CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF 3-({[(4R)-7-{METHYL[4-(PROPAN-2- YL)PHENYL]AMINO}-3,4-DIHYDRO-2H-l-BENZOPYRAN-4- YL]METHYL}AMINO)PYRIDINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID L-LYSINE SALT, A HISTONE DEMETHYLASE INHIBITOR

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application 63/408,691, filed on September 21, 2022, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to crystalline forms of 3-({[(4R)-7-

{ methyl [4-(propan-2-y l)pheny 1] amino } -3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 -benzopyran-4- yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid L-lysine salt, which are histone demethylase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The compound 3-({[(4R)-7-{methyl[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]amino}-3,4-dihydro -2H- l-benzopyran-4-yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (Compound 1), the structure of which is shown below, is a selective inhibitor of the KDM4 family of histone demethylases (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 9,242,968).

This first-in-class epigenetic-modifying compound shows promise for treatment of cancers, including gastric and colon cancers.

[0004] Compound 1 has poor solubility in water and most common organic solvents, and tends to precipitate as an amorphous paste, making filtration at large scale difficult. As such, there is also a need to provide the compound in an alternate form, such as a salt, for ease of handling and further formulation.

[0005] Accordingly, in one aspect, provided herein are crystalline forms (i. e. , polymorphs) of 3 -( { [(4R)-7 - {methyl [4-(propan-2-y l)phenyl] amino } -3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 -benzopyran-4- yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, L-lysine salt (Compound 1-L-lysine). Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a crystalline form of Compound 1 -L-lysine.

SUMMARY

[0006] Described herein, in certain embodiments, are crystalline forms of 3-({[(4R)-7-

{ methyl [4-(propan-2-y l)pheny 1] amino } -3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 -benzopyran-4- yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, L-lysine salt, as histone demethylase inhibitors. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising such crystalline forms.

[0007] The present embodiments can be understood more fully by reference to the detailed description and examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments.

[0008] Embodiment 1. A crystalline form of 3-({[(4R)-7-{methyl[4-(propan-2- yl)phenyl]amino } -3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 -benzopyran-4-yl]methyl} amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, L-lysine salt, wherein the crystalline form is Form 1.

[0009] Embodiment 2. The crystalline form of embodiment 1, having an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°.

[0010] Embodiment 3. The crystalline form of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2° and 7.6° ± 0.2°.

[0011] Embodiment 4. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the X- ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, and 23.5° ± 0.2°.

[0012] Embodiment 5. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the X- ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, 23.5° ± 0.2°, and 14.5° ± 0.2°.

[0013] Embodiment 6. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the X- ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, 23.5° ± 0.2°, 14.5° ± 0.2°, 4.9° ± 0.2°, 6.9° ± 0.2°, 8.5° ± 0.2°, 9.4° ± 0.2°, 10.4° ± 0.2°, 11.6° ± 0.2°, 13.2° ± 0.2°, 13.8° ± 0.2°, 16.1° ± 0.2°, 17.2° ± 0.2°, 17.8° ± 0.2°, and 19.0° ± 0.2°.

[0014] Embodiment 7. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-6, having an X- ray powder diffraction substantially as shown in FIG. 9.

[0015] Embodiment 8. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-7, having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 239.4° ± 5°. [0016] Embodiment 9. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-8, having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 11. [0017] Embodiment 10. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-9, having no significant weight loss up to about 200 °C as determined by thermogravimetric analysis.

[0018] Embodiment 11. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-10, having a thermogravimetric analysis thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 10.

[0019] Embodiment 12. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-11, having reversible sorption of about 1.4% up to 90% relative humidity as determined by dynamic vapor sorption.

[0020] Embodiment 13. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-12, having a dynamic vapor sorption profile substantially as shown in FIG. 14.

[0021] Embodiment 14. A crystalline form of 3-({[(4R)-7-{methyl[4-(propan-2- yl)phenyl]amino } -3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 -benzopyran-4-yl]methyl} amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, L-lysine salt, wherein the crystalline form is Form 2.

[0022] Embodiment 15. The crystalline form of embodiment 14, having an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°.

[0023] Embodiment 16. The crystalline form of embodiment 14 or 15, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2° and 18.2° ± 0.2°.

[0024] Embodiment 17. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-16, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, and 21.5° ± 0.2°.

[0025] Embodiment 18. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-17, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, 21.5° ± 0.2°, and 25.6° ± 0.2°.

[0026] Embodiment 19. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-18, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, 21.5° ± 0.2°, 25.6° ± 0.2°, 8.6° ± 0.2°, 13.8° ± 0.2°, and 19.3° ± 0.2°.

[0027] Embodiment 20. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-19, having an X-ray powder diffraction substantially as shown in FIG. 5B.

[0028] Embodiment 21. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-20, having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 231.7° ± 5°. [0029] Embodiment 22. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-21, having no significant weight loss up to about 240 °C as determined by thermogravimetric analysis.

[0030] Embodiment 23. The crystalline form of any one of embodiments 14-22, having reversible sorption of about 1.6% up to 90% relative humidity as determined by gravimetric vapor sorption. [0031] Embodiment 24. A method of preparing the crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-23, comprising: combining 3 -( { [(4R)-7 - { methyl [4-(propan-2-y l)pheny 1] amino } -3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l-benzopyran-4-yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid and methanol at about 50 °C to give a suspension; adding L-lysine to the suspension at about 50 °C to give a solution; cooling the solution; and isolating the crystalline form from the solution.

[0032] Embodiment 25. A solid pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystalline form of any one of embodiments 1-23 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0033] Embodiment 26. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 25 to the subject.

[0034] Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the cancer is selected from colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] Various aspects of the disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0036] FIG. 1 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Compound 1.

[0037] FIG. 2 shows both a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram and a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of Compound 1.

[0038] FIG. 3 shows predicted and measured pKas for Compound 1.

[0039] FIG. 4 shows an overlay of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns of crystalline forms of Compound 1 -sodium salt (Nal-Na6).

[0040] FIG. 5 A shows an overlay of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns of crystalline forms of Compound 1-L-lysine (LYS1 (Form 1) and LYS2 (Form 2)).

[0041] FIG. 5B shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Compound 1-L- lysine Form 2.

[0042] FIG. 6 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of a crystalline form of Compound 1 ethanolamine salt (EA1).

[0043] FIG. 7 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of a crystalline form of Compound 1 N-ethylglucamine salt (Negl). [0044] FIG. 8 shows a polarized light microscopy (PLM) micrograph of Compound 1-L- lysine Form 1.

[0045] FIG. 9 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1.

[0046] FIG. 10 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of Compound 1-L- lysine Form 1.

[0047] FIG. 11 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1.

[0048] FIG. 12 shows a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1.

[0049] FIG. 13 shows a NMR chromatogram of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1.

