60/477,926, filed on, June 13,2003, which both are hereby incorporated by reference.

Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to printing of coding patterns on on-demand digital printers.

Background Art It is known to use a coding pattern to embed some type of information in a passive base such as a sheet of paper, a writing board or equivalent. A suitably pro- grammed scanner, fax machine, camera or digital pen can then read, recreate and use the information embedded lo- cally in the base. For example, graphical information on a base can be supplemented with embedded information which extends the functionality of the base. Such embed- ded information can comprise file data for full or par- tial recreation of the graphical information, commands, supplementary text or images,-hyperlinks, absolute posi- tions, etc.

Coding patterns are generally constructed around some form of machine-readable code symbols which are regularly spaced on the base. One specific class of cod- ing patterns are based on one or more cyclic number se- quences, also called pseudo-random sequences. As is known, such a cyclic number sequence is the ordered set of unique n-bit long subsequences that an n-stage shift register generates when it is preloaded with a given seed value and operated with feedback taps at specified regis- ter locations. Thus, such a cyclic number sequence has the property that the place in the number sequence of

each subsequence of a predetermined length (n) is unambi- guously determined. According to various principles, data may encoded on the base by printing such a cyclic number sequence, in the form of a sequence of graphical symbols, over the base surface with various rotations or circular shifts. Different encoding principles are described, i. a. , in WO 92/17859; WO 00/73983; WO 01/26032; WO 01/71643; WO 02/084473 ; WO 03/001440; US 6,000, 621; and US 6,208, 771.

In many cases, bases with a coding pattern can be generated on a large scale and with high precision in the graphics industry. There are, however, also occasions when it is desirable to create bases with a coding pat- tern on a small scale, for example by using a personal computer, to which a printer of, for example, the ink-jet or laser type, has been connected.

This can be carried out in such a way that the re- quired coding pattern is created as an image file in a graphical format, for example, in bitmap format. This im- age file is converted by the computer into a page- describing and normally printer-independent code, such as PostScript (trademark), after which it is transmitted to the printer unit. On the basis of the page-describing code, the printer unit creates corresponding instructions for control of the printer's hardware. This hardware can, in the case of a laser printer, comprise a laser diode with associated optics. In an ink-jet printer, the hard- ware may comprise an ink ejector arrangement. The print- ing is then carried out on a base, for example a sheet of paper.

If the coding pattern has a high information den- sity, which can be achieved by dense arrangement of the code symbols on the base, the image file and the page- describing code may become large. Consequently, transfer times and printer processing times for such code may be- come excessive.

Summary of the Invention

An object of the present invention thus is to pro- vide a printing technique that overcomes the above prob- lems.

These and other objects that will be evident from the following description are now achieved wholly or partly by methods and apparatus according to the inde- pendent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.

Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described by way of exam- ple with reference to the accompanying drawings, which schematically illustrate currently preferred embodiments.

Fig. 1 is a view of a first prior art coding pat- tern.

Fig. 2A is a schematic view of a system implementing a printing method according to the invention.

Fig. 2B is a schematic view of a base with an infor- mation layer and a coding layer.

Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of the underlying coding principles for the pattern in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4A is a view of a symbol definition for the pattern of Fig. 1.

Fig. 4B is a view of a set of superimposed symbols for the coding pattern of Fig. 1.

Fig. 4C is a schematic illustration of different logical combinations of the superimposed symbols in Fig.

4B.

Fig. 4D is a schematic illustration of code block images for the coding pattern in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4E is a schematic illustration of two mutually aligned composite images that are formed from the code block images of Fig. 4D.

Fig. 5 is a flow chart of a method for generating a page-describing code according to the invention.

Fig. 6 is a flow chart of a method of operating a printer according to the invention.

Fig. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an electronic circuitry part in the printer shown in Fig. 2A.

Figs 8A and 8B are views of a set of code symbols and superimposed code symbols, respectively, representing a second prior art coding pattern.

Figs 9A and 9B are views of a set of code symbols and superimposed code symbols, respectively, representing a third prior art coding pattern.

