TITLE : CONSTRUCTIONS-INSTANT & ECONOMICAL

BY MECHANIZATION/ USE OF NEW JIGS & FIXTURES

REQUIRING SHUTTERING/ NO SHUTTERING AT ALL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention of "Constructions- Instant & Economical by mechanization/use of new jigs & fixtures - requiring shuttering/ no shuttering at all" relates to construction of civil structures - buildings, dams, flyovers, bridges, ports & tanks etc at lower cost and in shortest possible time frame with higher efficiency as compared to present systems of constructions. In fact, this technology changes completely the way constructions on this pla net are carried out at present. This invention also relates to changing the construction industry from most hazardous/labor oriented/costly/time consuming/cost overrun industry to most economical/ very short time taking/no cost over runs/most easy industry.

Prior Art There are systems known in the art where by constructions are carried out using mud, earth work, stones etc to erect walls.

Yet there are systems known in the art where by lime mix is used to hold stone work and bricks etc.

Yet there are systems known in the art where arches are created using lime mixture, stone work and brick work etc to create roofs.

Yet there are systems known in the art where by walls are made out of bricks/stones/precast cubes/precast blocks etc and also Reinforced Cement Concrete roofs / bridges/ports/fly- over etc.

Yet there are systems known in the art where by large buildings/bridges/flyovers etc are made using R.C.C. columns/beams /roofs structures etc and the walls are later on filled using bricks work, stones work etc.

Yet there are systems known in art where by the walls are created after laying the services like concealed wires/electrical conduits /plumbing/water supply/fire fighting pipes etc in walls itself or the walls are chased to lay the pipes etc to refill the gaps created after chasing and placing the pipes etc. l Though there are various systems known in the art where by the construction processes have been developed from time to time to hasten the construction processes using efficient and light shuttering materials to cast R.C.C. columns/ beams and walls etc but still it takes long time for any construction project to complete.

The other disadvantage of present technologies is that the walls are first constructed and then the chasing of walls is carried out to place in position all concealed services/pipes etc which takes long time for completion of walls once the frame structure of RCC is complete i.e. columns/beams/roofs etc. The other disadvantage of present technologies is the fact that various processes and various activities are carried out separately to compile the construction projects.

The other disadvantage of present technologies is the fact that various processes require various kinds of labor force to complete the construction projects concerning building works.

The other disadvantage of present technologies is the fact that overall the construction sector is by and large labor oriented sector in spite of various technologies developed till date and labor component is very large in construction sector. OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of present invention is to make the construction sector a most simple sector where by the labor component becomes very marginal and construction activity turns into a simple and easy activity in place the most difficult activity at present. The other objective of this invention is to construct the buildings, ports, bridges, flyovers in very short time frame and at lowest cost.

Yet another objective of this invention is to construct number of columns & beams for elevated train systems in short time as compared to present technologies.

Yet another objective of present invention is to obtain higher output from least amount of resources. At the outset of the description which follows, it is to be understood that the ensuing description only illustrates a particular form of this invention, however such a particular form is only an exemplary embodiment, and without intending to imply any limitations on the scope of this invention. Accordingly the description is to be understood as an exemplary embodiment and teaching of the invention and not intended to be taken restrictively.

DESCRIPTION

In accordance with this invention, civil constructions mainly consist of reinforced cement concrete structures. For buildings, the activities consist of reinforcement binding, centering & shuttering, pouring cement concrete mix, fixing wall tiles, external cladding, doors, windows and services etc.

By reducing time for each activity by mechanization and by use of new jigs and fixtures and various other means, the cost of labor component, supervision and other costs can be reduced which forms quite a big chunk for construction sector. By reduction in time, the inflation in costs of materials can also be taken care of.

The reinforcement binding can be economized, made easy and fast - by mechanization and introducing rings for columns and beams over central pole/ pipe. The rings can be welded over slip pipe pieces with spacers, which can be slipped over the central pipe/pole to build columns and beams in very short time. The rings, spacers and slip pipe pieces can be build in work shops or factories as per the requirement of sizes and shapes using machines, jigs and fixture can also be manufactured at very less cost and time due to economy of scales. A column or beam can have one single ring or multiple rings of different diameters and sizes in big sized- column or beam if there is such design requirement. Normally the columns and beams are rectangular, square or round . Once the new systems become popular, the rings of various sizes can be available in stores- off the shelf.

The rings can have u shaped pieces called - holders, pre -welded/pre fixed to rings at appropriate locations as per requirement of structural designs to receive the reinforcement bars for tying to it, the process makes it easy for even casual labor under the supervision of site engineer to build column or beam.

