is 1. In embodiments, nl is 2. In embodiments, nl is 3. In embodiments, nl is 4. In embodiments, n4 is 0. In embodiments, n4 is 1. In embodiments, n4 is 2. In embodiments, n4 is 3. In embodiments, n4 is 4. In embodiments, n5 is 0. In embodiments, n5 is 1. In embodiments, n5 is 2. In embodiments, n5 is 3. In embodiments, n5 is 4.

[0245] In embodiments, ml is 1. In embodiments, ml is 2. In embodiments, m4 is 1. In embodiments, m4 is 2. In embodiments, m5 is 1. In embodiments, m5 is 2.

[0246] In embodiments, vl is 1. In embodiments, vl is 2. In embodiments, v4 is 1. In embodiments, v4 is 2. In embodiments, v5 is 1. In embodiments, v5 is 2.

[0247] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SH, - H2, -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0248] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0249] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CXV In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently -CHX^. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -NHC(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -N(0) _m i. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently - R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -C(0)-0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - R ^1A C(0)0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently - R ^1A 0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH3, In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -N0 ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -F. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -00(Ο¾)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - SCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SCH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SCH ₂ CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -SC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently - CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -CH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -0(Ο¾)3.

[0250] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, - CH ₂ X\ -OCX , - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SO _n iR ^1D , -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0251] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). [0252] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0253] In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, - CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} is independently -

[0254] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C5, C4-C5, or C5-C5). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexyl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an

unsubstituted cyclohexenyl.

[0255] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In

embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered

heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl.

[0256] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted Co aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted C12 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted C 12 aryl.

[0257] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl.In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 8 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl. [0258] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-G5, C4-G5, or C5-G5). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexyl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an

unsubstituted cyclohexenyl.

[0259] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In

embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered

heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl.

[0260] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted Co aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted C12 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted C12 aryl. [0261] R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl.In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 8 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl.

[0262] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX ¹ !, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, - H ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0263] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SH, - H ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0264] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CXV In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -CHX^. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -N(0)mi. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -C(0)-0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -NR ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -NR ^1A C(0)OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -NR ^1A OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH3, In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -NH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -F. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently - OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -00(Ο¾)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently - SCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SCH(CH3)2. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -SC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently - CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently -CH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -CH(CI¾)2. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -C(CH3)3.

[0265] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX ^X ₃ , -CHX ^X ₂ , -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, G5-C10, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0266] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-G5, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0267] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cs, Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0268] In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, - CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 2} is independently - OCH ₂ CH ₃ .

[0269] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, - H2, -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0270] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0271] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CXV In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently -CHX^. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -N(0) _m i. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently -NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -C(0)-OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - R ^1A C(0)0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently - R ^1A 0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH3, In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -N0 ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -F. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - SCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SCH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SCH ₂ CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -SC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently - CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -CH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -C(CH3)3.

[0272] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX ^X ₃ , -CHX ^X ₂ , - cn ₂ x -ocx , -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-0R ^1C , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-Ce, C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-G5, or C5-C6), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , G5-C10, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0273] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0274] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0275] In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} is independently -

[0276] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0277] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0278] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CXV In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently -CHX^. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -NHC(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -N(0) _m i. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently - R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -C(0)-0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - R ^1A C(0)0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently - R ^1A 0R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH3, In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CO H2. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -F. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CHF ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CH ₂ F. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -00(Ο¾)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - SCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SCH(CH3) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -SC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently - CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -CH(CH3)2. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -C(CH ₃ ) ₃ .

[0279] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX ^X ₃ , -CHX^, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, G5-C10, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0280] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0281] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ ,

- HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci ₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered). [0282] In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, - CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} is independently -

[0283] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SH, - H2, -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0284] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0285] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CXV In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -CHX^. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCXS. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH2X ¹ . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCHX In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CN. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SO _n iR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -N(0) _m i. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -C(0)-OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OR ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -NR ^1A C(0)R ^1C . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -NR ^1A C(0)OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -NR ^1A OR ^lc . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OH. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH ₃ , In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -NH2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CO H2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SH. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently halogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -F. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CI. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -Br. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently - OCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently - SCH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SCH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SCH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SCH(CH ₃ )2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -SC(CH3)3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently - CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently -CH2CH2CH3. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -CH(CH3)2. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -C(CH3)3.

[0286] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SCvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i,

- R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -N R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C ₈ , C3-C6, C4-G5, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C12, G5-C10, or phenyl), or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0287] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci- C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted tert-butyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is

independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0288] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ ,

- HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCH3, R ²⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cs, Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), R -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6

membered).

[0289] In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, - CO H2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., Ci-C ₈ , Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or C1-C2), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). X ¹ is independently - F, -CI, -Br, or -I. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently -OCH ₃ . In embodiments, R ^{1 6} is independently - OCH ₂ CH ₃ .

[0290] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) are joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) are joined to form an unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl.

[0291] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ , C ₃ -C ₆ , C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted or

unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ - Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an

unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0292] In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5- C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ - substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In

embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -C ₁₂ , C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C ₆ -Ci2, C ₆ -Cio, or phenyl). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form a R ²⁰ - substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, two adjacent R ¹ substituents (e.g., R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} ) may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 12 membered, 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered).

[0293] R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexyl. R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ). In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexenyl.

[0294] R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In

embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered

heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl.

[0295] R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted Co aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted C ₁₂ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted Co aryl. [0296] R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl.In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form a substituted 8 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 3} and R ^{1 2} are joined to form an unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl. [0297] R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexyl. R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C6). In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted cyclohexenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclobutenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclopentenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted cyclohexenyl.

[0298] R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In

embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered

heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkyl. R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 4 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heterocycloalkenyl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heterocycloalkenyl.

[0299] R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci2 aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted Co aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted C ₁₂ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted C ₆ aryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted Co aryl. [0300] R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl.In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form a substituted 8 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 5 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 7 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ^{1 5} and R ^{1 6} are joined to form an unsubstituted 8 membered heteroaryl. [0301] In embodiments, E is a covalent cysteine modifier moiety.

[0303] R is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ , -CN, -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ , -SOvi ₅ R ^15A R ^15B , - HNR ^15A R ^15B , -O R ^15A R ^15B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B , - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -N(0) _m i5, - R ^15A R ^15B , -C(0)R

-C(0)-OR ^15C , -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -OR ^15D , - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D , - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C , - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C , - R ^15A OR ^15C , -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ , -SOvi ₆ R ^16A R ^16B , - HNR ^16A R ^16B , -O R ^16A R ^16B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^16A R ^16B , - HC(0) R ^16A R ^16B , -N(0) _m i6, - R ^16A R ^16B , -C(0)R ^16C ,

-C(0)-OR ^16C , -C(0) R ^16A R ^16B , -OR ^16D , - R ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D , - R ^16A C(0)R ^16C , - R ^16A C(0)OR ^16C , - R ^16A OR ^16C , -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁷ , -CN, -SOnivR ^17D , -SOvivNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -ONR ^17A R ^17B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHC(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -N(0) _m iv, -NR ^17A R ^17B , -C(0)R ^17C ,

-C(0)-OR ^17C , -C(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -OR ^17D , -NR ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D , -NR ^17A C(0)R ^17C , - NR ^17A C(0)OR ^17C , -NR ^17A OR ^17C , -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ¹⁸ ,

-C(0)R ^18C , -C(0)OR ^18C , -C(0)NR ^18A R ^18B , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0304] Each R ^15A , R ^15B , R ^15C , R ^15D , R ^16A , R ^16B , R ^16C , R ^16D , R ^17A , R ^17B , R ^17C , R ^17D , R ^18A , R ^18B , R ^18C , R ^18D , is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^15A and R ^15B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^16A and R ^16B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^17A and R ^17B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^18A and R ^18B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. Each X, X , X ¹⁶ , X ¹⁷ and X ¹⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I. The symbols nl5, nl6, nl7, vl5, vl6, and vl7, are independently and integer from 0 to 4. The symbols ml5, ml6, and ml7 are independently and integer between 1 and 2.

[0305] In embodiments, E is: and X is -CI. In embodiments, E is: . In embodiments, X is -CI.

[0306] In embodiments, E is: d R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , and R ¹⁷ are independently

hydrogen. In embodiments, E is : . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , and R ¹⁷ are independently hydrogen.

O R ¹⁵

[0307] In embodiments, E is: R ¹⁷ ; R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen; R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or -CH2 R ^16A R ^16B ; R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen; and R ^16A and R ^16B are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, E is: . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or -CH2 R ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^16A and R ^16B are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ^16A and R ^16B are independently unsubstituted methyl. embodiments, E is: . In embodiments E is: . In

embodiments, E is:

embodiments, E is:

[0309] X may independently be -F. X may independently be -CI. X may independently be -Br. X may independently be -I. X ¹⁵ may independently be -F. X ¹⁵ may independently be -CI. X ¹⁵ may independently be -Br. X ¹⁵ may independently be -I. X ¹⁶ may

independently be -F. X ¹⁶ may independently be -CI. X ¹⁶ may independently be -Br. X ¹⁶ may independently be -I. X ¹⁷ may independently be -F. X ¹⁷ may independently be -CI. X ¹ may independently be -Br. X ¹⁷ may independently be -I. X ¹⁸ may independently be -F. X may independently be -CI. X ¹⁸ may independently be -Br. X ¹⁸ may independently be -I. nl5 may independently be 0. nl5 may independently be 1. nl5 may independently be 2. nl5 may independently be 3. nl5 may independently be 4. nl6 may independently be 0. nl6 may independently be 1. nl6 may independently be 2. nl6 may independently be 3. nl6 may independently be 4. nl7 may independently be 0. nl7 may independently be 1. nl7 may independently be 2. nl7 may independently be 3. nl7 may independently be 4. vl5 may independently be 0. vl5 may independently be 1. vl5 may independently be 2. vl5 may independently be 3. vl5 may independently be 4. vl6 may independently be 0. vl6 may independently be 1. vl6 may independently be 2. vl6 may independently be 3. vl6 may independently be 4. vl7 may independently be 0. vl7 may independently be 1. vl7 may independently be 2. vl7 may independently be 3. vl7 may independently be 4. ml 5 may independently be 1. ml 5 may independently be 2. ml6 may independently be 1. ml6 may independently be 2. ml7 may independently be 1. ml7 may independently be 2. [0310] In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is halogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is CX ¹⁵ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -CHX ¹⁵ 2. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -CN. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -SOvi ₅ R ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - HNR ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -O R ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -N(0) _m i5. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - R ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -C(0)R ^15C . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -C(0)-OR ^15C . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -OR ^15D . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is - R ^15A OR ^15C . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is substituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0311] In embodiments, R ^15A is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^15A is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^15A is -CN. In embodiments, R ^15A is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^15A

1S -CONH2. In embodiments, R ^15A is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^15A is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^15A is unsubstituted tert- butyl. [0312] In embodiments, R is hydrogen. In embodiments, R is -CX3. In embodiments, R ^15B is -CN. In embodiments, R ^15B is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^15B is -CONHi. In embodiments, R ^15B is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^15B is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^15B is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0313] In embodiments, R ^15C is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^15C is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^15C is -CN. In embodiments, R ^15C is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^15C

1S -CONH2. In embodiments, R ^15C is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^15C is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^15C is unsubstituted tert- butyl. [0314] In embodiments, R ^15D is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^15D is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^15D is -CN. In embodiments, R ^15D is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^15D

1S -CONH2. In embodiments, R ^15D is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^15D is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^15D is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0315] In embodiments, R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , -OCH2X ¹⁵ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , R ⁷² -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷² -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷² -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷² - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ¹⁵ is halogen. In embodiments, X ¹⁵ is F. [0316] R ⁷² is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷² ₃ , -CHX ⁷² ₂ , -OCH2X ⁷² , -OCHX ⁷² ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷² ₃ , -OCHX ⁷² ₂ , R -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷³ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷³ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷³ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷² is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷² is F.

[0317] R ⁷³ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷³ ₃ , -CHX ⁷³ ₂ , -OCH2X ⁷³ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷³ ₃ , -OCHX ⁷³ ₂ , R ⁷⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁴ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁴ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷³ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷³ is F.

[0318] In embodiments, R ^15A is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^15A ₃ , -CHX ^15A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^15A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^15A ₃ , -OCHX ^15A ₂ , R ^72A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^72A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^72A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^72A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^72A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^72A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^15A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^15A is F.

[0319] R ^72A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^72A ₃ , -CHX ^72A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^72A , -OCHX ^72A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^72A ₃ , -OCHX ^72A ₂ , R ^73A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^73A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^73A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^73A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^73A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^73A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^72A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^72A is F. [0320] R ^73A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^73A ₃ , -CHX ^73A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^73A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^73A ₃ , -OCHX ^73A ₂ , R ^74A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^74A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^74A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^74A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^74A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^74A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^73A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^73A is F.

[0321] In embodiments, R ^15B is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^15B ₃ , -CHX ^15B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^15B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^15B ₃ , -OCHX ^15B ₂ , R ^72B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^72B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^72B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^72B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^72B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^72B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^15B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^15B is F.

[0322] R ^72B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^72B ₃ , -CHX ^72B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^72B , -OCHX ^72B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^72B ₃ , -OCHX ^72B ₂ , R ^73B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^73B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^73B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^73B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^73B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^73B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^72B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^72B is F.

[0323] R ^73B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^73B ₃ , -CHX ^73B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^73B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^73B ₃ , -OCHX ^73B ₂ , R ^74B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^74B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^74B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^74B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^74B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^74B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^73B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^73B is F. [0324] In embodiments, R ^15C is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^15C ₃ , -CHX ^15C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^15C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^15C ₃ , -OCHX ^15C ₂ , R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^72C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^15C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^15C is F.

[0325] R ^72C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^72C ₃ , -CHX ^72C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^72C , -OCHX ^72C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^72C ₃ , -OCHX ^72C ₂ , R ^73C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^73C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^73C - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^73C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^73C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^73C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^72C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^72C is F.

[0326] R ^73C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^73C ₃ , -CHX ^73C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^73C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^73C ₃ , -OCHX ^73C ₂ , R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^74C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^73C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^73C is F.

[0327] In embodiments, R ^15D is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^15D ₃ , -CHX ^15D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^15D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^15D ₃ , -OCHX ^15D ₂ , R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^72D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^15D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^15D is F. [0328] R ^72D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^72D ₃ , -CHX ^72D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^72D , -OCHX ^72D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCX ^72D ₃ , -OCHX ^72D ₂ , R ^73D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^73D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^73D - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^73D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^73D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^73D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^72D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^72D is F.

[0329] R ^73D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^73D ₃ , -CHX ^73D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^73D , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2 H2, - HNH2, -O H2, - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HSO2H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^73D ₃ , -OCHX ^73D ₂ , R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^74D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^73D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^73D is F.

[0330] In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is halogen. In

embodiments, R ¹⁶ is CX ¹⁶ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -

CH ₂ X ¹⁶ . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -CN. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -SOvi ₆ NR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NHNR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -ONR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NHC=(0)NHNR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NHC(0)NR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -N(0) _m i6. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -C(0)R ^16C . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -C(0)-OR ^16C . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -C(0)NR ^16A R ^16B . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -OR ^16D . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is - NR ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NR ^16A C(0)R ^16C . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is - NR ^16A C(0)OR ^16C . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -NR ^16A OR ^16C . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is -OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is substituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

[0331] In embodiments, R ^16A is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^16A is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^16A is -CN. In embodiments, R ^16A is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^16A is -CO Hi. In embodiments, R ^16A is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16A is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^16A is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0332] In embodiments, R ^16B is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^16B is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^16B is -CN. In embodiments, R ^16B is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^16B is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16B is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16B is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^16B is unsubstituted tert- butyl. [0333] In embodiments, R ^16C is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^16C is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^16C is -CN. In embodiments, R ^16C is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^16C is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16C is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16C is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^16C is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0334] In embodiments, R ^16D is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^16D is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^16D is -CN. In embodiments, R ^16D is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^16D is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16D is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^16D is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^16D is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^16D is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^16D is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^16D is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0335] In embodiments, R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -

NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ , R ⁷⁵ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁵ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁵ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ¹⁶ is halogen. In embodiments, X ¹⁶ is F.

[0336] R ⁷⁵ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁷⁵ ₂ , -OCH2X ⁷⁵ , -OCHX ⁷⁵ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ⁷⁵ ₂ , R ⁷⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁶ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁶ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷⁵ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷⁵ is F.

[0337] R ⁷⁶ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷⁶ ₃ , -CHX ⁷⁶ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ⁷⁶ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷⁶ ₃ , -OCHX ⁷⁶ ₂ , R ⁷⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁷ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁷ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷⁶ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷⁶ is F.

[0338] In embodiments, R ^16A is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^16A ₃ , -CHX ^16A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^16A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^16A ₃ , -OCHX ^16A ₂ , R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^75A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^16A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^16A is F.

[0339] R ^75A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^75A ₃ , -CHX ^75A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^75A , -OCHX ^75A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^75A ₃ , -OCHX ^75A ₂ , R ^76A - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^76A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^76A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^76A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^76A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^76A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^75A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^75A is F.

[0340] R ^76A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^76A ₃ , -CHX ^76A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^76A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^76A ₃ , -OCHX ^76A ₂ , R ^77A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^77A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^77A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^77A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^77A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^77A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^76A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^76A is F.

[0341] In embodiments, R ^16B is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^16B ₃ , -CHX ^16B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^16B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^16B ₃ , -OCHX ^16B ₂ , R ^75B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^75B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^75B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^75B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^75B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^75B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^16B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^16B is F.

[0342] R ^75B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^75B ₃ , -CHX ^75B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^75B , -OCHX ^75B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^75B ₃ , -OCHX ^75B ₂ , R ^76B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^76B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^76B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^76B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^76B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^76B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^75B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^75B is F.

[0343] R ^76B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^76B ₃ , -CHX ^76B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^76B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^76B ₃ , -OCHX ^76B ₂ , R ^77B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^77B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^77B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^77B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^77B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^77B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^76B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^76B is F.

[0344] In embodiments, R ^16C is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^16C ₃ , -CHX ^16C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^16C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^16C ₃ , -OCHX ^16C ₂ , R ^75C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^75C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^75C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^75C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^75C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^75C - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^16C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^16C is F. [0345] R ^75C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^75C ₃ , -CHX ^75C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^75C , -OCHX ^75C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^75C ₃ , -OCHX ^75C ₂ , R ^76C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^76C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^76C - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^76C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^76C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^76C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^75C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^75C is F.

[0346] R ^76C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^76C ₃ , -CHX ^76C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^76C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -

NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^76C ₃ , -OCHX ^76C ₂ , R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^77C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^76C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^76C is F. [0347] In embodiments, R ^16D is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^16D ₃ , -CHX ^16D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^16D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^16D ₃ , -OCHX ^16D ₂ , R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^75D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^16D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^16D is F.

[0348] R ^75D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^75D ₃ , -CHX ^75D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^75D , -OCHX ^75D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^75D ₃ , -OCHX ^75D ₂ , R ^76D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^76D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^76D - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^76D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^76D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^76D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^75D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^75D is F.

[0349] R ^76D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^76D ₃ , -CHX ^76D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^76D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^76D ₃ , -OCHX ^76D ₂ , R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^77D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^76D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^76D is F.

[0350] In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is halogen. In

embodiments, R ¹⁷ is CX ¹⁷ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -

CH ₂ X ¹⁷ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -CN. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -SOnnR ¹⁷⁰ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -SOvivNR ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -NHNR ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -O R ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - HC=(0) HNR ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - HC(0) R ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -N(0) _m iv. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - R ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -C(0)R ^17C . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -C(0)-OR ^17C . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -C(0) R ^17A R ^17B . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -OR ^17D . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - R ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - R ^17A C(0)R ^17C . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - R ^17A C(0)OR ^17C . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is - R ^17A OR ^17C . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is substituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is unsubstituted tert-butyl.

[0351] In embodiments, R ^17A is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^17A is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^17A is -CN. In embodiments, R ^17A is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^17A is -CO H ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17A is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17A is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^17A is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0352] In embodiments, R ^17B is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^17B is -CX ₃ . In

embodiments, R ^17B is -CN. In embodiments, R ^17B is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^17B is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17B is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17B is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^17B is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^17B is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^17B is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^17B is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0353] In embodiments, R ^17C is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^17C is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^17C is -CN. In embodiments, R ^17C is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^17C is -CONHi. In embodiments, R ^17C is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17C is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^17C is unsubstituted tert- butyl. [0354] In embodiments, R ^17D is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^17D is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^17D is -CN. In embodiments, R ^17D is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^17D

1S -CONH2. In embodiments, R ^17D is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^17D is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^17D is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0355] In embodiments, R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , -OCH2X ¹⁷ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁸ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ¹⁷ is halogen. In embodiments, X ¹⁷ is F. [0356] R ⁷⁸ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷⁸ ₃ , -CHX ⁷⁸ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ⁷⁸ , -OCHX ⁷⁸ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷⁸ ₃ , -OCHX ⁷⁸ ₂ , R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁷⁹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷⁸ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷⁸ is F. [0357] R ⁷⁹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁷⁹ ₃ , -CHX ⁷⁹ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ⁷⁹ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁷⁹ ₃ , -OCHX ⁷⁹ ₂ , R ⁸⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁸⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁸⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁸⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁸⁰ - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁸⁰ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁷⁹ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁷⁹ is F.

[0358] In embodiments, R ^17A is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^17A ₃ , -CHX ^17A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^17A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^17A ₃ , -OCHX ^17A ₂ , R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^78A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^17A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^17A is F.