Fig. 10 is a view of a set of code symbols of a fourth prior art coding pattern.

Detailed Description of the Invention Fig. 1 illustrates a part of an absolute position- coding pattern, which will be used to exemplify the in- vention. The position-coding pattern is detailed in Ap- plicant's International Patent Publications WO 01/26032 and WO 03/001440, which are incorporated herein by this reference. Principally, the coding pattern of Fig. 1 is made up of simple graphical symbols, which can assume four different values and thus are capable of coding two bits of information. Each symbol consists of a mark 10 and a spatial reference point or nominal position 12, the mark 10 being displaced or offset a distance in one of four different directions from the nominal position 12.

The value of each symbol is given by the direction of displacement. The symbols are arranged with the nominal positions 12 forming a regular raster or grid 14 which may be virtual and thus not explicitly included in the coding pattern.

In the following, it is assumed that coding pattern of Fig. 1 is used to code absolute positions in two di- mensions.

The coding pattern of Fig. 1 can be reproduced on a base with high information density. The grid spacing (as indicated by 16 in Fig. 1) may typically be 0.3 mm, which translates to more than 400,000 symbols on a 25 cm high by 15 cm wide page. Evidently, it might be difficult to

print such a high-density coding pattern on a regular digital printer at a reasonable speed.

A system for printing such a high-density coding pattern is shown in Fig. 2A. The system includes a com- puter 20 and a printer 21. The printer 21 may be communi- catively connected to the computer 20, so that a page- describing file 22 can be transferred from the computer 20 to the printer 21.

The computer 20 has access to a digital representa- tion of the coding pattern which is to be applied as a machine-readable coding layer on a base, for example a sheet of paper. The computer system may also have access to a digital representation of graphical data which is to be printed as a human-readable information layer on the same base. The graphical data may include text, drawings, rulings, images, etc, typically to guide or inform the user of the coded base. Fig. 2B illustrates a combination of such a coding layer 25 and information layer 26, in- cluding an enlarged view of the coding pattern 27. As will be further described below, the computer 20 is capa- ble of generating a page-describing code of the coding layer 25 and the information layer 26, if present. The following examples assume that the page-describing code is text-based and written in the widely adopted Post- Script (trademark) programming language, although other types of formats and programming languages are certainly conceivable, for example PCL (Printer Control Language).

The printer 21 receives the file 22, reads the page- describing code therein and converts it to adequate printing instructions. Most commercially available print- ers have such capability. The operating principle of the printer can be based on any technology that produces ei- ther monochrome or polychrome printouts, including but not limited to ink jet, laser, dye-sublimation, solid ink, thermal wax, thermal autochrome, and dot matrix technology.

Prior to describing the inventive principles for controlling the printer, it may be beneficial to give a brief presentation of the encoding principles of the cod- ing pattern of Fig. 1. For reasons of simplification, the principles are first explained in a first dimension, which in this example is in the x-direction (cf. Fig. 3).

A cyclic main number sequence is used for the coding in this direction, which cyclic main number sequence has the property that the place in the cyclic main number se- quence of each partial sequence of a predetermined length is unambiguously determined. In this example, the prede- termined length is 6. Thus if six consecutive numbers are taken from any place in the cyclic main number sequence, then these six numbers will only occur once in the main number sequence in this order. The property also applies if the end of the main number sequence is connected to the beginning of the main number sequence. The main num- ber sequence is therefore called cyclic. In this example, a binary main number sequence is used. If the place of a partial sequence with six numbers is to be unambiguously determined, the main number sequence can thus have a maximal length of 26 = 64 and the partial sequences of length 6 can have the places 0-63 in the main number se- quence. For reasons of error correction, however, a main number sequence of length 63 may be selected. In the fol- lowing, it is thus assumed that the length of the main number sequence is 63 and that it thus defines unique places in the range 0-62.