The pre-stressed concrete panels of least thickness possible approx 3mxl .2m size or bigger or smaller sizes can be cut to sizes or made as per sizes of the columns and beams- can be fixed on the outer surfaces of rings to act as exterior concrete surfaces cum shuttering itself. The pre stressed concrete panels can be directly fixed on outer surfaces of rings or spacer bars can also be provided if required to provide cover to the rings of columns and beams alternatively. Shuttering made out of wooden boards or polycarbonate sheets or other kinds for columns and beams can also be bound after fixing spacers made out of steel bars welded on outer surfaces of rings for providing gap and cap over the rings. The shuttering made in modules or self serving pre-stressed concrete panels can be tied together by nut & bolts fixed on rings or by pipe spacers having another longer pipe with grooves - of smaller diameter slipped in to the pipe spacers. The inner pipes can be pierced through the shuttering boards or concrete panels for driving the wedges in to grooves provided in longer pipes to keep the shuttering boards/ pre stressed concrete panels in place tight to introduce cement concrete mixture.

The reinforcement of walls can again be bound in short time if internal infrastructure of pipes is created by placing vertical pipes with holes at appropriate locations where walls have to be built and horizontal pipes are welded or joined - using plumbers to join horizontal pipes to vertical pipes at appropriate heights as per design requirements to form a grid of the center line of walls or civil structure. The horizontal pipes are further fixed to central pipes or poles of vertical columns. The vertical pipes are in turn joined to central pipe /pole of beams. The binding of walls, columns and beams thus form center line of the total structure and an internal infrastructure of the building or civil structure. Once the center line shell is ready, slip pipes with holes having spacers as per width of the walls - attached to it can be introduced over the vertical pipes. Loose jointing systems can also be used to join spacers to vertical pipes. Wedges can be fixed in holes of slip pipe pieces and the vertical pipes to form internal infrastructure. Pipe runners can also be fixed as alternative at ends of spacers in horizontal form to provided extra support for pre-stressed concrete panels/ shuttering plates/ shuttering boards/Synthetic sheets etc to rest on both sides of spacers/pipe runners to form boxes for introduction of cement concrete mix. The pre-stressed concrete panels/ shuttering boards etc can be held together by use of more spacers other than the spacers used in pipe pieces slipped over vertical pipes. The extra spacers can be made out of rectangular, square or round pipes with internal pipes of lesser diameter to be bigger in length than spacers to come out of holes provided/ drilled in pre-stressed concrete panels/shuttering boards etc. The internal pipes can have horizontal grooves provided for incursion of wedges to hold tight and together the boards/ pre stressed concrete panels placed on both sides of central infrastructure. The same system of pipe spacer can be used for columns, beams and other structures.

The central infrastructure or pipe grid can have pre-designed reinforcement tied to it in center or on sides or welded mesh tied to it for reinforcement requirements for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) walls. Even insulation boards etc can be fixed on one side or both sides of reinforcement.

The external boards and internal boards can be fixed to central infrastructure in turns. The internal board/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels having holes/ hold fasts can be fixed first with hooks / steel wires etc or magnets to receive all services fixed to its internal side facing internal pipe infrastructure as per the designs. To fix all services, the support of the space in between the boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels and reinforcement bars or welded mesh can be taken for proper placement of services in required locations. The pre-stressed concrete panels can be cut at places where boxes or plumbing /sanitary items etc. have to be fixed .

After all services are in place, the external boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels can be fixed to internal infrastructure to tie both internal boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels with external boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels together using more spacer pipes having internal pipe of lesser diameter to pierce through boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels and the wedges can be inserted in the grooves of longer pipes to hold internal and external panels together tightly. Once the external and internal boards/shuttering panels/ pre-stressed concrete panels are fastened well, the cement concrete mix can be introduced from above to create unified structure which will bind pre-stressed concrete panels into the cement concrete itself and become unified RCC structure while the shuttering materials or boards etc can be removed by removing wedges from grooves.