[0050] FIG. 14 shows a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) sorption-desorption plot of

Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1.

[0051] FIG. 15 shows an overlay of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1, before and after analysis by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

[0052] As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “including” can be used interchangeably. The terms “comprising” and “including” are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, or components, or groups thereof. Additionally, the terms “comprising” and “including” are intended to include examples encompassed by the term “consisting of’. Consequently, the term “consisting of’ can be used in place of the terms “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention.

[0053] The term “consisting of’ means that a subject-matter has at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the stated features or components of which it consists. In another embodiment, the term “consisting of’ excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other features or components, excepting those that are not essential to the technical effect to be achieved.

[0054] As used herein, the term “or” is to be interpreted as an inclusive “or” meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, “A, B or C” means any of the following: “A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C”. An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive. [0055] In the present description, any concentration range, error range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated. Also, any number range recited herein relating to any physical feature are to be understood to include any integer within the recited range, unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean ± 20%, ± 10%, ± 5%, or ± 1% of the indicated range, value, or structure, unless otherwise indicated. [0056] “Treating” as used herein, means an alleviation, in whole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with a disorder, disease, or condition, or slowing or halting of further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself. In one embodiment, the disorder is a cancer, as described herein, or a symptom thereof.

[0057] “Preventing” as used herein, means a method of delaying and/or precluding the onset, recurrence or spread, in whole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject’s risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition. In one embodiment, the disorder is a cancer, as described herein, or symptoms thereof.

[0058] The term “effective amount” in connection with a compound disclosed herein means an amount capable of treating or preventing a disorder, disease or condition, or symptoms thereof, disclosed herein.

[0059] The term “subject” as used herein include an animal, including, but not limited to, a cow, monkey, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit or guinea pig. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, a subject is a human having or at risk for having a cancer.

[0060] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0061] Although various features of the invention may be described in the context of a single embodiment, the features may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination. Conversely, although the invention may be described herein in the context of separate embodiments for clarity, the invention may also be implemented in a single embodiment. Cry stallinc Forms of Compound 1-L-Lysine Salt

[0062] The crystalline forms of 3-({[(4R)-7-{methyl[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]amino}-3,4- dihydro-2H-l-benzopyran-4-yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxy lic acid, L-lysine salt (hereinafter referred to as “Compound 1 -L-lysine”) described herein have advantageous properties over the free base (referred to herein as “Compound 1”). For example, the crystalline forms described herein may offer improved stability, solubility, filtration characteristics, hygroscopicity, ease of handling, and/or ease of formulation into solid pharmaceutical compositions (such as tablets or capsules).

[0063] In one aspect, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1 -L-lysine. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of Compound 1 -L-lysine is Form 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine is Form 2.

[0064] The crystalline forms of Compound 1-L-lysine described herein can be identified by their unique solid-state properties characterized by, for example, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapour sorption (DSV), gravimetric vapor sorption (GVS), and other techniques.

Crystalline Form 1

[0065] In one aspect, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine, wherein the crystalline form is Form 1.

[0066] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2° and 7.6° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, and 23.5° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, 23.5° ± 0.2°, and 14.5° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.0° ± 0.2°, 7.6° ± 0.2°, 23.5° ± 0.2°, 14.5° ± 0.2°, 4.9° ± 0.2°, 6.9° ± 0.2°, 8.5° ± 0.2°, 9.4° ± 0.2°, 10.4° ± 0.2°, 11.6° ± 0.2°, 13.2° ± 0.2°, 13.8° ± 0.2°, 16.1° ± 0.2°, 17.2° ± 0.2°, 17.8° ± 0.2°, and 19.0° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction substantially as shown in FIG. 9.

[0067] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 239.4° ± 5°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 239.4° ± 4°, 239.4° ± 3°, or 239.4° ± 2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 239.4° ± 10°, such as at about 239.4° ± 9°, 239.4° ± 8°, 239.4° ± 7°, or 239.4° ± 6°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 11.

[0068] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has no significant weight loss up to about 200 °C as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a thermogravimetric analysis thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 10.

[0069] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has reversible sorption of about 1.4% up to 90% relative humidity as determined by dynamic vapor sorption. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 has a dynamic vapor sorption profile substantially as shown in FIG. 14.

Crystalline Form 2

[0070] In another aspect, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine, wherein the crystalline form is Form 2.

[0071] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2° and 18.2° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, and 21.5° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, 21.5° ± 0.2°, and 25.6° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction which exhibits characteristic scattering angles (20) at least at: 20.5° ± 0.2°, 18.2° ± 0.2°, 21.5° ± 0.2°, 25.6° ± 0.2°, 8.6° ± 0.2°, 13.8° ± 0.2°, and 19.3° ± 0.2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has an X-ray powder diffraction substantially as shown in FIG. 5B.

[0072] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 231.7° ± 5°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 231.7° ± 4°, 231.7° ± 3°, or 231.7° ± 2°. In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm at about 231.7° ± 10°, such as about 231.7° ± 9°, 231.7° ± 8°, 231.7° ± 7°, or 231.7° ± 6°.

[0073] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has no significant weight loss up to about 240 °C as determined by thermogravimetric analysis.

[0074] In some embodiments, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 has having reversible sorption of about 1.6% up to 90% relative humidity as determined by gravimetric vapor sorption.

Methods of Preparation

[0075] Compound 1 can be synthesized as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,242,968. An overview of the synthesis is provided in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1.

[0076] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of preparing a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as a crystalline form of a salt of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the method of preparing a crystalline form of Compound 1 comprises: combining Compound 1 and a solvent (such as methanol) at an elevated temperature (for example, about 50 °C) to give a suspension; adding a base or acid to the suspension at the elevated temperature to give a solution; cooling the solution; and isolating the crystalline form from the solution.

[0077] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of preparing a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine comprising: combining Compound 1 and methanol at about 50 °C to give a suspension; adding L-lysine to the suspension at about 50 °C to give a solution; cooling the solution; and isolating the crystalline form from the solution. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine is Form 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine is Form 2. Phannaceutical Compositions

[0078] The crystalline forms provided herein can be administered to a subject in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The pharmaceutical composition can be administered to the subject orally, topically, or parenterally in the conventional form of preparations, such as capsules, microcapsules, tablets, granules, powder, troches, pills, suppositories, injections, suspensions, syrups, patches, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, sprays, solutions and emulsions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a solid formulation, such as capsules, microcapsules, tablets, granules, powder, pills, or suppositories.

