FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a display comprising a displaying medium, a backplane provided with an active matrix and a pixel pad comprising a plurality of pixels having an inter-pixel spacing, said pixel pad superposing the active matrix.

The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing a display.

The still further invention further relates to an electronic apparatus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for thin display devices, particularly for mobile devices. As for mobile application low power consumption is highly preferred, reflective display types using ambient light as light source are being developed. Alternative display types, for example transmissive displays like liquid crystal displays (LCDs) needing a backlight or emissive displays like organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays are usually more power consuming.

For example, an electrophoretic display may comprise a display medium part comprising a suitable stack of different layers, including a substrate carrier, an electrode layer and a display effect layer. An example of a suitable display effect layer relates to an electrophoretic display comprising a plurality of microcapsules filled with an electrically charged pigment particles in a dyed suspension fluid, for example white titanium dioxide particles in a black dyed fluid. Another type of a suitable display effect layer relates to a plurality of microcapsules filled with two types of contrastingly colored and oppositely charged particles, for example white titanium dioxide particles and carbon black particles, provided in a substantially transparent suspension fluid. Still another example of a suitable display effect layer relates to a so- called Gyricon display comprising a plurality of bichromal spheres, comprising of two contrastingly colored and oppositely charged hemispheres. Still another example of a suitable display effect layer relates to a display material capable of operating using electrowetting.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the discussed examples of the display effect layers the total thickness of the display effect layer may exceed 20 μηι and may be close to 40- 50 μπι. It is found that such display effect layers may be sensitive to the polarity of the DC-electrical field applied to the display effect layer, as each pixel within the display array is driven between an "on" state and an "off state by supplying a voltage difference between the pixel pad of the backplane and a further electrode (a counter electrode) of the displaying medium.

All pixel pads are separated from each other using an inter-pixel- gap. The pixel pads can cover over 95% of the total display area, covering the different layers stacked underneath. However, these layers may be

manufactured in a process in which small defects may occur due to particles, impurities and other artifacts present in the process and/or the material used there for. These defects can lead to problems associated with broken

conductive lines, undesirable conducting area or shorts through dielectric layers. All these problems may lead to defective pixels, resulting in a pixel unit or a series of pixel units which permanently dwell in an "on" or "off status negatively influencing the overall quality of the display.

It will be appreciated that an embodiment when the pixel pad covers a substantial (over 95%) are of the total display area is usually referred- to as a field shielded design. Such design is known per se, in which the pixel pad is applied over the (almost) complete pixel area. The conventional design used in LCD may not necessarily use this field shield, but instead the pixel pad may be made in the same layers as the TFT, thereby reducing the effective area of the pixel pad. The field shielded design has a better optical performance, but may cost additional processing steps during manufacturing. For the reflective display types discussed herein below the field shielded design may be an advantageous feature, as the fields generated by the pixel circuit can cause switching artifacts.

It is an object of the invention to provide a display wherein risk of shortcutting is reduced. More in particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a display having an improved yield and a reduced cross-talk between neighboring pixels.

To this end in the display according to the invention the inter-pixel spacing is in the range of 20% - 50% of a distance between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode used for controlling the pixel switching state.

Preferably, the inter-pixel spacing is in the range of 8 - 20 pm and is smaller than a distance between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode used for controlling the pixel switching state.

This invention is preferably operable with the field shielded design, as in such a case, the pixel pad can be applied in a layer higher than the rest of the circuitry to provide the shielding function even when the distance between the pixel pads is increased or when the column electrodes (in a layer below) are put in between the pixel pads. It will be appreciated that the term "the higher layer" or " the lower layer" relates to a position of a layer in the layer stack as viewed in the cross-section; wherein the upper (top) layer is defined as a layer which is conceived to be viewed by the user.

It is found that for a display in which the distance between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is large compared to the inter-pixel-gap distance between the neighboring pixel electrodes, lateral electrical fringe field lines may be able to switch the whole pixel area. For the displaying media described above (electrophoretic, electrowetting or 'Gyricon' bichromal spheres) the distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode is around 40 μπι. The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing a display, as is set forth in the claims.