The pre-stressed concrete panels can have tiles/external cladding pre bound to it at the time of casting the pre-stressed concrete panels like stone slabs /tiles etc can be placed in the moulds , clamps can be attached to stone slabs/tiles etc where casting process has to commence, cement and coarse sand/ fine sand mix can be laid over the stone slabs /tiles and allowed to dry before placing pre-stressed steel bars, wires over the stone slabs /tiles in a removable frame to introduce cement concrete mix of appropriate mix ratio over the dried cement sand mix placed over stone slabs/tile. Once the concrete cement is set, the wires can be de-tensioned and outer frame removed for the panel to go for curing . Once the slabs with pre fixed external/internal claddings are ready, the panels can be fixed to internal infrastructure in place of normal pre-stressed concrete panels where ever there is such requirement like the external panels can have pre- fixed external cladding on panels fixed on external sides of internal infrastructure of pipes and panels having pre fixed tiles can be placed for toilet or kitchen walls before introducing cement concrete mix from above to provide finished surfaces where ever required.

The roof can also be self supported by placing pre-stressed concrete panels resting on horizontal supports. The horizontal supports rest on internal infrastructu re of pipes or after casting of cement concrete walls, the horizontal supports can rest on holes provided at appropriate spacing's on top of walls. The horizontal supports can not only rest on holes or internal infrastructure but extend beyond walls to become self supporting platform for carrying out outside work or exterior jobs of the building. Once the self supporting pre-stressed concrete panels are in position, services can be provided by cutting pre-stressed concrete panels at locations where concealed boxes or other items have to be fixed on roof, once services are in position, the reinforcement as per requirement is placed over the pre-stressed concrete panels to cast further portion of the roof as per the requirement of thickness of the roof.

The roofs can also be casted by use of tee sections /other sections of steel, placed at appropriate spacing's on vertical pipes of walls as per design requirements with rectangular /round bars welded to it on extruding side of tee. The grid so formed can be placed with flat side of tee on top and round bars/square bars at the bottom of tee section. The grid can be placed on the walls infrastructure/after walls are casted. The square or rectangular bars can have welded mesh with least spaces in between the wires of the welded mesh . The welded mesh can be tied or fixed by welding to round or square boards from bottom to receive the cement concrete mix for roofing . The spaces in closely built welded mesh can be filled first by cement mixture or by dry stone chips or by other methods including fixing plastic sheets/polythene sheets at bottom of welded mesh /above welded mesh. Cement concrete mix can be casted on self supporting steel grid with welded mesh to cover all the member after placing services. More reinforcement if required is placed on steel members at required locations to form the roof. All the steel members perform as reinforcement including tee section, round or square bars and the welded mesh etc.

Roofs can also be built by first pouring cement concrete mix in walls, once walls are ready in twelve hours or so, holes can be provided at top of walls while casting the walls for pipes and steel structure to extrude out of walls for external scaffolding and to rest shuttering on pipes or steel structure placed in between the holes in the walls at the top. Usual reinforcement can be placed with services to pour cement concrete mix and to wait till the roof is solid enough for pipes, steel structure and shuttering to be removed from top of walls of each floor while other activities carry on as usual .

Doors and windows duly painted with frames and all fittings can also be fixed to internal infrastructure while pouring cement concrete mix itself by welding steel sheet frames/ aluminum sheet frames/stone slabs of the size of doors and windows with the width of the sheets exceeding the width of doors and windows frames but not more than the size of the walls to seal the area in between width of door /window frames and shuttering area, where cement concrete mix has to be introduced . If the width of walls is more than the width of door /window frames, Stone slabs can also be fixed in between door window frames and walls to be casted . The door/windows can be covered from both sides at the time of pouring of cement concrete mix for protection.

The external cladding & tiles can also be fixed to internal infrastructure at required locations by forming frames out of angle or tee section placed at appropriate spacing's both ways having welded mesh of appropriate size, welded to frame. The frame also has hold fasts for frames to get fixed to cement concrete mix. The frames so formed can be placed in horizontal plane to place all the tiles/stone pieces as per design on the welded mesh . Cement sand mixture can be pasted on the outer surfaces of tiles/stone slabs to create soft layer on tiles/stone slabs. Once all the tiles/ stone pieces are placed neck to neck, another frame of same sizes and design can be placed on top of first frame. Both frames can be held tight by nut bolts/screwing together from top and sides through extruded pieces with holes, duly welded to frames. The internal frame with tiles/stone pieces will get fixed permanently along with tiles after setting of cement at required location of the buildings. The tiles/stone pieces with soft layer will act as shuttering for cement concrete mix. The external frames can be removed by unscrewing or removing nut bolts. The voids left can be treated later by plaster etc.