[0359] R ^78A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^78A ₃ , -CHX ^78A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^78A , -OCHX ^78A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^78A ₃ , -OCHX ^78A ₂ , R ^79A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^79A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^79A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^79A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^79A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^79A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^78A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^78A is F. [0360] R ^79A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^79A ₃ , -CHX ^79A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^79A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^79A ₃ , -OCHX ^79A ₂ , R ^80A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^80A - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^80A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^80A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^80A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^80A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^79A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^79A is F. [0361] In embodiments, R ^17B is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^17B ₃ , -CHX ^17B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^17B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^17B ₃ , -OCHX ^17B ₂ , R ^78B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^78B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^78B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^78B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^78B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^78B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^17B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^17B is F.

[0362] R ^78B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^78B ₃ , -CHX ^78B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^78B , -OCHX ^78B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^78B ₃ , -OCHX ^78B ₂ , R ^79B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^79B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^79B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^79B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^79B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^79B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^78B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^78B is F.

[0363] R ^79B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^79B ₃ , -CHX ^79B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^79B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^79B ₃ , -OCHX ^79B ₂ , R ^80B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^80B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^80B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^80B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^80B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^80B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^79B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^79B is F. [0364] In embodiments, R ^17C is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^17C ₃ , -CHX ^17C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^17C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^17C ₃ , -OCHX ^17C ₂ , R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^78C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^17C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^17C is F. [0365] R ^78C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^78C ₃ , -CHX ^78C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^78C , -OCHX ^78C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^78C ₃ , -OCHX ^78C ₂ , R ^79C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^79C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^79C - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^79C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^79C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^79C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^78C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^78C is F.

[0366] R ^79C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^79C ₃ , -CHX ^79C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^79C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^79C ₃ , -OCHX ^79C ₂ , R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^80C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^79C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^79C is F.

[0367] In embodiments, R ^17D is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^17D ₃ , -CHX ^17D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^17D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^17D ₃ , -OCHX ^17D ₂ , R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^78D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^17D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^17D is F. [0368] R ^78D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^78D ₃ , -CHX ^78D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^78D , -OCHX ^78D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^78D ₃ , -OCHX ^78D ₂ , R ^79D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^79D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^79D - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^79D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^79D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^79D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^78D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^78D is F. [0369] R ^79D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^79D ₃ , -CHX ^79D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^79D , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC=(0) HNH ₂ , - HC=(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC=(0)H, - HC(0)-OH, - HOH, -OCX ^79D ₃ , -OCHX ^79D ₂ , R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^80D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^79D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^79D is F.

[0370] In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is halogen. In

embodiments, R ¹⁸ is CX ¹⁸ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -

CH ₂ X ¹⁸ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -CN. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -SO _n i ₈ R ^18D In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -SOvi ₈ NR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NHNR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -ONR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NHC=(0)NHNR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NHC(0)NR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -N(0) _m i ₈ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -C(0)R ^18C . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -C(0)-OR ^18C . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -C(0)NR ^18A R ^18B . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -OR ^18D . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is - NR ^18A S0 ₂ R ^18D . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NR ^18A C(0)R ^18C . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is - NR ^18A C(0)OR ^18C . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -NR ^18A OR ^18C . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -OCX ¹⁸ ₃ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is -OCHX ¹⁸ ₂ . In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is substituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is unsubstituted tert-butyl. [0371] In embodiments, R ^18A is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^18A is -CX3. In embodiments, R ^18A is -CN. In embodiments, R ^18A is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^18A is -CONHi. In embodiments, R ^18A is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18A is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^18A is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0372] In embodiments, R ^18B is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^18B is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^18B is -CN. In embodiments, R ^18B is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^18B is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18B is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18B is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^18B is unsubstituted tert- butyl. [0373] In embodiments, R ^18C is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^18C is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^18C is -CN. In embodiments, R ^18C is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^18C is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18C is -CHX ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18C is -CH ₂ X. In

embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^18C is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0374] In embodiments, R ^18D is hydrogen. In embodiments, R ^18D is -CX3. In

embodiments, R ^18D is -CN. In embodiments, R ^18D is -COOH. In embodiments, R ^18D is -CONH ₂ . In embodiments, R ^18D is -CHX2. In embodiments, R ^18D is -CH ₂ X. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R ^18D is unsubstituted tert- butyl.

[0375] In embodiments, R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ¹⁸ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ¹⁸ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁸ ₂ , R ⁸¹ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁸¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁸¹ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁸¹ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁸¹ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁸¹ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ¹⁸ is halogen. In embodiments, X ¹⁸ is F. [0376] R ⁸¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁸¹ ₃ , -CHX ⁸¹ ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ⁸¹ , -OCHX ⁸¹ ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁸¹ ₃ , -OCHX ⁸¹ ₂ , R ⁸² -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁸² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁸² -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁸² -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁸² - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁸² -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁸¹ is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁸¹ is F.

[0377] R ⁸² is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ⁸² ₃ , -CHX ⁸² ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ⁸² , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -

NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ⁸² ₃ , -OCHX ⁸² ₂ , R ⁸³ - substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ⁸³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ⁸³ -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ⁸³ - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ⁸³ -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ⁸³ -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ⁸² is halogen. In embodiments, X ⁸² is F.

[0378] In embodiments, R ^18A is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^18A ₃ , -CHX ^18A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^18A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^18A ₃ , -OCHX ^18A ₂ , R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^81A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^18A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^18A is F.

[0379] R ^81A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^81A ₃ , -CHX ^81A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^81A , -OCHX ^81A ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^81A ₃ , -OCHX ^81A ₂ , R -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^82A - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^82A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^82A - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^82A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^81A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^81A is F. [0380] R ^82A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^82A ₃ , -CHX ^82A ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^82A , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^82A ₃ , -OCHX ^82A ₂ , R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^83A -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^82A is halogen. In embodiments, X ^82A is F.

[0381] In embodiments, R ^18B is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^18B ₃ , -CHX ^18B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^18B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -

NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^18B ₃ , -OCHX ^18B ₂ , R ^81B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^81B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^81B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^81B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^81B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^81B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^18B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^18B is F.

[0382] R ^81B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^81B ₃ , -CHX ^81B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^81B , -OCHX ^81B ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^81B ₃ , -OCHX ^81B ₂ , R ^82B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^82B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^82B - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^82B -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^82B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^82B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^81B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^81B is F.

[0383] R ^82B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^82B ₃ , -CHX ^82B ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^82B , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^82B ₃ , -OCHX ^82B ₂ , R ^83B -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^83B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^83B -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^83B - substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^83B -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^83B -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^82B is halogen. In embodiments, X ^82B is F.

[0384] In embodiments, R ^18C is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^18C ₃ , -CHX ^18C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^18C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^18C ₃ , -OCHX ^18C ₂ , R ^8ic -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^8ic -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^8ic -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^8ic -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^81C - substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^81C - substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^18C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^18C is F.

[0385] R ^81C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^81C ₃ , -CHX ^81C ₂ , -0CH ₂ X ^81C , -0CHX ^81C ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -0CX ^81C ₃ , -0CHX ^81C ₂ , R ^82C -sub stituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^82C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^82C - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^82C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^82C -sub stituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^82C -sub stituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^81C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^81C is F.

[0386] R ^82C is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^82C ₃ , -CHX ^82C ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^82C , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^82C ₃ , -OCHX ^82C ₂ , R ^83C -sub stituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^83C -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^83C -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^83C -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^83C -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^83C - sub stituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^82C is halogen. In embodiments, X ^82C is F. [0387] In embodiments, R ^18D is independently hydrogen, oxo,

halogen, -CX ^18D ₃ , -CHX ^18D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^18D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^18D ₃ , -OCHX ^18D ₂ , R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^81D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^18D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^18D is F.

[0388] R ^81D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^81D ₃ , -CHX ^81D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^81D , -OCHX ^81D ₂ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, - N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ ,

-NHC=(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^81D ₃ , -OCHX ^81D ₂ , R ^82D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^82D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^82D - substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^82D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^82D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^82D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^81D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^81D is F.

[0389] R ^82D is independently oxo,

halogen, -CX ^82D ₃ , -CHX ^82D ₂ , -OCH ₂ X ^82D , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, - S0 ₃ H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC=(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC=(0)NH ₂ , - NHSO2H, -NHC=(0)H, -NHC(0)-OH, -NHOH, -OCX ^82D ₃ , -OCHX ^82D ₂ , R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R ^83D -substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. X ^82D is halogen. In embodiments, X ^82D is F.

[0390] R ⁷⁴ R ⁷⁷ R ⁸⁰ R ⁸³ R ^74A R ^77A R ^80A R ^83A R ^74B R ^77B R ^80B R ^83B R ^74C R ^77C R ^80C R ^83C , R ^74D , R ^77D , R ^80D , R ^83D , R ⁸⁶ , R ⁸⁹ , R ⁹² , and R ⁹⁸ are independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, -CF ₃ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -SO2NH2, -NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC(0)H, -NHC(0)OH, -NHOH, -OCF ₃ , -OCHF2, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ⁷⁴ , R ⁷⁷ , R ⁸⁰ , R ⁸³ , R ^74A , R ^77A , R ^80A , R ^83A , R ^74B , R ^77B , R ^80B , R ^83B , R ^74C , R ^77C , R ^80C , R ^83C , R ^74D , R ^77D , R ^80D , R ^83D , R ⁸⁶ , R ⁸⁹ , R ⁹² , and R ⁹⁸ are independently oxo,

halogen, -CF ₃ , -CN, -OH, -NH ₂ , -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -SO2NH2,

-NHNH2, -ONH2, -NHC(0)NHNH ₂ , -NHC(0)NH ₂ , -NHSO2H, -NHC(0)H, -NHC(0)OH, -NHOH, -OCF ₃ , -OCHF2, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R ⁷⁴ , R ⁷⁷ , R ⁸⁰ , R ⁸³ , R ^74A , R ^77A , R ^80A , R ^83A , R ^74B , R ^77B , R ^80B , R ^83B , R ^74C , R ^77C , R ^80C , R ^83C , R ^74D , R ^77D , R ^80D , R ^83D , R ⁸⁶ , R ⁸⁹ , R ⁹² , and R ⁹⁸ are independently oxo,

halogen, -CF ₃ , -CN, -OH, - H ₂ , -COOH, -CO H ₂ , -N0 ₂ , -SH, -S0 ₃ H, -S0 ₄ H, -S0 ₂ H ₂ , - HNH ₂ , -O H ₂ , - HC(0) HNH ₂ , - HC(0) H ₂ , - HS0 ₂ H, - HC(0)H, -NHC(0)OH, - HOH, -OCF ₃ , -OCHF ₂ , unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0391] In embodiments, R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , R ¹⁷ , and R ¹⁸ are hydrogen.

[0392] In embodiments, E is: In embodiments, E is:

[0393] In some embodiments, a compound as described herein may include multiple instances of R ¹ or R ² , and/or other variables. In such embodiments, each variable may optional be different and be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity. For example, where each R ¹ and/or R ² , is different, they may be referred to, for example, as R ¹ " ¹ , R ^{1 2} , R ^{1 3} , R ^{1 4} , R ^{1 5} , R ² " ¹ , R ^{2 2} , R ^{2 3} , or R ^{2 4} , respectively, wherein the definition of R ¹ is assumed by R ^u , R ^{1 2} , R ^{1 3} , R ^{1 4} , R ^{1 5} ; and/or R ² is assumed by R ² R ^{2 2} , R ^{2 3} , R ^{2 4} . The variables used within a definition of R ¹ and/or R ² , and/or other variables that appear at multiple instances and are different may similarly be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound described herein (e.g., in an aspect, embodiment, example, claim, table, scheme, drawing, or figure). [0394] In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a racemic mixture of all stereoisomers. In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a racemic mixture of all enantiomers. In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a racemic mixture of two opposite stereoisomers. In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a racemic mixture of two opposite enantiomers. In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a single stereoisomer. In embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, a compound described herein is a single enantiomer. In embodiments, the compound is a compound described herein (e.g., in an aspect, embodiment, example, figure, table, scheme, or claim).

0395] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

[0398] In embodiments, the compound has the formula: [0399] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

[0400] In embodiments, the compound is described herein, including in an aspect, embodiment, example, table, figure, claim, or scheme.

[0401] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

III. Pharmaceutical compositions

[0403] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein). In

embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is included in a therapeutically effective amount.

[0404] In an aspect is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0405] In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is included in a therapeutically effective amount.

[0406] In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the pharmaceutical

composition includes a second agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent). In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the pharmaceutical composition includes a second agent (e.g. therapeutic agent) in a therapeutically effective amount. In embodiments of the

pharmaceutical compositions, the second agent is an agent for treating cancer. In

embodiments, the second agent is an anti-cancer agent. In embodiments, the second agent is a chemotherapeutic. IV. Methods of Treatment

[0407] In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer, the method including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti- Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is included in a therapeutically effective amount. [0408] In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound described herein. In embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. In embodiments, the cancer is an exocrine tumor (e.g., pancreas ductal

adenocarcinoma). In embodiments, the cancer is an adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm, or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. In

embodiments, the cancer is pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma. In embodiments, the cancer is intermediate grade (moderately differentiated) pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is high grade (poorly differentiated) pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage 0 pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage I pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage II pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage III pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage IV pancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is HER2 negative breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is HER2 positive breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is low grade (well differentiated) breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is intermediate grade (moderately differentiated) breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is high grade (poorly differentiated) breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage 0 breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage I breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage II breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage III breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is stage IV breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is triple negative breast cancer.

[0409] In an aspect is provided a method of treating a disease associated with ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the disease is associated with aberrant ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity. [0410] In embodiments, the method includes administering a second agent (e.g. therapeutic agent). In embodiments, the method includes administering a second agent (e.g. therapeutic agent) in a therapeutically effective amount. In embodiments, the second agent is an agent for treating cancer. In embodiments, the second agent is an anti-cancer agent. In

embodiments, the second agent is a chemotherapeutic. V. Methods of Inhibition

[0411] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including contacting the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 with a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor. In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 is a human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), antisense nucleic acid, protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is provided in a therapeutically effective amount. [0412] In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to C250, N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5.

[0413] In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to C250, N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids

corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids

corresponding to N210 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337. [0414] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 activity including contacting the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 with a compound described herein. In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 is a human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound is provided in an effective amount. In embodiments, the compound is provided in a

therapeutically effective amount. In embodiments, the method includes contacting the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein with an effective amount of a compound described herein.

[0415] In embodiments, compound is covalently bonded to the amino acid corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to C250, N210, E209, L254,

S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubi qui tin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. [0416] In embodiments, compound is covalently bonded to the amino acid corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to C250, N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of SEQ ID NO:337. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. In

embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337.

[0417] In embodiments, the inhibition is competitive inhibition. In embodiments, the inhibition is irreversible. In embodiments, the inhibition is reversible. In embodiments, the compound covalently binds to the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein.

[0418] Where the compound covalently binds to the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) covalently bonded to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is formed (also referred to herein as a "ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5-compound adduct"), as described below. In embodiments, the resulting covalent bond is reversible. Where the resulting covalent bond is reversible, the bonding reverses upon denaturation of the protein. Thus, in embodiments, the reversibility of a covalent bond between the compound and the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 upon

denaturation of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 avoids or decreases autoimmune response in a subject subsequent to administration of the compound (relative to irreversibility). Moreover, in embodiments, the reversibility of a covalent bond between the compound and the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 upon denaturation of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 avoids or decreases the toxicity (e.g. liver toxicity) of the compound in a subject (relative to irreversibility).

[0419] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting cell division (e.g., cancer cell division, cancer proliferation), the method including contacting a cell (e.g., cancer cell) with an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor. In

embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein including embodiments). [0420] In an aspect is provided a method of inhibiting cell division (e.g., cancer cell division, cancer proliferation) including contacting a cell (e.g., cancer cell) with an effective amount of a compound described herein, including embodiments.

VI. Ubiquitin-like Modifier activating enzyme 5 protein

[0421] In an aspect is provided a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein covalently bonded to a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein-ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor complex). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 is a human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is a compound described herein. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or siRNA), protein (e.g., antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 antibody, anti-Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 binding antibody fragment), or compound (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor is provided in a therapeutically effective amount.

[0422] In embodiments, a UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a compound as described herein, including embodiments, through the reacted residue of the electrophilic moiety of the compound, thereby forming a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein-ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor complex. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to C250, N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In

embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. [0423] In an aspect is provided a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein covalently bonded to a compound described herein through the reacted residue of the electrophilic moiety. In embodiments, compound is covalently bonded to the amino acid corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In

embodiments, the compound covalently binds an amino acid corresponding to C250 in human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to N210 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In

embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to E209 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to L254 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to S253 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. In embodiments, the compound contacts an amino acids corresponding to A251 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5.

[0424] In embodiments, the compound is bonded to a cysteine residue of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein through the reacted residue of the electrophilic moiety of the compound. In embodiments, the compound is covalently bonded to a cysteine residue of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein. In embodiments, the compound is reversibly covalently bonded to a cysteine residue of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein. In embodiments, the compound is irreversibly covalently bonded to a cysteine residue of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein. In embodiments, the cysteine residue corresponds to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5. [0425] In an embodiment, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein is covalently bonded (e.g., reversibly or irreversibly) to a portion of a compound described herein (e.g., portion of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor or portion of a compound described herein).

[0426] In an aspect is provided a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) covalently bonded to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor, compound described herein, or a portion of a compound described herein). [0427] In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) is covalently bonded to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein or a portion of a compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) is irreversibly covalently bonded to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein or a portion of a compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) is reversibly covalently bonded to a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein or a portion of a compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5) is covalently bonded to a portion of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) is irreversibly covalently bonded to a portion of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) is reversibly covalently bonded to a portion of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein). In embodiments, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) is bonded to a cysteine residue (e.g., Cys250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 or cysteine corresponding to Cys250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin- like modifier activating enzyme 5). In embodiments, the portion of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) is bonded to a cysteine residue (e.g., Cys250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 or cysteine corresponding to Cys250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5) of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (e.g., human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5). [0428] In embodiments, the UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a UBA5 inhibitor or compound described herein is the product of a reaction between the UBA5 protein and a UBA5 inhibitor or compound described herein. It will be understood that the covalently bonded UBA5 protein and UBA5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) are the remnants of the reactant UBA5 protein and UBA5 inhibitor or compound, wherein each reactant now participates in the covalent bond between the UBA5 protein and UBA5 inhibitor or compound. In embodiments of the covalently bonded UB A5 protein and compound described herein, the remnant of the E substituent is a linker including a covalent bond between the UBA5 protein and the remainder of the compound described herein. It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that when a UBA5 protein is covalently bonded to a UBA5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein), the UBA5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) forms a remnant of the pre-reacted UBA5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) wherein a bond connects the remnant of the UB A5 inhibitor (e.g., compound described herein) to the remnant of the UBA5 protein (e.g., cysteine sulfur, sulfur of amino acid corresponding to C250 of human UBA5, sulfur of C250 of human UBA5). The remnant of the UBA5 inhibitor (compound described herein) may also be called a portion of the UBA5 inhibitor. In embodiments, the remnant of the E substituent is a linker selected from a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, - H-, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) H-, - HC(O)-,

- HC(0) H-, - HC(0) H-, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ H-, substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., Ci-Cs, Ci-C ₆ , C1-C4, or Ci-C ₂ ), substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered), substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C3-C8, C3-C6, C4-C6, or C5-C ₆ ), substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered), substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size- limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C ₆ -Cio or phenyl), or substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). As a non-limiting example, the UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a UBA5 inhibitor may have the formula: , wherein S is the sulfur of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein cysteine (e.g., corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5), which is bonded to the remainder of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein and wherein R ¹ , L ¹ , L ² , and zl are as described herein As a non-limiting example, the UB A5 protein covalently bonded to a UBA5 inhibitor may have the formula:

, wherein S is the sulfur of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein cysteine (e.g., corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5), which is bonded to the remainder of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein and wherein R ¹ , L ¹ , L ² , and zl are as described herein. As a non-limiting example, the ubiquin UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a UB A5 inhibitor may have the formula:

, wherein S is the sulfur of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein cysteine (e.g., corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5), which is bonded to the remainder of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein and wherein R ^u , R ^{1 2} , L ¹ , and L ² are as described herein. As a non-limiting example, the ubiquin UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a UBA5 inhibitor may have the formula:

wherein S is the sulfur of a ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein cysteine (e.g., corresponding to C250 of human ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5), which is bonded to the remainder of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein and wherein R ^u , R ^{1 2} , L ¹ , L ² , R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , and R ¹⁷ are as described herein EMBODIMENTS

[0429] Embodiment PI . A compound having the formula:

wherein,

R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOviNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , -NR ^1A 0R ^1C , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁴ -, -NR ⁴ C(0)-,

-NR ⁴ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2NR ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH2X ⁴ ,

-OCHX ⁴ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-,

-NR ⁵ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , -

OCH2X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B R ^1C , R ^1D R ^4A R ^4B R ^4C , R ^4D R ^5A R ^5B R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or sub stituted or unsub stituted heteroaryl ;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

0430] Embodiment P2. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula: 0431] Embodiment P3. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula:

0432] Embodiment P4. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula: 0433] Embodiment P5. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula:

[0434] Embodiment P6. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula:

[0435] Embodiment P7. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)0R ^1C , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0436] Embodiment P8. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C12 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0437] Embodiment P9. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0438] Embodiment PI 0. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P6, wherein R ¹ is independently -OR ^1D . [0439] Embodiment PI 1. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P6, wherein R ¹ is independently -OCH3.