[0079] The crystalline forms disclosed herein can be administered to a subject orally, topically or parenterally in the conventional form of preparations, such as capsules, microcapsules, tablets, granules, powder, troches, pills, suppositories, injections, suspensions, syrups, patches, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, sprays, solutions and emulsions. Suitable formulations can be prepared by methods commonly employed using conventional, organic or inorganic additives, such as an excipient (e.g., sucrose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, glucose, cellulose, talc, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate), a binder (e.g., cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polypropylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic, polyethyleneglycol, sucrose or starch), a disintegrator (e.g., starch, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylstarch, low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium citrate), a lubricant (e.g., magnesium stearate, light anhydrous silicic acid, talc or sodium lauryl sulfate), a flavoring agent (e.g., citric acid, menthol, glycine or orange powder), a preservative (e.g, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, methylparaben or propylparaben), a stabilizer (e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate or acetic acid), a suspending agent (e.g., methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or aluminum stearate), a dispersing agent (e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), a diluent (e.g., water), and base wax (e.g., cocoa butter, white petrolatum or polyethylene glycol). The effective amount of the crystalline forms of Compound 1 in the pharmaceutical composition may be at a level that will exercise the desired effect; for example, about 0.005 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 10 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight in unit dosage for both oral and parenteral administration. [0080] The dose of a crystalline form described herein to be administered to a subject is rather widely variable and can be subject to the judgment of a health-care practitioner. In general, the compounds disclosed herein can be administered one to four times a day in a dose of about 0.001 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 10 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight, but the above dosage may be properly varied depending on the age, body weight and medical condition of the subject and the type of administration. In one embodiment, the dose is about 0.001 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 5 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 5 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight, about 0.05 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 1 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight, about 0.1 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 0.75 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight or about 0.25 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight to about 0.5 mg/kg of a subject’s body weight. In one embodiment, one dose is given per day. In any given case, the amount of the crystalline form administered will depend on such factors as the solubility of the active component, the formulation used and the route of administration.

[0081] In some embodiments, a crystalline form described herein is administered to a subject at a dose of about 0.01 mg/day to about 750 mg/day, about 0.1 mg/day to about 375 mg/day, about 0.1 mg/day to about 150 mg/day, about 0.1 mg/day to about 75 mg/day, about 0.1 mg/day to about 50 mg/day, about 0.1 mg/day to about 25 mg/day, or about 0.1 mg/day to about 10 mg/day.

[0082] In another embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations that comprise between about 0.1 mg and 500 mg, about 1 mg and 250 mg, about 1 mg and about 100 mg, about 1 mg and about 50 mg, about 1 mg and about 25 mg, or between about 1 mg and about 10 mg of a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2. [0083] In a particular embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations comprising about 0.1 mg or 100 mg of a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2.

[0084] In another embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations that comprise 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 50 mg, 70 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, 140 mg, 175 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 280 mg, 350 mg, 500 mg, 560 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 1000 mg or 1400 mg of a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2. [0085] A crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, can be administered once, twice, three, four or more times daily. In a particular embodiment, doses of 100 mg or less are administered as a once daily dose and doses of more than 100 mg are administered twice daily in an amount equal to one half of the total daily dose.

[0086] A crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, can be administered orally for reasons of convenience. In one embodiment, when administered orally, the crystalline form is administered with a meal and water. In another embodiment, the crystalline form is dispersed in water or juice (e.g., apple juice or orange juice) or any other liquid and administered orally as a solution or a suspension. [0087] The crystalline forms of Compound 1 disclosed herein can also be administered intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, percutaneously, intravenously, subcutaneously, intranasally, epidurally, sublingually, intracerebrally, intravaginally, transdermally, rectally, mucosally, by inhalation, or topically to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the health-care practitioner, and can depend in part upon the site of the medical condition.

[0088] In one embodiment, provided herein are capsules containing a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, without an additional carrier, excipient, or vehicle.

[0089] In another embodiment, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle, wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle can comprise an excipient, diluent, or a mixture thereof.

[0090] The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of tablets, chewable tablets, capsules, solutions, parenteral solutions, troches, suppositories and suspensions and the like. Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated to contain a daily dose, or a convenient fraction of a daily dose, in a dosage unit, which may be a single tablet or capsule or convenient volume of a liquid. In general, all of the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared according to known methods in pharmaceutical chemistry. Capsules can be prepared by mixing a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, with a suitable carrier or diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules. The usual carriers and diluents include, but are not limited to, inert powdered substances such as starch of many different kinds, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders.

[0091] Tablets can be prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. Typical tablet binders are substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like. Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and the like. Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.

[0092] A lubricant might be necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the dye. The lubricant can be chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils. Tablet disintegrators are substances that swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the compound. They include starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums. More particularly, com and potato starches, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp and carboxymethyl cellulose, for example, can be used as well as sodium lauryl sulfate. Tablets can be coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant, or with film-forming protecting agents to modify the dissolution properties of the tablet. The compositions can also be formulated as chewable tablets, for example, by using substances such as mannitol in the formulation.

[0093] When it is desired to administer a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, as a suppository, typical bases can be used. Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, which can be modified by addition of waxes to raise its melting point slightly. Water-miscible suppository bases comprising, particularly, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights are in wide use.

[0094] The effect of the crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, can be delayed or prolonged by proper formulation. For example, a slowly soluble pellet of the crystalline form can be prepared and incorporated in a tablet or capsule, or as a slow-release implantable device. The technique also includes making pellets of several different dissolution rates and filling capsules with a mixture of the pellets. Tablets or capsules can be coated with a film that resists dissolution for a predictable period of time. Even the parenteral preparations can be made long-acting, by dissolving or suspending the crystalline form of Compound 1 in oily or emulsified vehicles that allow it to disperse slowly in the serum.

Methods of Use

[0095] Compound 1 and salts thereof, including the crystalline forms described herein, Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, are useful in selectively inhibiting the KDM4 family of histone demethylases and for treating a cancer associated with KDM4 activity.

[0096] Accordingly, in one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine as described herein, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1-L-lysine Form 2 to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1-L- lysine Form 2 to the subject.

[0097] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine as described herein, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer.

[0098] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a crystalline form of Compound 1-L-lysine as described herein, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2, for treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof.

[0099] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for inhibiting the KDM4 family of histone demethylases in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound 1, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2. Inhibition of the KDM4 family of histone demethylases can be assessed and demonstrated by a wide variety of ways known in the art. Kits and commercially available assays can be utilized for determining whether and to what degree the KDM4 family of histone demethylases has been inhibited.

[00100] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting the KDM4 family of histone demethylases comprising contacting the KDM4 family of histone demethylases with an effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline form is Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1. In some embodiments, the crystalline form is Compound 1-L- lysine Form 2.