For footing foundations and raft foundations, modules of cubicles, in self supporting steel structures with rectangular top or square top with height as per the design required, can be prebuilt in workshops with reinforcement bound in place by welding or through U shaped pieces placed at appropriate locations as per the designs. The reinforcement bars can extrude in all directions in horizontal plane for raft foundations. The modules can be joined by nut bolts or wedges to form a flat foundation structure and the extruding bars can also be tied together. The columns in steel structu re, having reinforcement prebuilt in it, can be placed at appropriate locations as per the design and tied or welded to the flat surface with bent reinforcement bars in columns. They can also be tied at bottom of frames/ reinforcement bars as per the requirements of the design . Central pipes in footing of columns and columns of raft foundation can be provided with sockets at top to join the pipes of upper floors with pipes coming out of foundation columns to create center line of entire building .

For rapid road constructions, frames of channels / other sections / flats of appropriate size in width can be manufactured as per contour of the road in modules with nut bolts etc extruding out of frames for binding together the modules in length and breadth . The frames can have single layer or multiple layers of reinforcement or reinforcement on sides only as per the structural design tied to/welded to it or extruding out of holes provided in the frames for expansion. The modules can be placed on the flat surface of earth created before laying the modules. The flat surface of ground can have compacted layer/ layers of boulders/ stone chips of bigger size, cement and coarse sand mix called PCC can be laid before modules are placed . The lower layer can also be built by placing frames in modules duly joined together using nut bolts etc and cement concrete mix introduced in lower layer as well using bigger stone chips in place of smaller stone chips used in upper layer. For quick constructions of finishing layer, once each module is placed, cement concrete mix can be introduced in the frame by manual labor or through the pumps mounted on trucks to create flat surface of road on top. Once one module or multiple modules tied together with nut bolts etc are filled with the cement concrete mix, more modules can be joined to construct roads in fastest way. The frames will remain embedded in cement concrete mix after casting and act as shuttering while casting . For roads in hills, flat sections of steel can be used for sides of road to form the contour easily by bending the flats as per the site condition and welding the reinforcement right at the spot or at a little distance using portable welding sets with generators if electricity is not available to repeat the process of pouring cement concrete mix. For flyover, bridges and structures for elevated railway transport etc the columns along with foundation and top beam can be prebuilt in workshops using methodology of columns as described for columns of buildings and creating self supporting steel structure with prebuilt reinforcement as per design for foundation of column and top beam of column - all tied in single piece, can be transported to site for placing in position. For shuttering, pre-stressed hollow concrete modules of the size of columns can be built in work shops or pres-stressed Hume pipe pieces/modules can be introduced from above if circular columns have to be built. Alternatively, regular shuttering as is being used can also be fixed to cast cement concrete mix in installments as per design requirements. Beams of the flyover, bridges and other structures can have self supporting /self loading steel structures which are not only capable of taking the load of self structure but the cement concrete load and the pressure experienced during casting of cement concrete by pressure pumps. The steel structures can also have pre-stressed tendons already provided in the steel structure. Spacer bars are also fixed on outer surfaces to fix shuttering on top of spacer bars. The spacer bars provide cover over the steel structu re surfaces. The shuttering is fixed by using spacer pipes having smaller, longer pipes in spacer pipes and wedges as described above are driven in grooves. The complete structure is transported to site for loading the self supporting structure on columns. The self supporting steel structure can be built in single unit as per the length required between two columns or in modules to be joined at site to receive the cement concrete mix .

For columns on pile caps and well cap foundations, the columns can be prebuilt with reinforcement pre-bound in self supporting steel structures which can be fixed by tying or by welding on pile caps, well caps or by other methods to build columns for flyover and bridges as described above.

For dams, similar exercise of creating self supporting steel structures with reinforcement prefixed in structures can be manufactured in modules which can be joined together with nut bolts or pipes with grooves to form mega structures to pour cement concrete mix after placing the shuttering as used in columns and beams etc.

The civil structures can also be built without the requirement of shuttering at all by welding welded mesh or by binding welded mesh on outer surfaces of structures where solid shuttering is required . "The welded mesh thus can replace shuttering". The welded mesh can be welded or fixed on horizontal pipes/wall runners fixed to spacers of the internal infrastructures. The welded mesh can be manufactured with very little spaces in between the wires. After the welded mesh has been fixed in outer surfaces, the cement concrete mix can be introduced in the boxes formed by the welded mesh su rrounding like the usual shuttering . The welded mesh can be covered by thin plastic sheets/polythene sheets etc from outside or by fixing plastic sheets/polythene sheets in side of welded mesh .

Flyover as well the outer surfaces can have welded mesh surrounding to act as shuttering. Foundation steel structures can also have welded mesh surrounding to receive the cement concrete mix.