The coding pattern is based on utilizing different rotations or circular shifts of the cyclic main number sequence. In order to code positions in the x-direction, the main number sequence is printed out or arranged in some other way, rotated or circularly shifted in various ways, in columns across the surface, that is in the y-direction orthogonal to the direction in which posi- tions are to be coded. The main number sequence can be printed out repeatedly in the same column, which is re-

quired if more positions are to be coded in the y-direction than what corresponds to the length of the main number sequence. The same rotation of the main num- ber sequence is then used for all the repetitions. How- ever, different rotations can be used in different col- umns.

Fig. 3 shows schematically a sheet of paper with seven columns x-x+6. Only the first numbers in the dif- ferent rotations of the main number sequences are illustrated explicitly. A whole main number sequence is marked schematically by a box B. In addition, in Fig. 3 the first partial sequence S of six numbers is marked in each column by a box drawn with broken lines. As men- tioned above, each of the partial sequences S has an un- ambiguously determined place in the main number sequence.

Each pair of adjacent columns defines a difference number d. The difference number d is given by the diffe- rence between the places in the main number sequence of the first partial sequence in the respective columns. If instead the difference is taken between the places of the partial sequences one step down in the columns, the result will be the same since the places are displaced in the same way. The difference number d will thus be the same, irrespective of at what"height"in the columns the places of the partial sequences in the main number sequence are compared. For each pair of columns the dif- ference number d is thus constant in the y-direction.

The first partial sequence of the main number se- quence in the column x+5 is 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, which corre- sponds to place 0 in the main number sequence. The first partial sequence of the main number sequence in column x+6 is 1,0, 0,0, 1, 1, which corresponds to place 57 in the main number sequence. The difference or the circular shift between these columns is thus 57, so d (x+5) = 57.

It should be pointed out that the difference numbers are determined modulo the length of the main number sequence.

The difference numbers that can be coded in this way are in the range 0-K-1, where K is the length of the main number sequence which in this case is K = 63 and with which it is thus possible to code difference numbers in the range 0-62. By selecting different rotations of the main number sequence, it is possible to create a se- quence of difference numbers, in the following called a primary number sequence or primary difference number sequence, which has the property that each partial se- quence of a predetermined length has an unambiguously de- termined place in the primary number sequence. In this example, the predetermined length is 5. As each partial sequence consisting of five difference numbers has an un- ambiguously determined place in the primary difference number sequence, this can be used to code positions in the x-direction. In Fig. 3, the partial sequences S (x) -S (x+5) will thus code five difference numbers<BR> d (x) -d (x+4) which give a partial sequence of the pri- mary number sequence.

The columns of the main number sequence's binary numbers form a matrix, which in the following will be called the x-matrix.

The position coding in a second dimension, for exam- ple in the y-direction in this case, can be carried out in accordance with the same principle as the position coding in the first dimension. The main number sequence is then arranged with different circular shifts in rows on the surface, that is in the x-direction in Fig. 3.

Difference numbers are defined between adjacent rows and these difference numbers form a primary difference number sequence. It is possible to use another main number se- quence and another primary difference number sequence in the second dimension. The bases in the various number se- quences can also be other than those that are used for the coding in the first dimension. In this example, how- ever, the same sequences are used in both the x-direction and the y-direction. In a corresponding way to the coding

in the x-direction, the coding in the y-direction results in a matrix in which the values of the rows consist of the binary values of the main number sequence.

If the x-and y-matrices are superimposed, for each point in the resulting xy-matrix there will be one bit from the x-matrix and one bit from the y-matrix. At each point the following four bit combinations can thus be ob- tained: 0,0 ; 0,1 ; 1,0 ; and 1,1. These different combi- nations can be coded graphically on a surface, for exam- ple in the way shown in Fig. 1. The coding that is used in this example is shown in Fig 4A.

It should be realized that this coding pattern can be reversibly separated into two coding dimensions, i. e. one x-coding dimension and one y-coding dimension. Each such coding dimension is basically formed by a maximum of 63 different code blocks, in form of the 63 different ro- tations of the 63-bit long main number sequence. Thus, each coding dimension can be represented by only a few code blocks. For example, the 400,000+ symbols on the above-mentioned 25 cm high by 15 cm wide page, may be represented by two coding dimensions with approximately 212 code blocks each.