[00101] In some embodiments, the crystalline form described herein inhibits the KDM4 family of histone demethylases by about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In some embodiments, the crystalline form described herein inhibits the KDM4 family of histone demethylases by about 1- 100%, 5-100%, 10-100%, 15-100%, 20-100%, 25-100%, 30-100%, 35-100%, 40-100%, 45- 100%, 50-100%, 55-100%, 60-100%, 65-100%, 70-100%, 75-100%, 80-100%, 85-100%, 90- 100%, 95-100%, 5-95%, 5-90%, 5-85%, 5-80%, 5-75%, 5-70%, 5-65%, 5-60%, 5-55%, 5-50%, 5-45%, 5-40%, 5-35%, 5-30%, 5-25%, 5-20%, 5-15%, 5-10%, 10-90%, 20-80%, 30-70%, or 40- 60%.

[00102] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline form described herein, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for preventing a cancer, such as a cancer associated with KDM4 activity, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline form described herein, such as Compound 1-L-lysine Form 1 or Form 2. Non-limiting examples of a cancer for treatment include gastric cancer, or colon cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is gastric cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is colon cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is esophageal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is lymphoma.

[00103] In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject that is predisposed to a cancer prevents the subject from developing any symptoms of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject that does not yet display symptoms of a cancer prevents the subject from developing any symptoms of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof diminishes the extent of the cancer in the subject. In some embodiments, administering the crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof stabilizes the cancer (prevents or delays the worsening of the cancer). In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof delays the occurrence or recurrence of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof slows the progression of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof provides a partial remission of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof provides a total remission of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof decreases the dose of one or more other medications required to treat the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof enhances the effect of another medication used to treat the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof delays the progression of the cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof increases the quality of life of the subject having a cancer. In some embodiments, administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof prolongs survival of a subject having a cancer. [00104] In one aspect, provided herein is method of preventing a subject that is predisposed to a cancer from developing any symptoms of the cancer, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of preventing a subject that does not yet display symptoms of a cancer from developing any symptoms of the cancer, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject.

[00105] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of diminishing the extent of a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of stabilizing a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the method prevents the worsening of the cancer. In some embodiments, the method delays the worsening of the cancer.

[00106] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of delaying the occurrence or recurrence of a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject.

[00107] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of slowing the progression of a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the method provides a partial remission of the cancer. In some embodiments, the method provides a total remission of the cancer.

[00108] In further aspects, provided herein is a method of decreasing the dose of one or more other medications required to treat a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of enhancing the effect of another medication used to treat a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject.

[00109] Also provided here is a method of delaying the progression of a cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a crystalline form disclosed herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the method increases the quality of life of the subject having a cancer. In some embodiments, the method prolongs survival of the subject having a cancer.

EXAMPLES

[00110] These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein.

[00111] Abbreviations used:

Example 1. Salt Screening Studies of Compound 1 and Identification of Compound 1*L- Ly ine Form 1.

[00112] The compound 3-({[(4R)-7-{methyl[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]amino}-3,4-dihydro -2H- l-benzopyran-4-yl]methyl}amino)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (Compound 1) was synthesized as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,242,968. Compound 1 has poor solubility in water and most common organic solvents, and tends to precipitate as an amorphous paste. In order to identify a crystalline, non-hygroscopic form suitable for further development, a salt screening assay was performed.

1. Instrument and Methodology Details.

X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) using Bruker AXS C2 GADDS.

[00113] X-Ray Powder Diffraction patterns were collected on a Bruker AXS C2 GADDS diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), automated XYZ stage, laser video microscope for auto-sample positioning and a HiStar 2-dimensional area detector. X-ray optics consists of a single Gdbel multilayer mirror coupled with a pinhole collimator of 0.3 mm. A weekly performance check is carried out using a certified standard NIST 1976 Corundum (flat plate).

[00114] The beam divergence, i.e., the effective size of the X-ray beam on the sample, was approximately 4 mm. A 0-0 continuous scan mode was employed with a sample - detector distance of 20 cm which gives an effective 20 range of 3.2° - 29.7°. Typically, the sample would be exposed to the X-ray beam for 120 seconds. The software used for data collection was GADDS for XP/2000 4.1.43 and the data were analyzed and presented using Diffrac Plus EVA V15.0.0.0.

[00115] Ambient conditions. Samples run under ambient conditions were prepared as flat plate specimens using powder as received without grinding. Approximately 1-2 mg of the sample was lightly pressed on a glass slide to obtain a flat surface.

[00116] Non-ambient conditions. Samples run under non-ambient conditions were mounted on a silicon wafer with heatconducting compound. The sample was then heated to the appropriate temperature at 10 °C/min and subsequently held isothermally for 1 minute before data collection was initiated.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

[00117] NMR spectra were collected on a Bruker 400MHz instrument equipped with an auto-sampler and controlled by a DRX400 console. Automated experiments were acquired using ICON-NMR v4.0.7 running with Topspin vl.3 using the standard Bruker loaded experiments. For non-routine spectroscopy, data were acquired through the use of Topspin alone. Samples were prepared in DMSO-cfc, unless otherwise stated. Off-line analysis was carried out using ACD Spectrus Processor 2012.

X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) using Bruker AXS D8 Advance

[00118] X-Ray Powder Diffraction patterns were collected on a Bruker D8 diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), 0 - 20 goniometer, and divergence of V4 and receiving slits, a Ge monochromator and a Lynxeye detector. The instrument is performance checked using a certified Corundum standard (NIST 1976). The software used for data collection was Diffrac Plus XRD Commander v2.6.1 and the data were analyzed and presented using Diffrac Plus PNN vl 5.0.0.0.

[00119] Samples were run under ambient conditions as flat plate specimens using powder as received. The sample was gently packed into a cavity cut into polished, zero-background (510) silicon wafer. The sample was rotated in its own plane during analysis. The details of the data collection are: angular range: 2 to 42° 20; step size: 0.05° 20; collection time: 0.5 s/step. Differential Scanning Calorimetry

[00120] DSC data were collected on a TA Instruments Q2000 equipped with a 50 position autosampler. The calibration for thermal capacity was carried out using sapphire and the calibration for energy and temperature was carried out using certified indium. Typically, 0.5 - 3 mg of each sample, in a pin-holed aluminum pan, was heated at 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 300 °C. A purge of dry nitrogen at 50 ml/min was maintained over the sample. Modulated temperature DSC was carried out using an underlying heating rate of 2 °C/min and temperature modulation parameters of ± 0.636 °C (amplitude) every 60 seconds (period). The instrument control software was Advantage for Q Series v2.8.0.394 and Thermal Advantage v5.5.3 and the data were analyzed using Universal Analysis v4.5A.

Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

[00121] TGA data were collected on a TA Instruments Q500 TGA, equipped with a 16 position autosampler. The instrument was temperature calibrated using certified Alumel and Nickel. Typically, 5-10 mg of each sample was loaded onto a pre-tared aluminium DSC pan and heated at 10 °C/min from ambient temperature to 350 °C. A nitrogen purge at 60 ml/min was maintained over the sample.

[00122] The instrument control software was Advantage for Q Series v2.5.0.256 and Thermal Advantage v5.5.3 and the data were analyzed using Universal Analysis v4.5A.

Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

[00123] Samples were studied on a Leica LM/DM polarised light microscope with a digital video camera for image capture. A small amount of each sample was placed on a glass slide, mounted in immersion oil and covered with a glass slip, the individual particles being separated as well as possible. The sample was viewed with appropriate magnification and partially polarized light, coupled to a X false-color filter.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEMI

[00124] Data were collected on a Phenom Pro Scanning Electron Microscope. A small quantity of sample was mounted onto an aluminum stub using conducting double-sided adhesive tape. A thin layer of gold was applied using a sputter coater (20 mA, 120 s).

Water Determination by Karl Fischer Titration

[00125] The water content of each sample was measured on a Metrohm 874 Oven Sample Processor at 150 °C with 851 Titrano Coulometer using Hydranal Coulomat AG oven reagent and nitrogen purge. Weighed solid samples were introduced into a sealed sample vial. Approximately 10 mg of sample was used per titration and duplicate determinations were made. Data collection and analysis using Tiamo v2.2.

Gravimetric Vapor Sorption (GVS)

[00126] Sorption isotherms were obtained using a SMS DVS Intrinsic moisture sorption analyzer, controlled by DVS Intrinsic Control software vl.0.1.2 (or v 1.0.1.3). The sample temperature was maintained at 25 °C by the instrument controls. The humidity was controlled by mixing streams of dry and wet nitrogen, with a total flow rate of 200 ml/min. The relative humidity was measured by a calibrated Rotronic probe (dynamic range of 1.0-100 %RH), located near the sample. The weight change (mass relaxation) of the sample as a function of %RH was constantly monitored by the microbalance (accuracy ± 0.005 mg).

[00127] Typically, 5-20 mg of sample was placed in a tared mesh stainless steel basket under ambient conditions. The sample was loaded and unloaded at 40% RH and 25 °C (typical room conditions). A moisture sorption isotherm was performed as outlined below in Table 1 (2 scans giving 1 complete cycle). The standard isotherm was performed at 25 °C at 10% RH intervals over a 0-90% RH range. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel using DVS Analysis Suite v6.2 (or 6.1 or 6.0). The sample was recovered after completion of the isotherm and re-analyzed by XRPD.

Table 1. Method for SMS DVS Intrinsic Experiments.

Chemical Purity Determination by HPLC

[00128] Purity analysis was performed on an Agilent HP1100 series system equipped with a diode array detector and using ChemStation software vB.04.03 using the method detailed below in Table 2.

Table 2. HPLC Method for Chemical Purity Determinations.

Ion Chromatography (IC)

[00129] Data were collected on a Metrohm 761 Compact IC (for cations) and a Metrohm 861 Advanced Compact IC (for anions) using IC Net software v2.3 and as summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Accurately weighed samples were prepared as stock solutions in an appropriate dissolving solution and diluted appropriately prior to testing. Quantification was achieved by comparison with standard solutions of known concentration of the ion being analyzed.

Table 3. IC Method for Cation Chromatography.

Table 4. IC Method for Anion Chromatography. pKa Determination and Prediction.

[00130] Data were collected on a Sirius T3 instrument. Measurements were made at 25 °C with a co-solvent by UV-metric titration. The titration media was ionic strength adjusted (ISA) with 0.15 M KC1 (aq). The data were refined using Sirius T3 Refine version 1.1.3.0. Prediction of pKa values was made using ACD/Labs Percepta 2012. Prediction of Log P values was made using ACD/Labs Percepta 2012.

2. Experimental Procedures (Salt Screening).

[00131] Preliminary Solubility Assessment. Compound 1 (15 mg) was treated with increasing volumes of solvent at 50°C until the material fully dissolved or until a maximum of 20 volumes had been used. Sodium hydroxide was added (1.1 equivalent), yielding clear solutions in most cases. A ramp was set to 5 °C at 0.1 °C/min and stirred at this temperature overnight. Any solids were filtered, air dried, and analyzed by XRPD. Any solutions were evaporated to dryness, and solid residues were also analyzed by XRPD.

[00132] Materials. Commercial chemicals and solvents were purchased from Aldrich or Fluka. The following chemicals were used to prepare stock solutions: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, L-lysine, L-arginine, A-methylglucamine, ammonium hydroxide, choline, calcium chloride, ethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol, TV-ethylglucamine, and tromethamine. Base stock solutions were prepared at a concentration of 1.0 M, except for L-arginine and calcium chloride, which were prepared at a concentration of 0.5 M. Water was used as the solvent for preparing the base stock solutions except for calcium chloride, which was prepared using ethanol.

[00133] Salt Screen - General Procedure (Cooling). Compound 1 (20 mg) was suspended in the solvent system (10 or 15 volumes) at 50 °C. The suspensions were treated with the selected counter-ions. At this stage, the solutions or suspensions were then cooled down to 5 °C at 0.1 °C/min and stirred at this temperature overnight. The solids obtained were filtered, air dried and analyzed by XRPD. Solutions were subject to the procedures detailed in the following paragraphs.

[00134] Salt Screen - Evaporation of Solutions. Any solutions obtained from the paragraph described above titled “Salt Screen - General Procedure (Cooling)” were concentrated by evaporation at ambient conditions and solid residues were analyzed initially by XRPD. Gums were subject to the procedure detailed in the following paragraph.

[00135] Salt Screen - Anti-solvent Additions. Any gums, oils, or amorphous solids obtained from the paragraph described above titled “Salt Screen - General Procedure (Cooling)” were stirred with TBME (10 volumes) overnight at 30°C. Any solids were analyzed by XRPD.

[00136] Preparation of Calcium Salts via Ion Exchange. Compound 1 (20 mg) was suspended in the solvent system at 50 °C. The suspensions were treated with sodium hydroxide (1.1 equivalents), showing a clear solution. Calcium hydroxide (0.5 equivalents) was added to the solution, yielding a precipitate. These experiments were then cooled down to 5 °C at 0.1 °C/min and stirred at this temperature overnight. The solids were filtered and air dried and initially analyzed by XRPD. Any gums, oils or amorphous solids obtained at this stage were subjected to the procedures described above.

[00137] Determination of Aqueous Solubility. Compound 1 or its corresponding salts were weighed out accurately in a vial. Water was added in increments with stirring at 25 °C until full dissolution was observed or up to a maximum of 200-240 volumes, depending on the sample. Visual assessment of dissolution was carried out after a few minutes stirring.

3. Characterization of Compound 1.

[00138] The characterization data of Compound 1 is summarized in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Characterization Data of Compound 1.

[00139] Compound 1 was characterized as a dark yellow amorphous solid. A representative XRPD pattern of Compound 1 is shown in FIG. 1. When this material was stored for 13 days at 40 °C/75%RH and 25 °C/97%RH, evidence of partial deliquescence on the edges of the sample was observed. Thermal analysis showed a water loss of 4.8%, which corresponds to a broad unresolved endothermic event by DSC (FIG. 2). The material showed low solubility in both aqueous (<5 mg/ml in water at 25 °C) and organic solvents (difficulty in preparing NMR samples using deuterated methanol and DMSO, and pKa/ion chromatography samples in acetonitrile).