Reinforced cement concrete structures can also float to create floating ports or floating cities etc by placing empty drums made out of steel or plastics at

appropriate locations in self supporting steel structure or stainless structure with steel reinforcement or stainless steel reinforcement to create floating R.C.C.

structures after casting of cement concrete mix in self supporting structure having shuttering prebuilt or by fixing pre stressed concrete panels on external surfaces.

New shuttering material can be created by fixing strong shuttering materials like polycarbonate sheets etc on steel frames or aluminum frames having welded mesh below the polycarbonate sheets as support. The frames can have better joining systems like extruding flats with grooves to insert wedges in g rooves to join steel /aluminum frames together in horizontal plane and holes in frames to join

shuttering panels on both sides of internal infrastructure by spacer pipes as explained or for normal shuttering as in practice.

For a better understanding of the nature of this invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings which will make the working of various methods and the systems more clear. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For construction of buildings FIG 1 shows the overall view of a typical room for construction with reinforced cement concrete mix. It has vertical pipes -1 placed at intervals, having horizontal pipes -5 fixed to it at appropriate heights, spacers -4 are fixed to vertical pipes in horizontal axis at right angle to vertical pipe to provide exact width of the walls. The spaces are fixed to vertical pipes through slip pipe pieces-2 which can be slipped on vertical pipes. The view also shows that central vertical pipe of columns -6, on which the whole column has been built, is connected to horizontal pipes -5 and central horizontal pipes of beam - 11 around which the beams have been built is also connected to vertical pipe -1 of walls and vertical pipe of column -6 is also joined to horizontal pipe of beam . The connection of pipes can be by welding or by modules that can fit into each other or by using plumbers to join the pipes to form the internal infrastructure of a typical room or rooms or entire plan of the civil structure. As shown in FIG 8, for vertical constructions over the previous floor vertical extension pipes- 12 are fixed to the pipes of previous floors to maintain the horizontal central line as well as vertical central line of the structure to maintain the overall plan and construction as per design . The central line in horizontal as well as vertical plane is shown as per FIG -8, which shows columns-6, beams - 11 having vertical extension pipes - 12 joined to vertical pipes of previous floor.

FIG 2 shows details of central infrastructure with vertical pipes- 1 placed at designed intervals, the vertical pipes have holes at appropriate heights. Horizontal pipes -5 are fixed to vertical pipes at appropriate heights connecting the central vertical pipe of the columns -6 and the vertical pipe- 1 to form a self supporting central infrastructure. Spacers -4 comprising the width of the walls are fixed to slip pipe pieces -2. The slip pipe pieces are fixed to the vertical pipes through wedges - 3 fixed in the holes provided in the slip pipe pieces and the vertical pipes. There is option for the structure to cast cement concrete mix poured in boxes formed by solid shuttering-7 as shown in FIG 3. FIG -3 also shows details of one side of shuttering board -7 or pre-stressed concrete slabs/panels held with central pipe-5 through hook -9 to fix services shown in FIG 4. The shuttering on both sides of spacers -4 or pre stressed concrete panels are held together by using more pipe spaces other than spacers -4 in between both the shuttering boards or pre stressed concrete panels with internal pipes of lesser diameter - 13 than pipe spacers- 14 extending beyond boards on both sides of boards as shown in FIG-5 having grooves to fix wedges-15 in grooves of pipe of smaller diameter, which can support both sides of boards or pre stressed concrete panels for casting the cement concrete mix after services have been provided and after reinforcement has been tied in center or on sides along with insulation boards etc, and to remove the wedges after setting of cement.