These and other aspects of the invention will be discussed in more detail with reference to Figures. It will be appreciated that Figures are presented for explanatory purposes only and may not be used for limiting the scope of the appended claims. In the Figures, for convenience purposes, like reference numerals refer to like elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 presents schematically an embodiment of a cross-section of a display comprising a display medium and a backplane;

Figure 2 present schematically an embodiment of a display operating using electrowetting;

Figure 3 presents schematically an embodiment of a prior art display.

Figure 4 presents schematically an embodiment of examples of a vertical crosstalk between neighboring pixels;

Figure 5 presents schematically an embodiment of an electrical circuit for driving the active matrix display;

Figure 6a presents schematically embodiments of the inter-pixel gaps according to the invention;

Figure 6b presents schematically a cross-section of the embodiment of a display depicted in Figure 6a.

Figure 7 presents schematically a simplified embodiment of a inter - pixel gap according to the invention;

Figure 8 presents schematically an embodiment of a display according to the invention wherein the data line is provided in the area of the inter-pixel spacing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Figure 1 presents schematically an embodiment of a cross-section of a display comprising a display medium and a backplane.

A display may comprise two main parts, the display medium part

'la' and the backplane part 'lb' driving the display medium.

The display medium part 'la' may comprise a stack of different layers, including a substrate carrier 'lc', an electrode layer 'Id' and a display effect layer 'le'. Various examples of display effect layers 'le' are described elsewhere. For example, US 6,683,333 B2 describes different types of electrophoretic display effect layers. One type comprises a plurality of microcapsules filled with electrically charged pigment particles in a dyed suspension fluid, for example white titanium dioxide particles in a black dyed fluid. When a direct current electric field is applied the particles will move in a certain direction. Depending on the direction of the electric field, the particles move towards electrode layer 'Id' creating a white appearance to the viewer's side 'lp' or towards pixel pad 'If creating a black appearance as the dyed fluid becomes visible.

Another type of display effect layer consists of a plurality of microcapsules filled with two types of contrastingly colored and oppositely charged particles, e.g. white titanium dioxide particles and carbon black particles, in a substantially clear suspension fluid. When a direct current electric field is applied one type of particles tends to move to one electrode 'Id' and the other type of particles to the opposite electrode 'If. Depending on the direction of the electric field, one or the other type of particles become visible to the viewer's side Ίρ'.

Yet another type of display effect, the so-called Gyricon display of Xerox, see for example US 5,808,783, comprises of a plurality of bichromal spheres, typically consisting of two contrastingly colored and oppositely charged hemispheres. Upon application of a DC field across the spheres through the electrodes 'Id' and 'If, the spheres will rotate and one of the two colors become visible to the viewer's side Ίρ'. Apart from electrophoretic display effects, another effects is contemplated, referring to a so-called 'electro- wetting' [R. van Dijk et al., SID 06 DIGEST ppl926-1929; R.A. Hayes & B.J. Feenstra, Nature 425, 383 (2003)].

The backplane part comprises a substrate 'lh' on top of which electronics is placed to define the matrix array of pixels. It includes electrodes defining the data lines 'li' (also referred to as column or source lines), gate lines (not shown), switching elements like thin film transistors (TFTs) 'lj' and pixel pads 'If which are connected to the switching elements 'lj' via contacts 'lk'. The pixel pads are separated from the conducting parts underneath via an insulating layer 'lg'. Often storage capacitors are also implemented in the backplane underneath the pixel pads. More details are explained using

Figure 3.