However, the representation may be made still more compact, based on the fact that all rotations are par- tially identical. Thus, a coding dimension may be repre- sented by only one code block, corresponding to the main number sequence, which is physically displaced or shifted between the different rows/columns to simulate the rele- vant rotations.

Such a compact representation of the coding pattern may be advantageously used to transfer the coding pattern to a printer, provided that the compact representations of the coding dimensions can be reunited in the printer to form a printable image of the coding pattern.

This may be achieved by forming the code block as one or more bitmap images of a corresponding sequence of symbols. More specifically, each bit value in the code

block is represented by a superposition of all associated symbols, i. e, all symbols that code this bit value. Thus, a set of mutually unique superimposed symbols is created from the original set of mutually unique symbols. Fig. 4B illustrates such superimposed symbols for the bit values 0 and 1 in the x-and y-dimensions, respectively.

By representing each coding dimension with such su- perimposed symbols, the coding dimensions can be combined to form a printable image. Suitably, the coding dimen- sions are mutually aligned with respect to the spatial reference points of their respective symbols, whereupon a simple AND logic operation is effected on the coding di- mensions, image element by image element. This principle is illustrated in Fig. 4C for the superimposed symbols of Fig. 4B. Fig. 4D gives two exemplary code block images (bitmaps) 40,42 with such superimposed symbols which may be used to represent the main number sequence in the x- coding dimension and the y-coding dimension, respec- tively.

The reconstruction of the coding pattern is illus- trated in Fig. 4E, where a first composite image 44 of the x-coding dimension is formed by arranging the code block images 40 in columns with a given mutual shift or phase difference, and a second composite image 46 of the y-coding dimension is formed by arranging the code block images 42 in rows with a given mutual shift or phase dif- ference. After the AND operation between the composite images 44,46, the coding pattern is reconstructed as a bitmap image in the area indicated by the dashed rectan- gle 48.

It should be mentioned that the AND logic operation may be implemented in alternative ways. For example, the AND operation may be inherent in the process of combining the code block images of the x and y dimensions. In such an embodiment, one of the code block images may be embod- ied as a clipping region definition, in which each of the superimposed symbols is represented by one or more so-

called clipping regions. A clipping region operates on an image to retain all image data within a defined region and to discard the rest. Thus, when the code block images of the x and y dimensions are combined, the clipping re- gions of one dimension operates on the image elements of the other dimension to retain the image elements included in the clipping regions, thereby simulating the above AND logic operation. For example, in Fig. 4D, the marks of the code block image 40 or 42 may be implemented as indi- vidual mark-shaped clipping regions. The skilled person should readily realize other suitable layouts of such clipping regions.

It should be noted that the spatial reference points 12, which are visualized in Figs 4B-4D, may be virtual and, thus, not visible in the graphical symbols.

As already mentioned, the page-describing file 22 in Fig. 2A can be generated based on the above principles.

Fig. 5 illustrates some principal steps that may be exe- cuted in the computer 20 in the generation of such a page-describing file 22.

In step 51, a digital representation of the coding layer is retrieved, suitably from a memory associated with the computer 20. The digital representation of the coding layer may be supplied to the computer 20 in pre- generated form, or be generated by the computer 20 on de- mand. For example, the digital representation may include the above-mentioned symbol values (0-3), with the mutual spatial arrangement between the symbols being retained.

Alternatively, the digital representation may be given by the above-mentioned x-and y-matrices. Similarly, step 51 may include retrieval of a digital representation of the information layer to be printed.

Step 52 includes retrieving an image definition for each main number sequence used in the coding pattern.

This image definition is suitably pre-defined, and may later be transferred to the printer together with the

page-describing code. Alternatively, it may be resident in a non-volatile memory in the printer.

In step 53, the digital representation of the coding layer is parsed based on the main number sequences. More specifically, the main number sequences are mapped against the digital representation to identify the shift between adjacent columns and rows in the x-coding dimen- sion and the y-coding dimension, respectively. In this mapping operation, the main number sequences are suitably represented in the same format as the digital representa- tion, for example as a sequence of symbol values (0-3) or bit values (0-1).