For casting cement concrete mix in boxes, another method can also be formed by providing - welded mesh-16 on wall runner pipes -25 or flats or other steel sections as shown in FIG 5 on both sides of spacers-runners -25 . The welded mesh can have wires manufactured at very short distances so as not to allow the cement concrete mix to flow out of spaces. The spaces of the welded mesh can be filled with cement and sand mixture poured over the holes or by adhesives before introducing the cement concrete mix, even plastic sheets/polythene sheets can be tied or joined to welded mesh by bonding chemicals to create flat water proof surface of welded mesh. FIG -4 shows the entire inner view of items to be placed in position before the cement concrete mix can be introduced in the boxes formed by shuttering boards/ pre stressed concrete panels. After the shuttering board/ pre stressed concrete panels have been held on inner side of central infrastructure by hooks, the services are attached to shuttering board/ pre stressed concrete panels by taking support of shuttering board/ pre stressed concrete panels on one side and by fixing the reinforcement bars or welded mesh with mesh having sizes as per structure design of the walls on the inner central horizontal pipes-5 and central vertical pipes -1 or on both sides of vertical pipes. The reinforcement-8 can be tied to central horizontal as well as central vertical pipes. The services- 10 comprising of electrical conduits, water supply pipes, plumbing pipes, fire fighting pipes, sanitary pipes, rain water pipes etc. can be sandwiched and tied in between the reinforcement and the shuttering boards/ pre stressed concrete panels at appropriate locations as specified in the designs. Even insulation sheets/boards can be fixed on one side of central pipes or on both sides of pipes before introducing cement concrete mixture. For casting of RCC roof, there can be two ways. One by solid shuttering/ pre stressed concrete panels which can be placed on pipes/ metal structures placed in holes-19 created during casting of walls as shown in FIG 6 and FIG -2 . The walls will be able to take load of roof after 12 hours of introducing cement concrete mixture in the spaces created by solid shuttering / pre stressed concrete panels or shuttering provided by welded mesh all around or on one side and other side having solid shuttering for walls. Normal reinforcement with services can be placed on solid roof shuttering/ pre stressed concrete panels resting on pipes / steel structure resting through the holes -19 created in the walls. More cement concrete mixture can be provided on top of roof shuttering/pre stressed concrete panels.

Other methods can also be used to cast roofs as shown in FIG-6 by placing steel tee section -16 /other sections at appropriate spacing on vertical supports-12 of walls. Square bars /round bars-17 can be welded or bolted to tee section from below at appropriate locations of tee section. Welded mesh-18 can be welded or fixed to square or round bars to create shuttering for introduction of cement concrete mixture. Appropriate reinforcement and services can be placed on welded mesh before laying cement concrete mixture.

For fixing doors/ windows, FIG 7 shows metal frame/stone slab frame -20 or both can be fixed to internal infrastructure. The width of frame can be the same as is the width of the walls to seal the area where doors and windows have to be fixed. Door -21 and window -22 can be fixed in the metal frame. All doors and windows can be covered by boards etc at the time of pouring cement concrete mixture. Fig 7 also shows welded mesh-16 fixed to outer frames to act as shuttering.

For creation of columns and beams FIG 9 shows central pipe-24 around which rings -25 bound on slip pipe pieces-2 as described for vertical pipes used for walls with wedges inserted to hold the slip pipes in position at required heights through holes provided in central pipes and slip pipes are used for columns and beams as well. For small columns and beams, the reinforcement bars-26 are tied on corners but for bigger columns they may be rectangular, square or round . Details are provided later.

For fixing wall tiles and external cladding another method can also be used, FIG- 10 shows inner frame -27 in elevation made out of angle, flat, tee section etc with welded mesh welded on it, holes are provided in periphery to fix nut bolts.

Wall tiles or stone cladding -28 are placed in proper position as per design on the frame placed in horizontal plane, cement sand mixture of appropriate mix is pasted on tiies/stone slabs. The layer so formed is allowed to dry. Frame -29 is placed on top of it in horizontal plane. Nut bolts are tightened from all sides. Once the tiles and frames are tightly fixed and totally secure, the frames are lifted and placed in right location of inner infrastructure which forms the center line of the plan of building, wall tiles frames are placed in plan where kitchen/toilet etc is located . The tiles in the frames act as shuttering for the walls where tiles are supposed to be fixed. Solid shuttering or welded mesh shuttering can be placed on other side of the wall where frames of tiles are placed for pouring cement concrete mixture. Hold fasts -30 act as anchors for inner frame, welded mesh and tiles. After introduction of cement concrete mix the frame -27 along with welded mesh and tiles get set and the outer frame-28 is removed . The holes and frame in periphery are treated . Bath room tiles and external cladding can be fixed permanently by placing frames containing tiles/stone cladding etc in proper location of the plan of the building .