Figure 2 present schematically an embodiment of a display operating using electrowetting. In Figure 2a a cross section of the stack is shown, comprising a reflective bottom electrode, which can be referred to as the pixel pad 'If in Figure 1, a hydrophobic insulator, a colored oil layer, clear water and a top electrode and top substrate. The distance between bottom and top electrode layer is approximately 50 μηι. Figure 2b shows a close up of the active layers. In equilibrium the oil forms a stable continuous film between the water and the hydrophobic insulator. Upon application of a voltage

electrostatic forces attract the water to the hydrophobic insulator, displacing the oil to a corner of each pixel, thus exposing the underlying reflecting electrode surface. Figure 2d shows schematically a pixel in a closed state with a film of oil spread out over the surface of the pixel. Figure 2e shows schematically a pixel having a voltage applied to it, wherein the oil is displaced to a corner area of the pixel.

Figure 3 presents schematically an embodiment of a prior art display. It shows a schematic top view of two neighboring pixel or dot elements of a display, based on a so-called bottom-gate TFT. This structure is built up starting with a substrate that is provided with a first conducting layer. This conducting layer is patterned to define the gate line '3b', the gate electrode '3e' of the TFT switch '3h' and one electrode of the storage capacitor '3j' as well as the storage capacitor line '3c'. In this example the storage capacitor is provided with a separate storage capacitor line '3c'. In general the storage capacitor line '3c' can be connected to the counter electrode of the display effect part (not shown). Alternatively, it is possible to have the storage capacitor connected to the gate line '3b'.The first electrically conducting layer is covered by a non- conducting layer that acts as insulating layer as well as dielectric layer. In the outer boundary of the display this non-conducting layer is provided with holes or vias to enable electrical contacting of the gate lines (not shown). A second electrically conducting layer is provided and patterned to define the data line '3d' (also referred to as column line or source line), the source electrode '3 , drain electrode '3g' and channel '3k' of the TFT, the contact area to the pixel pad '3i', the second electrode of the storage capacitor '3j'. To create a functional TFT a semiconductor layer is also provided either before or after application of the second electrically conducting layer (not shown in Figure 3). This semiconductor layer can be further covered with a passivation layer to protect the semiconductor layer. Other build-ups, like top-gate TFTs are possible. The second electrically conducting layer is covered by a second insulating or dielectric layer in which only a hole is made in the area on top of part of the drain '3i' to enable contacting a third electrically conducting layer and holes are made outside the display area (not shown) to enable contacting the gate and data lines. The third electrically conducting layer defines the pixel pad '3a' (or 'If in Figure 1) and is contacted to the drain of the TFT via the contacting hole '3i'. All pixel pads '3a' are separated from each other via an inter-pixel- gap '3m'. The distance between two pixel pads is indicated as '3η' in Figure 3.

The pixel pads can cover over 95% of the total display area, covering the different layers underneath. The different layers are manufactured in a process in which small defects can occur due to particles, impurities or other artifacts in the process and materials used. These defects can lead to issues like broken conducting lines, unwanted conducting areas or unwanted shorts through dielectric layers. All these issues can lead to defective pixels, resulting in a pixel unit or a series of pixel units to be continuously "on", "off or in an undefined state.

One type of defects that can occur is caused by a short circuit of neighboring pixel pads via the inter-pixel-gap 'lm' in Figure 1 or '3m' in Figure 3. This type of defect can lead to yield loss or to the need for costly repair steps. Another important type of defect that can occur is related to short circuit of the data line '3d' with the overlapping pixel pad '3a'. It is beneficial to create a design in which the risk of short circuiting is reduced.

Ideally, in displays the brightness or reflectance of a given pixel is controlled only by the data in the input signal intended for that pixel.

Crosstalk is disadvantageous visible artifact where the brightness or reflectance of a pixel is affected by the data information intended for other pixels in the display, i.e. voltages applied to the other pixels. In case of vertical crosstalk (VXT) the data signals associated with pixels above and/or below a given pixel cause unwanted changes in brightness or reflectance of the pixel. The visible effect of VXT is most obvious in images where there is a fairly uniform background with a significant area of different brightness or reflectance present.