In step 54, a compact representation of the coding pattern is created, in which each coding dimension is represented by the number of code block images per col- umn/row and the shift or relative phase difference be- tween adjacent columns/rows. The compact representation reduces both transfer and processing times for the re- sulting page-describing file.

In step 55, a page-describing code is generated for the information layer (cf. Fig. 2B). This step may be im- plemented according to prior art technique, known to the person skilled in the art.

In step 56, the compact representation of the coding pattern is incorporated into the page-describing code, to generate the final page-describing file for the informa- tion layer and the coding layer.

Steps 55 and 56 may alternatively be executed before or concurrent with the generation of the image-related representation (steps 53-54). Further, step 56 may be executed before or concurrent with step 55. Still fur- ther, step 55 may be excluded altogether, in the absence of any information layer.

It should also be noted that step 53 may be ex- cluded, for example if the retrieved digital representa- tion already identifies the mutual shifts of the main number sequence in each dimension.

The above generation of the page-describing code is suitably carried out in the computer 20 under control of a computer program, which may be embodied on a record me- dium, stored in a computer memory, embodied in a read- only memory or carried on an electrical carrier signal.

The final page-describing file may be generated in the widely-adopted text-based PostScript programming lan- guage. A schematic example of such a PostScript file for generating a coding pattern, 25 cm high by 15 cm wide, is given below in pseudo-code. % define image of x-dimension rnain number sequence symbols drawvertical : code... % define image of y-dimension main number sequence symbols drawhorisontal : code... % define overall clipping region (visible part of the generated pattern) code... % push x-dimension shifts to stack 042353231234532312... % generate composite image of x-coding dimension 1 1 1485 pop % remove counter gsave 0 exch moveto % take first shift and move to correct position (x-shift), swap top values on stack drawvertical % repeat this line as many times as needed to fill a vertical column of the paper restore 1 0 nnoveto % move to next column for % push y-dime7lsion shifts to stack 0 4 23 53 23 12 34 53 23 12 % generate composite image of y-coding dimension 7 7 27 112475 pop % remove counter gsave 0 moveto % take first shift and move to correct position drawhorisontal % repeat this line as many times as needed to fill a horizontal row of the paper restore 0 1 nrzoveto % move to next line J for % apply AND operation to composite images

code...

% apply clipping region code... showpage In the above Postscript code, the coding dimensions are represented by a set of function/program definitions and a set of function/program calls. The function/program definitions may generate the code block images of the su- perimposed code symbols, and the function/program calls may be represented in the form of a unique identifier, given by one or more characters.

As an alternative, a font may be defined and used to represent the main number sequences in the page- describing file, via a respective font character. For ex- ample, font character (A) may be defined to generate the code block image 40 in Fig. 4D, font character (B) may be defined to generate the code block image 42 in Fig. 4D.

Thus, the font characters will replace the above func- tion/program calls. The font may be defined either as a bitmap font or an outline font. In a bitmap font, each character is represented as a fixed-size pixel image. In an outline font, each character is scaleable in size and represented by a mathematical expression.

The font-based approach may have a number of general advantages. The font character representation is compact and may be used to reduce the number of code instruc- tions. Further, digital printers are generally optimized for handling fonts, and may even have a dedicated cache memory for font definitions. Still further, since font characters have a predefined size (bitmap fonts) or a settable size (outline fonts), consecutive characters may be automatically aligned by the printer without a need for an explicit reset instruction. This may also contrib- ute to increasing the processing speed in the printer.

It is to be understood an actual page-describing file may include further elements (overhead), such as a definition of basic properties of the coding pattern

(e. g. grid spacing, mark size, mark offset), a font char- acter definition, a printer instruction to build a cus- tomized font in a font dictionary, a printer instruction to retrieve and scale the customized font and to set this font as the current font, etc. The actual page-describing file may also include page-describing code for any graphical data to be printed together with the coding pattern.