For raft foundations/footing foundations, modules of structural steel with rectangular top or square top or round top with height of structure as per the design required can be prebuilt. FIG 11 shows -31 as frames with reinforcement - 33 prebuilt in frames, columns 32 prebuilt in structural steel i.e. frames made out of angles or even rounds can have prebuilt reinforcement. The turned bars of columns at bottom can be bound with reinforcement bars -33 built in frames at the bottom. All the modules can be joined together by using nut bolts-34. The reinforcement bars can extend out of frames in all directions of raft foundation for binding with reinforcement bars of other frames while reinforcement bars for footing foundations can extrude up wards. Vertical central pipes -35 are provided in the steel structures to create vertical and horizontal central line of the whole building. Socket -36 is provided for the pipes to join vertically up wards for upper floors. All components, be it bottom modules or prebuilt columns etc can be manufactured in work shops or factories and assembled at site. Wheels as option can be provided to move the pre built structures in factory/work shop or for easy transportation on trucks etc,

Roads made out of reinforced cement concrete can be constructed in very short time with lesser labor and at economical cost if frames made of channels, steel structures or steel flats are manufactured in modules with nut bolts extending out of frames to bind together using nut bolts.

The frames with reinforcement are pre built as per design by welding reinforcement in frames or through holes provided in the frames can become self supporting structure to receive the cement concrete mixture in the frames placed on plain ground or roads surfaces first prepared with plain cement concrete mix duly compressed to receive the frames on such surfaces.

FIG 12 shows frame -1 made out of steel channel in elevation, plan and section with reinforcement -2 fixed in the frames itself, nut and bolts -3 are fixed to frame at appropriate spacing's in all directions except frames placed on extreme sides are bound one by one after casting cement concrete mixture or before ,as is convenient. The frames can have one layer of reinforcement or multiple layers, depending upon height of road required for short life or long life.

For round roads or roads in mountains etc, steel flat sections can be used to manufacture the outer frames as per the contour or shape of road to be constructed for fixing the reinforcement as per design in the frames to introduce the cement concrete mixture in the frames to construct round or zigzag roads. FIG 12 shows steel flat -4 with nut bolts -3 fixed to flat. Reinforcement -2 is fixed to frame as in the frame made out of channels. For columns meant for elevated trains transport, flyover and bridges etc. FIG 13 shows a ring of column that can be inserted in very short time over the central pipe of any column to create columns in very short time frame in place of days it takes to complete a column. Prebuilt rings-1 in round or in rectangular shape or square shape or triangle etc can be manufactured in work shops or factories. Holders-2 in u shape or other shapes can be welded or fixed to the ring at appropriate, spots as required in structural designs to receive reinforcement bars for binding. A central slip pipe piece -3 of the size little bigger than the diameter of vertical pipe meant to act as central pole of column, has arms -4 welded to or fixed to it to on one side and outer ring -1 on other side to create the outer size of the ring. A hole -5 is provided in the central slip piece for inserting wedge in the hole of slip piece and holes provided in vertical pipes/poles of columns at appropriate heights as per design for fixing the rings on the vertical pipes of the column as per design.

FIG 14 shows the column's central pole-9 having slip pipe pieces-3 inserted on pole -9 along with outer rings - 1 and rings -6 with arms-4. The slip pipe pieces are attached to the pole by wedge -10 inserted in holes -5 created in pipe piece -3 and through holes provided in central vertical pole of column -9. Other things remain same in the ring but spacer bars -8 made out of thin steel bars are attached on outer members of rings to create cover for cement concrete before shuttering is attached. The spacers -8 can be welded to rings or fixed by other means. Reinforcement bars-7 are slipped in the holders -2 to bind the reinforcement as per design.

FIG 15 shows column ready with all reinforcement bars in place as per the design having shuttering -11 fixed on the column by tightening the nut bolts -12 over the spacers -8 to cast the cement concrete mixture for construction of column. The shuttering- 11 can also be replaced by Hume pipe pieces made out of pre stressed concrete which can be slipped over the spacer bars-8. If the columns are rectangular or square, the pre stressed concrete pieces can be created in same forms in moulds to provided exteriors of columns even before casting the cement concrete mixture..

FIG -16 shows column pre -built or manufactured as per design in work shop or factory to be ready for transportation to site by including the foundation structure - 15 made out of steel structure, having reinforcement pre built in steel structure. The steel structure meant for foundation along with reinforcement as per design is attached by welding or by other means to outer rings and the central pole extended at bottom to include foundation reinforcement along with reinforcement of column portion . The central pole and reinforcement is also extended upwards as well to include reinforcement in steel structure meant for beam-14 portion as well. The steel structure along with reinforcement is again welded or joined by other means to central portion of column or to central pole extended upwards to create single member ready to be shifted to site to receive the cement concrete mix after shuttering is attached as shown in FIG -16 or Hume pipe pieces are slipped over the column portion.

To build quick flyover and bridge, self supporting steel structure capable to take its own load and load of cement concrete mix along with pressure of concreting pumps on it can be prebuilt in factories in one unit or in modules for joining at site. To reduce the depth of beams- tendons of high tensile steel cables or rods can be placed in holes created in two extreme frames of self supporting steel structure and the tendons stretched to create pre stressed concrete beam. FIG 17 shows frames 17 on extreme ends have pre stressed rods -7 pre bound in the steel structure - 17, spacer bars-8 are provided to fix shuttering-18 with spacer pipes -19 having long and pipes of smaller diameter-20 than external pipe -19. Wedges can be inserted in pipes-20 to hold tight the shuttering- 18. Cement concrete mix can be poured on the structure. Shuttering -18 is removed after mandatory time requirement. The process of making column and beam makes construction of fly over and bridges very easy process. The steel structure and the reinforcement in it forms jointly the part of steel reinforcement requirement as per the structural design requirement of the flyover or bridge for each section placed on two columns below. The lower shuttering covers the entire bottom space of structure to hold cement concrete mixture and shuttering planks placed at top are meant to hold lower shuttering. FIG 18 shows Hume pipe -11 which can be placed before introducing cement concrete in columns to create good finishing in advance, even before introduction of cement concrete mixture. The self supporting structure of flyover or bridge can have scaffolding supports in middle or at various locations longitudinally to support the structure with larger spans at the time of pouring cement concrete mixture.

New kind of shuttering frames can be manufactured using steel angle or steel frames/aluminum angles/frames etc as shown in FIG 19. The figure shows three views i.e. full view top view and sectional view. The FIG -19 shows angle-1 has welded mesh -6 welded at top with flats- 8, another flat piece -4 extruding out of angle to connect two frames together for shuttering purposes, groove is provided in the flats for driving wedge-3 to bring two frames in same line, the wedge-3 again has another groove in it for wedge-2 to be driven in the wedge to tighten the joint, holes-7 are provided in the angles for joining frames placed on two sides of central infrastructure to connect using spacer pipes as explained above or other methods in use, flat-9 is provided on outer side of angle frame to provide protection to edges of polycarbonate sheet-11 or other kind of sheets fixed to angle frame, holes -10 are provided to fix polycarbonate sheets with nut bolts or riveting to frame. The floating reinforced cement concrete structures of any size and shapes can float in waters as shown in FIG 20. If self supporting steel structures-9 with reinforcement pre bound in it are covered with pre stressed cement concrete panels-1 and are attached to steel structure -9 from five sides, i.e. bottom and all four sides using nut bolts or by other means, joints of panels are filled with silicon - 2 to seal all joints. Columns -4 and beams-6 are provided along with steel structure to make the composite structure strong enough to face all difficulties and all kinds of situation even in turbulent waters like sea. Horizontal perforated pipes -3 and vertical perforated pipes -7 are provided to pass through the whole structure to pass steel ropes through the pipes for tying one structure to other structures or for anchoring to bottom of sea etc. The perforated pipes are also required to provide water to concrete for curing after introduction of cement concrete in closed structures, empty drums or empty tanks-5 which can last very long and are packed in such a way that there is enough space to introduce cement concrete mix-8 around drums to consolidate the entire structure and the number of drums are designed to provided floatability to the whole structure as per Archimedes Principle. The steel structure can be pushed in water and cement concrete mix can be introduced in water or the whole structure can be completed on ground to push each structure in to water for binding all structures to create floating ports, floating cities or all other kinds of floating structures.

By creation of central infrastructure right from footing foundations to raft foundations provided in self supporting steel structures with central pipes coming out of structures to facilitate the creation of central infrastructure of columns, beams and walls, will reduce dependence on labor factor. The processes will also reduce mistakes in identifying horizontal and vertical center line for upper floors without creating any structure design issues as central infrastructure is restricted to walls alone which may or may not be load bearing while retaining the design of columns and beams as it is in practice. The columns and beams will be created very fast by use of pre designed and pre manufactured components in factories. After fixing the pre stressed concrete panels of least thickness possible in inside of the central infrastructure pipes, placing of services will become easy as the panels can be cut easily to fix electric boxes, sanitary pipes etc as per design requirements. Once services are in place, all that is required is to introduce cement concrete mix after fixing external pre stressed panels which can have pre cladding of stone slabs/tiles etc to provide finished surface right from beginning . The tiles cladding of pre stressed concrete panels meant for toilets and kitchen etc will further reduce number of activities already in use in constructions, like total elimination of shuttering, plaster, removal of shuttering, waiting for roofs to dry etc.