CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is related to and claims priority from the following U.S. Patent Applications:

[0002] (a) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/233,107, filed April 16, 2021 , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0003] (b) P.C.T. Patent Application No. PCT/US22/24653, filed April 13, 2022, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 17/233,107, filed April 16, 2021 , all of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0004] (c) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/408,156, filed August 20, 2021 , which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 17/233,107, filed April 16, 2021 , all of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0005] (d) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/541 ,703, filed December 3, 2021 , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, which claims priority to:

[0006] U.S. Patent Application No. 17/408,156, filed August 20, 2021 , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; and

[0007] U.S. Patent Application No. 17/233,107, filed April 16, 2021 , all of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0008] (e) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/534,061 , filed November 23, 2021 , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0009] (f) U.S. Patent Application No. 63/344,445, filed May 20, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0010] (g) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920, filed July 5, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0011] (h) U.S. Patent Application No. 63/400,138, filed August 23, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0012] (i) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/940,898, filed September s, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; [0013] (j) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/941 ,907, filed September 9, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety;

[0014] (k) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/957,881 , filed September 30, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; and

[0015] (I) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/990,491 , filed November 18, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0016] Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANET; e.g., “mesh networks”) are known in the art as quickly deployable, self-configuring wireless networks with no pre-defined network topology. Each communications node within a MANET is presumed to be able to move freely. Additionally, each communications node within a MANET may be required to forward (relay) data packet traffic. Data packet routing and delivery within a MANET may depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the number of communications nodes within the network, communications node proximity and mobility, power requirements, network bandwidth, user traffic requirements, timing requirements, and the like.

[0017] MANETs face many challenges due to the limited network awareness inherent in such highly dynamic, low-infrastructure communication systems. Given the broad ranges in variable spaces, the challenges lie in making good decisions based on such limited information. For example, in static networks with fixed topologies, protocols can propagate information throughout the network to determine the network structure, but in dynamic topologies this information quickly becomes stale and must be periodically refreshed. It has been suggested that directional systems are the future of MANETs, but the potential of this future has not as yet been fully realized. In addition to topology factors, fast-moving platforms (e.g., communications nodes moving relative to each other) experience a frequency Doppler shift (e.g., offset) due to the relative radial velocity between each set of nodes. This Doppler frequency shift often limits receive sensitivity levels which can be achieved by a node within a mobile network.

[0018] Directional radio-frequency (RF) networks often spend considerable amounts of time scanning the physical space over which potential RF network signals may exist. Because this scanning may be a lengthy process based on how precise the scan is, often it becomes necessary to sacrifice other potentially important system performance metrics (e.g., size of scanned area, quantity/density and beam width of signals, sensitivity, range, and/or the like) to ensure timely discovery performance.

SUMMARY

[0019] A system is disclosed in accordance with one or more illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure. In one illustrative embodiment, the system may include a receiver or transmitter node. In another illustrative embodiment, the receiver or transmitter node may include a communications interface with a directional antenna element and a controller. In another illustrative embodiment, the controller may include one or more processors and have information of own node velocity and own node orientation relative to a common reference frame. In another illustrative embodiment, the receiver or transmitter node may be time synchronized to apply Doppler corrections associated with the receiver or transmitter node's own motions relative to the common reference frame. In another illustrative embodiment, the common reference frame may be known to the receiver or transmitter node prior to the receiver node or transmitter receiving signals from a source.

[0020] This Summary is provided solely as an introduction to subject matter that is fully described in the Detailed Description and Drawings. The Summary should not be considered to describe essential features nor be used to determine the scope of the Claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing Summary and the following Detailed Description are example and explanatory only and are not necessarily restrictive of the subject matter claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. The use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate similar or identical items. Various embodiments or examples ("examples") of the present disclosure are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale. In general, operations of disclosed processes may be performed in an arbitrary order, unless otherwise provided in the claims. [0022] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of two nodes in a simplified mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and individual nodes thereof according to example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 2A is a graphical representation of frequency shift profiles within the MANET of FIG. 1.

[0024] FIG. 2B is a graphical representation of frequency shift profiles within the MANET of FIG. 1.

[0025] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a transmitter node and a receiver node according to example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 4A is a graphical representation of frequency shift profiles within the MANET of FIG. 3.

[0027] FIG. 4B is a graphical representation of frequency shift profiles within the MANET of FIG. 3.

[0028] FIG. 5 is a graph of sets for covering space.

[0029] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of a transmitter node and a receiver node according to example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 8 is a time-based graphical representation of a plurality of pulses of a scanning sequence, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 9A is a diagrammatic illustration of multiple systems which are time synchronized to utilize a common scanning sequence such that the receiving angles and transmitting angles of each system will align, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 9B is a diagrammatic illustration of FIG. 9A at a subsequent time step where a particular transmitting angle and receiving angle of different systems are aligned, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [0034] FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of an angular distribution of antenna gain versus angle, according to one or mere embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of net frequency shift points and a frequency shift profile including a zero crossing based on the net frequency shift points, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Before explaining one or more embodiments of the disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that the embodiments are not limited in their application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components or steps or methodologies set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. In the following detailed description of embodiments, numerous specific details may be set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure that the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features may not be described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the instant disclosure.

[0037] As used herein a letter following a reference numeral is intended to reference an embodiment of the feature or element that may be similar, but not necessarily identical, to a previously described element or feature bearing the same reference numeral (e.g., 1 , 1a, 1 b). Such shorthand notations are used for purposes of convenience only and should not be construed to limit the disclosure in any way unless expressly stated to the contrary.

[0038] Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0039] In addition, use of “a” or “an" may be employed to describe elements and components of embodiments disclosed herein. This is done merely for convenience and “a” and “an” are intended to include “one” or “at least one,” and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. [0040] Finally, as used herein any reference to “one embodiment”, “in embodiments” or “some embodiments” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment disclosed herein. The appearances of the phrase “in some embodiments” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, and embodiments may include one or more of the features expressly described or inherently present herein, or any combination or sub-combination of two or more such features, along with any other features which may not necessarily be expressly described or inherently present in the instant disclosure.

