A continuously, adaptive detection computer-implemented method of environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of an ego-vehicle

Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a continuously and adaptive computer-implemented method used for detection of environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of an ego-vehicle, the method including the use of a machine training model; to a trained machine learning model, to a system to carry out the method and to a plurality of non-transitory computer-readable mediums.

Background art

With increasingly autonomous and intelligent transportation, the need of systems that enable the vehicles to understand better, more robust and more comprehensively their surroundings are required. A cornerstone of such systems is represented by advanced driving assistance (ADAS) sensors, that can reliably detect, measure and classify certain features in the vehicle’s environment (e.g. road elements, etc.).

The advanced driving assistance (ADAS) sensors of the vehicles acquire various type of data, among which images, that are used for the advanced driving assistance functions of the vehicle.

In this context, the latest developments in both hardware and software have led to wide deployment of artificial intelligence, namely machine learning technologies in advanced driving assistance sensor functions.

The training of the machine learning models used in advanced driving assistance sensor functions is usually based on creating a plurality of scenarios with the help of the machine learning models.

Each specific scenario from the plurality of scenarios concerns a specific combination of environment features. Unlimited examples of scenarios: a straight highway with trees, a straight highway without trees, the entry in a tunnel, the exit from a tunnel, the inside of a tunnel when the road is straight, a parking, a curve without change of altitude, a curve with change of altitude, etc. By use of the machine learning models, it is expected that the vehicles be able to identify based on a limited number of scenarios corresponding to the training data, combinations of environment features that are similar to the combinations from the scenarios.

The output data of the machine learning models is the interpretation of the data acquired from the servers generating scenario interpretations.

Then, each scenario has associated instructions for the ego-vehicle V1 with the purpose of taking a certain action for the safety of the driving. The instructions generally include messages to the driver when the vehicle is manned or to driving instructions when the vehicle is autonomous. The instructions exceed the scope of this invention.

Disadvantages of prior art

While very powerful, one of the main challenges associated with machine learning models is their training. During training, sets of examples are provided to the machine learning models, allowing them to automatically learn certain particularities (such as texture, shapes, colours etc.) of the features they are intended to extract. The most crucial aspect is that sufficient examples with high variability need to be provided during training in order for the machine learning model to truly “understand” what is relevant and discriminative about a certain feature (e.g. shape and wheels in a vehicle, the silhouette of a pedestrian etc.). If the training is not properly done, with enough, diverse examples, the machine learning model will extract irrelevant attributes for objects and phenomenon that fit the provided examples, but do not generalize well. This is called overfitting, and is this single most significant shortcoming, affecting the quality and robustness of machine learning model.

In case of detection, classification, segmentation and localization applications, the training of machine learning models required manually labelled data, leading to huge human efforts in providing sufficient training examples. This is especially the case for deep neural networks, where complex, powerful architectures require hundreds of thousand or even millions of parameters to be trained. In order to train such networks, tens of thousands of training examples are required in order to avoid overfitting and to build a powerful machine learning model. This is impractical due to the limited availability of data and human effort required for labelling.

A much more efficient solution is to detect situations where the machine learning model is likely to fail, such as false positives and negatives, wrong classifications, resulting in wrong interpretation of the scenario, etc., and perform additional training using these samples or similar cases, usually called corner cases. This greatly improves the precision of the machine learning models using relatively small amounts of additional data.

As mentioned before, it is important to obtain such corner cases, where the machine learning models are likely to fail, and feed them back into the retraining of the machine learning model, greatly improving their performance. Such cases are not only determined by limitations in trained models, but also, perhaps more often, by environmental conditions. Here are a few examples:

- Challenging lighting situations, such as those found in tunnels, indoor parking, etc. can decrease the precision of camera-based machine learning models, in charge of detection and classification of lane markers, traffic signs, traffic lights etc.;

- Bridges, guard-rails, and other metallic structures can influence negatively the performance of radar-based machine learning models, in detecting and localizing traffic participants, and static environment elements;

- Moreover, complex scenarios, such as intersections and roundabouts, can prove challenging to machine learning models.

Currently, the retraining of the machine learning models is made incrementally at the level of the ego-vehicle. The correction of the scenario is carried out manually by an operator from a server having the processing capabilities to do so, and then the correct data is sent to the ego-vehicle and used to retrain the respective machine learning model of the ego-vehicle.