[00140] The pKa was determined using Compound 1 sodium salt. The low solubility of Compound 1 made it unsuitable for these determinations. The predicted and measured pKas are illustrated in FIG. 3. LogP measurement was not possible due to the insolubility of the compound. Two LogP experiments were attempted but precipitation was observed on both occasions. The compound exists as a cation, zwitterion and anion at different pHs. The neutral form is the minor species.

4. Preliminary Studies.

[00141] Solubility assessment of Compound 1 in a range of solvent systems was carried out, followed by preliminary salt formation experiments using sodium hydroxide. The results are summarized in Table 6.

[00142] Compound 1 was not soluble in any of the selected solvent systems at 50 °C.

However, full dissolution was observed in most vials after the addition of the corresponding base (1.1 equivalents). Three crystalline and one amorphous solids were obtained. Slight differences by XRPD were observed although, after 7 days storage at 40°C/75%RH, all solids converted to the same crystalline form, with the exception of the sample from acetone:water, which showed a gum (amorphous).

Table 6. Solubility Assessment of Compound 1.

* Oil observed initially after evaporation; solid observed after 48 hr standing in fumehood at room conditions.

[00143] Methanol, acetone/10%water, and THF were chosen for the main screen based on the above results and their diversity.

5. Salt Screen - Results.

[00144] The salt screen was performed in three solvent systems, using the procedures described above. Anti-solvent additions were carried out where necessary. Crystalline salts were obtained with sodium, L-lysine, ethanolamine, and N-ethylglucamine. Crystalline solids were obtained from the experiments using tromethamine and ammonium, although the absence of the counterions was proven by NMR or ion chromatography. Data is summarized in Table 7. The recovery of these processes was low, although not quantified at this stage.

Table 7. Salt Screen Results.

* Suspected salt at the time, characterization confirmed ammonium was not present as a salt former.

[00145] The salt formation experiments were repeated on a 50 mg scale in order to produce enough material for characterization. Details of the partial characterization of the counterions/coformers sodium, L-lysine, ethanolamine, and N-ethylglucamine are summarized in Table 8. Attempts to form salts with ammonium or tromethamine were unsuccessful, resulting only in crystalline free form Compound 1.

Table 8. Preliminary Characterization of Salt from the Screen.

[00146] Representative XRPD patterns for the various crystalline forms of Compound 1 sodium salt, Compound 1’L-lysine salt, Compound 1 ethanolamine salt, and Compound 1 N- ethylglucamine are shown in FIGS. 4-7.

6. Discussion of Results.

[00147] Crystalline salts were obtained with sodium, L-lysine, ethanolamine and N- ethylglucamine. Crystalline free form materials were also obtained via unsuccessful salt formation experiments with ammonium and tromethamine.

[00148] The determination of stoichiometry for salts with organic counterions by ^r H NMR was challenging due to overlapping signals. NMR work was carried out in deuterated DMSO, deuterated methanol, and a combination of the two to assess the presence of the counterions. Solid mixtures of Compound 1 and the corresponding counterion were also prepared and dissolved in deuterated solvent for comparison. Thus, the expected spectrum could be used as a reference to the experimental salts.

[00149] The mono sodium salt, Na2, is crystalline and is likely to be a mono-hydrate based on water content. The water loss is observed by TGA and corresponds to multiple endothermic events by DSC. The salt was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for one week but showed deliquescence after a total of 36 days storage.

[00150] The mono L-lysine salt (Compound 1-L-lysine), LYS1 (Form 1), is crystalline and anhydrous, and shows a melting endotherm (associated with decomposition) at 233 °C. This material was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for 36 days.

[00151] The N-ethylglucamine salt, NEG1, is crystalline, and shows a slight excess of counter-ion by NMR (most likely due to the salt formation not being complete). This material was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for 36 days. N-ethylglucamine salt shows an endothermic event (possible melt) at 110 °C. Insufficient material was available for TGA analysis at this stage. This material was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for 36 days.

[00152] Finally, the ethanolamine salt, EA1, is also crystalline, and the mono stoichiometry was confirmed by NMR. This salt shows an endothermic event (possible melt) at 143 °C. Insufficient material was available for TGA analysis at this stage. This material was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for 7 days.

[00153] Four different polymorphs of free form Compound 1 have been observed. The material obtained from the unsuccessful tromethamine salt formation, FF1, was a yellow crystalline solid, with a broad endotherm at 217 °C by DSC. The small weight losses observed by TGA are likely to correspond to water loss, although small unidentified impurities are observed by Slight changes were observed upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for one week, to form FF4. Another partially crystalline material, FF3, was obtained from another unsuccessful tromethamine formation experiment. The partially crystalline FF2 was produced via a failed attempt to make the ammonium salt. This material showed multiple endotherms by DSC and was stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH for one week. These results show the free base to be able to crystallize under specific conditions. The solubility of the crystalline free forms was remarkably lower in deuterated solvents. Larger solvent amounts as well as filtration were needed in some instances to achieve full dissolution and grant an optimal NMR spectrum.

[00154] Based on the desired solid-state properties of a salt, the sodium, L-lysine, and N- ethylglucamine salts were chosen for the scale-up phase.

Example 2. Scale-up of Selected Salts of Compound 1 and Identification of Compound 1*L- Lysine Form 2.

[00155] Sodium and L-Lysine Salts. Compound 1 (-500 mg) was suspended in methanol (5 volumes) at 50°C. Sodium hydroxide or L-lysine (1 M in water, 1.1 equivalents) was added at 50°C, and clear solutions were formed. After approximately 10 minutes stirring, white precipitates were observed in both cases. In the case of the L-lysine salt, an immobile precipitate formed, as opposed to the sodium salt, which formed a mobile slurry. A ramp set up at 0.1°C/minute to 30°C, then the vials were placed at 4°C overnight. The bulk solids were filtered by suction and dried in a vacuum oven at 25 °C overnight. The white solids were used for characterization.