[0440] Embodiment P12. The compound of embodiment PI, wherein zl is 0.

[0441] Embodiment P13. The compound of embodiment PI having the formula:

wherein

R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX^, -CHX^,

-CH2X ¹ , -OCX , -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SO _v i R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0)mi, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C( 0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0442] Embodiment P14. The compound of embodiment PI 3 having the formula:

[0443] Embodiment PI 5. The compound of embodiment PI 3 having the formula:

[0444] Embodiment PI 6. The compound of one of embodiments P13 to PI 5, wherein R ^{1 1} andR ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SR ^1D , -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0445] Embodiment PI 7. The compound of one of embodiments P13 to PI 5, wherein R ^{1 1} andR ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^,

-CN, -SH, - H ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0) H ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0446] Embodiment PI 8. The compound of one of embodiments P13 to PI 5, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl;

substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0447] Embodiment PI 9. The compound of one of embodiments P13 to PI 5, wherein R ^{1 1} andR ^{1 2} are independently -OR ^1D .

[0448] Embodiment P20. The compound of one of embodiments P13 to PI 5, wherein R ^{1 1} andR ^{1 2} are independently -OCH ₃ .

[0449] Embodiment P21. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P20, wherein L ¹ is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl ene.

[0450] Embodiment P22. The compound of one of embodiments PI, P4, P7 to P13, and P16 to P20, wherein L ¹ is a bond.

[0451] Embodiment P23. The compound of one of embodiments PI, P4, P7 to P13, and P16 to P20, wherein L ¹ is -CH ₂ NR ⁴ -.

[0452] Embodiment P24. The compound of one of embodiments PI, P2, P4, P5, P7 to PI 4, and P16 to P22, wherein L ² is -NR ⁵ -. [0453] Embodiment P25. The compound of embodiment P24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

[0454] Embodiment P26. The compound of embodiment P24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkyl.

[0455] Embodiment P27. The compound of embodiment P24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl.

[0456] Embodiment P28. The compound of embodiment P24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen.

[0457] Embodiment P29. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P28, wherein E is a covalent cysteine modifier moiety.

[0458] Embodiment P30. The compound of one of embodiments PI to P28, wherein E is:

R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ , -CN, -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ , -SO _v i ₅ R ^15A R ^15B , - HNR ^15A R ^15B , -O R ^15A R ^15B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B , - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -N(0) _m i5, - R ^15A R ^15B , -C(0)R ^15C ,

-C(0)-OR ^15C , -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -OR ^15D , - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D , - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C , - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C , - R ^15A OR ^15C , -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ , -SOvi ₆ NR ^16A R ^16B , -NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -ONR ^16A R ^16B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -NHC(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -N(0) _m i6, -NR ^16A R ^16B ,

-C(0)R ^16C , -C(0)-OR ^16C , -C(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -OR ^16D , -NR ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D , -NR ^16A C(0)R ^16C , - R ^16A C(0)OR ^16C , - R ^16A OR ^16C , -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ ,

-OCHX ¹⁶ 2, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , -

CH ₂ X ¹⁷ , -CN, -SOnivR ^17D , -SOviv R ^17A R ^17B , - HNR ^17A R ^17B , -O R ^17A R ^17B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^17A R ^17B , - HC(0) R ^17A R ^17B , -N(0) _m iv, - R ^17A R ^17B , -C(0)R ^17C ,

-C(0)-OR ^17C , -C(0) R ^17A R ^17B , -OR ^17D , - R ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D , - R ^17A C(0)R ^17C , - R ^17A C(0)OR ^17C , - R ^17A OR ^17C , -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, zsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁸ , -C(0)R ^18C , -C(0)OR ^18C , -C(0) R ^18A R ^18B , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

π 15Α π 15Β TJ 15C n 15D n 16A n 16B n 16C n 16D n 17A n 17B n 17C n 17D n 18A

IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV ,

R ^18B , R ^18C , R ^18D , are independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^15A and R ^15B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^16A and R ^16B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^17A and R ^17B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^18A and R ^18B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹⁵ , X ¹⁶ , X ¹⁷ and X ¹⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I; nl 5, nl6, nl7, vl 5, vl6, and vl7, are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and ml 5, ml 6, and ml7 are independently and integer from 1 to 2.

[0459] Embodiment P31. The compound of embodiment P30, wherein R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , R ¹⁷ , and R ¹⁸ are hydrogen.

[0460] Embodiment P32. The compound of one of embodiments P30 to P31, wherein E is:

O R ¹⁵ R ¹⁷

[0461] Embodiment P33. The compound of embodiment P30, wherein E is:

[0462] Embodiment P34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0463] Embodiment P35. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0464] Embodiment P36. A method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (UBA5) activity, said method comprising contacting the UBA5 protein with an effective amount of a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 inhibitor.

[0465] Embodiment P37. The method of embodiment P36, wherein the UBA5 inhibitor is an siRNA, antibody, or compound.

[0466] Embodiment P38. The method of embodiment P37, wherein the UBA5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human UBA5.

[0467] Embodiment P39. A method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) protein activity, said method comprising contacting the UBA5 protein with an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33.

[0468] Embodiment P40. The method of embodiment P39, wherein the compound is covalently bonded to the amino acid corresponding to C250 of human UBA5. [0469] Embodiment P41. The method of embodiment P39, wherein the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of human UBA5.

[0470] Embodiment P42. A method of treating cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33.

[0471] Embodiment P43. The method of embodiment P42, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer.

[0472] Embodiment P44. A UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33 through the reacted residue of said electrophilic moiety.

[0473] Embodiment P45. The UBA5 protein of embodiment P44, wherein the compound is bonded to a cysteine residue of the protein.

[0474] Embodiment P46. The UBA5 protein of embodiment P44, covalently bonded to a portion of a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33. [0475] Embodiment P47. The UBA5 protein of embodiment P44, irreversibly covalently bonded to a portion of a compound of one of embodiments PI to P33.

[0476] Embodiment P48. The UBA5 protein of one of embodiments P44 to P47, wherein the compound or portion of the compound is covalently bonded to an amino acid

corresponding to C250 of human UBA5. Additional Embodiments

[0477] Embodiment 1. A method of treating cancer, said method comprising administerin to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the

formula: (I), wherein, independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX ¹

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0) R ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsub stituted heteroaryl ;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-, -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

0478] Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the 0479] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the

0480] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the 0481] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the 0482] Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the

[0483] Embodiment 7. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B ,

-C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0484] Embodiment 8. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, - H ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. [0485] Embodiment 9. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH ₂ X\ -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0486] Embodiment 10. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R ¹ is independently -OR ^1D .

[0487] Embodiment 1 1. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein R ¹ is independently -OCH3.

[0488] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein zl is 0. 0489] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the wherein

R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX , -CHX ,

-CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, -OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX , -CN, -SO _n iR ^1D , -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0)mi, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C( 0)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , -NR ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

0490] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the compound has the

0491] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the compound has the

[0492] Embodiment 16. The method of one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0493] Embodiment 17. The method of one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, -OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^,

-CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl. [0494] Embodiment 18. The method of one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH,

-NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0495] Embodiment 19. The method of one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OR ^1D .

[0496] Embodiment 20. The method of one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OCH3.

[0497] Embodiment 21. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein L ¹ is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene. [0498] Embodiment 22. The method of one of embodiments 1, 4, 7 to 13, and 16 to 20, wherein L ¹ is a bond.

[0499] Embodiment 23. The method of one of embodiments 1, 4, 7 to 13, and 16 to 20, wherein L ¹ is -CH2 R ⁴ -.

[0500] Embodiment 24. The method of one of embodiments 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 to 14, and 16 to 22, wherein L ² is - R ⁵ -.

[0501] Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

[0502] Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkyl.

[0503] Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl.

[0504] Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 24, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen.

[0505] Embodiment 29. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein E is a covalent cysteine modifier moiety.

[0506] Embodiment 30. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein E is:

R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ , -CN, -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ , -SOvi ₅ R ^15A R ^15B , - HNR ^15A R ^15B , -O R ^15A R ^15B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B , - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -N(0) _m i5, - R ^15A R ^15B , -C(0)R ^15C ,

-C(0)-OR ^15C , -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -OR ^15D , - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D , - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C , - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C , - R ^15A OR ^15C , -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ , -SOvi ₆ NR ^16A R ^16B , -NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -ONR ^16A R ^16B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -NHC(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -N(0) _m i6, -NR ^16A R ^16B ,

-C(0)R ^16C , -C(0)-OR ^16C , -C(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -OR ^16D , -NR ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D , -NR ^16A C(0)R ^16C , - NR ^16A C(0)OR ^16C , -NR ^16A OR ^16C , -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ ,

-OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁷ , -CN, -SOni7R ^17D , -SCvi7NR ^17A R ^17B , -NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -ONR ^17A R ^17B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHC(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -N(0) _m i7, -NR ^17A R ^17B , -C(0)R ^17C ,

-C(0)-OR ^17C , -C(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -OR ^17D , -NR ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D , -NR ^17A C(0)R ^17C , - NR ^17A C(0)OR ^17C , -NR ^17A OR ^17C , -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, zsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁸ , -C(0)R ^18C , -C(0)OR ^18C , -C(0)NR ^18A R ^18B , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ^18B , R ^18L , R ^18D , are independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^15A and R ^15B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^16A and R ^16B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^17A and R ^17B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^18A and R ^18B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹⁵ , X ¹⁶ , X ¹⁷ and X ¹⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I; nl5, nl6, nl7, vl5, vl6, and vl7, are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml 5, ml 6, and ml7 are independently and integer from 1 to 2.

[0507] Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein R , R , R , and R are hydrogen.

[0508] Embodiment 32. The method of one of embodiments 30 to 31, wherein E is:

[0509] Embo diment 33. The method of embodiment 30, wherein E is: 0510] Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the

[0511] Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the compound has the

formula:

[0512] Embodiment 36. The method of one of embodiments 1 to 35, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer.

[0513] Embodiment 37. The use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament for

the treatment of cancer, wherein the compound has the formula: (I), wherein,

R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5; L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0) R ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsub stituted heteroaryl ;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-, -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I; nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

Embodiment 38. The com ound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has

0515] Embodiment 39. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has

0516] Embodiment 40. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has

0517] Embodiment 41. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has

0518] Embodiment 42. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has

[0519] Embodiment 43. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 42, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B ,

-C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0520] Embodiment 44. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 42, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH ₂ X\ -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, - H ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C6-C12 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0521] Embodiment 45. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 42, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH3, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0522] Embodiment 46. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 42, wherein R ¹ is independently -OR ^1D . [0523] Embodiment 47. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 42, wherein R ¹ is independently -OCH3.

[0524] Embodiment 48. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein zl is 0. 0525] Embodiment 49. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the compound has wherein

R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX , -CHX ,

-CH2X ¹ , -OCX , -OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0)mi, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C( 0)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , -NR ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 0526] Embodiment 50. The compound of embodiment 49, wherein the compound has

0527] Embodiment 51. The compound of embodiment 49, wherein the compound has

[0528] Embodiment 52. The compound of one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0529] Embodiment 53. The compound of one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, -OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0530] Embodiment 54. The compound of one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH,

-NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0531] Embodiment 55. The compound of one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OR ^1D .

[0532] Embodiment 56. The compound of one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OCH ₃ . [0533] Embodiment 57. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 56, wherein L ¹ is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene.

[0534] Embodiment 58. The compound of one of embodiments 37, 40, 43 to 49, and 52 to 56, wherein L ¹ is a bond.

[0535] Embodiment 59. The compound of one of embodiments 37, 40, 43 to 49, and 52 to 56, wherein L ¹ is -CH2 R ⁴ -.

[0536] Embodiment 60. The compound of one of embodiments 37, 40, 43 to 49, and 52 to 56, wherein L ² is - R ⁵ -.

[0537] Embodiment 61. The compound of embodiment 60, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl. [0538] Embodiment 62. The compound of embodiment 60, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkyl.

[0539] Embodiment 63. The compound of embodiment 60, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl.

[0540] Embodiment 64. The compound of embodiment 60, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen. [0541] Embodiment 65. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 64, wherein E is a covalent cysteine modifier moiety.

[0542] Embodiment 66. The compound of one of embodiments 37 to 64, wherein E is:

R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ , -CN, -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ , -SOvi ₅ R ^15A R ^15B , - HNR ^15A R ^15B , -O R ^15A R ^15B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B , - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -N(0) _m i5, - R ^15A R ^15B , -C(0)R ^15C ,

-C(0)-OR ^15C , -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -OR ^15D , - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D , - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C , - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C , - R ^15A OR ^15C , -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ , -SOvi ₆ NR ^16A R ^16B , -NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -ONR ^16A R ^16B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -NHC(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -N(0) _m i6, -NR ^16A R ^16B ,

-C(0)R ^16C , -C(0)-OR ^16C , -C(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -OR ^16D , -NR ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D , -NR ^16A C(0)R ^16C , - NR ^16A C(0)OR ^16C , -NR ^16A OR ^16C , -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ ,

-OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁷ , -CN, -SOnivR ^17D , -SOvivNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -ONR ^17A R ^17B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHC(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -N(0) _m iv, -NR ^17A R ^17B , -C(0)R ^17C ,

-C(0)-OR ^17C , -C(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -OR ^17D , -NR ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D , -NR ^17A C(0)R ^17C , -

NR ^17A C(0)OR ^17C , -NR ^17A OR ^17C , -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, zsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , -

CH ₂ X ¹⁸ , -C(0)R ^18C , -C(0)OR ^18C , -C(0)NR ^18A R ^18B , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ^15A R ^15B R ^15C R ^15D R ^16A R ^16B R ^16C R ^16D R ^17A R ^17B R ^17C R ^17D R ^18A

R ^18B , R ^18C , R ^18D , are independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R and R substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^16A and R ^16B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^17A and R ^17B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^18A and R ^18B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹⁵ , X ¹⁶ , X ¹⁷ and X ¹⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl5, nl6, nl7, vl5, vl6, and vl7, are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml 5, ml 6, and ml7 are independently and integer from 1 to 2.

[0543] Embodiment 67. The compound of embodiment 66, wherein R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , R ¹⁷ , and R ¹⁸ are hydrogen.

[0544] Embodiment 68. The compound of one of embodiments 66 to 67, wherein E is:

[0545] Embodiment 69. The compound of embodiment 66, wherein E 0546] Embodiment 70. The com ound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has

202

203

[0547] Embodiment 71. The com ound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has

the formula:

[0548] Embodiment 72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0549] Embodiment 73. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 72, wherein the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) inhibitor has the formula:

(I), wherein,

R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A 0R ^1C , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0) R ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁵ -, - R ⁵ C(0)-, - R ⁵ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ R ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2. [0550] Embodiment 74. A method of inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 protein (UBA5) activity, said method comprising contacting a UBA5 protein with an effective amount of a UBA5 inhibitor, wherein the UBA5 inhibitor contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337.

[0551] Embodiment 75. The method of embodiment 74, wherein the UBA5 inhibitor is an antisense nucleic acid, antibody, or compound.

[0552] Embodiment 76. The method of embodiment 74 or 75, said method comprising contacting a UBA5 protein with an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

wherein,

R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, -

OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁴ -, -NR ⁴ C(0)-,

- R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH2X ⁴

-OCHX ⁴ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁵ -, - R ⁵ C(0)-, - R ⁵ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ R ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0) R ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or sub stituted or unsub stituted heteroaryl ;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be j oined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

[0553] Embodiment 77. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the compound is covalently bonded to the amino acid corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337.

[0554] Embodiment 78. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the compound contacts one or more amino acids corresponding to N210, E209, L254, S253, and A251 of SEQ ID NO:337. [0555] Embodiment 79. A UBA5 protein covalently bonded to a compound having the

formula: (I), wherein,

R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOvi R ^1A R ^1B , - HC(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , - R ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , - R ^1A C(0)R ^1C , - R ^1A C(0)0 R ^1C , - R ^1A 0R ^1C , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0) R ⁴ -, - R ⁴ C(0)-, - R ⁴ C(0) H-, -NHC(0) R ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2 R ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH2X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-, -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH2NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH2X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ 2, -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2;

wherein the UBA5 protein is covalently bonded to the compound through the reacted residue of said electrophilic moiety.

[0556] Embodiment 80. The UBA5 protein of embodiment 79, wherein the compound is bonded to a cysteine residue of the protein.

[0557] Embodiment 81. The UBA5 protein of embodiment 79, irreversibly covalently bonded to the compound.

[0558] Embodiment 82. The UBA5 protein of one of embodiments 79 to 81, wherein the compound is covalently bonded to an amino acid corresponding to C250 of SEQ ID NO:337.

[0559] Embodiment 83.

wherein, R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX^, -CH2X ¹ , -OCX^, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX^, -CN, -SOniR ^1D , -SOviNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0) _m i, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C(0)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(0)0 R , -NR OR , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; two adjacent R ¹ substituents may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

zl is an integer from 0 to 5;

L ¹ is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁴ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁴ -, -NR ⁴ C(0)-, -NR ⁴ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁴ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ NR ⁴ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁴ is hydrogen, -CX ⁴ ₃ , -CHX ⁴ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCX ⁴ ₃ , -OCH ₂ X ⁴ , -OCHX ⁴ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^4C , -C(0)-OR ^4C , -C(0)NR ^4A R ^4B , -OR ^4D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

L ² is a bond, -S(0) ₂ -, -NR ⁵ -, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR ⁵ -, -NR ⁵ C(0)-, -NR ⁵ C(0)NH-, -NHC(0)NR ⁵ -, -C(0)0-, -OC(O)-, -CH ₂ NR ⁵ -, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl ene, substituted or unsubstituted

cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, -CX ⁵ ₃ , -CHX ⁵ ₂ , -CH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCX ⁵ ₃ , - OCH ₂ X ⁵ , -OCHX ⁵ ₂ , -CN, -C(0)R ^5C , -C(0)-OR ^5C , -C(0)NR ^5A R ^5B , -OR ^5D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

E is an electrophilic moiety;

Each R ^1A , R ^1B , R ^1C , R ^1D , R ^4A , R ^4B , R ^4C , R ^4D , R ^5A , R ^5B , R ^5C , and R ^5D is independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CONH ₂ , -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^1A and R ^1B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^4A and R ^4B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^5A and R ^5B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹ , X ⁴ , and X ⁵ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;

nl, n4, and n5 are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and

ml, m4, m5, vl, v4, and v5 are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

[0560] Embodiment 84. The compound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

the formula: (la).

[0561] Embodiment 85 The com ound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

the formula: ( ^r1 ) [0562] Embodiment 86 The compound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

the formula: (II). [0563] Embodiment 87. The compound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

the formula: (Ila). [0564] Embodiment 88. The com ound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

the formula: (lib).

[0565] Embodiment 89. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 88, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX^, -CHX ¹ !, -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX ¹ !, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1L , -C(0)OR ^1L , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0566] Embodiment 90. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 88, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX , -CN, -SH, - H ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0567] Embodiment 91. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 88, wherein R ¹ is independently halogen, -CX , -CHX , -CH ₂ X\ -OCXS, - OCH2X ¹ , -OCHX , -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ ,

-C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

[0568] Embodiment 92. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 88, wherein R ¹ is independently -OR ^1D .

[0569] Embodiment 93. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 88, wherein R ¹ is independently -OCH ₃ .

[0570] Embodiment 94. The compound of embodiment 83, wherein zl is 0. 0571] Embodiment 95. The compound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has wherein

R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently hydrogen, halogen, -CX , -CHX ,

-CH2X ¹ , -OCXS, -OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX , -CN, -SO _n iR ^1D , -SO _v iNR ^1A R ^1B , -NHC(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -N(0)mi, -NR ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)-OR ^lc , -C(0)NR ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , -NR ^1A S0 ₂ R ^1D , -NR ^1A C( 0)R ^1C , -NR ^1A C(0)OR ^lc , -NR ^1A OR ^lc , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsub stituted heteroaryl .

0572] Embodiment 96. The compound of embodiment 95, wherein the compound has

[0573] Embodiment 97. The com ound of embodiment 95, wherein the compound has

the formula: (Illb). [0574] Embodiment 98. The compound of one of embodiments 95 to 97, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SR ^1D , - R ^1A R ^1B , -C(0)R ^1C , -C(0)OR ^lc , -C(0) R ^1A R ^1B , -OR ^1D , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0575] Embodiment 99. The compound of one of embodiments 95 to 97, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, -OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH, -NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C ₆ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered heteroaryl.

[0576] Embodiment 100. The compound of one of embodiments 95 to 97, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently halogen, -CXS, -CHX^, -CH ₂ X\ -OCX^, - OCH ₂ X\ -OCHX^, -CN, -SH,

-NH ₂ , -C(0)OH, -C(0)NH ₂ , -OH, -OCH ₃ , substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. [0577] Embodiment 101. The compound of one of embodiments 95 to 97, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OR ^1D .

[0578] Embodiment 102. The compound of one of embodiments 95 to 97, wherein R ^{1 1} and R ^{1 2} are independently -OCH3.

[0579] Embodiment 103. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 102, wherein L ¹ is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cs alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene. [0580] Embodiment 104. The compound of one of embodiments 83, 86, 89 to 95, and 98 to 102, wherein L ¹ is a bond.