Returning to the example of a 25 cm high by 15 cm wide page, a conventional PostScript code would exceed 800,000 bytes, whereas the above printing methodology would result in a PostScript file size of approximately 20,000 bytes (including about 10,000 bytes overhead). The small file size provides ease of distribution. For exam- ple, the PostScript file may be included in an email to a receiving party which may send the file to a printer. Op- tionally, an application at the receiving party may be operable to generate PostScript code for the email mes- sage, or any other selected graphical object, and to in- corporate this as an information layer in the PostScript file, for subsequent processing in a printer. Thereby, the receiving party can generate encoded substrates at will.

Fig. 6 illustrates the process effected in the printer on receipt of the page-describing file. In step 62, the image definition for the main number sequences of the x-and y-dimensions is retrieved from the page- describing file. In step 63, shift data designating the relative phase difference between adjacent columns/rows is retrieved from the page-describing file. In step 64, a printable image is generated based on the shift data and the code block images given by the image definition.

Suitably, the code block images are arranged and merged according to the shift data to form the above-mentioned composite images, which then are combined via the AND logic operation to form the printable image.

In another embodiment, the printer operation is not entirely controlled by the programming instructions of page-describing file. Instead, the printer has a dedi- cated pattern generation module, which is implemented by software and/or hardware to generate the coding pattern.

On receipt of a request for print-out of a coding pat- tern, the module retrieves a digital representation of the coding pattern (illustrated as optional step 61 in Fig. 6), retrieves the image definition of the relevant main number sequences, identifies the relevant rotations and shifts in the digital representation, and generates the printable image based on the shifts and the code block images given by the image definition. The request for print-out may include the digital representation, for example in the form of the above-mentioned symbol values or bit values. Alternatively, as described in Applicant's international patent application WO 02/082366, the re- quest may include only information describing the bounda- ries of the absolute positions to be coded on the base, whereupon the module is capable of retrieving the rele- vant digital representation.

For the sake of completeness, Fig. 7 illustrates some main components of a conventional digital printer that may be used to print a coding pattern according to the invention. Such a digital printer may include a main processor 70 (e. g. CPU, microprocessor), a working memory 71 (e. g. RAM), a storage memory 72 (non-volatile memory, e. g. ROM, PROM, EEPROM, flash), a raster image processor (RIP) 73, a print engine controller 74, and a communica- tions interface 75 (e. g. USB, Firewire, IrDA, Bluetooth, Ethernet, parallel port, modem) which are interconnected over a bus structure 76. The storage memory 72 holds the software for the main processor 70 and the RIP 73, as well as configuration data including any resident fonts.

When the main processor 70 receives the page-describing file via the communications interface 75, it operates the RIP 73 to convert the page-describing code into a raster-

ized image, which is stored in the working memory 71. Op- tionally, the page-describing file may be processed to generate the coding layer and the information layer in two separate images. The print engine controller 74 is then operated to retrieve the rasterized image (s) from the working memory 71 and control a print engine 77 to generate a hardcopy of the rasterized image (s). Further, the printer may be provided with the above-mentioned pat- tern generation unit, implemented as a hardware unit con- nected to the bus structure 76, as a software unit stored in the storage memory 72, or as a combination thereof.

There are many variations that may be made consis- tent with the present invention. The foregoing descrip- tion is presented for purposes of illustration and de- scription. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teach- ings or may be acquired from practicing the invention.

For example, the above coding pattern encodes abso- lute positions, via a first coordinate in the x-dimension and a second coordinate in the y-dimension. In one alter- native, one or both dimensions encodes other data than position data, for example as disclosed in Applicant's International Patent Publication No. WO 01/71653. It should also be stated that the main number sequences may run in the same direction in the two dimensions, instead of being mutually orthogonal as in the above example.

Further, it should be noted that the above methodol- ogy is not in any way restricted to the illustrated graphical expression of the symbols. Fig. 8A illustrates another exemplifying set of graphical symbols 80-83. The symbols assume four different values, given by the shape of the symbol, and thus are capable of coding two bits of information, with one bit coding a first dimension and another bit coding a second dimension. Fig. 8B illus- trates a corresponding set of superimposed symbols 84-87.