[0041] Broadly speaking, embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein are directed to methods and systems for achieving situational awareness using doppler nulling with directional antenna elements (e.g., electronically scanned antennas (ESAs)). For example, at least one node (e.g., which may transmit signals and/or receive signals) may utilize a directional (rather than omnidirectional) antenna element for improved performance. Embodiments may utilize time synchronized scanning sequences (along with directionality) to improve metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio, signal acquisition time, speed of attaining situational awareness of attributes of surrounding nodes, range, and the like, in some embodiments, synced scanning sequences are used so that all transmitting angles of multiple systems are pointing in the same direction at any point in time during a synced sequence, as well as all the receiving angles, which are pointed in the opposite direction. In this regard, if a pulse happens to be sent towards a particular system, that particular system’s receiving angle will be aimed in the opposite direction the pulse was sent from, such that the receiving angle is configured to receive the pulse. Such a configuration may vastly improve the ability to detect a relatively large quantity of nodes in a relatively short period of time over relatively large ranges, over relatively large amounts of noise/interference, and the like. In some embodiments, a zero value or near zero value (e.g., or the like such as a zero crossing) of a calculated net frequency shift of a received signal is used to determine a bearing angle between the source (e.g., Tx node) and the receiving node using a time-of-arrival of the received signal. The bearing angle may be made more accurate by combining (e.g., averaging) it with another bearing angle estimation determined from an angle of peak amplitude gain of the signal. [0042] Some other communication protocols (e.g., typical communication methods) may require a higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) or scanning times than directional doppler nulling methods. For example, directional doppler nulling methods may allow for using relatively less power (e.g., wats) and a weaker signal, while still providing for situational awareness, than other methods.

[0043] It is noted that U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920, filed July 5, 2022, is at least partially reproduced by at least some (or all) of the illustrations of FIGS. 1 - 7 and at least some (or all) of the corresponding language for FIGS. 1 - 7 below. For example, at least some examples of doppler nulling methods and systems may be better understood, in a nonlimiting manner, by reference to FIGS. 1 - 7. Such embodiments and examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as necessarily limiting. For instance, in embodiments the transmitter node may be stationary rather than moving and/or vice versa.

[0044] Moreover, and stated for purposes of navigating the disclosure only (and which may save time when comparing differences between applications) and not to be construed as limiting, descriptions that may more directly relate to language not necessarily simply reproduced from U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920 include the discussion and figures after FIGS. 1 - 7.

[0045] Referring now to FIGS. 1 - 7, in seme embodiments, a stationary receiver may determine a cooperative transmitter’s direction and velocity vector by using a Doppler null scanning approach in two dimensions. A benefit of the approach is the spatial awareness without exchanging explicit positional information. Other benefits include discovery, synchronization, and Doppler corrections which are important for communications. Some embodiment may combine coordinated transmitter frequency shifts along with the transmitter’s motion induced Doppler frequency shift to produce unique net frequency shift signal characteristics resolvable using a stationary receiver to achieve spatial awareness. Further, some embodiment may include a three- dimensional (3D) approach with the receiver and the transmitter in motion.

[0046] Some embodiments may use analysis performed in a common reference frame (e.g., a common inertial reference frame, such as the Earth, which may ignore the curvature of Earth), and it is assumed that the communications system for each of the transmitter and receiver is informed by the platform of its own velocity and orientation. The approach described herein can be used for discovery and tracking, but the discussion here focuses on discovery which is often the most challenging aspect.

[0047] The meaning of the ‘Doppler Null’ can be explained in part through a review of the two-dimensional (2D) case without the receiver motion, and then may be expounded on by a review of adding the receiver motion to the 2D case, and then including receiver motion in the 3D case.

[0048] The Doppler frequency shift of a communications signal is proportional to the radial velocity between transmitter and receiver, and any significant Doppler shift is typically a hindrance that should be considered by system designers, in contrast, some embodiments utilize the Doppler effect to discriminate between directions with the resolution dictated by selected design parameters. Furthermore, such embodiments use the profile of the net frequency shift as the predetermined ‘Null’ direction scans through the angle space. The resultant profile is sinusoidal with an amplitude that provides the transmitter’s speed, a zero net frequency shift when the ‘Null’ direction aligns with the receiver, and a minimum indicating the direction of the transmitter's velocity. It should be noted that that the transmitter cannot correct for Doppler in all directions at one time so signal characteristics are different in each direction and are different for different transmitter velocities as well. It is exactly these characteristics that the receiver uses to determine spatial awareness. The received signal has temporal spatial characteristics that can be mapped to the transmitter’s direction and velocity. This approach utilizes the concept of a ‘Null’ which is simply the direction where the transmitter perfectly corrects for its own Doppler shift. The same ‘Nulling’ protocol runs on each node and scans through all directions, such as via a scanning sequence of a protocol. Here we arbitrarily illustrate the scanning with discrete successive steps of 10 degrees but in a real system; however, it should be understood that any suitable step size of degrees may be used for Doppler null scanning.

[0049] As already mentioned, one of the contributions of some embodiments is passive spatial awareness. Traditionally, spatial information for neighbor nodes (based on a global positioning system (GPS) and/or gyros and accelerometers) can be learned via data communication. Unfortunately, spatial awareness via data communication, referred to as active spatial awareness is possible only after communication has already been established, not while discovering those neighbor nodes. Data communication is only possible after the signals for neighbor nodes have been discovered, synchronized and Doppler corrected. In contrast, in some embodiments, the passive spatial awareness described herein may be performed using only synchronization bits associated with acquisition. This process can be viewed as physical layer overhead and typically requires much lower bandwidth compared to explicit data transfers. The physical layer overheads for discovery, synchronization and Doppler correction have never been utilized for topology learning for upper layers previously.

[0050] Traditionally, network topology is harvested via a series of data packet exchanges (e.g. , hello messaging and link status advertisements). The passive spatial awareness may eliminate hello messaging completely and provide a wider local topology which is beyond the coverage of hello messaging. By utilizing passive spatial awareness, highly efficient mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) is possible. Embodiments may improve the functioning of a network, itself.

[0051] Referring to FIG. 1 , a multi-node communications network 100 is disclosed. The multi-node communications network 100 may include multiple communications nodes, e.g., a transmitter (Tx) node 102 and a receiver (Rx) node 104.