Figure 4 presents schematically an embodiment of examples of a vertical crosstalk between neighboring pixels. Figures 4 Al and A2 show two ideal images without VXT: a uniform grey area with a central region being black or white. Figures 4 Bl and B2 as well as Figure 4 Cl and C2 show the images with VXT: extra bands above and below the central black or white area become visible. Depending on the driving conditions situation B or C can occur. For example, in displays where an electrophoretic or electrowetting display medium is used, the situation as shown in Figure 4 Bl and B2 could occur. In case of LCDs using field inversion drive scheme, images as shown in Figure 4 Cl and C2 can occur.

Ideally when a pixel TFT is off, the pixel is completely isolated from the data line so that none of the signals appearing on the data line in the Off period has any effect on the pixel voltage. VXT occurs when this isolation is reduced so that the data signal is coupled onto the pixel during the period when the TFT is off, thereby influencing the pixel voltage. Two major factors can give rise to this unwanted coupling; either a high leakage current through the TFT during the 'off period or stray capacitance between the data line and the pixel pad.

Figure 5 presents schematically an embodiment of an electrical circuit for driving the active matrix display for an ideal case (A) and an actual pixel (B). In the ideal case (A) the TFT is an 'ideal TFT' acting as an ideal switch that is opened in the 'off period and closed in the 'on' period or pixel charging period. Three capacitances strongly affect the occurrence of VXT: Cl is the capacitance of the display effect 'le' (plus the adhesive layer 'lq' in case of electrophoretic display media) being created between the pixel pad electrode 'If and the counter electrode 'Id' (in Figure 1); C2 refers to the storage capacitor '3j' in Figure 3 ; C3 refers to the (stray) capacitance between the pixel pad 'If and the data line 'li' (Figure 1); R indicates the resistance of the TFT in the 'off state.

For typical pixel geometries and related capacitances, VXT is significant and will lead to visible artifacts in grayscale images. This is a known problem in LCD design. Several possibilities exist to reduce VXT in LCDs, some of which may be practical.

It is possible to increase the pixel capacitance so the contribution of the unwanted capacitance between data line and pixel pad is reduced. This may be done by increasing the storage capacitor 'C2' in Figure 5, such that it becomes dominant with respect to stray capacitance. However, increasing the storage capacitor can have an adverse effect on manufacturing yield. In an embodiment known from US 4, 845, 482 compensating signals may be applied to the gate. However, this will shorten the line time to address each row, thus requiring higher quality of the TFT switch as well as lower resistivity of the gate lines. In addition a more complex gate driver is needed.

In another embodiment, known from US 5, 841, 411 a data signal adjustment circuit is applied to adjust the data signals before application to the data lines. The adjustment circuit is arranged to derive the crosstalk compensation value for a pixel from the data line signals intended to be applied in the frame time period (also known as the 'non-select period') until that pixel is selected the next frame time. This solution requires complex data signal adjustment circuitry.

Figure 6a presents schematically embodiments of the inter-pixel gaps according to the invention. In accordance with an aspect of the invention the inter-pixel spacing is smaller than a distance between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode used for controlling the pixel switching state, and the inter- pixel spacing is preferably in the range of 8 - 20 pm. Figure 6a shows the microscopic picture taken during the transition of switching a uniform black picture to a uniform white picture. In case of a 40 μηι (upper right) the inter- pixel-gap maze is clearly visible, When the width of the inter-pixel- gap is 2.5, 10, or 20pm, the inter-pixel-gap is only faintly noticeable. The used E Ink display effect layer 'le' and adhesive 'lq' add up to a thickness Ίο' of close to 40 μηι (see Figure 1). Hence, it can be concluded that for displays having an overall thickness 2a for Ίο', referring to the distance between the pixel pad electrode of the backplane and the counter electrode of the display medium, a maximum inter-pixel-gap of a for 'In' can be applied without observing deterioration of the optical performance of the display. Hence, for pixels of width W and length L the pixel pad can be reduced to W - a and L - a while maintaining maximum optical aperture. This can be applied as a so-called design rule. This design rule can also be used to reduce VXT, i.e., to reduce the capacitance between the data line and the pixel pad electrode.