[00156] N-Ethylglucamine Salt. Compound 1 (-300 mg) was suspended in methanol (17 volumes) at 65°C. N-ethylglucamine (1 M in water, 1.1 equivalents) was added at 65°C. Full dissolution was not observed after 30 minutes, and the solution was filtered. A ramp was then set up at 0.1°C/minute to 5 °C. Seeds of NEG 1 (material from screen) were added (~10 mg) at 63 °C. A clear solution was still observed at 5 °C, so TBME was added as an anti-solvent (10 volumes). The solution was concentrated by opening the vial cap at room temperature. Further seeds were added, and the vial was placed at -20°C overnight, which did not aid crystallization. Evaporation to dryness yielded a gum, which was sonicated, without improvement. Another attempt to prepare the N-ethylglucamine salt was carried out using a methanol/TBME mixture with a slight excess of base (1.5 eqs) at 50°C with no filtration. A gum/oil was also observed upon evaporation. Both gums/oils were dried under vacuum to produce amorphous solids. These were slurried in ten solvent systems using a temperature cycle between 25 and 50°C overnight. The slurry in ethyl acetate showed a crystalline white solid after 1 hour at room temperature. Based on these results, the bulk amorphous solids were slurried in ethyl acetate overnight (cycling between 25 and 50°C) to yield crystalline solids. These solids were used for characterization.

[00157] Results and Characterization of Selected Salts. Sodium, L-lysine, and N- ethylglucamine salts have been scaled-up and fully characterized. Two new forms were isolated for L-lysine (LYS2 (Form 2)) and N-ethylglucamine (NEG2) compared to the screen materials. The yields were generally low, at 47 and 58% for sodium and L-lysine, respectively. The yield was not quantified for the N-ethylglucamine salt, given the multiple steps needed to achieve a crystalline material. A summary of the characterization details for the three selected salts can be found in Table 9.

Table 9. Solid-State Characterization of Selected Salt Forms.

* The sodium salt appears to exist in different hydration states and changes observed throughout the characterization may be due to differences in ambient humidity on the date of analysis. Conversion of Sodium Na2 to Na4 was observed upon storage in a closed vial at room conditions 10 days after isolation.

[00158] The sodium salt was crystallized as form Na2. However, after 10 days storage at room conditions in a closed vial, a form change was observed to Na4. The sodium salt is hydrated, and the diffractograms show slight changes depending on the amount of hydration water. Also, these slight changes may be due to differences in ambient humidity on the date of analysis. The ion chromatography shows 0.8 equivalents of sodium. The DSC showed multiple endothermic events, related to water loss by TGA. The material was subjected to VT-XRPD. The starting material was checked prior to starting this analysis, and a change to Na4 had been observed. Na4 showed two form changes upon heating (Nal and a new form Na5) and a further change upon cooling at the end of the experiment (to a new form denoted as Na6, suspected anhydrous). A representative XRPD pattern of the different sodium salt forms is shown in FIG. 4. It is possible that some of these XRPD patterns are mixtures of different forms. The GVS analysis also confirmed the multiple steps of hydration. The starting material showed 5.7% water (1.5 eqs), as opposed to the material at the end of the experiment, showing 4.4% water (1 eq, Na4 by XRPD). A total of 9.7% water was uptaken at 90%RH on the first cycle (2.5 eqs) and 16.0% on the second cycle (4.5 eqs). Hysteresis was observed on both cycles, indicating hydration and dehydration steps showing different kinetics. Overall, the sodium salt poses a challenge in terms of the process chemistry in order to achieve a 1 : 1 stoichiometry and additionally, due to the fact that it exists in different levels of hydration.

[00159] The N-ethylglucamine NEG2 salt deliquesced at 40°C/75%RH and 25°C/97%RH after two days. By GVS, a reversible moisture uptake of 22.5% w/w was observed between 0- 90%RH, after which a gummy solid with low crystallinity was recovered (denoted as NEG3). TGA showed a small water loss (1.1 % below 125 °C) after which an endotherm was observed by DSC (106 °C). In summary, any salt formed with N-ethylglucamine has a poor thermal profile and is not recommended for further development.

[00160] The L-lysine salt, LYS2 (Form 2), is also anhydrous and stable upon storage at 40°C/75%RH and 25 °C/97% RH for 8 days, and during the GVS experiment. Thermal analysis showed a melt and decomposition at 231 °C. The 'H NMR spectrum confirmed the mono stoichiometry. Slight changes in multiplicity were observed in several peaks in the aromatic area, whose nature is unknown. Aqueous solubility was assessed for LYS2, which showed a turbid yellow solution at 5 mg/mL.

[00161] The solubility of the three salts was assessed at 25 °C. The aqueous solubility of Na2 and NEG2 is >200 mg/ml. For both materials, a clear solution was observed immediately after water addition with stirring. After about 20 minutes, a thick white precipitate was observed, but this re-dissolved overnight. The dissolution attempt using LYS2 resulted in a turbid yellow solution at 5mg/ml (addition of 200 volumes and stirring overnight).

[00162] Summary. Crystalline salts were obtained from sodium, L-lysine, N-ethylglucamine, and ethanolamine. Two forms of the L-lysine salt (LYS1 (Form 1) and LYS2 (Form 2)) isolated during the study are anhydrous, stable at elevated humidity, and melt/decompose at around 230°C. Based on its higher crystallinity and solubility, the L-lysine salt LYS1 (Form 1) was selected for further development.

Example 3. Polymorph Screen of Compound 1’L-Lysine Salt

[00163] A polymorph screen was conducted with the goal of identifying new solid-state forms of Compound 1 -L-lysine. Experiments consisted of solvent mediated solid-state form transformations, temperature cycling, anti-solvent vapor diffusion, solvent drop grinding, pH swings, cooling crystallizations, and anti-solvent addition to solutions. The solid-state properties of Compound 1 -L-lysine, Form 1, were also fully characterized.

1. Instrument and Methodology Details.

[00164] Optical Microscopy. Photomicrographs were taken using an Olympus BX51 polarized light microscope, equipped with a JENOPTIK ProgRes camera and operated by ProgRes Capture Pro 2.8.8 software. Samples were dispersed on a microscope slide with silicon oil and examined under transmitted polarized light.

[00165] X-Ray Diffraction Experiments. X-ray powder diffraction data were collected under ambient conditions on a Rigaku Miniflex 600 diffractometer using Cu K alpha (1.5406 Angstrom) radiation. Powder patterns were collected on a zero background holder with a 0.1 mm indent at a scan rate of 2 to 40° two theta at 2° per min at 40 kV and 15 mA.

[00166] Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Differential scanning calorimetry was performed with a TA Discovery series DSC using a few milligrams of material in a Tzero aluminum pan sealed with a Tzero hermetic lid containing two pin holes. Samples were scanned at 10 °C per minute under 50 mL per minute of nitrogen flow.

[00167] Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric analysis data were collected with a TA Discovery series TGA. A few milligrams of material were analyzed in an aluminum sample pan. The data was collected from room temperature to 300 °C with a 10 °C per minute scan rate.

[00168] Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS). Dynamic vapor sorption experiments were performed on a DVS Intrinsic system by Surface Measurement Systems. Samples were exposed to relative humidities cycling from 0% RH to 90% RH, with the weight equilibrated and measured at each humidity step. Temperature was set and held constant at 25 °C during the entire experiment.

[00169] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). 'l l NMR spectra was recorded on a Varian Inova 300 Hz spectrometer.