[0052] In embodiments, the multi-node communications network 100 may include any multi-node communications network known in the art. For example, the multi-node communications network 100 may include a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which the Tx and Rx nodes 102, 104 (as well as every other communications node within the multi-node communications network) is able to move freely and independently. Similarly, the Tx and Rx nodes 102, 104 may include any communications node known in the art which may be communicatively coupled. In this regard, the Tx and Rx nodes 102, 104 may include any communications node known in the art for transmitting/transceiving data packets. For example, the Tx and Rx nodes 102, 104 may include, but are not limited to, radios (such as on a vehicle or on a person), mobile phones, smart phones, tablets, smart watches, laptops, and the like. In embodiments, the Rx node 104 of the multi-node communications network 100 may each include, but are not limited to, a respective controller 106 (e.g., control processor), memory 108, communication interface 110, and antenna elements 112. (In embodiments, all attributes, capabilities, etc. of the Rx node 104 described below may similarly apply to the Tx node 102, and to any other communication node of the multi-node communication network 100.)

[0053] In embodiments, the controller 106 provides processing functionality for at least the Rx node 104 and can include any number of processors, micro-controllers, circuitry, field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other processing systems, and resident or external memory for storing data, executable code, and other information accessed or generated by the Rx node 104. The controller 106 can execute one or more software programs embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., memory 108) that implement techniques described herein. The controller 106 is not limited by the materials from which it is formed or the processing mechanisms employed therein and, as such, can be implemented via semiconductor(s) and/or transistors (e.g., using electronic integrated circuit (IC) components), and so forth.

[0054] In embodiments, the memory 108 can be an example of tangible, computer- readable storage medium that provides storage functionality to store various data and/or program code associated with operation of the Rx node 104 and/or controller 106, such as software programs and/or code segments, or other data to instruct the controller 106, and possibly other components of the Rx node 104, to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the memory 108 can store data, such as a program of instructions for operating the Rx node 104, including its components (e.g., controller 106, communication interface 110, antenna elements 112, etc.), and so forth. It should be noted that while a single memory 108 is described, a wide variety of types and combinations of memory (e.g., tangible, non-transitory memory) can be employed. The memory 108 can be integral with the controller 106, can comprise stand-alone memory, or can be a combination of both. Some examples of the memory 108 can include removable and non-removable memory components, such as random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory (e.g., a secure digital (SD) memory card, a mini-SD memory card, and/or a micro-SD memory card), solid-state drive (SSD) memory', magnetic memory, optical memory, universal serial bus (USB) memory devices, hard disk memory, external memory, and so forth.

[0055] In embodiments, the communication interface 110 can be operatively configured to communicate with components of the Rx node 104. For example, the communication interface 110 can be configured to retrieve data from the controller 106 or other devices (e.g., the Tx node 102 and/or other nodes), transmit data for storage in the memory 108, retrieve data from storage in the memory, and so forth. The communication interface 110 can also be communicatively coupled with the controller 106 to facilitate data transfer between components of the Rx node 104 and the controller 106. It should be noted that while the communication interface 110 is described as a component of the Rx node 104, one or more components of the communication interface 110 can be implemented as external components communicatively coupled to the Rx node 104 via a wired and/or wireless connection. The Rx node 104 can also include and/or connect to one or more input/output (I/O) devices. In embodiments, the communication interface 110 includes or is coupled to a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, physical connection interface, or any combination thereof.

[0056] It is contemplated herein that the communication interface 110 of the Rx node 104 may be configured to communicatively couple to additional communication interfaces 110 of additional communications nodes (e.g., the Tx node 102) of the multinode communications network 100 using any wireless communication techniques known in the art including, but not limited to, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, EV-DO, EDGE, WiMAX, 3G, 4G, 4G LTE, 5G, WiFi protocols, RF, LoRa, and the like.

[0057] In embodiments, the antenna elements 112 may include directional or omnidirectional antenna elements capable of being steered or otherwise directed (e.g., via the communications interface 110) for spatial scanning in a full 360-degree arc (114) relative to the Rx node 104 (or even less than a full 360 degree arc).

[0058] In embodiments, the Tx node 102 and Rx node 104 may one or both be moving in an arbitrary direction at an arbitrary speed, and may similarly be moving relative to each other. For example, the Tx node 102 may be moving relative to the Rx node 104 according to a velocity vector 116, at a relative velocity VTX and a relative angular direction (an angle a relative to an arbitrary direction 118 (e.g., due east); 0 may be the angular direction of the Rx node relative to due east.

[0059] In embodiments, the Tx node 102 may implement a Doppler nulling protocol. For example, the Tx node 102 may adjust its transmit frequency to counter the Doppler frequency offset such that there is no net frequency offset (e.g., “Doppler null”) in a Doppler nulling direction 120 (e.g., at an angle 0 relative to the arbitrary direction 118). The transmitting waveform (e.g., the communications interface 110 of the Tx node 102) may be informed by the platform (e.g., the controller 106) of its velocity vector and orientation (e.g., a Vr) and may adjust its transmitting frequency to remove the Doppler frequency shift at each Doppler nulling direction 120 and angle $

[0060] To illustrate aspects of some embodiments, we show the 2D dependence of the net frequency shift for a stationary receiver as a function of Null direction across the horizon, as shown in a top-down view of FIG. 1 , where the receiver node 104 is stationary and positioned 9 from east relative to the transmitter, the transmitter node 102 is moving with a speed |i/ _T | and direction o from east and a snapshot of the scanning $ which is the ‘Null’ direction, exemplarily shown as 100 degrees in this picture.

[0061] The Doppler shift is a physical phenomenon due to motion and can be considered as a channel effect. In this example the transmitter node 102 is the only- moving object, so it is the only source of Doppler shift. The Doppler frequency shift as seen by the receiver node 104 due to the transmitter node 102 motion is:

[0063] The other factor is the transmitter frequency adjustment term that should exactly compensate the Doppler shift when the ‘Null’ direction aligns with the receiver direction. It is the job of the transmitter node 102 to adjust its transmit frequency according to its own speed and velocity direction (a). That transmitter frequency adjustment (A/,-) is proportional to the velocity projection onto the Null’ direction (cp) and is:

[0065] The net frequency shift seen by the receiver is the sum of the two terms:

[0067] It is assumed that the velocity vector and the direction changes slowly compared to the periodic measurement of Af _7Wt . Under those conditions, the unknown parameters (from the perspective of the receiver node 104) of a, |lV|, and 0 are constants.