In the present embodiment the inter-pixel- gap is maximized without affecting the optical performance. In this way the overlapping area between the data line and the pixel pad is reduced, thus reducing the risk of short circuiting between the data line and the overlapping pixel pad. Hence the production yield is improved. In addition the risk of lateral short circuiting between neighboring pixel pads is reduced. By reduction of the overlapping area between the data line and the pixel pad, the capacitance C3, shown in Figure 5 is also reduced, leading to a reduction of VXT.

Figure 6b presents schematically a cross-section of the embodiment of a display depicted in Figure 6a. In the view shown in Figure 6b a layered structure of the electronic circuit according to an embodiment of the invention is shown. It will be appreciated that the stack of the depicted layers represents their consecutive sequence in space, i.e. along a vertical axis z. It is seen that the column electrode 65 is positioned beneath the field shield electrode 66 in the inter pixel spacing area 67. However, it will be appreciated that other layers provided between the depicted layers may be possible. Accordingly, a plastic substrate 64 having, for example 25 micron thickness may be provided. The substrate 64 may comprise or be composed of Teonex PEN material. The organic electronics backplane 63 is provided on the substrate 64, comprising row and column layers, as well as pixel electrodes. The organic electronic backplane layer 63 may be 5 micron thick. The electronic display layer 62 is superposed on the organic electronic backplane layer. The thickness of the electronic display layer 62 may be about 40 micrometers. Finally, the upper layer 62 is provided comprising plastic substrate, such as anti-glare material as well as common electrode layer. The total thickness of the top layer 62 may be about 30 micrometers. The total thickness of the electronic circuit according to the invention may be about 0.1 mm, whereas the inter pixel distance x may be in the range of 2.5 - 40 micrometer, preferably in the range of 8 - 20 micrometers. The inter pixel distance is preferably smaller than a distance between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode used for controlling the pixel switching state. In accordance with an aspect of the invention the inter pixel distance may be about 20 - 50% of a distance between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode used for controlling the pixel switching state.

Figure 7 presents schematically a simplified embodiment of an inter- pixel gap according to the invention. Figure 7A refers to the prior art design. It shows 4 pixels with a pixel width 'W and length 'L'. The actual pixel pad electrode is indicated by '3d' and the data line by '3a'. The data line width is 'Wdl' and the inter-pixel-gap '3η' is x. Hence the actual pixel pad dimensions become [W-x] and [L-x] . The overlapping area between the data line and the pixel pad is [Wdl * (L-x)].

Figure 7B refers to an embodiment of the display according to the invention in which the inter-pixel-gap is maximized to a width of 'a', a preferably falling in the range of 8 - 20μηι. The total overlapping area is reduced by [Wdl * (ot-x)].

As is seen from Figure 7B, for the selected values of a the cross talk between the neighbouring pixels is substantially reduced without mitigating the optical characteristics of the display.

Figure 8 presents schematically an embodiment of a display according to the invention wherein the data line is provided in the area of the maximized inter-pixel spacing, according to Figure 7. This is found to be possible for displays in which the data line is provided in a lower layer than the pixel pad in the display and is not visible to the human eye. Such embodiment may be implemented in an electrophoretic display, for example. The total overlapping area between the data line and the pixel pad is strongly reduced, thus i) reducing the risk of short circuit between both electrodes and ii) reducing the stray capacitance C3 (shown in Figure 5) and hence reducing VXT. Accordingly, it is found that, in particular, by combining an increased inter-pixel gap according to the invention with positioning the data line in the area of the inter-pixel gap, the risk of yield loss caused by short- circuiting of neighboring pixels or by short-circuiting data lines with overlapping pixel pads is minimized and also the level of vertical crosstalk (VXT) is minimized.

It will be appreciated that although specific embodiments of the electronic device according to the invention are discussed separately for clarity purposes, interchangeability of compatible features discussed with reference to isolated figures is envisaged. While specific embodiments have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Thus, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described in the foregoing without departing from the scope of the claims set out below.