[00170] High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Chromatographic separations were performed on Thermo Fisher SpectraSystem using the conditions provided in Table 10.

Table 10. HPLC Method.

2. Initial Characterization of Compound l*L-lysine, Form 1.

[00171] Initial characterization data was generated for Compound 1-L-lysine, Form 1. Optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and post-DVS XRPD data are presented in FIGS. 8-15. A summary of physical properties is presented in Table 11.

Table 11. Summary of Physical Properties of Compound 1-L-Lysine, Form 1.

3. Compound 1’L-Lysine Salt Solid-State Form Screen.

[00172] Thermodynamic Stability Form Screen. Solvent mediated solid-state form transformation experiments were performed over a range of temperatures, water activities, and solvent types to probe for thermodynamically more stable polymorphs, hydrates, and solvates. Approximately 75 to 85 mg of material was weighed out into 4 mL amber glass vials. About 1 mL of solvent was added, followed by a stir bar and the vials were capped. The vials were placed on their respective temperature stir plates and stirred at 500 rpm for 3 weeks. Solids from the slurries were analyzed by XRPD for any changes in solid-state form. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 12. No new crystalline forms were seen for Compound 1-L-lysine.

Table 12. Compound 1-L-Lysine Thermodynamic Stability Form Screen.

[00173] Temperature Cycling. Approximately 20 to 30 mg of material was weighed out into vials. About 0.2 to 0.3 mL of solvent was added and the vials were capped. The vials were placed inside a temperature cycling chamber to cycle from 10 to 60 °C at 10 °C/hour, continuously for 3 weeks. Solids were analyzed by XRPD for any changes in solid-state form. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 13. No new crystalline forms were seen for Compound 1-L-lysine.

Table 13. Compound 1-L-Lysine Temperature Cycling Experiments.

[00174] Anti-Solvent Vapor Diffusion. Approximately 25 to 30 mg of material was weighed out into 4 mL vials. About 2 mL of solvent was added and the vials were sonicated in an attempt to make solutions. Any slurries were filtered into clean 4 mL vials to generate solutions for all experiments. These uncapped 4 mL vials were then placed inside larger 20 mL vials containing anti-solvent. The 20 mL vials were capped to allow anti-solvent vapor to slowly diffuse into the solutions in the uncapped 4 mL vials. All experiments were kept at ambient conditions. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 14. No crystalline solids were obtained.

Table 14. Compound 1-L-Lysine Anti-Solvent Vapor Diffusion Experiments.

[00175] Solvent Drop Grinding. Approximately 20 to 25 mg of material was weighed out into 2 mL amber vials. About 20 to 40 pL of solvent was added with 3 to 6 alumina beads. The vials were capped and placed onto a temperature-controlled mixer set at 800 rpm and 20 °C. The samples were mixed overnight and then solids were analyzed by XRPD for solid-state form changes. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 15. No new crystalline forms were seen for Compound 1-L-lysine.

Table 15. Compound 1-L-Lysine Solvent Drop Grinding Experiments.

[00176] pH Swing. Experiments to generate new solid-state forms of Compound 1-L-lysine were conducted by changing the pH of aqueous solutions. Four experiments were conducted consisting of (1) adding base to an acidic solution of Compound 1-L-lysine; (2) adding acid to a basic solution of Compound 1-L-lysine; (3) adding an acidic solution of Compound 1-L-lysine to base; or (4) adding a basic solution of Compound 1-L-lysine to acid.

[00177] Experiment 1 : Approximately 30 mg of Compound 1-L-lysine was weighed out into a 4 mL amber glass vial and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M HC1 was added. The suspension was filtered to obtain a clear solution with a pH of 1.7. While stirring on a 25 °C stir plate, 1.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH was slowly added to give a final pH of 12.0. No solids were observed.

[00178] Experiment 2: Approximately 30 mg of Compound 1-L-lysine was weighed out into a 4 mL amber glass vial and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH was added. A solution was obtained with a pH of 12.2. While stirring on a 25 °C stir plate, 1.5 mL of 0.1 M HC1 was slowly added to give a pH of 9.6. An additional 0.5 mL of 0.1 M HC1 was added resulting in formation of a gel with a pH of 3.0.

[00179] Experiment 3: Approximately 30 mg of Compound 1-L-lysine was weighed out into a 4 mL amber glass vial and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M HC1 was added. The suspension was filtered to obtain a clear solution with a pH of 1.6. This solution was slowly added to a 4 mL amber glass vial containing 1.5 mL of a stirring 0.1 M NaOH solution on a 25 °C stir plate. The final pH was 12.1. No solids were observed.

[00180] Experiment 4: Approximately 30 mg of Compound 1-L-lysine was weighed out into a 4 mL amber glass vial and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH was added to produce a solution with a pH of 12.2. This solution was slowly added to a 4 mL amber glass vial containing 1.5 mL of a stirring 0.1 M HC1 solution on a 25°C stir plate. The pH was 9.5 so an additional 0.5 mL of 0.1 M HC1 was added, resulting in the formation of a gel with a pH of 3.3.

[00181] Cooling Crystallizations. Solutions of Compound 1-L-lysine were prepared in various solvents and heated up to 50 °C for 20 to 30 minutes. The samples were transferred to a 4 °C refrigerator and monitored for solid formation. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 16. No crystalline solids were obtained.

Table 16. Compound 1-L-Lysine Cooling Crystallization Experiments.

[00182] Anti-Solvent Addition to Solutions. Anti-solvents were pipetted into the samples from the cooling crystallization experiments described above that remained as solutions to discover new polymorphs. A summary of experiments and results is provided in Table 17. No crystalline solids were obtained.

Table 17. Compound 1-L-Lysine Anti-Solvent Addition to Solutions.

4. Solubility of Compound 1*L-Lysine, Form 1.

[00183] Solubility was determined gravimetrically in the solvents used for the solvent mediated solid-state form transformation experiments described above. Each slurry sample was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, ambient, then the supernatant was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged again for 30 minutes, 16400 rpm, 21 °C. A 0.500 mL aliquot of the final supernatant solution was transferred to a pre-tared vial and the solvent was removed by evaporation. The vials were reweighed to calculate the final weight. Solubility values are listed in Table 18.

Table 18. Solubility of Compound 1-L-Lysine, Form 1.*

* Could not determine solubility in water.

5. Summary.

[00184] A polymorph screen was conducted with the goal of identifying new solid-state forms of Compound 1-L-lysine. Experiments consisted of solvent-mediated solid-state form transformations, temperature cycling, anti-solvent vapor diffusion, solvent drop grinding, pH swings, cooling crystallizations, and anti-solvent addition to solutions. No new crystalline forms were discovered in the screen as all crystalline forms corresponded to Form 1.

[00185] Although the present disclosure has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, the descriptions and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The disclosures of all patent and scientific literature cited herein are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.