The disadvantages of this approach are as follows:

- the improvement of the respective machine learning model of the ego-vehicle following the retraining using a single example is marginal;

- since the correction is carried out manually, this requires additional time, thus the improvement is slow;

- in some cases, when operator from a server has no information available to make the correction, he has to carry out other actions in order to find such information which entail additional costs. Problem solved by the invention

For these reasons, the technical problem to be solved is not only to detect situations where such machine learning models fail, but also to be able to extract sensors data corresponding to similar scenarios where the machine learning model has failed, sensors data that can be later analysed and used as additional training data for the machine learning model of the ego-vehicle.

Therefore, the object of the invention is to solve the deficiencies of the prior art and to provide a continuously adaptive method of detection of the environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of the ego-vehicle such that, when such a corner case is detected by the ego-vehicle, to allow automatic retrieval of similar cases from other vehicles in order to detect the correct scenario and in order to update the machine learning model of the ego-vehicle.

The expressions “retrain the machine learning model” and “update the machine learning model” are used interchangeably in this invention.

Summary of the invention

The subject-matter of the present invention is, in a first aspect, a continuously adaptive detection computer-implemented method of environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of an ego-vehicle, the ego-vehicle connected to a server, said server connected to a plurality of other vehicles, the ego-vehicle , the other vehicles and the server being provided with a machine learning model, the method comprising: a data collection step I, carried out by a data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle:

- acquiring by ADAS sensors of the ego-vehicle sensors data from the surroundings of ego-vehicle referring to said environment features;

- interpreting the sensors data based on the machine learning model generating a specific scenario interpretation,

- sending associated instructions to an execution electronic control unit of the ego-vehicle according to the specific scenario interpretation;

- receiving feedback from the execution electronic control unit if the specific scenario interpretation is wrong, leading to a wrongly-interpreted specific scenario, - extracting camera images from the acquired sensors data corresponding to the wrong specific scenario interpretation ,

- encoding and hashing the camera images corresponding to the wrongly-interpreted specific scenario and obtaining ego-vehicle image hashes;

- sending the ego-vehicle image hashes corresponding to the wrongly-interpreted specific scenario to the server together with the acquired sensors data and a request for identifying by the other vehicles of specific similar scenarios by said vehicles; a data processing step II, carried out by the server:

- identifying the specific combination of the environment features corresponding to the wrong specific scenario interpretation by the ego-vehicle,

- broadcasting the ego-vehicle image hashes to the plurality of other vehicles together with a server request that each of the plurality of other vehicles communicates to the server: specific similar scenarios by said vehicles according to the data image hashes received from the ego-vehicle, and other vehicles associated acquired sensors data respective to the other vehicles in similar scenarios; a data processing step III, carried out the other vehicles’ respective data collection and processing unit:

- receiving the broadcasted ego-vehicle image hashes and the server request from the server;

- acquiring by ADAS sensors of each of the other vehicles sensors data from the surroundings of said each other vehicle according to the server request,

- processing the acquired sensors data by the other vehicles including, extracting, encoding and hashing other vehicles camera images from the acquired sensors data, obtaining respective other vehicles image hashes,

- comparing similarity between the image hashes received from the ego-vehicle and the respective other vehicles by means of a similarity score surpassing a given threshold, meaning that a high similarity score corresponds to similar images, in terms of structure and content, and - based on the similarity score,

- retrieving the acquired sensors data and the specific similar scenarios by said vehicles corresponding to the image hashes for which the similarity score surpasses the given threshold,

- sending to the server:

- the specific similar scenarios by said vehicles according to the data image hashes received from the ego-vehicle, and

- other vehicles associated acquired sensors data respective to the other vehicles similar scenario; a data processing step IV, carried out by carried out by the server:

- comparing:

- the ego-vehicle sensors data corresponding to the wrongly- interpreted specific scenario, with

- the other vehicles associated acquired sensors data respective to the similar scenarios;

- aggregating the acquired sensors data received from the ego-vehicle and the other vehicles, and using the aggregated sensors data for the incremental retraining of the machine learning model,

- sending to the ego-vehicle the incrementally - retrained model.

In a second aspect of the invention, it is presented a training method for continuously adaptive detection of environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of an ego-vehicle carried out by a server in accordance to step 4 of any of the embodiments based on additional training data wherein the additional training data is the respective other vehicles associated acquired sensors data corresponding to the wrong scenario interpretation of ego-vehicle.