Fig. 9A illustrates a further set of graphical sym- bols 90-93. The triangular symbols assume four different values, again given by the shape of the symbol. Fig. 9B illustrates a corresponding set of superimposed symbols 94-97.

Fig. 10 illustrates yet another alternative coding, in which the graphical symbols 100-107 assume eight dif- ferent values, given by the combination of the size and the direction of displacement with respect to the spatial reference point. Such a coding pattern may be used to code data in four separable dimensions (with two differ- ent number values per dimension) or two separable dimen- sions (with four different number values per dimension).

The skilled person should readily realize ways to imple- ment the set of superimposed symbols for use in the printing of this coding pattern in line with the previous examples.

The above coding patterns are only given for pur- poses of illustration. In these as well as other relevant coding patterns, the symbols may have a finite number of predetermined, discriminable graphical states, each such state yielding a coding value of the symbol. The graphi- cal states may be represented by a magnitude of displace- ment of a code mark with respect to an associated spatial reference point, a direction of displacement of a code mark with respect to an associated spatial reference point, a shape of a code mark, a size (diameter, surface area, etc) of a code mark, a color (hue, greyscale, tex- ture, etc) of a code mark, or any combination thereof.

It should also be stated that any suitable represen- tation of the main number sequence (s) can be used in the page-describing code. For example, instead of being rep- resented as one or more code block images, each main num- ber sequence may be represented as a sequence of number identifiers, e. g. the actual bit values of the number se- quence or a derivative thereof. In this case, the opera- tion for combining such values from different dimensions

may be defined to the printer based upon a lookup table, similar to the definition of Fig. 4A, in which a certain combination of values results in a given output that ei- ther constitutes or identifies the corresponding symbol.

Alternatively or additionally, the combination operation may defined to the printer as an arithmetic combination of values. Returning to the coding example of Fig. 4A, corresponding bit values for the x and y dimensions may, for example, be combined into a correct symbol value by first multiplying the bit value of the x dimension by two and then adding it to the bit value of the y dimension.

Data defining the combination operation, be it based on table lookup or arithmetic calculations, may be included in the page-describing code or be pre-stored in the printer's non-volatile memory. The printer may be con- trolled to build a printable image of the coding layer, based upon the output of the combination operation. In this process, each unique symbol or unique groups of sym- bols with a given mutual spatial arrangement, may be rep- resented by a font character given by a font definition.

The font definition may be included in the page- describing code or be pre-stored in the printer's non- volatile memory. The use of fonts to represent symbols or groups of symbols is further described in Applicant's In- ternational Patent Application No. PCT/SE2004/000808, which is incorporated herein by reference.

This alternative embodiment, involving identifier- based definitions instead of image definitions in the page-describing code, may benefit from putting less load on the printer's processor, since the number of necessary combination operations are reduced, although at the cost of an increase in the size of the page-describing code, and possibly an increase in the demand for accessible working memory in the printer.

It should perhaps also be emphasized that the printing methodology of the present invention is useful in the printing of coding patterns without separation

thereof in two or more dimensions, for reasons of either choice or necessity. The coding pattern may still be com- pactly represented by the main number sequence (s) of the pattern, and the predefined shifts.

Still further, it should be noted that each dimen- sion could include more than one main number sequence.

For example, one or more main number sequences could en- code data, whereas one or more main number sequences could provide for synchronization during decoding of the pattern. Examples of such synchronization codes are, i. a. , found in aforesaid US 6,000, 621.

In another embodiment, the page-describing code in- cludes additional instructions to modify the graphical symbols in an intermediary image before generating the final printable image. This may be done to selectively overlay further data on the graphical symbols. Examples of coding patterns with such overlaid data are given in Applicant's publications US 2003/0066896 and WO 01/71643.

The aforesaid additional instructions may comprise chang- ing the color, size or shape of selected graphical sym- bols according to a given formatting rule. For example the size or shape may be modified by operating a prede- fined mask on the intermediary image.

It may also be noted that some aspects of the inven- tion may be applicable also to coding patterns based on repeating number sequences that are not cyclic.