[0068] Furthermore, it is assumed that the receiver node 104 has an implementation that resolves the frequency of the incoming signal, as would be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0069] FIG. 2A shows the resulting net frequency shift as a function of the ‘Null’ direction for scenarios where a stationary receiver is East of the transmitter (theta = 0), and with a transmitter speed of 1500 meters per second (m/s). FIG. 2B shows the results for a stationary receiver and for several directions with an Eastern transmitter node velocity direction (alpha = 0). The frequency shifts are in units of parts per million (ppm). As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the amplitude is consistent with the transmitter node’s 102 speed of 5 ppm [lF _; j/c*(1 x 10 ⁶ )] regardless of the velocity direction or position, the net frequency shift is zero when the ‘Null’ angle is in the receiver direction (when = 0), and the minimum occurs when the ‘Null’ is aligned with the transmitter node’s 102 velocity direction (when $ = a).

[0070] From the profile, the receiver node 104 can therefore determine the transmitter node’s 102 speed, the transmitter node’s 102 heading, and the direction of the transmitter node 102 is known to at most, one of two locations (since some profiles have two zero crossings). It should be noted that the two curves cross the y axis twice (0 & 180 degrees in FIG. 2A, and ±90 degrees in FIG. 2B) so there is initially an instance of ambiguity in position direction. In this case the receiver node 104 knows the transmitter node 102 is either East or West of the receiver node 104.

[0071] Referring to FIG. 3, a multi-node communications network 100 is disclosed. The multi-node communications network 100 may include multiple communications nodes, e.g., a transmitter (Tx) node 102 and a receiver (Rx) node 104. As shown in FIG. 3 both of the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 are in motion in two dimensions.

[0072] The simultaneous movement scenario is depicted in FIG. 3 where the receiver node 104 is also moving in a generic velocity characterized by a speed iVT| and the direction, (3. The protocol for the moving receiver node 104 incorporates a frequency adjustment on the receiver node's 104 side to compensate for the receiver node’s 104 motion as well. The equations have two additional terms. One is a Doppier term for the motion of the receiver and the second is frequency compensation by the receiver.

[0073] Again, the Doppier shift is a physical phenomenon due to motion and can be considered as a channel effect, but in this case both the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 are moving so there are two Doppler shift terms. The true Doppler shift as seen by the receiver due to the relative radial velocity is:

[0075] The other factors are the transmitter node 102 and receiver node 104 frequency adjustment terms that exactly compensates the Doppler shift when the ‘Null’ direction aligns with the receiver direction. It is the job of the transmitter node 102 to adjust the transmitter node’s 102 transmit frequency according to its own speed and velocity direction (a). That transmitter node frequency adjustment is proportional to the velocity projection onto the ‘Null’ direction (■$■) and is the first term in the equation below.

[0076] It is the job of the receiver node 104 to adjust the receiver node frequency according to the receiver node’s 104 own speed (|VR|), and velocity direction (/?). That receiver node frequency adjustment is proportional to the velocity projection onto the ‘Null’ direction (cp) and is the second term in the equation below. The receiver node frequency adjustment can be done to the receive signal prior to the frequency resolving algorithm or could be done within the algorithm.

[0078] The net frequency shift seen by the receiver is the sum of all terms: [cos(0 ■■■■ /?) — cos(«p ■— /?)]

[0080] Again, it is assumed that the receiver node 104 has an implementation that resolves the frequency of the incoming signal, as would be understood in the art.

[0081] Also, it is assumed that the velocity vector and direction changes slowly compared to the periodic measurement of &f _net . Again, under such conditions, the unknown parameters (from the perspective of the receiver node 104) a, and 9 are constants. When the velocity vector or direction change faster, then this change could be tracked, for example if the change is due to slow changes in acceleration.

[0082] The net frequency shift for the two-dimensional (2D) moving receiver node 104 approach is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B for several scenario cases of receiver node location, 0, and transmitter node and receiver node speeds as well as transmitter node and receiver node velocity direction (a and P). FIG. 4A has different speeds for the transmitter node 102 and receiver node 104 as well as the receiver node location of 0 = 0. FIG. 4B has the same speed for the transmitter node and receiver node. Similarly, there are three concepts to notice here:

[0083] * The amplitude is consistent with the relative velocity between transmitter node 102 and receiver node 104

[0084] * The net frequency shift is zero when the ‘Null’ angle is in the receiver direction (when <f> = 9).

[0085] * The minimum occurs when the ‘Null' is aligned with the relative velocity direction (when

[0086] Again, there is an initial dual point ambiguity with the position, 0, but the transmitter node’s 102 speed and velocity vector is known.

[0087] Referring now to FIG. 5, while the 2D picture is easier to visualize, the same principles apply to the 3D case. FIG. 5 shows a number of direction sets needed to span 3D and 2D space with different cone sizes (cone sizes are full width). Before diving into the equations, it’s worth commenting on the size of the space when including another dimension. For example, when a ‘Null’ step size of 10 degrees was used in the previous examples, it took 36 sets to span the 360 degrees in 2D. Thus, if an exemplary detection angle of 10 degrees is used (e.g., a directional antenna with 10-degree cone) it would take 36 sets to cover the 2D space. The 3D fractional coverage can be computed by calculating the coverage of a cone compared to the full 4 pi steradians. The fraction is equal to the integral

[0089] FractionC over ag eZD = 2TI /ConeSize [0090] The number of sets to span the space is shown in FIG. 5 for both the 2D and 3D cases which correlates with discovery time. Except for narrow cone sizes, the number of sets is not drastically greater for the 3D case (e.g., approximately 15 times at 10 degrees, 7 time at 20 degrees, and around 5 times at 30 degrees). Unless systems are limited to very narrow cone sizes, the discovery time for 3D searches is not overwhelming compared to a 2D search.

[0091] Referring now to FIG. 6, a multi-node communications network 100 is disclosed. The multi-node communications network 100 may include multiple communications nodes, e.g., a transmitter (Tx) node 102 and a receiver (Rx) node 104. As shown in FIG. 6 both of the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 are in motion in three dimensions.

[0092] The 3D approach to Doppler nulling follows the 2D approach but it is illustrated here with angles and computed vectorially for simplicity.