In a third aspect of the invention, it is presented a trained machine learning model, trained in accordance with the method of any of the embodiments. In a fourth aspect of the invention, it is presented a data-processing system comprising:

- an ego-vehicle,

- a server,

- a plurality of other vehicles, a telecommunication network connecting the ego-vehicle and each of other vehicles to the server, wherein the system comprises means configured to carry out the steps of the method of any of the embodiments.

Finally, in a fifth aspect of the invention, it is presented plurality of non-transitory computer-readable mediums storing instructions that, when executed by one or more respective processors of the server, of the ego-vehicle and of the other vehicles causes the respective one or more server processors to perform the method of any of the embodiments.

Further advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims.

Advantages of the invention

The main advantages of using the method according to invention are as follows:

- the degree of improvement of the respective machine learning model of the ego-vehicle by retraining is higher than in the state of art because there are sensors data, including subsets of images collected by multiple vehicles that encountered similar scenarios, leading to a much higher degree of variability in the training data;

- the time of the improvement is considerably shortened because, of the automation of data acquisition process on one hand and because of the time saving;

- financial resources are saved, because there is no need to carry out any other actions to obtain information to retrain the model other than the actions described in the method of the invention. - the additional computing resources of the server are allocated in an efficient manner and the precision of the machine learning models is greatly improved using relatively small amounts of additional data.

- such method advantageously allows continuous improvement of machine learning-based detection and classification for traffic participants and static environment elements such as: lanes, traffic signs, traffic lights, road markings.

Further special features and advantages of the present invention can be taken from the following description and the accompanying drawings.

List of drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a method according to invention.

Fig. 2a is a schematic representation of the scenario where ego-vehicle encountered a situation where there was a corner case

Fig. 2b is a schematic representation of a similar scenario with the one of Fig 2a identified by one of the other vehicles Vi

Detailed description

Referring now to Fig. 1 , it is illustrated an exemplary embodiment of invention.

The method of the invention is carried out in a system comprising:

- an ego-vehicle V1 ,

- a server,

- a plurality of other vehicles Vi, where i=2, ... n,

- a telecommunication network connecting the ego-vehicle V1 and each of other vehicles Vi to the server.

The ego-vehicle V1 , the other vehicles Vi are provided with advanced driving assistance (ADAS) sensors.

The server can be a single-piece hardware server or a multi-piece hardware server either placed in physical proximity or communicating within the telecommunication network. The configuration of the server is according to prior art.

The ego-vehicle V1 , the other vehicles Vi and the server are provided with the same machine learning model. It shall be understood that, if the specialist in the art considers that minor adaptations of the machine learning model to each of the vehicles and/or to the server are needed, then such minor adaptations shall fall within the scope of “the same machine learning model”.

To ease the understanding of the invention, a concrete example is considered with reference to Figs.2a and 2b. In a real-world scenere of Fig. 2a there is an entry to the tunnel. Due to nature of radar sensors, for example, the perception system of ego-vehicle, might interpret the presence of another vehicle on the ego-lane due to radar refections from the walls of the tunnel, resulting in an unwanted maneuver, such as sudden lane change. The driver of ego-vehicle will correct the actions of the automated driving system.

Fig 2b represents a similar scenario to that encountered by vehicle V1 .detectable by other vehicles by means of the presented invention, in spite of irrelevant differences: presence of a bob-cat, vegetation, etc

The real-world scenery is considered dynamically, that is they change continuously as the vehicles change their position when running. Fig 2a illustrates the situation at a certain moment in time for the purpose of exemplification. Based on this reality, it is needed to provide a method of detecting the environment features that is continuously adaptive, which in its turn requires that the scenarios be continuously adaptive and enriched. The adaptivity of the scenarios is carried out by use of the machine learning model on the server, on the ego-vehicle V1 and on the other vehicles Vi.

The method according to the invention has five steps.

The first step of the method is a data collection step I, carried out by a data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 .

The ego-vehicle V1 uses ADAS sensors data, by ADAS sensors understanding camera, lidar, radar etc. ADAS sensor data include but is not limited to camera images acquired by a forward-looking camera, a surround view camera system, etc., to capture the environment features of the surroundings of the ego-vehicle V1 .