[0581] Embodiment 105. The compound of one of embodiments 83, 86, 89 to 95, and 98 to 102, wherein L ¹ is -CH2 R ⁴ -.

[0582] Embodiment 106. The compound of one of embodiments 83, 86, 89 to 95, and 98 to 105, wherein L ² is -NR ⁵ -.

[0583] Embodiment 107. The compound of embodiment 106, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl.

[0584] Embodiment 108. The compound of embodiment 106, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkyl.

[0585] Embodiment 109. The compound of embodiment 106, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen, unsubstituted methyl, unsubstituted ethyl, unsubstituted hexyl, or unsubstituted benzyl.

[0586] Embodiment 110. The compound of embodiment 106, wherein R ⁵ is hydrogen.

[0587] Embodiment 111. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 110, wherein E is a covalent cysteine modifier moiety.

[0588] Embodiment 112. The compound of one of embodiments 83 to 110, wherein E is:

R ¹⁵ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁵ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁵ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁵ , -CN, -SOnisR ¹⁵⁰ , -SOvi ₅ R ^15A R ^15B , - HNR ^15A R ^15B , -O R ^15A R ^15B ,

- HC=(0) HNR ^15A R ^15B , - HC(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -N(0) _m i5, - R ^15A R ^15B , -C(0)R ^15C ,

-C(0)-OR ^15C , -C(0) R ^15A R ^15B , -OR ^15D , - R ^15A S0 ₂ R ^15D , - R ^15A C(0)R ^15C , - R ^15A C(0)OR ^15C , - R ^15A OR ^15C , -OCX ¹⁵ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁵ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁶ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁶ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁶ , -CN, -SOnieR ¹⁶⁰ , -SOvi ₆ NR ^16A R ^16B , -NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -ONR ^16A R ^16B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^16A R ^16B , -NHC(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -N(0) _m i6, -NR ^16A R ^16B ,

-C(0)R ^16C , -C(0)-OR ^16C , -C(0)NR ^16A R ^16B , -OR ^16D , -NR ^16A S0 ₂ R ^16D , -NR ^16A C(0)R ^16C , - NR ^16A C(0)OR ^16C , -NR ^16A OR ^16C , -OCX ¹⁶ ₃ ,

-OCHX ¹⁶ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, halogen, CX ¹⁷ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁷ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁷ , -CN, -SOni7R ^17D , -SCvi7NR ^17A R ^17B , -NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -ONR ^17A R ^17B ,

-NHC=(0)NHNR ^17A R ^17B , -NHC(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -N(0) _m i7, -NR ^17A R ^17B , -C(0)R ^17C ,

-C(0)-OR ^17C , -C(0)NR ^17A R ^17B , -OR ^17D , -NR ^17A S0 ₂ R ^17D , -NR ^17A C(0)R ^17C , - NR ^17A C(0)OR ^17C , -NR ^17A OR ^17C , -OCX ¹⁷ ₃ , -OCHX ¹⁷ ₂ , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, zsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or

unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R ¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, -CX ¹⁸ ₃ , -CHX ¹⁸ ₂ , - CH ₂ X ¹⁸ , -C(0)R ^18C , -C(0)OR ^18C , -C(0)NR ^18A R ^18B , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

π 15Α π 15Β TJ 15C n 15D n 16A n 16B n 16C n 16D n 17A π 17B π 17C π 17D π 18A

IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , IV , R ^18B , R ^18C , R ^18D , are independently hydrogen, -CX ₃ , -CN, -COOH, -CO H2, -CHX ₂ , -CH ₂ X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^15A and R ^15B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^16A and R ^16B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^17A and R ^17B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R ^18A and R ^18B substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each X, X ¹⁵ , X ¹⁶ , X ¹⁷ and X ¹⁸ is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I; nl5, nl6, nl7, vl5, vl6, and vl7, are independently an integer from 0 to 4; and ml5, ml6, and ml7 are independently and integer from 1 to 2.

[0589] Embodiment 113. The compound of embodiment 112, wherein R ¹⁵ , R ¹⁶ , R ¹⁷ , and R ¹⁸ are hydrogen.

[0590] Embodiment 114. The compound of one of embodiments 112 to 113, wherein E

[0591] Embodiment 115. The compound of embodiment 112, wherein E is: 0592] Embodiment 116. The compound of embodiment 83, wherein the compound has

218

EXAMPLES

Example 1 - Chemoproteomic Screening of Covalent Ligands Reveals UBA5 as a Novel Pancreatic Cancer Target

[0594] Chemical genetic screening of small-molecules libraries has been a promising strategy for discovering unique and novel therapeutic compounds. However, identifying the targets of lead molecules that arise from these screens has remained a major bottleneck in understanding mechanism of action of these compounds. Here, we have coupled the screening of a cysteine-reactive fragment-based covalent ligand library with an isotopic tandem orthogonal proteolysis-enabled activity-based protein profiling (isoTOP-ABPP) chemoproteomic platform to rapidly couple the discovery of lead small-molecules that impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity with the identification of druggable hotspots for potential cancer therapy. Through this coupled approach, we have discovered a covalent ligand DKM 2-93 that impairs pancreatic cancer cell survival and in vivo tumor growth through covalently modifying the catalytic cysteine of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), thereby inhibiting its activity as a protein that activates the ubiquitin-like protein UFMl to UFMylate proteins. We show that UBA5 is a novel pancreatic cancer therapeutic target and show DKM 2-93 as a relatively selective lead inhibitor of UBA5. Our results underscore the utility of coupling the screening of covalent ligand libraries with isoTOP-ABPP platforms for mining the proteome for druggable hotspots for cancer therapy.

[0595] In the United States, it is estimated that over 53,000 people will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and over 40,000 patients will die from pancreatic cancer with a dismal overall 5-year survival rate of 7.7 % (1). Current therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer include resection and non-specific therapies such as radiation or chemotherapy (2).

Unfortunately, these treatment strategies are clearly insufficient for current pancreatic cancer therapy and better strategies are needed to discover both novel anti-cancer agents and targets for combatting pancreatic cancer. [0596] However, a major bottleneck in this effort has been that despite the identification of many novel protein targets that control cancer, these potential cancer therapy targets have remained largely untranslated, in-part because most of these proteins are "undruggable" or difficult to target with small-molecules (3). Developing technologies that enable the coupled discovery of new cancer targets and small-molecule therapies would provide a promising platform to discover next-generation cures for cancer. Recently, chemoproteomic

technologies have arisen to address this challenge, including activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), which uses activity or reactivity-based probes to map proteome-wide reactive, functional, and druggable hotspots directly in complex proteomes. Through competing small- molecules against the binding of these chemical probes to functional and ligandable hotspots in proteins, this competitive ABPP platform provides a facile strategy for developing selective modulators against new cancer targets (4-6). Another approach that has been successful at identifying new anti-cancer agents in a high throughput manner is chemical genetics, which involves small-molecule screening for anti-cancer phenotypes. However, a major challenge of chemical genetics is in identifying the target and mechanism of action of promising agents that arise from screens (7,8). To address this challenge, we have coupled the screening of a fragment-based cysteine-reactive ligand library with competitive isotopic tandem orthogonal proteolysis-enabled ABPP (isoTOP-ABPP) platforms to couple the identification of covalent ligands that impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity with the discovery of druggable hotspots that can be targeted for potential pancreatic cancer therapy (FIG. 1A).

[0597] We screened 85 acrylamide and chloroacetamide cysteine-reactive ligands to identify small-molecules that impair PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cell serum-free cell survival or proliferation by >70 % (FIG. IB, Table 1). To rule out compounds that may non-specifically cause toxicity, we also counterscreened any leads to eliminate any compounds that impair survival or proliferation in immortal human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells by >50 % (FIG. 1C, Table 1). Through this screening effort, we identified three main

chloroacetamide leads DKM 2-67, DKM 2-83, and DKM 2-93 (FIG. ID). Interestingly, these three compounds were all based on similar scaffolds with DKM 2-93 being the most complex structure of these three compounds. We thus chose to pursue DKM 2-93 for target identification using isoTOP-ABPP approaches.

[0598] Table 1. Screening of cysteine-reactive covalent ligand libraries in pancreatic cancer cells. A library of cysteine-reactive acrylamides and chloroacetamides were screened in PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells or HPDE pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (50 μΜ) to assess 48 h serum -free cell survival. Cell survival was assessed using Hoescht staining. Data are presented as mean ± sem, n=3/group.

DKM 2-101 1.42E-01 2.33E-02 1.69E-04

DKM2-93 1.62E-01 3.44E-02 1.52E-05

DKM 2-80 1.68E-01 6.41E-03 1.03E-05

DKM 2-98 1.75E-01 2.07E-02 2.07E-04

DKM 2-40 1.79E-01 1.31E-02 2.06E-04

DKM 2-91 2.04E-01 4.75E-02 2.92E-05

TRH 1-55 2.32E-01 3.10E-02 4.48E-01

TRH 1-12 2.39E-01 9.63E-02 8.65E-04

DKM 2-83 2.82E-01 l .OlE-01 3.00E-04

DKM 2-107 3.27E-01 1.69E-02 6.18E-04

DKM 2-114 7.59E-01 1.14E-01 1.17E-01

DKM 2-59 7.64E-01 3.40E-01 4.14E-01

DKM 3-5 8.00E-01 2.03E-01 2.93E-01

DKM 2-84 8.30E-01 2.71E-01 4.73E-01

TRH 1-56 8.94E-01 3.54E-02 1.06E-01

DKM 2-86 9.62E-01 2.06E-02 7.23E-01

DKM 3-13 9.82E-01 1.12E-01 3.13E-02

DKM 3-43 9.82E-01 3.32E-01 9.48E-01

DKM 3-16 1.08E+00 1.17E-01 1.84E-01

TRH 1-32 1.08E+00 6.97E-02 5.04E-01

DKM 2-95 l . lOE+00 4.03E-01 7.64E-01

TRH 1-54 1.13E+00 4.70E-02 7.65E-02

DKM 2-113 1.18E+00 1.22E-01 2.35E-01

DKM 3-41 1.19E+00 l . lOE-01 1.92E-01

DKM 2-87 1.25E+00 3.73E-02 5.71E-02

DKM 3-7 1.27E+00 1.78E-02 1.73E-04

DKM 3-12 1.27E+00 1.53E-01 6.39E-02

DKM 3-42 1.27E+00 1.86E-02 4.04E-02

DKM 2-47 1.27E+00 9.06E-02 6.64E-02

DKM 3-31 1.28E+00 6.11E-02 4.61E-02

DKM 3-32 1.29E+00 8.41E-02 5.39E-02

TRH 1-115 1.29E+00 4.03E-02 5.66E-03

DKM 3-4 1.29E+00 2.35E-01 5.89E-01

DKM 2-97 1.30E+00 1.96E-01 1.37E-01

DKM 2-111 1.30E+00 1.46E-01 8.58E-02

DKM 2-108 1.31E+00 1.89E-01 1.18E-01

TRH 1-13 1.33E+00 2.45E-01 1.60E-01

DKM 2-106 1.34E+00 6.65E-02 2.54E-02

TRH 1-19 1.34E+00 2.51E-01 3.78E-01

DKM 2-50 1.35E+00 6.24E-02 2.06E-02

DKM 3-3 1.37E+00 1.28E-01 1.45E-03

DKM 2-60 1.37E+00 6.49E-02 1.67E-02

DKM 2-110 1.37E+00 1.19E-01 3.23E-02 DKM 2-103 1.39E+00 4.14E-02 1.04E-02

DKM 2-102 1.40E+00 9.97E-02 1.82E-02

DKM 2-43 1.41E+00 2.25E-01 7.68E-02

DKM 2-67 1.45E+00 l .OlE-01 1.15E-02

DKM 2-37 1.45E+00 1.30E-01 1.73E-02

DKM 2-32 1.47E+00 1.52E-01 2.05E-02

DKM 2-33 1.48E+00 l .OlE-01 9.38E-03

DKM 3-15 1.49E+00 2.51E-01 2.18E-01

DKM 2-117 1.51E+00 6.03E-02 2.04E-04

TRH 1-20 1.51E+00 5.97E-02 3.71E-03

DKM 2-120 1.52E+00 6.64E-02 2.16E-03

DKM 3-11 1.52E+00 4.14E-02 2.82E-03

DKM 2-42 1.53E+00 2.66E-02 2.28E-03

DKM 2-48 1.54E+00 1.70E-01 1.56E-02

DKM 2-116 1.56E+00 1.13E-01 9.97E-01

DKM 3-9 1.56E+00 8.48E-02 3.34E-03

DKM 2-31 1.56E+00 1.21E-01 5.89E-03

DKM 2-100 1.57E+00 1.66E-02 1.47E-03

DKM 2-34 1.60E+00 1.61E-01 8.67E-03

DKM 3-36 1.62E+00 8.02E-02 1.91E-03

DKM 2-109 1.63E+00 1.26E-02 8.60E-04

DKM 2-49 1.65E+00 1.09E-01 2.47E-03

DKM 2-58 1.66E+00 5.31E-02 9.34E-04

DKM 2-39 1.68E+00 l .OlE-01 1.63E-03 proliferation in

Paca2 cells Average SEM P-value

TRH 1-17 3.87E-03 1.83E-03 2.29E-04

DKM 2-79 1.35E-02 9.69E-03 2.43E-04

DKM 2-90 2.68E-02 1.02E-02 2.62E-04

TRH 1-23 3.12E-02 2.40E-02 2.81E-04

DKM 3-22 4.62E-02 8.09E-03 2.92E-04

DKM 2-52 5.37E-02 3.88E-03 2.99E-04

DKM 3-29 5.37E-02 7.26E-02 3.00E-01

DKM2-94 6.18E-02 1.53E-02 3.25E-04

DKM 2-72 6.50E-02 3.01E-02 3.51E-04

DKM 2-67 7.55E-02 1.76E-02 3.49E-04

DKM 3-30 7.55E-02 2.23E-01 3.55E-02

DKM 2-91 8.11E-02 2.60E-02 3.78E-04

DKM 2-83 9.84E-02 1.54E-02 4.03E-04

DKM2-93 1.12E-01 4.60E-02 5.14E-04

DKM 2-76 1.32E-01 3.89E-02 5.54E-04

DKM 2-71 1.40E-01 9.66E-03 1.86E-05

TRH 1-55 1.50E-01 1.69E-02 5.93E-01 TRH 1-65 1.63E-01 2.54E-02 2.87E-05

DKM 2-80 1.65E-01 6.22E-02 8.23E-04

DKM 2-85 1.97E-01 1.46E-02 7.36E-04

DKM 2-119 2.16E-01 1.20E-01 7.09E-03

DKM 3-10 2.16E-01 2.61E-02 8.71E-04

DKM 2-98 2.24E-01 1.72E-02 8.91E-04

DKM 2-101 2.50E-01 8.20E-03 1.05E-03

DKM 2-40 3.35E-01 9.90E-02 3.87E-03

DKM 3-8 4.41E-01 1.38E-01 2.21E-02

DKM 2-107 5.50E-01 2.64E-02 1.27E-02

DKM 3-5 6.62E-01 2.12E-01 5.56E-02

DKM 2-84 6.68E-01 8.01E-02 5.48E-02

DKM 2-114 6.92E-01 8.57E-02 7.24E-02

TRH 1-56 7.09E-01 7.83E-02 4.61E-02

TRH 1-115 7.94E-01 2.64E-02 1.61E-01

DKM 3-7 8.44E-01 2.84E-02 1.32E-03

DKM 3-36 8.75E-01 1.35E-01 4.66E-01

TRH 1-12 9.15E-01 3.18E-02 5.36E-01

DKM 2-87 9.25E-01 1.83E-01 6.98E-01

DKM 2-116 9.59E-01 1.55E-01 7.91E-01

DKM 3-9 9.59E-01 1.31E-01 8.04E-01

DKM 3-41 1.05E+00 9.15E-02 7.37E-01

DKM 3-12 l . lOE+00 1.46E-01 1.71E-01

DKM 3-42 l . lOE+00 6.92E-02 4.85E-01

DKM 2-67 l . l lE+00 4.44E-02 4.34E-01

DKM 2-43 l . l lE+00 3.70E-02 4.18E-01

DKM 2-50 1.13E+00 1.88E-01 5.28E-01

DKM 3-16 1.13E+00 6.35E-02 4.62E-02

TRH 1-32 1.13E+00 1.77E-01 5.13E-01

DKM 2-86 1.13E+00 9.30E-02 4.07E-01

DKM 3-3 1.15E+00 1.78E-01 3.10E-02

DKM 2-33 1.18E+00 1.72E-01 3.44E-01

DKM 2-109 1.20E+00 2.48E-01 4.05E-01

DKM 3-4 1.20E+00 2.74E-01 7.95E-01

DKM 3-13 1.20E+00 1.02E-01 3.45E-01

DKM 3-43 1.20E+00 4.17E-02 1.70E-01

DKM 2-120 1.21E+00 1.87E-01 4.39E-02

DKM 3-11 1.21E+00 2.23E-01 3.54E-01

DKM 2-59 1.21E+00 6.47E-02 1.63E-01

DKM 2-113 1.22E+00 l .OlE-01 1.86E-01

DKM 2-103 1.24E+00 1.57E-01 2.05E-01

DKM 2-111 1.25E+00 9.20E-02 1.38E-01

TRH 1-19 1.26E+00 1.79E-01 2.76E-01 TRH 1-13 1.26E+00 2.35E-01 2.68E-01

DKM 2-97 1.27E+00 1.13E-01 1.20E-01

DKM 2-95 1.28E+00 1.19E-01 1.18E-01

TRH 1-54 1.29E+00 4.12E-02 2.22E-02

DKM 2-108 1.30E+00 2.12E-01 1.87E-01

DKM 2-48 1.30E+00 1.98E-01 1.71E-01

DKM 3-32 1.32E+00 1.21E-01 8.63E-02

DKM 2-47 1.32E+00 8.14E-02 6.38E-02

DKM 2-34 1.32E+00 2.21E-01 1.72E-01

DKM 3-15 1.34E+00 9.15E-02 2.07E-01

DKM 2-37 1.34E+00 1.97E-01 1.24E-01

DKM 2-1 17 1.36E+00 3.87E-02 1.1 1E-03

TRH 1-20 1.36E+00 1.03E-01 5.1 1E-02

DKM 2-1 10 1.39E+00 2.28E-01 1.13E-01

DKM 2-102 1.39E+00 5.09E-02 2.45E-02

DKM 2-106 1.43E+00 1.53E-01 4.54E-02

DKM 2-32 1.45E+00 1.02E-01 2.24E-02

DKM 3-31 1.48E+00 2.53E-02 9.81E-03

DKM 2-58 1.50E+00 6.19E-02 1.00E-02

DKM 2-39 1.52E+00 7.25E-02 9.37E-03

DKM 2-31 1.53E+00 8.24E-02 9.58E-03

DKM 2-49 1.54E+00 8.38E-02 8.51E-03

DKM 2-100 1.55E+00 1.13E-01 1.10E-02

DKM 2-60 1.65E+00 9.32E-02 4.09E-03

DKM 2-42 1.65E+00 1.38E-01 7.08E-03 countersurvival in HPDE cells Average SEM p-value

TRH 1-12 7.01E-02 2.35E-03 1.23E-05

DKM 2-76 1.12E-01 9.00E-03 7.98E-06

DKM 2-101 1.36E-01 4.03E-03 1.67E-05

DKM 2-72 1.44E-01 2.94E-02 2.80E-05

DKM 3-30 1.57E-01 1.56E-02 1.40E-05

DKM 2-40 1.63E-01 2.43E-02 4.01E-05

DKM 2-71 1.70E-01 3.59E-02 3.56E-04

DKM 2-85 1.74E-01 2.28E-02 2.70E-04

TRH 1-65 1.79E-01 6.96E-03 7.94E-06

DKM 2-91 1.90E-01 1.78E-02 1.82E-05

DKM 2-94 2.21E-01 4.48E-02 1.27E-04

DKM 2-52 2.45E-01 4.71E-02 1.67E-04

DKM 2-98 2.90E-01 1.27E-02 4.54E-05

TRH 1-56 3.05E-01 2.25E-02 5.95E-05

DKM 2-79 3.21E-01 1.69E-02 2.88E-05

TRH 1-23 3.47E-01 6.54E-02 7.67E-04

DKM 3-10 3.83E-01 5.69E-02 7.69E-04 DKM 2-90 4.02E-01 1.78E-02 5.05E-05

DKM 2-119 4.11E-01 7.55E-02 1.89E-03

TRH 1-17 4.81E-01 2.25E-02 1.22E-04

DKM 3-7 4.99E-01 8.36E-02 5.01E-03

DKM 3-22 5.21E-01 8.59E-02 6.00E-03

DKM 2-80 5.22E-01 6.28E-02 2.28E-03

DKM 2-107 5.36E-01 4.36E-02 1.16E-03

DKM 2-93 5.89E-01 6.78E-02 5.06E-03

DKM 2-83 6.52E-01 4.17E-02 2.35E-03

DKM 2-67 7.51E-01 7.95E-02 7.17E-02

[0599] Table 2. IsoTOP-ABPP Data for DKM 2-93 Target Identification and Cysteine Profiling in Primary Human Pancreatic Tumors. IsoTOP-ABPP analysis of DKM2-93 in PaCa2 cells. PaCa2 proteomes were pre-treated with DMSO or DKM2-93 (50 μΜ) prior to labeling proteomes with IAyne and appending a biotin-azide handle bearing a TEV protease recognition site and an isotopically light (for DMSO-treated) and heavy (for DKM2-93- treated) tag. DMSO and DKM2-93 -treated proteomes were then mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio and subsequently avi din-enriched, tryptically digested, and then probe-modified tryptic peptides were released by TEV protease and analyzed using quantitative proteomic approaches.