[0093] In three dimensions, it is convenient to express the equations in vector form which is valid for 2 or 3 dimensions. FIG. 6 shows the geometry in 3 dimensions where Direction is the unit vector pointing to the receiver from the transmitter, and Null is the unit vector pointing in the ‘Null’ direction defined by the protocol.

[0094] The true Doppler shift as seen by the receiver node 104 due to the relative radial velocity which is the projection onto the Direction vector:

[0096] The nulling protocol adjusts the transmit node frequency and receiver node frequency due to their velocity projections onto the Null direction

[0098] The net frequency shift seen by the receiver node 104 is the sum of all terms:

[00100] The net frequency shift for the 3D moving receiver node 104 approach is not easy to show pictorially but can be inspected with mathematical equations to arrive at useful conclusions. The first two terms are the Doppler correction (DC) offset and the last two terms are the null dependent terms. Since the Null is the independent variable, the maximum occurs when(7 _/? ^> - Pfr) and Null are parallel and is a minimum when they are antiparallel. Furthermore, the relative speed is determined by the amplitude,

[00102] Lastly, the net frequency is zero when the Null is parallel (i.e., parallel in same direction, as opposed to anti-parallel) to Direction.

[001 OS] For the 3D case:

[00106] * The amplitude is consistent with the relative velocity between transmitter node 102 and receiver node 104 [|Pg - P _T |/c ].

[00107] * The net frequency shift is zero when the ‘Null' angle is in the receiver node direction,

[00108] * The minimum occurs when the ‘Null’ is aligned with the relative velocity direction.

[00109] Referring still to FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the system (e.g., the multinode communications network 100) may include a transmitter node 102 and a receiver node 104. Each node of the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 may include a communications interface 110 including at least one antenna element 112 and a controller operatively coupled to the communications interface, the controller 106 including one or more processors, wherein the controller 106 has information of own node velocity and own node orientation. The transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 may be in motion (e.g., in two dimensions or in three dimensions). The transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 may be time synchronized to apply Doppler corrections associated with said node’s own motions relative to a common reference frame (e.g., a common inertial reference frame (e.g., a common inertial reference frame in motion or a stationary common inertial reference frame)). The common reference frame may be known to the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 prior to the transmitter node 102 transmitting signals to the receiver node 104 and prior to the receiver node 104 receiving the signals from the transmitter node 102. In some embodiments, the system is a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) comprising the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104.

[00110] In some embodiments, the applying of the Doppler corrections associated with the receiver node's own motions relative to the common reference frame is based on a common reference frequency. For example, a common reference frequency may be adjusted by a node's own motions to cancel out those motions in reference to the null angle. This common reference frequency may be known by each node prior to transmission and/or reception of the signals. In some embodiments, calculating the net frequency change seen by the receiver node 104 is based on the common reference frequency. For example, the net frequency change may be a difference between a measured frequency of the signals and the common reference frequency.

[00111] For purposes of discussing the receiver node 104, a “source” generally refers to a source of a received signal, multiple sources of multiple signals, a single source of multiple signals, and/or the like. For example, a source may be a transmitter node 102 configured to apply Doppler corrections as disclosed herein and in applications from which priority is claimed and/or incorporated by reference. In this regard, a receiver node 104 may determine one or more attributes of the source (e.g., bearing between the receiver node 104 and the source, bearing of the velocity of the source, amplitude/speed of the velocity, range, and the like). In some embodiments, the receiver node 104 and the source (e.g., transmitter node 102) are configured to use a same, compatible, and/or similar Doppler correction, protocol, common reference frame, common reference frequency, time synchronization, and/or the like such that the receiver node 104 may determine various attributes of the source. Note, in some embodiments, that one or more of these may be known ahead of time, be determined thereafter, included as fixed variable values as part of the protocol, and/or determined dynamically (in real time) as part of the protocol. For example, the protocol may determine that certain common reference frames should be used in certain environments, such as using GPS coordinates on land and a naval ship beacon transmitter common reference frame location (which may be mobile) over certain areas of ocean, which may dynamically change in real time as a location of a node changes. [00112] In some embodiments, the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104 are time synchronized via synchronization bits associated with acquisition. For example, the synchronization bits may operate as physical layer overhead.

[00113] In some embodiments, the transmitter node 102 is configured to adjust a transmit frequency according to an own speed and an own velocity direction of the transmitter node 102 so as to perform a transmitter-side Doppler correction. In some embodiments, the receiver node 104 is configured to adjust a receiver frequency of the receiver node 104 according to an own speed and an own velocity direction of the receiver node 104 so as to perform a receiver-side Doppler correction. In some embodiments, an amount of adjustment of the adjusted transmit frequency is proportional to a transmitter node 102 velocity projection onto a Doppler null direction, wherein an amount of adjustment of the adjusted receiver frequency is proportional to a receiver node 104 velocity projection onto the Doppler null direction. In some embodiments, the receiver node 102 is configured to determine a relative speed between the transmitter node 102 and the receiver node 104. In some embodiments, the receiver node 104 is configured to determine a direction that the transmitter node 102 is in motion and a velocity vector of the transmitter node 102. In some embodiments, a maximum net frequency shift for a Doppler correction by the receiver node 104 occurs when a resultant vector is parallel to the Doppler null direction, wherein the resultant vector is equal to a velocity vector of the receiver node 104 m inus the velocity vector of the transmitter node 102. In some embodiments, a minimum net frequency shift for a Doppler correction by the receiver node 104 occurs when a resultant vector is antiparallel to the Doppler null direction, wherein the resultant vector is equal to a velocity vector of the receiver node 104 minus the velocity vector of the transmitter node 102. In some embodiments, a net frequency shift for a Doppler correction by the receiver node 104 is zero when a vector pointing to the receiver node from the transmitter node 102 is parallel to the Doppler null direction.

[00114] Referring now to FIG. 7, an exemplary embodiment of a method 700 according to the inventive concepts disclosed herein may include one or more of the following steps. Additionally, for example, some embodiments may include performing one or more instances of the method 700 iteratively, concurrently, and/or sequentially. Additionally, for example, at least some of the steps of the method 700 may be performed in parallel and/or concurrently. Additionally, in some embodiments, at least some of the steps of the method 700 may be performed non-sequentially.