Such sensors data is processed based on the machine learning model of the ego-vehicle V1 able to detect and classify the environment features such as traffic participants and environmental features i.e. lanes, traffic signs, traffic lights, road markings, etc.

By using the machine learning model, the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 interprets the sensors data generating a specific scenario interpretation .

In the example from Figs. 2a and 2b, the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 is expected to interpret by use of the machine learning model, the sensors data acquired from the scenery of Fig. 2a according to the scenario shown in Fig. 2b and then to send the associated instructions to the execution control unit of the ego vehicle V1 according to the specific scenario interpretation.

The associated instructions correspond to specific expected behaviour from the ego-vehicle V1.

Example of associated instructions: slow down and turn on the lights correspond to the specific expected behaviour of slowing down and respectively turning on the lights.

The sanity of sensor data processing (detection, classification, etc.) is continuously monitored and validated by means of computing a confidence, plausibility score, or by systems disengagements due to driver intervention. The validation as such - which is carried out by interpreting the actions of the driver, is not the object of the invention.

When the execution control unit detects a corner case, namely any data inconsistency such as a failure in machine learning, coherence checks, high uncertainties, disengagements from the driver, etc., the execution control unit sends feedback to the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 that the specific scenario interpretation is wrong, which means that there is a wrongly-interpreted specific scenario.

Whenever discrepancies occur between the expected behaviour and the actual behaviour of the ego-vehicle V1 , the feedback is sent to the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 .

After receiving the feedback, the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 extracts camera images from the sensors data, preferably images from the forward-looking cameras, said camera images corresponding to the wrongly-interpreted specific scenario. The extracted images are then encoded and hashed. The corresponding ego-vehicle V1 image hashes are sent to the server, accompanied by the acquired sensors data corresponding to the wrong specific scenario interpretation and by a request made by the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 to the server for identifying by the other vehicles Vi of specific similar scenarios by each of the other vehicles Vi

Taking the example from the Figs. 2a and 2b, the extracted images from Fig.2a are encoded, hashed and sent to the server together with all the other sensors data corresponding to them. The request to the server in this case is to “ask” the other vehicles Vi to identify the specific similar scenarios matching the extracted images from Fig.2a.

Each of the other vehicles Vi is provided with a respective data collection and processing unit similar to the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 . The similarity between the data collection and processing units is considered if the functions of the respective data collection and processing units are carried out identically.

In the data processing step II, carried out by carried out by the server, firstly it is identified the specific combination of the environment features corresponding to the wrongly-interpreted specific scenario by the ego-vehicle V1 .

Then, the server broadcasts the images hashes received from the ego-vehicle V1 together with a server request that each of the plurality of other vehicles Vi communicates to the server: specific similar scenarios by said vehicles Vi according to the data image hashes received from the ego-vehicle V1 , and other vehicles Vi associated acquired sensors data respective to the other vehicles Vi in similar scenario.

In the example of Fig. 2a, the server request refers to the fact that there is a problem with the identification of the entry in the tunnel -the specific scenario, and that the other vehicles Vi must send over sensors data referring to the entry in the tunnel with similar characteristics- other vehicles Vi image hashes, together with all the acquired sensors data corresponding to the other vehicles Vi image hashes- the tunnel entries with similar environment features: entry into a tunnel with similar characteristics of that encountered by the ego-vehicle V1 .

The data processing step III is carried out by the other vehicles Vi’s respective data collection and processing unit.

Firstly, each of the other vehicles Vi’s data collection and processing unit, receives from the server the broadcasted ego-vehicle V1 hashed images and the server request.

Then, the ADAS sensors of the other vehicles Vi acquire sensors data from the surroundings of said each other vehicle Vi, referring to the specific combination of the environment features according to the server’s request. In the example, sensors data of the other vehicles Vi acquire information about the entry into tunnels with similar characteristics with the ones of the request from the server. The duration of this step is pre-set: for example: one day, or one week, depending on the number of other vehicles available, on the content of the scenery, etc.

Then, the other vehicles Vi’s respective data collection and processing units process in real time the acquired sensors data: the processing include extracting camera images from the sensors data, hashing of the extracted images and obtaining respective other vehicles Vi image hashes.