Peptide ratios shown are average ratios for those probe-modified peptides that were identified in at least 2 out of 3 biological replicates. A light to heavy ratio of 1 indicates that the probe- labeled cysteine-bearing peptide was not bound by DKM2-93, whereas a ratio >3 indicates bound sites. If a top hit showing >3 ratio showed more than 1 ratio greater than 3, the average of the top 2 ratios was kept. If a top hit showing >3 ratio had only one out of 3 or 1 out of 2 ratios that showed >3, the ratio was replaced with the lowest of the ratios.

Q5XKP0

A0A140TA86

MVYSTC* SLNPIEDE (SEQ ID Q08J23 Q08J23

AVIASLLEK NO:44) C85 1.61 Q08J23 2

(SEQ ID Q15366 Q15366

LVVPASQC*GSLIGK NO:45) C109 1.60 Q15366 Q15366 3

(SEQ ID 000429 000429

NO:46) 000429 000429

000429 000429

C158 G8JLD5 000429

YIET SELC * GGAR C361 1.58 000429 2

AIVLFTSDAC*GLSD (SEQ ID

AAHIESLQEK NO:47) 1.58 F1DAL9 P10589 2

(SEQ ID D6R918 Q9NX40

NO:48) D6RIT9 D6RF07

D6RG39 D6RBC5

D6RA54 Q9NX40

Q9NX40 D6RC55

VF AEC *NDESFWFR C38 1.57 Q9NX40 D6RDI5 2

(SEQ ID C215 Q99439 B4DDF4

NO:49) C204 B4DUT8

C*ASQVGMTAPGTR C152 1.56 A0A087X1X5 2

AVC *MLSNTT A VAE (SEQ ID C376

AWAR NO:50) C446 1.55 Q9BQE3 F5H5D3 2

AGSDGESIGNC*PFSQ (SEQ ID

R NO:51) C35 1.54 Q9Y696 3

(SEQ ID

AYE YVEC *PIR NO: 52) 1.54 P53701 3

SC*SGVEFSTSGHAY (SEQ ID

TDTGK NO:53) 1.54 Q9Y277 3

(SEQ ID

GVLM YGPPGC * GK NO: 54) C179 1.53 P43686 P43686 3

AAQVALLYLQELAE (SEQ ID

ELSTALPAPVSC*PEG NO:55) Q8WUA4 Q8WUA4

PK 1.53 A0A087WZD8 2

EVFSSC*SSEVVLSGD (SEQ ID

DEEYQR NO:56) 1.52 Q09666 2

C* SEGSFLLTTFPRPV (SEQ ID

TVEPMDQLDDEEGL NO:57)

PEK C119 1.52 Q15233 Q15233 2

LTALDYHNPAGFNC* (SEQ ID

KDETEFR NO:58) C19 1.52 Q9Y224 3

(SEQ ID

LLACIASRPGQC*GR NO:59) 1.52 P62241 2

(SEQ ID

TSC*SYCTMAK NO: 60) C78 1.51 Q9NS18 Q9NS18 2

(SEQ ID

LLMEQESSAC*SR NO:61) 1.51 096011 096011 2

FQSAAIGALQEASEA (SEQ ID

YLVGLFEDTNLC*AI NO: 104)

HAK 1.40 K7EK07 P84243 2 nCADPDGPEAQAEAC (SEQ ID D6RCB9 D6RC52

*SGER NO: 105) C18 1.39 Q9NX24 4

(SEQ ID

LGGSLIVAFEGC *P V NO: 106) C146 1.39 P60981 P60981 3

LC * Y V ALDFEQEM A (SEQ ID P60709 P63261

TAASSSSLEK NO: 107) 1.39 Q6S8J3 3

(SEQ ID

VAC * AEEWQE SR NO: 108) C87 1.39 075663 075663 4

TWYVQATC*ATQGT (SEQ ID

GLYEGLDWLSNELS NO: 109)

K 1.39 P18085 3

DSGAASEQATAAPNP (SEQ ID Q9BU23 Q9BU23

C*SSSSR NO: 110) C671 1.39 Q9BU23 2

RQDSDLVQC*GVTSP (SEQ ID

SSAEATGK NO: 111) 1.39 Q9HC52 2

AYHEQLSVAEITNAC (SEQ ID P68366 P68363

*FEPANQMVK NO: 112) C295 1.39 Q71U36 P68366 3

AFQYVETHGEVC*PA (SEQ ID

NWTPDSPTIKPSPAA NO: 113)

SK 1.38 P30048 P30048 3

TDC*SPIQFESAWAL (SEQ ID

TNIASGTSEQTK NO: 114) C133 1.38 P52292 2

QVQSLTC*EVDALKG (SEQ ID

TNESLER NO: 115) C328 1.38 P08670 2

AC*ASPSAQVEGSPV (SEQ ID

AGSDGSQPAVK NO: 116) C97 1.38 Q9UFC0 F8WDB4 2

SGEEDFESLASQFSD (SEQ ID K7EN45 K7EMU7

C*SSAK NO: 117) C113 1.38 Q13526 3

(SEQ ID

LTWHSC*PEDEAQ NO: 118) C177 1.38 Q13185 3

(SEQ ID

DLSYC*LSGMYDHR NO: 119) 1.38 P52597 3

VMTIP YQPMP AS SP V (SEQ ID

IC*AGGQDR NO: 120) C194 1.37 Q15365 3

(SEQ ID

IISDNLTYC*K NO: 121) 1.37 Q9Y2X3 2

VC nSILHAPGDDPM (SEQ ID

GYESSAER NO: 122) 1.37 P60604 P60604 2

(SEQ ID E9PCA1 B7ZAR1

NO: 123) P48643 P48643

IAILTC*PFEPPKPK C253 1.37 E7ENZ3 2

(SEQ ID C137 Q7Z4W1 J3QS36

GVPGAIVNVSSQC*S NO: 124) C82 J3KSZ5 J3QL34

QR cm 1.37 J3KRZ4 J3KS22 3

YFAGNLASGGAAGA (SEQ ID

TSLC*FVYPLDFAR NO: 125) 1.37 P12236 2

LC*GSGFQSIVNGCQ (SEQID A0A0B4J2A4

EICVK NO: 147) C92 1.34 P42765 2

D VQIGDIVT VGEC *R (SEQID

PLSK NO: 148) C131 1.34 P62280 2

(SEQID

VQENSAYIC*SR NO: 149) C585 1.34 Q9Y3T9 3

AYHEQLTVAEITNAC (SEQID C295

*FEPANQMVK NO: 150) C365 1.34 Q9BQE3 F5H5D3 2

(SEQID Q5JR08 P08134

IS AFGYLEC * S AK NO:151) C159 1.33 E9PQH6 2

(SEQID

C*ILTTVDPDTGVIDR NO: 152) C272 1.33 Q969Z3 2

(SEQID A0A087WXU3

AC *DLP AWVHFPDTE NO:153) A0FGR8 A0FGR8

R C181 1.33 H7BXI1 A0FGR8 3

SGDAAIVDMVPGKP (SEQID

MC*VESFSDYPPLGR NO: 154) C390 1.32 P68104 P68104 4

(SEQID

IIPGFMC*QGGDFTR NO:155) C62 1.32 P62937 3

GTPEQPQC * GF SNAV (SEQID

VQILR NO: 156) C67 1.32 Q86SX6 4

(SEQID

VIGIEC*SSISDYAVK NO: 157) ClOl 1.32 Q99873 4

(SEQID P49327

ADE ASEL AC *PTPK NO:158) C2202 1.32 A0A0U1RQF0 3

NWYVQPSC*ATSGD (SEQID

GL YEGLTWLT SNYK NO: 159) C155 1.31 P62330 3

(SEQID

LLQC*DPSSASQF NO: 160) 1.31 P84074 P37235 4

GSDELFSTC*VTNGP (SEQID

FFMS SNS AS AANGND NO:161)

SK 1.31 P26599 4

(SEQID

EVLC*PESQSPNGVR NO: 162) C137 1.31 Q14684Q14684 4

(SEQID

GLC*AIAQAESLR NO: 163) 1.31 P23396 4

(SEQID

VAC *ITEQ VLTLVNK NO: 164) 1.31 P04843 2

(SEQID

NTP SFLI AC *NK NO: 165) C179 1.31 Q9Y5M8 4

(SEQID P15880 H0YEN5

GC*TATLGNFAK NO: 166) C131 1.31 E9PQD7 3

CPEALFQPSFLGMES (SEQID

C*GIHETTFNSFMK NO: 167) 1.30 P60709 3

(SEQID C139 E9PK25 G3V1A4

HELQ ANC * YEE VK NO: 168) C177 1.30 P23528 E9PP50 4

(SEQID

C*PFTGNVSIR NO: 169) C60 1.30 P62280 4

(SEQ ID

YL AE VAC * GDDRK NO: 190) C134 1.27 P27348 3

(SEQ ID P31943 G8JLB6

DLNYC*FSGMSDHR NO: 191) C267 1.27 P55795 E9PCY7 4

(SEQ ID P21333

NO: 192) C2503 A0A087WWY3

ATC*APQHGAPGPGP C2516 Q60FE5 P21333

ADASK C2535 1.26 Q5HY54 2

GLYDGPVC*EVSVTP (SEQ ID

K NO: 193) C468 1.26 Q16555 Q16555 2

(SEQ ID C91 P62910 F8W727

ELEVLLMC *NK NO: 194) C109 1.26 D3YTB1 3

YC * VRPNSGIIDPGST (SEQ ID

VTVSVMLQPFDYDP NO: 195)

NEK C60 1.25 Q9P0L0 Q9P0L0 2

(SEQ ID Q9NUQ9 E5RJE1

NO: 196) E5RGI7 E5RI16

E5RJL8 E5RFS4

VLTC * TDLEQGPNFF E5RIR8 E5RHU5

LDFENAQPTESEKEI E5RK81 E5RK61

YNQVNVVLK CIO 1.25 E5RH75 2

(SEQ ID

LTISYC*R NO: 197) C82 1.25 J3KS15 Q14197 2

IIPTLEEGLQLPSPTAT (SEQ ID

SQLPLESDAVEC*LN NO: 198)

YQHYK 1.25 P61978 P61978 3

(SEQ ID

AQEPLVDGC * SGGGR NO: 199) C43 1.25 E7ER77 Q7Z2K6 2

(SEQ ID Q9Y2Q3 E9PFN5

NO:200) Q9Y2Q3 Q9Y2Q3

ETTEAAC*R C164 1.25 Q9Y2Q3 3

(SEQ ID P78347 P78347

NO:201) P78347 P78347

SILSPGGSC*GPIK C215 1.25 P78347 3

SC*SGVEFSTSGSSNT (SEQ ID A0A0A0MR02

DTGK NO:202) C36 1.24 P45880 4

(SEQ ID Q9BQE3 Q9NY65

NO:203) C347 F5H5D3 C9J2C0

TIQFVDWC*PTGFK C417 1.24 Q71U36 Q9NY65 3

(SEQ ID C107

NO:204) C75 H7C0T1 Q9BRJ6

SGAEL ALD YLC *R C92 1.24 C9JQV0 H7C2R9 3

(SEQ ID

EC*LPLIIFLR NO:205) 1.24 P62701 3

C*AGPTPEAELQALA (SEQ ID

R NO:206) C52 1.24 Q15050 2

NIC*FTVWDVGGQD (SEQ ID

K NO:207) 1.24 P84085 C9J1Z8 2 SPWLAG ELTVADV (SEQID

VLWSVLQQIGGC*SV NO:208) 1.239973

TVPANVQR 9 1.24 2

(SEQID Q15366Q15366

NO:209) Q15366Q15366

INISEGNC*PER C54 1.24 Q15365 3

(SEQID

ASC*LYGQLPK NO:210) 1.24 P09211 2

C *LLIHP PES AL EE (SEQID

AGR NO:211) C147 1.23 Q 16763 K7EPJ1 2

(SEQID A0A087X260

VTEDE DEPIEIP SED NO:212) A0A087WYY0

DGTVLLSTVTAQFPG B1AKP7 Q13148

AC*GLR C39 1.23 G3V162 2

(SEQID F8VWS0 P05388

NO:213) F8VU65 G3V210

AGAIAPC*EVTVPAQ F8VRK7 Q8 HW5

NTGLGPEK C119 1.23 P05388 F8VQY6 2

(SEQID Q5JTH9 Q5JTH9

GHSSDS PAIC*R NO:214) C31 1.22 Q5JTH9 2

(SEQID

STLTDSLVC*K NO:215) C41 1.22 P13639 4

(SEQID P68366 P68363

SIQFVDWC*PTGFK NO:216) C347 1.22 P68366 3

G F TLPE V AEC * FDEI (SEQID

TYVELQKEEAQK NO:217) C629 1.22 Q00839 Q00839 3

AEPPQC*TSLAWSAD (SEQID

GQTLFAGYTDNLVR NO:218) 1.22 P63244 3

SGDAAIVEMVPGKP (SEQID

MC*VESFSQYPPLGR NO:219) 1.22 Q05639 2

DLC*FSPGLMEASHV (SEQID

VNDV EAVQLVFR NO:220) 1.21 Q9BXW7 2

(SEQID 075521

WL SDEC * TN A VVNF NO:221) A0A0C4DGA2

LSR C345 1.21 075521 2

EQSDFC*PWYIGLPFI (SEQID C282 H3BR35P15170

PYLDNLP F R NO:222) C413 1.21 P15170P15170 2

NQSFC*PTV LDKLW (SEQID P46776 E9PLL6

TLVSEQTR NO:223) C70 1.21 E9PJD9 4

(SEQID Q13509 P07437

NO:224) C285 P68371

C650 A0A0B4J269

C303 K7ESM5 Q5JP53

NMM AAC *DPR C266 1.21 Q9BUF5 4

WMALGDYMGASC (SEQID

HAC * IGGTN VR NO:225) 1.21 P60842 2

(SEQID C9JNW5 C9JXB8

VELC*SFSGYK NO:226) C6 1.21 P83731 2 FMLVLASNLPEQFDC (SEQ ID C415

*AINSR NO:227) C461 1.20 Q5T9A4 Q5T9A4 2

SQDVAVSPQQQQC*S (SEQ ID C137 H3BTD6 Q96F86

K NO:228) C24 1.20 H3BQ37 H3BPW9 2

EEFASTC *PDDEEIEL (SEQ ID

AYEQVAK NO:229) 1.20 000299 2

VDEFPLC*GHMVSDE (SEQ ID

YEQLSSEALEAAR NO:230) C49 1.20 X1WI28 P27635 3

(SEQ ID

DTQTSITDSC*AVYR NO:231) CIOO 1.20 Q9Y5M8 2

(SEQ ID

LIDFLEC*GK NO:232) C234 1.20 PI 7844 J3KTA4 2

(SEQ ID C99

NC*NDFQYESK NO:233) cm 1.20 A2IDB2 Q04917 2

YTIVVSATASDAAPL (SEQ ID

QYLAPYSGC*SMGE NO:234) P25705 P25705

YFR C244 1.19 P25705 3

LDTNSDGQLDF SEFL (SEQ ID

NLIGGLAMAC*HDSF NO:235)

LK C91 1.19 P31949 2

VTDGALVVVDCVSG (SEQ ID

VC * VQTETVLR NO:236) C136 1.19 P13639 2

LVAFC*PFASSQVAL (SEQ ID

ENANAVSEGVVHED NO:237)

LR 1.19 000567 3

(SEQ ID C9JNW5 C9JXB8

C*ESAFLSK NO:238) C36 1.19 P83731 2

YGAVDPLLALLAVP (SEQ ID

DM S SL AC * GYLR NO:239) C223 1.18 P52292 2

LDINLLDNVVNC*LY (SEQ ID

HGEGAQQR NO:240) 1.18 014980 3

GNT AEGC * VHETQE (SEQ ID C942 Q9BQG0 I3L1L3

K NO:241) C862 1.18 Q9BQG0 2

EADQKEQFSQGSPSN (SEQ ID C102 Q9NQ88

C*LETSLAEIFPLGK NO:242) C161 1.18 A0A0U1RQD1 2

TASISSSPSEGTPTVG (SEQ ID

SYGC*TPQSLPK NO:243) C787 1.17 Q6PKG0 Q6PKG0 3

(SEQ ID

ASDHGWVC*DQR NO:244) C309 1.17 Q9HC36 3

(SEQ ID

AAQDLC *EEALR NO:245) C698 1.17 094906 094906 2

(SEQ ID Q13885 P68371

LTTPTYGDLNHLVSA NO:246) C239 Q9BVA1 P04350

TMSGVTTC*LR C221 1.17 Q5JP53 3

(SEQ ID

GSC * STEVEKETQEK NO:247) C69 1.17 075348 3

(SEQ ID

IDC*FSEVPTSVFGEK NO:248) 1.17 000567 2

VSLDPELEEALTSAS (SEQ ID

DTELC *DL AAILGMH NO:269)

LITNTK C132 1.13 Q9NYL9 2

(SEQ ID C318 P55263 P55263

TGC * TFPEKPDFH NO:270) C336 1.13 P55263 2

YADLTEDQLPSC*ES (SEQ ID

LKDTIAR NO:271) 1.13 P18669 2

HALQNSDC*TELDSG (SEQ ID

SQSGELS R NO:272) 1.13 Q96LW7 2

(SEQ ID

LC*PNSTGAEIR NO:273) 1.13 P35998 3

(SEQ ID Q96L21 X1WI28

MLSC*AGADR NO:274) C105 1.13 P27635 2

(SEQ ID A0A0U1RRM4

LSLDGQNIYNAC*CT NO:275) C250 P26599 P26599

LR C281 1.12 P26599 2

VGVGTC * GIADKPMT (SEQ ID

QYQDTSK NO:276) C214 1.12 075940 2

SWC*PDCVQAEPVV (SEQ ID I3L0K2 I3L3M7

R NO:277) C43 1.12 Q9BRA2 3

ALNALC *DGLIDELN (SEQ ID

QALK NO:278) 1.12 P30084 3

(SEQ ID Q8WVC2 Q9BYK1

TYAIC*GAIR NO:279) C56 1.12 P63220 2

(SEQ ID P00338 P00338

VIGSGC*NLDSAR NO:280) C192 1.12 P00338 2

(SEQ ID Q5JR08 C9JX21

NO:281) C9JNR4 P61586

L VI VGD G AC * GK C16 1.12 P08134 E9PQH6 2

(SEQ ID

IIYGGSVTGATC*K NO:282) C218 1.11 P60174 P60174 2

(SEQ ID C9JWF5 C9JV57

NO:283) Q7L1Q6 C9IZ80

C9J188 C9JFN4

FDPTQFQDC*IIQGLT C35 Q7L1Q6 Q7L1Q6

ETGTDLEAVAK C39 1.11 Q7L1Q6 3

QP AF PGQ S YGLEDG (SEQ ID

SC*SYKDFSESR NO:284) 1.10 M0QXS5 P14866 3

EITAIESSVPC*QLLES (SEQ ID

VLQELK NO:285) C704 1.10 075694 075694 2

(SEQ ID C172 P46782 M0R0R2

TI AEC * L ADELIN AAK NO:286) C102 1.10 MOROFO M0QZN2 2

VGSFC*LSEAGAGSD (SEQ ID

SFALK NO:287) C73 1.09 P45954 P45954 2

(SEQ ID C9JVN9 Q9H9P8

ISELSGC*TPDPR NO:288) 1.08 Q9H9P8 2

(SEQ ID

LGEW VGLC *K NO:289) 1.08 P25398 2

(SEQ ID C164 Q99439 Q99439

NO: 309) C175 B4DDF4 B4DUT8

C*ASQSGMTAYGTR cm 0.95 A0A087X1X5 2

SAC* SLESNLEGLAG (SEQ ID

VLEADLPNYK NO:310) C44 0.95 Q09161 2

EIGLWFHPEELVDYT (SEQ ID

SC*AQNWIYE NO:311) C170 0.90 P15531 P15531 2

(SEQ ID A0A087X2I1

GC *LL YGPPGTGK NO:312) 0.90 P62333 2

(SEQ ID

EC*EGIVPVPLAEK NO:313) 0.89 P82932 3

(SEQ ID P04637 J3KP33

NO:314) E7EQX7 P04637

P04637 P04637

C143 A0A0U1RQC9

C* SDSDGLAPPQHLIR C182 0.88 P04637 P04637 2

(SEQ ID Q96CM8 D6RF87

MVSTPIGGLSYVQGC NO:315) Q96CM8 Q96CM8

*TK C64 0.87 E9PF16 2

(SEQ ID

VGVD YEGGGC *R NO:316) C680 0.86 Q02809 Q02809 4

ISLGLP VGAVINC * AD (SEQ ID

NTGAK NO:317) 0.85 P62829 3

IDILINC AAGNFLC *P (SEQ ID C129 Q9NUI1 Q4VXZ8

AGALSFNAFK NO:318) C108 0.84 A0A0J9YY83 2

C *LEEL VFGD VENDE (SEQ ID

DALLR NO:319) C90 0.83 Q9Y5J1 2

(SEQ ID C136 F8VYE8 P62136

NO:320) C83 P62140 P62136

C126 P36873 P36873

GNHEC*ASINR C127 0.82 F8W0W8 2

YVEPIEDVPC*GNIVG (SEQ ID

LVGVDQFLVK NO:321) C466 0.79 P13639 3

(SEQ ID

NMSVHLSPC*FR NO:322) C116 0.79 P62280 2

(SEQ ID C149 F5GXU9 P12694

DYPLELFMAQC*YG NO:323) C178 M0R0C8 F5H5P2

NISDLGK C156 0.78 P12694 2

DAANC*WTSLLESEY (SEQ ID

AADPWVQDQMQR NO:324) 0.75 Q8WVJ2 2

(SEQ ID P13804 P13804

TI Y AGN ALC * T VK NO:325) C155 0.72 H0YLU7 2

(SEQ ID B 1ALA9 P60891

NO:326) P21108 B1ALA7

PI 1908 D3YTJ7

P60891 A6NMS2

C91 A0A0B4J207

VTAVIPC*FPYAR C24 0.66 P11908 2 (SEQ ID Q9BTX1 Q9BTX1

MAGIFDVNTC*YGSP NO:327) Q9BTX1 Q9BTX1

QSPQLIR C428 0.65 Q9BTX1 2

STFFNVLTNSQASAE (SEQ ID J3KQ32 Q9NTK5

NFPFC * TIDP ESR NO:328) 0.65 C9JTK6 Q9NTK5 3

(SEQ ID H0YJA2 Q6PJT7

NO:329) Q6PJT7 G3V5I6

Q6PJT7 G3V256

C261 Q6PJT7 Q6PJT7

LC *EPEVLNSLEET YS C177 Q6PJT7 Q6PJT7

PFFR C224 0.61 Q6PJT7 2

AQVPGSSPGLLSLSL (SEQ ID

NQQPAAPEC*K NO:330) C290 0.59 Q86W42 Q86W42 2

(SEQ ID

TC*FETFPDK NO:331) C326 0.50 P11216 2

EDPTVSALLTSEKDW (SEQ ID

QGFLELYLQNSPEAC NO:332)

*DYGL C209 0.49 P78417 P78417 2

(SEQ ID A0A087X2I1

NVC * TEAGMF AIR NO:333) 0.28 P62333 2

(SEQ ID G3V1V0 P01768

NO:334) P60660 P60660

MC *DFTEDQT AEFK C2 0.09 F8W1R7 3

[0600] We show that DKM 2-93 not only impairs PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cell survival, but also Panel pancreatic cancer cell survival (FIG. 2A). Surprisingly, even though the structure of DKM 2-93 is quite simple, we show that DKM 2-93 daily treatment significantly impairs tumor growth of PaCa2 cells in vivo in tumor xenograft studies in immune-deficient mice without causing any weight loss or overt toxicity (FIG. 2B; FIG. 4).

[0601] Next, we used competitive isoTOP-ABPP platforms to identify the specific druggable hotspot targeted by DKM 2-93 to impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity. We competed DKM 2-93 directly against labeling of PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cell proteomes with the broad cysteine-reactive iodoacetamide-alkyne (IAyne) probe for subsequent isoTOP- ABPP quantitative proteomic analysis. Through this study, we identified cysteine 250 (C250) on ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) as the primary target of DKM 2-93, showing the highest light (vehicle-treated) to heavy (DKM 2-93 treated) isotopic ratio of 4.2 (FIG. 2C). C250 is the catalytic cysteine on UBA5, suggesting that DKM 2-93 is a direct inhibitor of UBA5 (9,10). UBA5 is a protein involved in activating a ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to UFMylate proteins (9,11). While UBA5 and UFMylation has been shown to be important in breast cancer through UFM1 conjugation of a nuclear receptor coactivator ASCI that modulates estrogen receptor signaling (12), UBA5 has not been previously attributed to pancreatic cancer pathogenicity, thus making it a potentially novel pancreatic cancer therapeutic target. We show validation of UBA5 as a target of DKM 2-93 through

competition of DKM 2-93 against IAyne labeling of pure human UBA5 using gel -based ABPP methods (FIG. 2D). Consistent with our data showing that DKM 2-93 binds to the catalytic cysteine of UBA5, we also show that UBA5 activity, represented by activation and conjugation of UFMl on C250 on UBA5 (UFM1-UBA5 complex), is inhibited by DKM 2-93 (FIG. 2E).

[0602] We also performed isoTOP-ABPP profiling to quantitatively map proteome-wide cysteine reactivity in pooled primary human pancreatic tumors to determine whether UBA5 exists in pancreatic cancer and also to ascertain the relative reactivity of UBA5 C250 within the proteome. To map the relative reactivity of each cysteine in primary pancreatic tumors, we labeled pooled pancreatic tumor proteomes with either a high (100 μΜ, heavy) versus low (10 μΜ, light) concentration of IAyne and assessed the quantitative heavy to light ratios of probe-labeled peptides. Previous studies mapping cysteine-reactivity in this manner have shown that a ratio of <3 would indicate a hyper-reactive and likely functional cysteine, whereas a ratio -10 would not be considered particularly reactive (13). We indeed showed that UBA5 protein is present in primary human pancreatic tumors and that C250 of UBA5 shows a heavy (100 μΜ) to light (10 μΜ) ratio of 4.7, indicating that this cysteine is just moderately hyper-reactive, despite C250 representing the catalytic cysteine of this enzyme (FIG. 2F). This lack of hyper-reactivity may be possibly due to the exquisite substrate specificity of UBA5 for a large protein substrate such as UFMl, where the reactivity of C250 on UBA5 may be tempered to prevent promiscuous substrate recognition. Nonetheless, we show that UBA5 is present in primary human pancreatic tumors and that the catalytic C250 is accessible in these tumors.

[0603] To further confirm that UBA5 inactivation impairs pancreatic cancer pathogenicity, we also knocked down the expression of UBA5 in Paca2 cells (FIG. 3 A). We show that short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated transient or short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated stable genetic knockdown of UBA5 in PaCa2 cells phenocopies DKM 2-93 in impairing Paca2 serum-free cell survival and in vivo tumor xenograft growth (FIGS. 3B, 3C).

[0604] Here, we have coupled chemical genetic screening of a covalent ligand library with isoTOP-ABPP platforms to discover a covalent ligand DKM 2-93 that inhibits UBA5 to impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity. A previous study has reported another organometallic UBA5 inhibitor that acts through non-competitive mechanisms (14), DKM 2-93 represents another potential lead inhibitor scaffold that acts through covalent modification of the catalytic cysteine that can potentially be used to generate more potent and selective UBA5 inhibitors. It will be of future interest to determine of the UFMylation protein substrates of UBA5 that are responsible for the effects observed here, towards better understanding the mechanism through which UBA5 controls pancreatic cancer pathogenicity. Taken more broadly, our results underscore the utility of combining covalent ligand screening with chemoproteomic to rapidly mine the proteome for druggable hotspots that can be exploited for potential cancer therapy.

[0605] Materials. IAyne was obtained from CHESS Gmbh. HIS ₆ -UBA5 and HISe-UFMl were purchased from Boston Biochem. shRNA constructs were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Primers were obtained from Elim Pharmaceuticals. Description of part of the cysteine-reactive library of covalent ligands is described in a previous paper (15). Additional cysteine-reactive covalent ligands screened herein are described following.

[0606] Cell Culture. Mia-PaCa2 and Panel cells were purchased from ATCC and were grown in DMEM with 10% FBS. HPDE cells were obtained from Rushika Perera's laboratory at UCSF and grown in Life Technologies Keratinocyte SFM combo (cat no:

17005042). The generation of these cells have been previously described (16). [0607] Survival and Proliferation Assays. Cells were plated the evening before the experiment, and allowed to adhere overnight. For both survival and proliferation assays, cells were plated in regular media. Before dosing, the media was aspirated from all wells and replaced with the appropriate media and drug dosage. For the chemical genetics screen, cells were treated with either DMSO or the cysteine-reactive fragment for 48 h and cell viability was assessed by Hoescht stain using our previously described methods (17).

[0608] Tumor Xenografts. C.B17 SCID male mice (6-8 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously into the flank with 2,000,000 cells as previously described (17). After three days, the mice were exposed by intraperitoneal (ip) injection with either vehicle (18: 1 : 1 PBS/ethanol/PEG40) or 50mg/kg DKM-293 once per day, each day for the duration of the study. Tumors were measured every 3 days by caliper measurements. Animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of California, Berkeley. [0609] Proteomic Analysis. IsoTOP-ABPP analyses were performed as previously described (6, 13). PaCa2 cell lysates were pre-incubated with DMSO vehicle or DKM 2-93 (50 μΜ) for 30 min at 37°C, and then labeled with IAyne (100 μΜ) for 1 h at room temperature. They were subsequently treated with isotopically light (control) or heavy (treated) TEV-biotin 100 μΜ and click chemistry was performed as previously described (6,13). Proteins were precipitated over one hour and pelleted by centrifugation at 6500 x g. Proteins were washed 3 times with cold methanol then denatured and resolubilized by heating in 1.2% SDS/PBS to 85° C for 5 min. Insoluble components were precipitated by

centrifugation at 6500 x g and soluble proteome was diluted in 5 ml PBS, for a final concentration of 0.2% SDS. Labeled proteins were bound to avidin-agarose beads (170 μΐ _^ resuspended beads/sample, Thermo Pierce) while rotating overnight at 4°C. Bead-linked proteins were enriched by washing three times each in PBS and water, then resuspended in 6 M urea/PBS (Sigma-Aldrich) and reduced in dithiothreitol (1 mM, Sigma-Aldrich), alkylated with iodoacetamide (18 mM, Sigma-Aldrich), then washed and resuspended in 2 M urea/PBS with lmM calcium chloride and trypsinized overnight with 0.5 ug/ul sequencing grade trypsin (Promega). Tryptic pepetides were discarded and beads were washed three times each in PBS and water, then washed with one wash of TEV buffer containing 1 μΜ DTT. TEV- biotin tag was digested overnight in TEV buffer containing 1 μΜ DTT and 5 μΐ. Ac-TEV protease at 29°C. Peptides were diluted in water and acidified with final concentration of 5% formic acid (1.2 M, Spectrum).

[0610] Peptides from all proteomic experiments were pressure-loaded onto a 250 mm inner diameter fused silica capillary tubing packed with 4 cm of Aqua CI 8 reverse-phase resin (phenomenex # 04A-4299) which was previously equilibrated on an Agilent 600 series HPLC using gradient from 100% buffer A to 100% buffer B over 10 min, followed by a 5 min wash with 100%) buffer B and a 5 min wash with 100%) buffer A. The samples were then attached using a MicroTee PEEK 360 μπι fitting (Thermo Fisher Scientific #p-888) to a 13 cm laser pulled column packed with 10 cm Aqua CI 8 reverse-phase resin and 3 cm of strong-cation exchange resin for isoTOP-ABPP studies. Samples were analyzed using an Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using a Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) program as previously described (6, 13). Data was collected in data- dependent acquisition mode with dynamic exclusion enabled (60 s). One full MS (MSI) scan (400-1800 m/z) was followed by 15 MS2 scans (ITMS) of the nth most abundant ions.

Heated capillary temperature was set to 200° C and the nanospray voltage was set to 2.75 kV. [0611] For MudPIT runs, samples were run with the following 5-step MudPIT program (using 0%, 10%, 25%, 80%, and 100% salt bumps). Data was extracted in the form of MSI and MS2 files using Raw Extractor 1.9.9.2 (Scripps Research Institute) and searched against the Uniprot mouse database using ProLuCID search methodology in IP2 v.3 (Integrated Proteomics Applications, Inc) (18). Cysteine residues were searched with a static

modification for carboxyaminomethylation (+57.02146) and up to two differential modifications for either the light or heavy TEV tags (+464.28596 or +470.29977, respectively). Peptides were required to have at least one tryptic end and to contain the TEV modification. ProLUCID data was filtered through DTASelect to achieve a peptide false- positive rate below 1%.

[0612] Gel-Based ABPP. Gel-based ABPP methods were performed as previously described (19). HIS ₆ -UBA5 (0.06 μg) protein were pre-treated with DMSO or DKM 2-93 for 30 min at room temperature in an incubation volume of 50 μΐ. PBS, and were subsequently treated with IAyne (10 μΜ final concentration) for 30 min at 37°C. Copper-catalyzed azide- alkyne cycloaddition "click chemistry" was performed to append rhodamine-azide onto

IAyne probe-labeled proteins. The samples were separated by SDS/PAGE and scanned using a ChemiDoc MP (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc). Inhibition of target labeling was assessed by densitometry using ImageStudio Light software.

[0613] UBA5 activity assay. HIS ₆ -UBA5 and HISe-UFMl were purchased from Boston Biochem. UBA5 (1.25 μΜ) was pre-incubated for 30 min with either DMSO or DKM 2-93 in buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7, 5 mM MgCb), and then incubated with UFM1 (52.5 μΜ) ATP (1 μΜ) for 90 min at room temperature, after which the reaction was quenched in 6x non-reducing loading dye, and proteins were separated on a 4-20% TGX non-reducing denaturing gel, followed by Western blot analysis using anti-HIS6 antibody (Abeam, abl8184).

[0614] UBA5 Knockdown. UBA5 was knocked down transiently with siRNA or stably with shRNA as previously described (17,20). For siRNA studies, PaCa2 cells (200,000 cells/well) were seeded overnight after which siControl (non-targeting siRNA) or siUBA5 siRNA oligonucleotides (5 pooled siRNAs targeting UBA5 purchased from Dharmacon) were transfected into cells using Dharmafect 2. Cells were harvested after 48 h for qPCR and for seeding for cell viability assays. [0615] For shRNA studies, shControl (targeting GFP) and shUBA5 constructs (purchased from Sigma) were transfected into HEK293T cells alongside lentiviral vectors using

Lipofectamine 2000. Lentivirus was collected from filtered cultured medium 48 h post- transfection and used to infect the target cancer cell line with Polybrene (0.01 mg/ml). Target cells were selected over 3 days with 1 mg/ml puromycin. The short-hairpin sequence used for generation of the UBA5 knockdown lines was:

CCGGCCTCAGTGTGATGACAGAAATCTCGAGATTTCTGTCATCACACTGAGGTTT

T (SEQ ID NO:335). The control shRNA was targeted against GFP with the target sequence GCAAGCTGACCCTGAAGTTCAT (SEQ ID NO:336). Knockdown was confirmed by qPCR.

[0616] qPCR. qPCR was performed using the manufacturer's protocol for Fisher Maxima SYBR Green with 10 mM primer concentrations or for Bio-Rad SsoAdvanced Universal Probes Supermix. Primer sequences for Fisher Maxima SYBR Green were derived from Primer Bank. Primer sequences for Bio-Rad SsoAdvanced Universal Probes Supermix were designed with Primer 3 Plus.

[0617] Primary Human Pancreatic Tumors. Eligible patients completed written consent for our tissue banking protocol that is approved by the University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Review Board. During the pancreatic tumor resection, a 1 cm ³ portion of the tumor was dissected free of the fresh resection specimen, divided into 4-5 aliquots, placed into 1.5 mL cryovials, flash frozen, and stored at -80°C. Adjacent non-tumor bearing pancreatic tissue was also collected and banked in a similar manner.

Example 2 - Synthetic Methods and Results

[0618] General Procedure A. The amine (1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL/mmol) and cooled to 0°C. To the solution was added acryloyl chloride (1.2 eq.) followed by

triethylamine (1.2 eq.). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was then washed with brine and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (and recrystallization if necessary) to afford the corresponding acrylamide.

[0619] General Procedure B. The amine (1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL/mmol) and cooled to 0°C. To the solution was added chloroacetyl chloride (1.2 eq.) followed by triethylamine (1.2 eq.). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was then washed with brine and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (and recrystallization if necessary) to afford the corresponding acrylamide.

[0620] N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-119). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-phenoxyaniline (571 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 69% yield as a white solid (512 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.29 (m,

2H), 7.08 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.94 (m, 4H), 6.42 (dd, J= 1.4, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (dd, J = 10.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J= 1.4, 10.0 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 16.0, 157.5, 153.8, 13.4, 131.2, 129., 12.8, 123.3, 122.1, 119.6, 118.6. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 240.1019 (C15H14NO2). Observed: 240.1015.

[0621] 2-chloro-l-(indolin-l-yl)ethan-l-one (DKM 2-79). Following General Procedure B starting from indoline (331 mg, 2.8 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel

chromatography (0% to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 51% yield as a pale brown solid (278 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.17 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.04 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 4.05 (t, J= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.0, 142.4, 131.3, 127.6, 124.7, 124.5, 117.1, 47.7, 43.02, 28.1.

HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 196.0524 (CioHnClNO). Observed: 196.0523.

[0622] 2-Chloro-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-6-yl)acetamide (DKM 2-90).

Following General Procedure B starting from l,4-benzodioxan-6-amine (457 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 8% yield as an off-white solid (56 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.18 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J= 2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.17 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 163.8, 143.7, 141.3, 130.4, 117.5, 114.0, 110.2, 64.5, 64.4, 43.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 228.0422 (C10H11CINO3). Observed: 228.0421.

[0623] N-(4-Benzoylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (DKM 3-22). Following General

Procedure B starting from 4-aminobenzophenone (590 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 83% yield as a light brown solid (679 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.78- 7.76 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 195.7, 164.2, 140., 137.7, 134.1, 132.5, 131.7, 130.0, 128.5, 119.3, 43.0. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 272.0484 (C15H11NO2CI). Observed: 272.0482.

[0624] N-(3',5'-dichloro-[l,r-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylamide (DKM 3-3). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobiphenyl (717 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 45% ethyl acetate in hexanes) and recrystallization from toluene in 23% yield as a white solid (203 mg). ¾ NMR (600MHz, MeOD): δ 7.77 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J= 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J= 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (dd, J= 9.9, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J= 1.7, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J = 1.7, 9.9 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (150MHz, MeOD): δ 166.2, 145.2, 140.4, 136.5, 135.2, 132.4, 128.5, 128.0, 127.7, 126.2, 121.7. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 290.0145 (C15H110NOCI2). Observed: 290.0143.

[0625] Ethyl 4-(2-chloroacetamido)benzoate (TRH 1-17). Following General Procedure B starting from benzocaine (498 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (2% to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 68% yield as a white solid (494 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (q, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 1.34 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.1, 164.5, 141.0, 130.7, 126.7, 119.3, 61.1, 43.0, 14.3. HRMS (-ESI):

Calculated: 240.0433

(C11H11NO3CI). Observed: 240.0430.

[0626] N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-87).

[0627] Following General Procedure A starting from l,4-benzodioxan-6-amine (462 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 38% yield as a light yellow solid (239 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ SO): δ 9.97 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J= 2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J= 10.0, 17.0, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J= 2.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J= 2.1, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.23-4.18 (m, 4H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ SO): δ 162.7, 142.9, 139.5, 132.7, 131.9, 126.4, 116.8, 112.5, 108.4, 64.2, 63.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 206.0812 (C11H12NO3). Observed: 206.0807.

[0628] N-((tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-15). Following General Procedure A starting from tetrahydrofurfuryl amine (294 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 55% yield as a pale yellow oil (246 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.20 (dd, J= 1.7, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J= 10.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J= 1.7, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.11 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.44 (m, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.7, 130.8, 126.3, 77.7, 68.0, 43.2, 28.7, 25.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 156.1019 (C ₈ Hi ₄ N0 ₂ ).

Observed: 156.1017.

[0629] N-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-l-yl)acrylamide (TRH 1-56). Following General Procedure A starting from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-l -amine (277 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 34% yield as a white solid (190 mg). ¹ H MR (400MHz, MeOD): δ 7.16 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J= 17.1, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J = 16.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J= 10.1, 1.8, 1H), 2.78-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.80- 1.73 (m, 4H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, MeOD): δ 166.7, 139.3, 136.2, 133.3, 132.1, 128.5, 127.7, 126.5, 124.4, 30.7, 25.8, 24.0, 23.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 202.1226

(CisHieNO). Observed: 202.1224.

[0630] N-(7-bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acrylamide (TRH 1-65). To a solution of N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-84, 469 mg, 2.5 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) was added ammonium bromide (305 mg, 3.1 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of hydrogen peroxide solution (50% in water, 1.90 mL). The reaction was stirred overnight, after which it was carefully neutralized with a solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x20 mL). The combined organics were then evaporated and the resulting crude was purified via silica gel chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 621 mg of the product as a white solid (93%). ¾ NMR (400MHz, MeOD): δ 7.36 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J= 10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J= 1.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J= 1.8, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (q, J= 8.0 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (quint, J= 7.5 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, MeOD): δ 146.5, 140.2, 134.2, 132.0, 130.8, 128.1, 124.3, 116.9, 101.4, 35.8, 32.9, 24.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 287.9994 (Ci ₂ Hi ₂ NOBrNa). Observed: 287.9992.