[00115] A step 702 may include providing a transmitter node and a receiver node, wherein each node of the transmitter node and the receiver node are time synchronized, wherein each node of the transmitter node and the receiver node are in motion, wherein each node of the transmitter node and the receiver node comprises a communications interface including at least one antenna element, wherein each node of the transmitter node and the receiver node further comprises a controller operatively coupled to the communications interface, the controller including one or more processors, wherein the controller has information of own node velocity and own node orientation.

[00116] A step 704 may include based at least on the time synchronization, applying, by the transmitter node, Doppler corrections to the transmitter node's own motions relative to a common reference frame.

[00117] A step 706 may include based at least on the time synchronization, applying, by the receiver node, Doppler corrections to the receiver node's own motions relative to the common reference frame, wherein the common reference frame is known to the transmitter node and the receiver node prior to the transmitter node transmitting signals to the receiver node and prior to the receiver node receiving the signals from the transmitter node.

[00118] Further, the method 700 may include any of the operations disclosed throughout.

[00119] The null scanning technique discussed herein illustrates a system and a method for spatial awareness from resolving the temporal spatial characteristics of the transmitter node’s 102 radiation. This approach informs the receiver node 104 of the relative speed between the transmitter node 102 and receiver node 104 as well as the transmitter node direction and transmitter node velocity vector. This approach includes scanning through all directions and has a high sensitivity (e.g., low net frequency shift) when the null direction is aligned with the transmitter node direction. This approach can be implemented on a highly sensitive acquisition frame which is typically much more sensitive than explicit data transfers which allow for the ultrasensitive spatial awareness with relatively low power. [00120] This sentence may mark an end to the (at least partially) reproduced language from U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920 corresponding to the (at least partially) reproduced FIGS. 1 -7. However, note that this paragraph is nonlimiting, and changes may have been made and language added or removed, and not all the language above or corresponding figures are necessarily reproduced from U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920.

[00121] Directional radio frequency (RF) networks often must spend significant time scanning the physical space over which potential RF network signals may exist. For example, a system scanning spherical space in azimuth and elevation may require numerous discrete time intervals to accomplish the task. Generally, a receiver dwells for a finite amount of time within each spatial sector looking for a desired signal: hence, total discovery time becomes dwell time multiplied by the number of discrete time intervals needed for the receiver to search the entire physical space. Because scanning may be a lengthy process, often it becomes necessary to sacrifice other important system performance metrics to ensure timely discovery performance.

[00122] Directional doppler nulling may be an enabling technology for reducing discovery time within directional networks, thereby allowing for improvement in other performance metrics as well. Because of the significantly improved discovery time, directional Doppler-nulling may also be enabling technology for low-probability of detection (LPD) directional networks.

[00123] Transmission of explicit position information (e.g., GPS coordinates using two-way higher-bandwidth communications) and/or velocity information is not necessarily needed to obtain such information when using Doppler-nulling. In embodiments, Doppler is minimized (or "nulled") via Doppler corrections in each direction an antenna is pointing based on at least a velocity of a node (e.g., which may be equally true for transmitter and receiver). Further, improved communication between nodes becomes possible whenever antennas are pointing toward each other. In embodiments, range to another node can be determined from the use of precisely- defined transmission intervals, as the transmission time in each can be known, a priori, to both the transmitter and receiver. With bearing angle, range, and relative velocity between nodes known via the Doppler-nulling protocol, it becomes possible to precisely discover and track another node’s position without using any explicit data transfer (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth, longer range similar bandwidth aerospace communication protocols, and/or the like).

[00124] The deep-noise addition to Doppler-nulling (e.g., U.S. Patent Application No. 17/534,061 ) may offer a viable mechanism for terminals to synchronize across long distances using very low power, thus minimizing potential for transmitter observation by an out-of-network receiver or interference to an out-of-network receiver.

[0012S] In embodiments (i.e., in at least some embodiments) with Doppler-nulling, both the transmitting terminal (e.g., Tx node 102) and the receiving terminal can initially use rather wide beams in order to facilitate terminal discovery and establish an initial terminal-to-terminal link. In embodiments, it then becomes possible to narrow the beam to allow high data rate communications with increased transmitter effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) within the higher gain smaller spot beam coverage. In this regard, an advantage of the present disclosure is that Doppler-nulling may support relatively precise antenna pointing for high gain narrow highly-focused antenna beams. Higher data rate communication over longer distance is thus possible with the narrow spot beam pattern than could have been achieved with a broader beam typically used for timely initial discovery and acquisition.

[00126] In embodiments, the Doppler-nulling technique allows each platform (e.g., node) to correct own-platform Doppler. In general, in at least some embodiments, exchanging position and velocity information between platforms is unnecessary with directional Doppler-nulling; thus, less signal-in-space overhead is needed to maintain communication, fewer signal tracking resources are required, and there is reduced (or zero) inherent time lag in tracking. Relative position information may be discerned from the periodic Doppler-nulling pulses which enable accurate antenna pointing between platforms.

[00127] Examples of doppler nulling methods include, but are not limited to, methods and other descriptions (e.g., at least some theory and mathematical basis) are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 17/233,107, filed April 16, 2021 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety; U.S. Patent Application No. 17/534,061 , filed November 23, 2021 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety; and U.S. Patent Application No. 17/857,920, filed July 5, 2022, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In embodiments, doppler nulling methods allow for benefits such as, but not limited to, relatively quickly and/or efficiently detecting transmitter nodes and determining transmitter node attributes (e.g., transmitter node speed, transmitter node bearing, relative bearing of transmitter node relative to receiver node, relative distance of transmitter node relative to receiver node, and the like). Embodiments of the present disclosure may extend doppler nulling using directional systems to achieve relatively large efficiency improvements (e.g., lower power requirements, farther range, faster discovery times, and/or the like).

[00128] Because Doppler-nulling doesn’t necessarily require an explicit digital data information transfer, directional Doppler-nulling may allow for discovery of network nodes scattered throughout a large physical space using less energy than is possible with more conventional techniques relying on explicit digital data transfer.

[00129] Moreover, without node-to-node transfer of digital information, Doppler-nulling may offer an order-of-magnitude signal detection improvement compared to conventional systems utiiizing digital data to exchange position and velocity information. In some embodiments, in terms of distance, such performance improvements correspond with a range increase of about three times (or more) in favor of the Doppler-nulling approach.

[00130] The order-of-magnitude performance differential may correspond with an approximately 10 dB advantage for Doppler-nulling which can be used to expedite network routing significantly. Alternatively, when a three times range advantage is not needed, discovery power could be lowered by 10 dB while still retaining the full system range needed for subsequent digital data transfer. Lower power transmission during discovery means less interference in directions where no network nodes exist and also less chance for the discovery signal to be detected by adversarial systems.

[00131] In embodiments, to achieve a detection time improvement, a 10 dB power advantage might be distributed over 10 times the discovery space (i.e., using a wider transmit beam); thus, allowing discovery to be conducted in only 10% the time needed for a conventional system. Upon discovery and acquisition, the directional transmit beam could then quickly be narrowed to support higher speed data transfer at the same distance.

[00132] In embodiments, directional Doppler-nulling allows each node in a directional network to compensate for its own individual Doppler shift, whether in the direction of transmission or the direction of reception. This is a simpler arrangement than requiring either the transmitter or the receiver to correct ail system Doppler.

[00133] In embodiments, directional systems with Doppler-nulling may operate with some constraints, as the received signal may be unlikely to remain above the noise level except when transmit antenna and receive antenna point generally in the direction of each other. Thus, maximum signal strength may only periodically be available at the intended receiver. Fortunately, antenna directionality can be combined with Doppler-nulling, via embodiments of the present disclosure, to enable increased sensitivity at the moments during the Doppler-nulling scan when the transmit antenna and the receive antenna point generally toward each other. At these moments during the scan, communication between nodes becomes possible.

[00134] Referring to FIG. 10, a graphical representation 1000 of an angular distribution of antenna gain 1002 versus angle (e.g., receiving angle of a signal) is illustrated, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, an alignment of antenna directivity of a receiver node 104 and/or transmitter node 102 is illustrated. As described below for FIG. 11 , a peak antenna gain 1004 bearing angle (e.g., first bearing angle) may be used to determine bearing angle and combined with Doppler nulling methods bearing angles (e.g., second bearing angle) to achieve a more precise bearing angle.

[00135] FIG. 10 shows antenna gain 1002 for a single transmit or receive antenna element across 360 degrees. Combining antenna gain for both a receiver node and transmitter node pointing at each other would result in double the decibels of antenna gain 1002. Therefore, in this way, aligning both directional antennas provides a generally desirable high antenna gain compared to omnidirectional (unaligned) antennas or only one aligned antenna. However, aligning the antenna using other conventional methods often requires time-consuming and inefficient scanning patterns and may not result in a precise/narrow estimate of bearing angle.

[00136] FIG. 11 shows a graphical representation 1100 of net frequency shift points 1104 and a frequency shift profile 1102 (e.g., function) including a zero crossing 1106 based on the net frequency shift points 1104, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [00137] Generally, in embodiments, in contrast to a rather less precise amplitude peak 1004 generally achievable with directional antenna pointing alone, Doppler-nulling may be used to generate a more sharply-defined and/or faster estimation of bearing angle as shown by the zero crossing 1106 as seen in FIG. 11. The peak 1004 of a smooth curve of antenna gain 1002 is generally more difficult to pin-point than a zero crossing/intersection point of two lines. The zero crossing 1106 crosses zero at about 110 degrees. In embodiments, the zero crossing 1106 may be used alone, and/or in combination with the amplitude peak 1004 from antenna pointing to provide a more precise indication of bearing angle between nodes than is possible using antenna pointing alone.

[00138] In embodiments, Doppler-nulling may allow for determining the net frequency shift points 1104. Consider a nonlimiting scenario of a static receiver node 104. In such a scenario, a net frequency shift point 1104 may be a value indicative of a difference between a (known) common reference frequency and a measured frequency of a received pulse. See, e.g., pulse 804 in FIG. 8. Conceptually, this difference may be zero if the transmitter node 102 happens to direct the pulse perfectly at the receiver node 104 and applies a Doppler correction associated with the transmitter node’s 102 own motions to cancel out real-world physically induced Doppler effects on the pulse (i.e., equal to zero when the static receiver’s measured pulse frequency = common reference frequency). Furthermore, if the common reference frame is also static over time and if the pulse is close to being aimed at the receiver 104 (e.g., within 6 degrees), then the net frequency shift points 1104 may have a value that is “near zero”. The labeled points 1104 in FIG. 11 are “near zero” net frequency shift points 1104. Such points 1104 may, for example, be used to generate a function such as a linear line which is fit to the points 1104, or any other function (e.g., sinusoidal function). Next, such a function may be used to solve for (e.g., interpolate) the zero crossing 1106 using any interpolation method known in the art. In this regard, one or more net frequency shift points 1104, such as “zero-related values” comprising: “zero", “zero crossing” 1106”, and/or “near zero” values/functions or the like may be used to determine a bearing angle (0) between the receiver node 102 and a source (e.g., transmitter node 102).

[00139] In embodiments, the function/slope 1102 may be generated using net frequency shift points 1104. For instance, the function may be a sinusoidal function, a linear function fitted to the net frequency shift points 1104 using any fitting function known in the art, or the like.

[00140] By using a zero-crossing the function/slope 1102, a continuous interpolation between coarse antenna pointing angle increments is supported, and thus a more precise indication of bearing angle may be achieved compared to signal amplitude alone at successive antenna positions. A (limited segment) of a zero-crossing 1106 may be determined using a few (e.g., 2 or more) points 1104 may allow for reconstruction/extrapolation/curve-fitting of an entire Doppler net frequency profile 1102 using just the few sample points 1104. In embodiments, both bearing and differential velocity may be derived from the approximated frequency shift profile 1102 using three or more data points 1104. (Note that such a three data point requirement may imply, in some embodiments, some overlap in coverage between subsequent antenna beams. At least three points are generally needed to approximate a curve, but a larger number of data points for a curve may be available.)

[00141] FIG. 8 is a time-based graphical representation 800 of a plurality of pulses 804 of a scanning sequence 802, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, any quantity of pulses 804 in various directions (e.g., 2D, 3D) may be used. Note that the sequence may be incremental (e.g., 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, etc.), pseudo-random (e.g., a random pattern known by all nodes, a priori, according to a protocol; 10 degrees, 240 degrees, 40 degrees, etc.), and/or the like.

[00142] In embodiments, a quantity of the plurality of pulses 804 is generally between 2 and 300. (Note that similarly to the Nyquist criteria, the minimum number of required points for reconstructing the sine wave here is greater than two. Rapid acquisition over a single cycle requires, for practical purposes, three pulses. The upper end for number of samples, while technically unbounded, like any other over-sampled system exhibits diminishing returns after an order of magnitude or two. As a result, a realistic upper end for number of samples per cycle is around 300.) For example, the quantity may be 32 as shown. In another example, the quantity may vary according to fixed sequence patterns and/or according to any protocol variables (e.g., type of desired receiver node (e.g., drone, aircraft, cellular device, etc.), type of transmitter node, location, time of day, and/or the like). For instance, different types of devices may be configured to use different scanning sequences/protocols. By way of another example, a sequence may cycle between using a lower quantity of wide beams and then a higher quality of narrow beams. Note that such examples are nonlimiting and any scanning sequence (or subsets of scanning sequences) at any time may be used based on any method.

[00143] Generally, the phrase “the signals correspond to at least a portion of the pulses 804”, and the like, means that the signals (e.g., received waveforms from antenna element, etc.) correspond to (e.g., could be paired to, and/or are generated based on) at least a portion of a set of theoretical pulses 804 of a scanning sequence 802 used to generate the signals. For example, if both a source (e.g., transmitter node 102) and receiver node 104 are synced to a scanning sequence 802, then the receiver node 104 may be configured to parse the (received) signals into pulses 804 that could be mapped/paired to the pulses 804 of the scanning sequence 802. Here, a “portion” of the set of theoretical pulses 804 means that not all of the pulses 804 are necessarily received.

[00144] “Time synced” and the like may mean that each node is aware of an absolute time within a cycle of a scanning sequence 802 such that any time-of-arrival of a received pulse 804 may be mapped to its location in a graphical representation 800 of the scanning sequence or the like (e.g., mapped along the horizontal axis of FIG. 11 ). For example, a controller may keep track of an absolute sync time and a local receive time, such that the local receive time may be converted to the absolute sync time. Such a corresponding relationship may be used, as shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 11 , to determine a transmitting angle (e.g., 01 , 02, 03 ... ). Such time-of-arrival syncing isn’t necessarily perfectly accurate or predictable. For example, the scanning sequence may include transmitter node and receiver node time uncertainty (error) margins 806, 810 on either side of the pulse 804 and/or a propagation time margin 812 (e.g., to account for differences in range between nodes). By using margins of time, each received pulse 804 may more accurately be paired to the correct corresponding pulse 804 illustrated in the scanning sequence 802 of FIG. 8.

[00145] In some embodiments, example parameters may allow for a reliable spatial awareness up to a range of around 300 miles (e.g., 200 miles or more, 290 miles or more). For example, such parameters may include: a quantity of thirty-two pulses 804 horizontally scanned a full 360 degrees, a pulse width 808 of 100 microseconds (psec), transmitter node and receiver node time uncertainty (error) margins 806, 810 of 1 ,000 psec. Other determined (e.g., derived) parameters may include: a propagation delay of 1 ,610 psec, a pulse repetition interval of 5,710 psec., a pulse duty cycle of 1.75%, and a quantity of five scans (e.g., each scan being a scan cycle around 360 degrees) per second corresponding to a duration 814 of 0.20 seconds.

[00146] In some examples, the duration 814 may be less than one second, and/or greater than one second.

[00147] FIG. 9A is a diagrammatic illustration 900 of multiple systems 100 (e.g., 100a, 100b, 100c, 100d) according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Each system 100 is configured to transmit and receive, such as via one or more directional antenna elements. In a sense, each system 100 may comprise a transmitter node and a receiver node (e.g., 102a, 104a; 102b,104b; 102c, 104c; 102d,104d), which could be the same node. If the systems 100 are time synced, then each system 100 is configured to receive a plurality of received pulses 804 from every other system along a receiving angle associated with each of the other systems 100 according to a scanning sequence 802, thereby increasing effective antenna gain. In theory, if each system 100 was time synced and desired to have spatial awareness of other time synced systems, then the system 100 could more efficiently improve antenna gain of receivable pulses by only searching for signals according to the scanning sequence 802, vastly reducing the angles/space to search for signals from. In this way, each system would only search for signals in a direction at the same time that nodes from that direction would be reciprocally transmitting — improving efficiency, range, and reducing noise produced by less efficient scanning techniques.

[00148] FIG. 9B is a diagrammatic illustration 920 of FIG. 9A at a subsequent time step where a particular transmitting angle 804b and receiving angle 904c of different systems 100b, 100c are aligned or nearly aligned (e.g., within a detectable beam width).

[00149] In embodiments, each system 100 is time synchronized to utilize a common scanning sequence 802 such that the receiving angles 904a-904d (e.g., null Rx) and transmitting angles 804a-804d (e.g., null Tx angle 0) of each system will align at particular steps in the scanning sequence 802. For example, as shown, the receiving angles 904a-904d of all systems 100 may be opposite relative to the transmitting angles 804a-804d during some or the entire execution of the scanning sequence 802. As described previously in regard to FIG. 10, this may allow twice the effective antenna gain due to alignment.

[00150] It is to be understood that embodiments of the methods disclosed herein may include one or more of the steps described herein. Further, such steps may be carried out in any desired order and two or more of the steps may be carried out simultaneously with one another. Two or more of the steps disclosed herein may be combined in a single step, and in some embodiments, one or more of the steps may be carried out as two or more sub-steps. Further, other steps or sub-steps may be carried in addition to, or as substitutes to one or more of the steps disclosed herein.

[00151] Although inventive concepts have been described with reference to the embodiments illustrated in the attached drawing figures, equivalents may be employed and substitutions made herein without departing from the scope of the claims. Components illustrated and described herein are merely examples of a system/device and components that may be used to implement embodiments of the inventive concepts and may be replaced with other devices and components without departing from the scope of the claims. Furthermore, any dimensions, degrees, and/or numerical ranges provided herein are to be understood as non-limiting examples unless otherwise specified in the claims.