Then, the other vehicles Vi’s respective data collection and processing units compare the similarity between the image hashes received from the ego-vehicle V1 its own respective image hashes by means of a similarity score surpassing a given threshold, meaning that a high similarity score corresponds to similar scenarios, in terms of structure and content.

Although the broadcast from the server is received by each of the other vehicles Vi, it may be possible that not all the other vehicles Vi from the plurality of other vehicles Vi be able to acquire images from their respective surroundings according to the server request, for example because some of the other vehicles Vi from the plurality of other vehicles Vi are running on areas where there are no such similar surroundings, e.g.no tunnels. Instead, each of the other vehicles Vi that has acquired images from their respective surroundings will output respective image hashes and will apply the similarity score to the comparison between its own image hashes and the image hashes received from the ego-vehicle V1 . Then, based on the similarity score, the other vehicles Vi’s respective data collection and processing units retrieve the acquired sensors data and the specific similar scenarios by said vehicles Vi corresponding to the image hashes for which the similarity score surpasses the given threshold.

The invention works if at least one of the other vehicles Vi is able to send to the server the acquired sensors data as mentioned above.

At the end of step III, the other vehicles Vi’s respective data collection and processing units send to the server: the specific similar scenarios by said vehicles Vi according to the data image hashes received from the ego-vehicle V1 , the other vehicles Vi associated acquired sensors data respective to the similar scenarios.

The data processing step IV is carried out by the server.

In this step the server compares:

- the ego-vehicle V1 sensors data corresponding to the V1 wrongly-interpreted scenario, with

- the other vehicles Vi associated acquired sensors data respective to the similar scenarios,

Given the definition of the similarity score, and the fact that the machine learning model of the other vehicles Vi is the same, it is reasonable to expect that the specific similar scenarios by the large majority of said other vehicles Vi in the preceding step is the same. In the example, this corresponds to the image depicted in Fig. 2b.

Once the server has received the sensors data acquired by the ego vehicle V1 and by the other vehicles Vi, the server aggregates the acquired sensors data received from the other vehicles Vi and from the ego-vehicle V1 . This is carried out using the server’s machine learning model.

This is the reason why the server requested in step II to the other vehicles Vi to send associated acquired sensors data respective to the other vehicles Vi image hashes. In fact, the other vehicle Vi data hashes are used to identify the corner cases, whereas the sensors data for the corner cases are used for the aggregation for the purpose of the incremental retraining of the machine learning model, since the sensors data provide more information about the environmental features than the images alone.

The aggregation of the acquired sensors data is carried out using techniques of aggregation suitable for sensors data.

Then, the aggregated sensors data is used by the server for the incremental retraining of the machine learning model.

At the end of step IV, the server sends to the ego-vehicle V1 the incrementally - retrained model.

The sending of the incrementally - retrained machine learning model by the server is carried out in the usual way for sending updates to the ego-vehicle V1 , such as but not limited to over-the-air updates.

Then, in the data processing step V, carried out by the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 , the machine learning model on the ego-vehicle V1 is updated by replacing the existing machine learning model with the incrementally retrained machine learning model received from the server.

Taking again the example, by retraining the machine learning model of the ego-vehicle V1 , if confronted again with the scenery of Fig. 2a, the data collection and processing unit of the ego-vehicle V1 will correctly interpret the acquired images according to the specific scenario of Fig 2b, said specific scenario being now enriched with these new environment features.

In a preferred embodiment, the retraining of the machine learning model as carried out by the server is sent to the plurality of other vehicles Vi for updating each of the respective machine learning model on the other vehicles Vi.

The sending of the incrementally - retrained machine learning model by the server is carried out in the usual way for sending updates to the plurality of other vehicles Vi, such as but not limited to over-the-air updates.

This has the advantage that each of the vehicles Vi can play the role of the ego-vehicle V1 at a certain moment in time and that all the other vehicles Vi can take advantage of the incrementally retrained machine learning model of the ego-vehicle V1. In another preferred embodiment, an example of machine learning model used for detection and classification of environment features is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).

In another preferred embodiment, the image encoding and hashing is done by means of visual bag-of-words (BoW) representation. According to this technique, visual information is obtained from raw images by extracting image features. Image features correspond to regions of an image with high discriminative value, making them representative for the image content. Image features are then represented using feature descriptors, which describe the corresponding regions in a compact form, typically taking into account the gradient distribution within the regions. Classical approaches use Scale-invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT) and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) techniques for feature extraction and description.