[0631] N-methyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acrylamide (TRH 1-115). To a solution of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 167 mg, 4.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere at 0 °C was added a solution N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4- yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-84, 188 mg, 1.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). After stirring for 30 minutes, methyl iodide (0.25 mL, 4.0 mmol) was added. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was quenched with water and extracted with three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated, and the resulting crude product was purified via silica gel chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford the product in 35% yield as a clear oil (71 mg). ¹ H MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.19-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J= 2.0, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (dd, J= 10.3, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J = 2.0, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.93 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 2H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.6, 146.6, 141.7, 139.3, 128.2, 127.7, 127.4, 125.1, 124.2, 36.0, 33.2, 30.5, 24.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 202.1226 (Ci ₃ Hi ₆ NO). Observed: 202.1224.

[0632] General synthetic methods

[0633] Chemicals and reagents were purchased from major commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Reactions were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere unless otherwise noted. Silica gel flash column chromatography was performed using EMD or

Sigma Aldrich silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh). Proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¾ MR and ¹³ C MR) data was acquired on a Bruker AVB 400, AVQ 400, or AV 600 spectrometer at the University of California, Berkeley. High resolution mass spectrum were obtained from the QB3 mass spectrometry facility at the University of California, Berkeley using positive or negative electrospray ionization (+ESI or -ESI). Yields are reported as a single run.

[0634] General Procedure A. The amine (1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL/mmol) and cooled to 0°C. To the solution was added acryloyl chloride (1.2 eq.) followed by triethylamine (1.2 eq.). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was then washed with brine and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (and recrystallization if necessary) to afford the corresponding acrylamide.

[0635] General Procedure B. The amine (1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL/mmol) and cooled to 0°C. To the solution was added chloroacetyl chloride (1.2 eq.) followed by triethylamine (1.2 eq.). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was then washed with brine and the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (and recrystallization if necessary) to afford the corresponding

chloroacetamide.

[0636] N-(4-benzoylphenyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-117). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-aminobenzophenone (587 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 37% yield as a yellow solid (275 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.73 (m, 6H), 7.57 (tt, J= 1.5, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (dd, J= 1.6 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd, J= 9.9, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J= 1.6, 9.9 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 196.3, 164.4, 142.3, 137.8, 133.0, 132.5, 131.7, 131.0, 130.0, 128.8, 128.4, 119.3. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 252.1019 (C16H14NO2). Observed: 252.1014.

[0637] N-([l, l'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-37). Following General

Procedure A starting from 4-phenylbenzylamine (552 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 10% yield as an off- white solid (73 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.58-7.55 (m, 4H), 7.44 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 3H), 6.35 (dd, J= 1.3, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J= 10.3, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J = 1.3, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.5, 140.77, 140.73, 137.2, 130.7, 128.9, 128.5, 127.6, 127.5, 127.2, 127.1, 43.5. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 238.1226 (CieHieNO). Observed: 238.1224.

[0638] 2-Chloro-N-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)acetamide (DKM 2-76). Following General Procedure B starting from l-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (614 mg, 4.1 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 81% yield as a white solid (662 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.34-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.55 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 2.70 (t, J= 8.2 Hz, 2H), 1.89- 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.26 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.1, 141.3, 128.4, 128.2, 125.9, 45.7, 42.7, 381, 32.3, 20.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 226.0993

(C12H17CINO). Observed: 226.0992.

[0639] 2-chloro-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)acetamide (DKM 2-80). Following General Procedure B starting from 4-fluorobenzylamine (369 mg, 2.9 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 77% yield as a white solid (452 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 4.45 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.1, 163.6, 161.2, 133.20, 133.17, 129.64, 129.56, 115.9, 115.7, 43.2, 42.7. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 200.0284 (C ₉ H ₈ N0C1F). Observed: 200.0284.

[0640] N-(benzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-86). Following General

Procedure A starting from 3,4-(methylenedioxy)aniline (486 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 68% yield as a white solid (438 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ SO): δ 10.05 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J= 2.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J= 10.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, 7= 2.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 5.72 (dd, 7= 2.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H). C NMR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ SO): δ 162.8, 147.0, 143.1, 133.4, 131.8, 126.5, 112.1, 108.1, 101.4, 101.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 192.0655 (CioHioN0 ₃ ). Observed: 192.0651.

[0641] 2-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acetamide (DKM 2-91). Following General Procedure B starting from 4-aminoindan (372 mg, 2.8 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 49% yield as an off-white solid (289 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, 7 = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, 7= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, 7= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 2.94 (t, 7= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (t, 7 = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (quint, 7= 7.5 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): δ 163.8, 145.5, 134.5, 132.8, 127.3, 121.6, 118.5, 43.1, 33.2, 29.8, 24.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated:

210.0680 (CIIHI ₃ C1NO). Observed: 210.0680.

[0642] 2-Chloro-N-(2-chlorobenzyl)acetamide (DKM 2-94). Following General Procedure B starting from 2-chlorobenzylamine (432 mg, 3.1 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 67% yield as a white solid (443 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): δ 7.36-7.18 (m, 5H), 4.51 (d, 7= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): δ 166.1, 134.7, 133.5 129.8, 129.5, 129.1, 127.1, 42.5, 41.6. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 215.9988 (C ₉ H ₈ N0C1 ₂ ). Observed: 215.9988.

[0643] N-(4'-cyano-[l,r-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-98). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-(4-aminophenyl)benzonitrile (387 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (1% to 2% ethyl methanol in DCM) in 70% yield as a yellow solid (348 mg). ¾ NMR (600MHz, (D ₃ C) ₂ CO): 9.52 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.84-.7.82 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.71 (m, 2H), 6.49 (dd, J= 10.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J= 2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J= 2.0, 10.0 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (150MHz, (D ₃ C) ₂ CO): δ 164.3, 145.7, 140.9, 134.8, 133.6, 132.7, 128.5, 128.2, 127.6, 120.8, 119.5, 111.3. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 247.0877 (Ci ₆ HnN ₂ 0). Observed: 247.0875.

[0644] N-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-10). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-(methylthio)aniline (405 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 64% yield as a clear oil (362 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, MeOD): δ 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.42 (dd, J= 9.6, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J= 2.3, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J= 2.3, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, MeOD): δ 166.0, 137.2, 135.4, 132.4, 128.6, 127.7, 121.9, 16.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 194.0634 (CioHi ₂ NOS). Observed: 194.0631.

[0645] N-(4'-ethyl-[l, r-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylamide (DKM 3-16). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-amino-4-ethylbiphenyl (386 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 65% yield as a white solid (164 mg). *H NMR (400MHz, (CD ₃ )2CO): δ 7.82 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.62- 7.59 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (dd, J= 9.9, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (dd, J= 2.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J= 2.2, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (q, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 164.1, 144.0, 139.5, 13.9, 137.1, 132.9, 129.3, 127.9, 127.4, 127.2, 120.7, 29.2, 16.2. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 252.1383 (CivHisNO). Observed: 252.1379.

[0646] 2-Chloro-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)acetamide (TRH 1-23). Following General

Procedure B starting from 4-phenoxyaniline (370 mg, 2.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 46% yield as a white solid (315 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.01-6.98 (m, 4H), 4.17 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.2, 157.2, 154.4, 132.1, 129.8, 123.4, 122.2, 119.4, 118.7, 42.9. HRMS (-ESI):

Calculated: 260.0484 (Ci ₄ HnN0 ₂ Cl). Observed: 260.0482.

[0647] 2-Chloro-N-(2-methylbenzyl)acetamide (TRH 1-55). Following General Procedure B starting from 2-methylbenzylamine (239 mg, 2.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) and recrystallization from 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes in 64% yield as a white solid (191 mg). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, CDCb): δ 7.25-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.46 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100 MHz, CDCb): δ 165.8, 136.4, 135.0, 130.6, 128.4, 128.0, 126.3, 42.6, 42.0, 19.0. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 196.0535 (CioHnNOCl). Observed: 196.0534.

[0648] N-benzylacryl amide (DKM 2-31). Following General Procedure A starting from benzylamine (334 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 75% yield as a white solid (376 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.28-7.18 (m, 6H), 6.19-6.16 (m, 2H), 5.53 (dd, J= 4.6, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.8, 138.1, 130.8, 128.6, 127.7, 127.3, 126.5, 43.5. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 162.0913 (CioHi ₂ NO). Observed: 162.0912.

[0649] N-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-32). Following General Procedure A starting from l-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (606 mg, 4.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 89% yield as a clear oil (735 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.32-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.20 (m, 3H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.36-6.24 (m, 2H), 5.64 (dd, J= 2.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.14 (m, 1H), 2.70 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.93-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.24 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.1, 141.7, 131.3, 128.3, 128.2, 125.80, 125.77, 45.1, 38.4, 32.5, 20.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 204.1383 (Ci ₃ Hi ₈ NO). Observed: 204.1380.

[0650] N-(4-methoxybenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-33). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-methoxybenzylamine (424 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 60% yield as a clear oil (343 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.14 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.79 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.24-6.14 (m, 2H), 5.56 (dd, J= 2.0, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.6, 158.9, 130.9, 130.3, 129.1, 126.4, 113.9, 55.2, 42.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 192.1019 (C11H14NO2). Observed: 192.1017.

[0651] N-(4-fluorobenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-34). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-fluorobenzylamine (368 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 52% yield as an off-white solid (276 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.24-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.97 (t, J= 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.27 (d, J= 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (dd, J = 17.0, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (d, J= 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.7, 163.5, 134.0, 130.6, 129.6, 129.5, 127.0, 115.7, 115.5, 43.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 180.0819 (CioHuNOF). Observed: 180.0818.

[0652] Ethyl 4-acryloylpiperazine-l-carboxylate (DKM 2-39). Following General

Procedure A starting from ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (477 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 58% yield as a yellow oil (372 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.46 (dd, J= 10.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz), 5.60 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.5 Hz), 4.03 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 3.44 (s, 2H), 3.39-3.36 (m, 4H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.3, 155.1, 128.2, 127.1, 61.5, 45.4, 43.6, 43.3, 41.5, 14.5. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 213.1234 (C10H17N2O3). Observed: 213.1232.

[0653] N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-40). Following General Procedure A starting from 2,5-dif uoroaniline (369 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 15% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 27% yield as a white solid (141 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 9.26 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.24 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.84 (m, 1H), 6.67 (dd, J= 10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 164.6, 160.4, 151.0, 148.7, 132.0, 128.9, 128.8, 128.5, 116.7, 116.6, 116.5, 116.4, 111.1, 111.0, 110.8, 110.7, 110.0, 109.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 184.0568 (C ₉ H ₈ F ₂ NO). Observed: 184.0567.

[0654] N-phenethylacryl amide (DKM 2-42). Following General Procedure A starting from phenylethylamine (367 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 85% yield as a yellow oil (450 mg). ¾ NMR

(400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): δ 7.30-7.18 (m, 5H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J= 1.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J= 10.0, 17.0 Hz 1H), 5.59 (dd, J= 1.6, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (q, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.8, 138.8, 131.0, 128.7, 128.6, 126.4, 126.1, 40.8, 35.6. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 176.1070 (C11H14NO). Observed: 176.1068.

[0655] N-(4-bromobenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-43). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-bromobenzylamine (535 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 59% yield as a white solid (407 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.37 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 6.24-6.10 (m, 2H), 5.59 (dd, J= 2.0, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, J= 6.0 Hz , 2H). ¹³ C

MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 137.2, 131.7, 130.6, 129.4, 126.9, 121.2, 42.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 240.0019 (CioHnBrNO). Observed: 240.0016.

[0656] N-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-47). Following General Procedure A starting from 3,5-dimethylbenzylamine (257 mg, 1.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 77% yield as a white solid (276 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): 5 6.89-6.87 (m, 4H), 6.26 (dd, J= 2.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (dd, J= 9.7, 17.0 Hz, 1H) 5.59 (dd, J = 2.1, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (s, 6H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.6, 138.1, 138.0, 130.9, 129.0, 126.3, 125.6, 43.4, 12.2. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 190.1226 (Ci ₂ Hi ₆ NO). Observed: 190.1225.

[0657] l-(pyrrolidin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 2-48). Following General Procedure A starting from pyrrolidine (223 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 38% yield as a pale yellow oil (148 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.40 (dd, J= 10.0, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J= 2.4, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd, J= 2.4, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.91 (quint, J= 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J= 6.7 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.4, 128.8, 127.2, 46.6, 45.9, 26.1, 24.3. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 126.0913 (C7H12NO). Observed: 126.0912.

[0658] l-morpholinoprop-2-en-l-one (DKM 2-49). Following General Procedure A starting from morpholine (273 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 46% yield as a yellow oil (205 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.45 (dd, J= 10.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 6H), 3.46 (s, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.3, 128.1, 126.9, 66.6, 46.0, 42.1. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 142.0863 (C7H12NO2). Observed: 142.0861.

[0659] N-(3-phenylpropyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-50). Following General Procedure A starting from 3 -phenyl- 1 -propylamine (275 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 58% yield as a yellow oil (223 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.29-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 3H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 6.29-6.17 (m, 2H), 5.59 (dd, J= 2.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (q, J= 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (quint, J= 7.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.0, 141.4, 131.1, 128.33, 128.26, 125.9, 39.2, 33.2, 31.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 190.1226 (Ci ₂ Hi ₆ NO). Observed: 190.1225.

[0660] N-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-58). Following General Procedure A starting from 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethanamine (509 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 70% yield as a yellow oil (470 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.95-6.84 (m, 4H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, J= 17.1 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dd, J= 10.2, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J= 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.69 (q, J= 5.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.7, 149.6, 147.7, 130.8, 126.4, 122.1, 121.0, 114.8, 111.8, 68.5, 55.7, 38.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 244.0944 (Ci ₂ Hi ₅ N0 ₃ Na). Observed: 244.0940.

[0661] N-([l,r-biphenyl]-2-ylmethyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-59). Following General Procedure A starting from 2-phenylbenzylamine (202 mg, 1.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 70% yield as a yellow oil (184 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.41-7.22 (m, 9H), 6.16 (dd, J= 1.2, 17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.03-5.97 (m, 2H), 5.55 (dd, J= 1.2, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.3, 141.6, 140.6, 135.2, 1306, 130.2, 129.0, 128.7, 128.4,127.8, 127.4, 127.3, 126.4, 41.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 238.1226 (CieHieNO). Observed: 238.1223.

[0662] N-(2-chlorobenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-60). Following General Procedure A starting from 2-chlorobenzylamine (406 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 34% yield as a white solid (162 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.34-30 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J= 2.0, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dd, J= 9.7, 17.0 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (dd, J= 2.0, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 135.5, 133.5, 130.6, 129.8, 129.5, 128.8, 127.1, 126.8, 41.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 196.0524 (CioHuClNO).

Observed: 196.0521

[0663] N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acrylamide (DKM 2-84). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-aminoindan (402 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 59% yield as a white solid (332 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.72 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.10 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.40-6.26 (m, 2H), 5.69 (dd, J= 1.9, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (quint, J= 7.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): 163.5, 145.3, 134.4, 133.6, 131.2, 127.5, 127.2, 12.0, 19.2, 33.2, 30.1, 24.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 188.1070 (C12H14NO). Observed: 188.1069.

[0664] Ethyl 4-acrylamidobenzoate (DKM 2-85). Following General Procedure A starting from benzocaine (486 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 68% yield as a white solid (438 mg). Ή NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 9.39 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.43-6.41 (m, 2H), 5.71 (dd, J= 4.7, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (s, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.5, 164.6, 142.5, 131.0, 130.6, 128.4, 125.7, 119.4, 61.0, 14.2. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 218.0823 (C12H12NO3). Observed:

218.0822.

[0665] N-benzyl-N-methylacrylamide (DKM 2-95). Following General Procedure A starting from N-methylbenzylamine (350 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 60% yield as a clear oil (304 mg). ¾ NMR (-48:52 rotamer ratio, asterisks denote minor peaks, 400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.34-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.14 ^* (s, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J = 10.4, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.57 ^* (dd, J= 10.4, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.36 ^* (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.64 ^* (dd, J= 1.9, 10.4 Hz), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.56 ^* (s, 2H), 2.98 ^* (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 167.0, 166.4, 137.1, 136.5, 128.8, 128.5, 128.2, 128.0, 17.62, 127.59, 127.3, 126.3, 53.3, 51.0, 34.8, 34.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 176.1070

(C11H14NO). Observed: 176.1070.

[0666] l-(4-phenylpiperidin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 2-97). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-phenylpiperidine (331 mg, 2.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 86% yield as a yellow oil (379 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.32-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 3H), 6.62 (dd, J= 10.6, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.6, Hz, 1H), 4.82 (d, J= 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J= 13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (t, J= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 2H), 1.90 (d, J= 12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.64 (quint, J= 12.3 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): 165.3, 145.0, 128.5, 127.8, 127.4, 126.6, 126.4, 46.4, 42.7, 33.9, 32.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 216.1383 (Ci ₄ Hi ₈ NO). Observed: 216.1383.

[0667] llowing General Procedure A starting from 2-morpholinoethylamine (580 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (2% to 6% methanol in dichlorom ethane) in 33% yield as a white solid (184 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 5 6.39 (s, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J= 1.7, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J= 10.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J= 1.7, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (t, J= 4.6 Hz, 4H), 3.36 (q, J= 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (t, J= 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.38 (m, 4H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.5, 130.9, 126.2, 66.9, 57.0, 53.3, 35.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 185.1285

(C9H17N2O2). Observed: 185.1280.

[0668] l-(indolin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 2-101). Following General Procedure A starting from indoline (580 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel

chromatography (0% to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 56% yield as a green solid (285 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.30 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.60-6.48 (m, 2H), 5.79 (dd, J= 2.6, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (t, J= 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (t, J= 8.1, 2H). ¹³ C MR (lOOMHz, CDCb): δ 163.6, 142.6, 131.5, 129.0, 128.6, 127.2, 124.4, 123.8, 117.2, 47.8, 27.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 174.0913 (C11H12NO). Observed: 174.0911.

[0669] N-butylacryl amide (DKM 2-102). Following General Procedure A starting from butylamine (223 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 61% yield as a clear oil (237 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CDCb): δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.21-6.10 (m, 2H), 5.52 (dd, J= 3.6, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 1.48- 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.23 (m, 2H), 0.84 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (lOOMHz, CDCb): δ 166.0, 131.2, 125.6, 39.3, 31.5, 20.1, 13.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 128.1070 (C7H14NO). Observed: 128.1068.

[0670] N-(3-methoxypropyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-103). Following General Procedure A starting from 3-methoxypropylamine (274 mg, 3.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (35% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 54% yield as a clear oil (236 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.15 (dd, J= 2.0, 17.0 Hz. 1H), 6.07 (dd, J = 9.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J= 2.0, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (t, J= 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (q, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 1.72 (quint, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (lOOMHz, CDCb): δ 165.8, 131.2, 125.7, 71.3, 58.7, 37.7, 29.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 144.1019 (C7H14NO2).

Observed: 144.1017.

[0671] N-cyclohexylacrylamide (DKM 2-106). Following General Procedure A starting from cyclohexylamine (292 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel

chromatography (20% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 86% yield as a white solid (313 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, (CDCb): δ 6.55 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.21-6.09 (m, 2H), 5.51 (dd, J = 2.5, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.70 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.21 (m, 2H), 1.16-1.05 (m, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.8, 131.5, 125.7, 48.3, 32.9, 25.5, 24.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 154.1226 (C ₉ Hi ₆ NO). Observed: 154.1224.

[0672] N-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-107). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-chloroaniline (386 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) followed by recrystallization from toluene in 31% yield as a white solid (168 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 9.47 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J= 9.6, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J= 2.5, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J= 2.5, 9.6 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 164.1, 139.0, 132.5, 129.5, 128., 127.5, 121.7. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 180.0222 (C9H7NOCI). Observed: 180.0221.

[0673] N-cyclopentylacrylamide (DKM 2-108). Following General Procedure A starting from cyclopentylamine (257 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 55% yield as a colorless oil (229 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CDCb): δ 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.21-6.10 (m, 2H), 5.51 (dd, J= 3.5, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.53-5.50 (sex, J= 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.94-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.46 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.32 (m, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.4, 131.3, 125.7, 51.1, 32.9, 23.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 140.1070 (C ₈ Hi ₄ NO). Observed: 140.1067.

[0674] l-(4-methoxypiperidin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 2-109). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-methoxypiperidine (461 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (40% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 75% yield as a pale yellow oil (386 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CDCb): δ 6.45 (dd, J= 10.6, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J= 2.0, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J= 2.0, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.17 (m, 6H), 1.74-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.39 (m, 2H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.1, 127.6, 127.2, 75.0, 55.5, 42.7, 38.9, 31.1, 29.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 170.1176 (C9H16NO2). Observed: 170.1176.

[0675] N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-110). Following General Procedure A starting from 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (497 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 65% yield as a white solid (425 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.70-6.64 (m, 3H), 6.18-6.08 (m, 2H), 5.50 (dd, J= 3.1, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 6H). ¹³ C NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 165.5, 148.7, 148.0, 130.73, 130.67, 126.2, 119.9, 110.98, 110.96, 55.64, 55.55, 43.12. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 222.1125 (Ci ₂ Hi ₆ N0 ₃ ). Observed: 222.1121.

[0676] tert-butyl 4-acryloylpiperazine-l-carboxylate (DKM 2-111). Following General Procedure A starting from 1-boc-piperazine (552 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (50% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 75% yield as a pale yellow oil (534 mg). ¹ H NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.48 (dd, J = 10.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (dd, J= 1.8, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd, J= 1.8, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.44 (s, 2H), 3.36- 3.34 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 9H). C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.4, 154.4, 128.2, 127.2, 80.2, 45.5, 41.7, 28.3. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 241.1547 (C12H21N2O3). Observed: 241.1543.

[0677] N-(2-phenoxyethyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-1 13). Following General Procedure A starting from 2-phenoxyethylamine (279 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 61% yield as a white solid (239 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.31-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.94 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.31 (dd, J= 1.6, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J= 10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (dd, J= 1.6, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J= 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (q, J= 5.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 158.4, 130.7, 129.6, 126.7, 121.2, 1 14.4, 66.5, 39.1. HRMS (+ESI):

Calculated: 192.1019 (C11H14NO2). Observed: 192.1016.

[0678] Ν,Ν-dicyclohexylacrylamide (DKM 2-1 14). Following General Procedure A starting from dicyclohexylamine (537 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 55% yield as a white solid (382 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.49 (dd, J= 10.6, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.1 1 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J= 2.0, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (s, 1H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 1.74-1.49 (m, 12H), 1.22-1.07 (m, 6H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.2, 130.9, 125.5, 57.5, 55.6, 31.6, 30.1, 26.4, 26.0, 25.3. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 236.2009 (Ci ₅ H ₂₆ NO). Observed: 236.2004.

[0679] N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)acrylamide (DKM 2-1 16). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine (516 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 24% yield as a white solid (165 mg). ¾ NMR (600MHz, CDCb): δ 7.53 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.28 (dd, J= 1.5, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dd, J= 10.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (dd, J= 1.5, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (150MHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 142.3, 130.5, 130.0, 129.7, 128.0, 127.3, 125.73, 125.69, 12566, 125.62, 43.1. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 228.0642 (C11H9NOF3). Observed: 228.0641.

[0680] Ethyl l-acryloylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (DKM 2-120). Following General Procedure A starting from ethyl isonipecotate (459 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 45% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 71% yield as a pale yellow liquid (440 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.40 (dd, J= 10.6, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (dd, J= 2.0, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J= 2.0, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J= 13.2 1H), 3.93 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (d, J= 14.0 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (t, J= 11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (t, J= 11.5 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (tt, J= 4.1, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 1.77-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.05 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 173.7, 165.0, 127.5, 127.2, 60., 44.7, 41.0, 40.5, 28.2, 27.4, 13.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 212.1281 (CnHi ₈ N0 ₃ ). Observed: 212.1276.

[0681] N-benzhydrylacryl amide (DKM 3-4). Following General Procedure A starting from benzhydrylamine (459 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0%) to 20%) ethyl acetate in hexanes) and recrystallization from toluene in 15%> yield as a white solid (110 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 7.35-7.23 (m, 10H), 6.45 (dd, J = 10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36-6.34 (m, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J= 2.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (dd, J= 2.2, 10.2 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, (CD ₃ ) ₂ CO): δ 164.84, 164.76, 143.51, 143.48, 132.51, 132.47, 129.4, 128.5, 1280, 126.3, 57.5, 57.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 238.1226 (CieHieNO). Observed: 238.1222.

[0682] l-(4-phenylpiperazin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 3-5). Following General Procedure A starting from 1-phenylpiperazine (479 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 87% yield as a yellow oil (555 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): 7.30-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.87 (m, 3H), 6.60 (dd, J= 10.5, 16.8 Hz 1H), 6.33 (dd, J= 2.0, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J= 2.0, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.14 (t, J= 5.2 Hz, 4H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.0, 150.6, 18.9, 127.8, 127.1, 120.2, 116.3, 49.4, 48.9, 45.3, 41.5. HRMS (+ESI):

Calculated: 217.1335 (C13H17N2O). Observed: 217.1332.

[0683] N-(4-acetylphenyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-7). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-aminoacetophenone (398 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 45% yield as a white solid (253 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (dd, J= 1.3, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J= 10.1, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (dd, J= 1.3, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 197.5, 164.1, 142.5, 133.0, 130.9, 129.9, 128.9, 119.4, 26.6. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 190.0863 (C11H12NO2). Observed: 190.0858.

[0684] l-(4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 3-8). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-methylpiperidine (295 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 84% yield as a yellow oil (385 mg). ¹ H NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.51 (dd, J= 10.6, 16.5 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dd, 7= 2.0, 16.5 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (dd, 7= 2.0, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, 7= 13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (d, 7= 13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.55 (td, 7= 2.1, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (d, 7= 13.1 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.10-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.87 (d, 7= 6.5 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.2, 128.0, 127.0, 46.2, 42.4, 34.7, 33.7, 31.1, 21.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 154.1226 (C ₉ Hi ₆ NO). Observed: 154.1224.

[0685] N-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-9). Following General Procedure A starting from aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (402 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 75% yield as a clear oil (313 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 6.25-6.19 (m, 2H), 6.09 (dd, 7= 10.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (dd, 7= 1.7, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (t, 7= 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dq, 7= 7.1, 9.4 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (dq, 7= 7.1, 9.4 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, 7= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.13 (t, 7= 7.1 Hz, 6H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.7, 130.6, 126.4, 100.6, 62.8, 42.0, 15.2. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 188.1281 (C9H18NO3). Observed: 188.1278.

[0686] l-acryloylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (DKM 3-11). Following General Procedure A starting from piperidine-4-carbonitrile (329 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 48% yield as a colorless oil (234 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 6.49 (dd, 7= 10.6, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (d, 7= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (dd, 7= 1.9, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.88-2.82 (sept, 7= 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.90-1.73 (m, 4H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.4, 128.3, 127.3,120.8, 43.8, 39.9, 29.1, 28.1, 26.3. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 165.1022 (C9H13N2O).

Observed: 165.1020.

[0687] N-(3-(methylthio)propyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-12). Following General Procedure A starting from 3-(methylthio)propylamine (313 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 69% yield as a colorless oil (328 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.19 (dd, J= 2.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dd, J= 9.6, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, J= 2.2, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (q, J= 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.78 (quint, J= 7.0 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 131.0, 126.1, 38.6, 31.6, 28.6, 15.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 160.0791

(C7H14NOS). Observed: 160.0788.

[0688] N-(cyclohexylmethyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-13). Following General Procedure A starting from cyclohexanemethylamine (331 mg, 2.9 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 67% yield as a pale yellow solid (330 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J= 2.5, 17.0 Hz, 1H) 6.15 (dd, J= 9.3, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, J= 2.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (t, J= 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.70- 1.58 (m, 5H), 1.51-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.04 (m, 3H), 0.93-0.83 (m, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (lOOMHz, CDCb): δ 165.9, 131.2, 125.9, 45.9, 38.0, 30.9, 26.4, 25.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated:

168.1383 (CioHisNO). Observed: 168.1380.

[0689] l-(4-(4-acetylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 3-29). Following General Procedure A starting from 4'-piperazinoacetophenone (607 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (50% to 85% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 65% yield as a yellow solid (496 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.79 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (dd, J= 10.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.31-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 196.3, 165.2, 153.4, 130.2, 128.3, 127.9, 127.0, 113.5, 47.3, 47.0, 45.0, 41.2, 26.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 259.1441(Ci5Hi ₉ N ₂ 02). Observed:

259.1436.

[0690] N-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-30). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)aniline (440 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 33% yield as a white solid (180 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.88 (m, 4H), 6.43 (dd, J= 1.4, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (dd, J = 10.1, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J= 1.4, 10.1 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 163.9, 156.2, 153.4, 133.7, 131.2, 129.8, 128.2, 128.0, 122.1, 119.8, 119.7. HRMS (+ESI):

Calculated: 272.0484 (C15H11NO2CI). Observed:272.0479.

[0691] N-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-31). Following General Procedure A starting from 4-fluoroaniline (239 mg, 2.2 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 16% yield as a white solid (56 mg). ¾ NMR (600MHz, MeOD): δ 7.64-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J= 9.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J= 2.1, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J= 2.1, 9.8 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (150MHz, MeOD): δ 166.0, 161.56, 160.0, 135.93, 135.91, 132.3, 127.8, 123.2, 123.1, 116.4, 116.2. HRMS (-ESI): Calculated: 164.0517 (C9H7NOC). Observed: 164.0517.

[0692] N-(sec-butyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-32). Following General Procedure A starting from sec-butylamine (222 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel

chromatography (10% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 74% yield as a yellow oil (287 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): 5 6.56 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 6.16 (d, J= 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J= 4.3, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93-3.83 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.06 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.2, 131.4, 125.6, 46.6, 29.5, 20.2, 10.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 128.1070 (C7H14NO). Observed:

128.1069.

[0693] l-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one (DKM 3-36). Following General Procedure A starting from l-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (388 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 29% yield as a white solid (143 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.87-6.79 (m, 4H), 6.57 (dd, J= 10.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (dd, J= 1.9, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J= 1.9, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.01 (t, J= 5.1 Hz, 4H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.2, 154.3, 145.1, 128.0, 127.3, 118.8, 114.4, 55.4, 51.3, 50.7, 45.8, 41.9. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 247.1441 (C14H19N2O2). Observed: 247.1443.

[0694] N-tritylacryl amide (DKM 3-41). Following General Procedure A starting from triphenylmethylamine (386 mg, 1.5 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (5% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 74% yield as a white solid (346 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.38-7.27 (m, 15H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.28-6.26 (m, 2H), 5.66 (dd, J= 3.9, 7.2 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.6, 144.6, 131.5, 128.8, 128.1, 127.2, 127.1, 70.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 314.1539 (C22H20NO). Observed: 314.1542.

[0695] (E)-N-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-l-yl)acrylamide (DKM 3-42). Following General Procedure A starting from geranylamine (462 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 23% yield as a colorless oil (141 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.25 (dd, J= 1.5, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J = 10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (s, 1H), 5.59 (dd, J= 1.5, 10.2 Hz), 5.22-5.18 (m, 1H), 5.07-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.90 (t, J= 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.09-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.57 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.5, 140.2, 131.8, 131.0, 126.2, 123.9, 119.7, 39.6, 37.6, 265, 25.8, 17.8, 16.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 208.1696 (C13H22NO). Observed: 208.1697.

[0696] N-(benzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)acrylamide (DKM 3-43). Following General Procedure A starting from piperonylamine (312 mg, 2.1 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 74% yield as a white solid (315 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 6.22 (dd, J= 1.9, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J= 9.9, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (s, 2H), 5.58 (dd, J= 1.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.7, 147.8, 146.9, 132.0, 130.8, 126.6, 121.1, 108.4, 108.2, 101.0, 43.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 206.0812

(C11H12NO3). Observed: 206.0808.

[0697] N-decylacrylamide (TRH 1-12). Following General Procedure A starting from decylamine (479 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 26% yield as a white solid (163 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): 5 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.21 (dd, 7= 2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H) 6.13 (dd, 7= 9.7, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, 7= 2.0, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (q, 7= 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.50-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.20 (m, 14H), 0.83 (t, 7= 6.7 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.8, 131.2, 125.9, 71.9, 39.7, 31.9, 29.6, 29.6, 29.38, 29.35, 27.0, 22.7, 14.1. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 212.2009 (Ci ₃ H ₂₆ NO). Observed: 212.2009.

[0698] N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)acrylamide (TRH 1-13). Following General Procedure A starting from 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (514 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (20% to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 11% yield as a white solid (73 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.17 (d, 7= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.43-6.39 (m, 2H), 6.26-6.22 (m, 2H), 6.07 (dd, 7= 10.7, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (dd, 7= 1.4, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, 7= 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.2, 160.6, 158.6, 131.1, 130.7, 126.2, 118.7, 104.0, 98.6, 55.5, 55.4, 39.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 222.1125 (Ci ₂ Hi ₆ N0 ₃ ). Observed: 222.1124.

[0699] N-Phenylacryl amide (TRH 1-19). Following General Procedure A starting from aniline (277 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after recrystallization from a 1 :20 ethyl acetate: hexanes mixture in 46% yield as a white solid (200 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz,

CDCb): δ 8.59 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, 7= 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (t, 7= 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (t, 7= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.44-6.33 (m, 2H), 5.70 (dd, 7= 2.8, 8.9 Hz, 1H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.3, 138.0, 131.4, 129.0, 127.7, 124.6, 120.5. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 148.0757 (C9H10NO). Observed: 148.0754.

[0700] N-(l -phenyl ethyl)acrylamide (TRH 1-20). Following General Procedure A starting from 1 -phenyl ethan-1 -amine (387 mg, 3.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (5% to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 46% yield as a white solid (315 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.61 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H) 7.37-7.24 (m, 5H), 6.33-6.24 (m, 2H), 5.57 (dd, J= 4.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (quint, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.0, 143.4, 131.1, 128.4, 126.9, 126.0, 126.0, 48.7, 21.8. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 176.1070 (C11H14NO). Observed: 176.1067.

[0701] N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (TRH 1-32). Following General Procedure A starting from p-anisidine (258 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (10% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 58% yield as a white solid (216 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.34 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 5.61 (t, J= 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.3, 156.4, 131.4, 131.1, 127., 122.3, 114.0, 55.4. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 178.0863 (C10H12O2N). Observed: 178.0859.

[0702] N-(2-methylbenzyl)acrylamide (TRH 1-54). Following General Procedure A starting from 2-methylbenzylamine (240 mg, 2.0 mmol), product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (30% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 73% yield as a white solid (257 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.26-7.12 (m, 4H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.24-6.12 (m, 2H), 5.57 (dd, J= 9.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J= 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.6, 136.3, 135.7, 130.7, 130.4, 128.4, 127.6, 126.4, 126.1, 41.6, 19.0. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 176.1070 (C11H14NO). Observed: 176.1067.

[0703] Ethyl 4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazine-l-carboxylate (DKM 2-52). Following General Procedure B starting from ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (477 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 80% yield as a pale yellow oil (569 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 4.04-3.99 (m, 4H), 3.48-3.34 (m, 8H), 1.14 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 165.1, 155.0, 61.5, 45.8, 43.3, 43.0, 41.7, 40.7, 14.4. HRMS (+SI): Calculated: 235.0844 (C9H16CIN2O3). Observed: 235.0842.

[0704] N-benzyl-2-chloroacetamide (DKM 2-67). Following General Procedure B starting from benzylamine (430 mg, 3.1 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 70% yield as a white solid (416 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 7.40-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.08 (s, I s), 4.50 (d, J= 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H). ¹³ C MR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 166.0, 137.4, 128.8, 127.8, 43.8, 42.6. HRMS (-ESI):

Calculated: 182.0378 (C9H9NOCI). Observed: 182.0378.

[0705] 2-Chloro-l-(pyrrolidin-l-yl)ethan-l-one (DKM 2-71). Following General

Procedure B starting from pyrrolidine (511 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 83% yield as a clear oil (368 mg). ¾ MR (400MHz, CDCb): δ 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.41 (quint, J= 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.91 (quint, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (quint, J= 6.6 Hz, 2H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCb): δ 164.7, 46.5, 46.3, 42.1, 26.1, 24.1. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 170.0343 (CeHioClNNaO). Observed: 170.0343.

[0706] 2-Chloro-N-decylacetamide (DKM 2-72). Following General Procedure B starting from decylamine (472 mg, 3.0 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 81% yield as a white solid (555 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCh): δ 6.71 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.22 (q, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.51-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.24-1.19 (m, 14 H), 0.81 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCh): δ 165.8, 42.7, 39.9, 31.9, 29.5, 29.29, 29.27, 29.22, 26.8, 22.6, 14.1. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 234.1619 (C12H25CINO). Observed:234.1618.

[0707] 2-chloro-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)acetamide (DKM 2-83). Following General

Procedure B starting from 4-methoxybenzylamine (430 mg, 3.1 mmol) product was obtained after silica gel chromatography (0% to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) in 55% yield as an off- white solid (369 mg). ¾ NMR (400MHz, CDCh): δ 7.20 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.86 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (d, J= 5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H). ¹³ C NMR (100MHz, CDCh): δ 165.9, 159.2, 129.4, 129.2, 114.2, 55.3, 43.4, 42.7. HRMS (+ESI): Calculated: 214.0629 (C10H13CINO2). Observed: 214.0627.

[0708] References (Example 1)

[0709] (1) NIH-SEER database; (2) Garrido-Laguna, I, and Hidalgo, M. (2015) Pancreatic cancer: from state-of-the-art treatments to promising novel therapies. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 12, 319-334; (3) Dixon, S. 1, and Stockwell, B. R. (2009) Identifying druggable disease- modifying gene products. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 13, 549-555; (4) Nomura, D. K., Dix, M. M., and Cravatt, B. F. (2010) Activity-based protein profiling for biochemical pathway discovery in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 630-638; (5) Roberts, A. M., Ward, C. C, and Nomura, D. K. (2016) Activity-based protein profiling for mapping and pharmacologically interrogating proteome-wide ligandable hotspots. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 43, 25-33; (6) Backus, K. M., Correia, B. E., Lum, K. M., Forli, S., Horning, B. D., Gonzalez-Paez, G. E., Chatterjee, S., Lanning, B. R., Teijaro, J. R., Olson, A. J., Wolan, D. W., and Cravatt, B. F. (2016) Proteome-wide covalent ligand discovery in native biological systems. Nature 534, 570-574; (7) Gangadhar, N. M., and Stockwell, B. R. (2007) Chemical genetic approaches to probing cell death. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11, 83-87; (8) Smukste, I, and Stockwell, B. R. (2005) Advances in chemical genetics. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 6, 261-286; (9) Gavin, J. M., Hoar, K., Xu, Q., Ma, J., Lin, Y., Chen, J., Chen, W., Bruzzese, F. J., Harrison, S., Mallender, W. D., Bump, N. J., Sintchak, M. D., Bence, N. F., Li, P., Dick, L. R., Gould, A. E., and Chen, J. J. (2014) Mechanistic study of Uba5 enzyme and the Ufml conjugation pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 22648-22658; (10) Bacik, J.-P., Walker, J. R., Ali, M.,

Schimmer, A. D., and Dhe-Paganon, S. (2010) Crystal Structure of the Human Ubiquitin- activating Enzyme 5 (UBA5) Bound to ATP MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO A

MF FMALISTIC El ENZYME. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 20273-20280; (11) Wei, Y., and Xu, X. (2016) UFMylation: A Unique & Fashionable Modification for Life. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 14, 140-146; (12) Yoo, H. M., Kang, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. E., Seong, M. W., Lee, S. W., Ka, S. H., Sou, Y.-S., Komatsu, M., Tanaka, K., Lee, S. T., Noh, D. Y., Baek, S. H., Jeon, Y. J., and Chung, C. H. (2014) Modification of ASCI by UFM1 is crucial for ERa transactivation and breast cancer development. Mol. Cell 56, 261-274; (13) Weerapana, E., Wang, C, Simon, G. M., Richter, F., Khare, S., Dillon, M. B. D., Bachovchin, D. A., Mowen, K., Baker, D., and Cravatt, B. F. (2010) Quantitative reactivity profiling predicts functional cysteines in proteomes. Nature 468, 790-795; (14) da Silva, S. R., Paiva, S.-L., Bancerz, M., Geletu, M., Lewis, A. M., Chen, J., Cai, Y., Lukkarila, J. L., Li, H., and

Gunning, P. T. (2016) A selective inhibitor of the UFM1 -activating enzyme, UBA5. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 26, 4542-4547; (15) Bateman, L. A., Miyamoto, D. K., Huffman, T. R., Heslin, M. J., Contreras, C. M., Skibola, C. F., and Nomura, D. K. Chemoproteomic

Screening of Covalent Ligands Reveals Ligandable Hotspots for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Submitted; (16) Perera, R. M., Stoykova, S., Nicolay, B. N., Ross, K. N., Fitamant, J., Boukhali, M., Lengrand, J., Deshpande, V., Selig, M. K., Ferrone, C. R., Settleman, J.,

Stephanopoulos, G., Dyson, N. J., Zoncu, R., Ramaswamy, S., Haas, W., and Bardeesy, N. (2015) Transcriptional control of autophagy-lysosome function drives pancreatic cancer metabolism. Nature 524, 361-365; (17) Louie, S. M., Grossman, E. A., Crawford, L. A., Ding, L., Camarda, R., Huffman, T. R., Miyamoto, D. K., Goga, A., Weerapana, E., and Nomura, D. K. (2016) GSTP1 Is a Driver of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Metabolism and Pathogenicity. Cell Chem. Biol. 23, 567-578; (18) Xu, T., Park, S. K., Venable, J. D., Wohlschlegel, J. A., Diedrich, J. K., Cociorva, D., Lu, B., Liao, L., Hewel, J., Han, X., Wong, C. C. L., Fonslow, B., Delahunty, C, Gao, Y., Shah, H., and Yates, J. R. (2015) ProLuCID: An improved SEQUEST-like algorithm with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. J. Proteomics 129, 16-24; (19) Medina-Cleghorn, D., Bateman, L. A., Ford, B., Heslin, A., Fisher, K. J., Dalvie, E. D., and Nomura, D. K. (2015) Mapping Proteome-Wide Targets of Environmental Chemicals Using Reactivity-Based Chemoproteomic Platforms. Chem. Biol. 22, 1394-1405; (20) Benjamin, D. I, Louie, S. M., Mulvihill, M. M., Kohnz, R. A., Li, D. S., Chan, L. G., Sorrentino, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Cozzo, A., Ohiri, A., Goga, A., Ng, S.-W., and Nomura, D. K. (2014) Inositol phosphate recycling regulates glycolytic and lipid metabolism that drives cancer aggressiveness. ACS Chem. Biol. 9, 1340-1350.

[0710] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.