The use of visual bag-of-words (BoW) representation for the image encoding and hashing is advantageous because this technique enhances the object categorization for the objects of the real-world scenery.

In another preferred embodiment using the visual bag-of-words (BoW) representation, binary techniques are used. Non-limiting examples of binary techniques are: Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features (BRIEF) or Oriented and Rotated Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features (ORB), resulting in a more compact representation, decreasing the computational costs associated with the processing, storage and transmission of image features.

The advantage of using binary techniques is that they are efficient feature point description which leads to enhancing the capability to describe the essence of the real-world scenery of the image hashes.

Visual bag-of-words processing techniques generally include three stages:

1 . Training stage: in this stage, the image features are extracted from a series of training images. Visually similar image features are then grouped together, obtaining a so-called visual vocabulary, which represents a set of generalized image features, called visual words. The feature grouping is carried out using clustering techniques, such as k-means and agglomerative;

2. Hashing (indexing) stage: this enables compact representation of the images. In here, features are extracted from images. The features are then associated with words in vocabulary generated during the training stage, using visual similarity criteria. The result is a histogram of visual word occurrence frequency for the given image, which represents the image hash;

3. Visual similarity computation: in order to calculate the visual similarity between two images, either the Euclidean distance or cosine similarity of their hashes is computed.

In a second aspect of the invention, it is presented a training method for continuously adaptive detection of environment features in autonomous and assisted driving of an ego-vehicle carried out by a server in accordance to step 4 of any of the embodiments based on additional training data wherein the additional training data is the respective other vehicles Vi associated acquired sensors data corresponding to the wrong scenario interpretation of ego-vehicle V1 .

The machine learning model is already trained by the server before the initiation of the method of the invention using initial training data. The invention deals with the continuously adaptive detection of the environment features that includes the updating of the machine learning method. The invention does not deal with the initial training of the machine learning model before the initiation of the method. This is why the training method of the invention uses the additional training data as received from the respective other vehicles Vi.

In a third aspect of the invention, it is presented a trained machine learning model, trained in accordance with the method of any of the embodiments.

The trained machine learning model of the third aspect results from each update of the machine learning method, said update being the result of the method of the invention in any of the embodiments.

In a fourth aspect of the invention, it is presented a data-processing system comprising: - an ego-vehicle V1 ,

- a server,

- a plurality of other vehicles Vi,

- a telecommunication network connecting the ego-vehicle and each of other vehicles to the server,

The system of the invention comprises means configured to carry out the steps of the method of any of the embodiments, as disclosed above in the section referring to the method.

Finally, in a fifth aspect of the invention, it is presented a plurality of non-transitory computer-readable mediums storing instructions that, when executed by one or more respective processors of the server, of the ego-vehicle and of the other vehicles causes the respective one or more server processors to perform the method of any of the embodiments.

As the method of the invention is carried out in a distributed system, each of the system elements, namely the server, the ego vehicle V1 and each of other vehicles Vi has its respective non-transitory computer-readable mediums storing instructions and has one or more processors. According to the steps of the method, each of the afore-mentioned system elements performs certain steps of the method, as disclosed above in the section referring to the method.

Industrial application

The invention is used in the field of industry, whenever there are systems comprising servers and vehicles, where the vehicles are provided with ADAS sensors and where both the server and the vehicles being provided with a machine learning model and whenever it is needed that the incrementally - retrained model be sent over to all the vehicles.

One particular use is in the automotive industry where the vehicles are road vehicles. The corner cases encountered by one of the road vehicles initiates the incrementally retraining of the machine learning model which is then sent over to all the vehicles.

Another particular use is in the field of construction industry where the vehicles are cranes, earth-moving equipment, tractors and the like, all equipped with ADAS sensors. The corner cases encountered by one of the cranes, earth-moving equipment, tractors and the like initiates the incrementally retraining of the machine learning model which is then sent over to all the vehicles.

Another particular use is in the field of robotics where the vehicles are robots equipped with ADAS sensors. The corner cases encountered by one of robots initiates the incrementally retraining of the machine learning model which is then sent over to all the vehicles.

The only difference between the three non-limiting examples of particular uses illustrated above stems in content of the real-world scenery and, correspondingly the content of the scenarios. However, the content itself is not an object of the invention.

While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims.