Since railway-trains have wheels without transverse force and steer wheels against rail sides they can be powered by a special counter-rotating drive-system, but also with special motors with double counter-rotating rotors and centre sited common s stator.

Motors

When the steer wheels in e.g. slopes are used as traction wheels they are connected to motors. One can use a single motor and with e.g. a gear system, angle gears and0 cardan shafts, drive the steer wheels. Even the driving of a pair of steer wheels that are pressed against the rail-head with the same force as the support wheel in the form of gimbals, i.e. cardan suspended wheels, doubles pulling force.

Figures

s Fig: 1 shows a pair of steer- and traction wheels pressed together against the rail with a hoist and block in the form of rings between the rotor and steer- and traction wheel. Here, a special bearing is placed with a common inner ring and an outer ring each which demand insignificant rotation between them.

Fig: 2 shows a pair of steer- and traction wheels with rotors on them that e.g. have0 short circuit coils. Between each rotor is a common stator.

Fig: 3 shows packs of bands with the ends formed into teeth wound with well conducting bands and folded to a sector of the rotor. The windings can then e.g. be moulded peripherally in the rotor.

Fig: 4 shows a sector of a rotor consisting of two rings of band of magnetic material5 between which there is a "dogbone", i.e. a clamped ring wound with band, shaped to a pole-shoe at one end and a loop at the other.

Fig: 5 shows how the loop is on a pin that lies against the rings' inner surface.

Fig: 6 shows a sector of the rotor with the "dogbone" i.e. a clamped ring wound with band, with windings between them.

0 Fig: 7 shows a sector of a rotor with a pack of band with the ends formed to teeth wound with conducting bands and folded to a sector of the rotor. The fold is compressed and wound with band.

SUbS I I I U I b SHEFT fRMI^g Fig: 8 shows a sector of a rotor with a pack of bands with the ends formed to teeth wound with conducting bands and folded to a sector of the rotor. The fold is expanded and the gap is wound with band.

Fig: 9 shows a long C-core on the side of a Vignoles rail against which runs a core s adhered to a carriage.

Fig: 10 shows direct magnetic contact of steer- and traction wheels with wedge shaped pole-shoes between the pair of wheels as seen from above.

Fig: 11 shows the same as Fig: 10, but as seen from a front view.

Fig: 12 shows details in a wheel system with gimbal, i.e. a cardan suspension, as0 bearing, steering and traction. The steer- and traction wheels can be tilted to go free from the rails in a switch. There is also a gear wheel.

Fig: 13 shows how electromagnets against the rotor ring in Fig: 2 draw together the steer- and traction wheel. It creates orthogonal magnetisation of the rotor ring with constant magnetic field and rotating three-phase field,

s Fig: 14 shows gimbal, i.e. a cardan suspension mounted wheel with inner

longitudinal bearings and drive axel.

Fig: 15 shows that when the wheel in Fig: 2 folds up, a motor with three magnetic parts is realized.

Fig: 16 shows how poles lie on the cylinder surface and are wound to stator or rotor.0 Fig: 17 shows how poles can be made of polygon-poles and plate.

Fig: 18 and 19 show the motor with poles or plates radially.

Wheel pressure with cables

Steer- and traction wheels 16, 17 can be pressed against the rail 1 by various5 means. In principal a hoist with block in the form of rings between the rotor and steer- and traction wheel can be used, as in Fig: 1. Placed there, e.g. on the bearing 85 is a special roller bearing 430 with a common inner ring and separate outer ring which demands insignificant rotation between them. Pressure then becomes seven times greater than pulling force in the cable 431. In the steer- and traction wheels bearing0 box the bearing for the return wheel 432 for the cables is placed at such an angle that the cables draw towards the head of the rail. With the return wheel the cables bend so that they go to the return wheel on the opposite steer- and traction wheel. With both steer- and traction wheels on the same plane, construction is simplified so that the hoist does not need to be folded, but the bending action of the axels increases.

Rotors with center sited common stator

s The steer- and traction wheels shall afford a peripheral power that is linear against the rail. If an electric motor on the same axel as a steer- and traction wheel is built so that it generates power concentrated to the side close to the rail, then power is transferred predominantly direct instead of via moment in the axle. The steer- and traction wheel on the other side of the rail rotate in the opposite direction, but their0 peripheries go in the same direction. Stators on the motors can, as in Fig: 2,

therefore be exchanged for a common stator between the rotors. Since power is transferred by magnetic field no wear arises, as in a gear system.

Rotors with a center sited common stator with traction wheels 16, 17 against the rail consist of two rotors 411 , 422 and a common stator 413. It is made with only one set5 of windings 414 for e.g. three-phase A.C. voltage. The common stator then gets teeth, poles, 415 that go between the rotors.

This permits one of the rotors to freely move to the side. The remaining rotor with wheel then works as a steer wheel together with the steer wheel on the other rail. The usually substantial roller bearings and axels can be made less so if magnetic0 contraction of the rotors is applied. Less substantial bearing in other places can stiffen up the drive unit. The traction wheels can be bowl-shaped so that the rotors lower in height with the rail-head. The required cross section magnetic field for the contraction is a few square decimeters. It then affords circa 10 tonnes. In a complete bogie the traction force is multiplied by eight.

5 With a common stator one can say that a linear motor in a rail has moved up in the carriage to a motor, which is almost linear, in fact the combination of two sectors.

0 Motor silencing

Poles and teeth in rotors and stators lead to jerky motion which is reduced by making the teeth beveled.

A further improvement is to make the teeth thinner, but that is difficult. Instead of punching a sheet, the band can be shaped into teeth. They shall then be shaped as a ring in e.g. a rotor. They can also be connected to the side of a ring wound with band. Another possibility is to fold the band at the teeth's inner end, so that the ends together form a ring. Such is especially good if amorphous iron is used. The teeth can be made thicker at the inner end by winding band there,

s Fig: 3 shows a packet 4 6 of band shaped with teeth 417 and fitted with conductors 418 wound with band 419. The rotor core can be made bowl-shaped to enable the motor in the traction wheels to be more compact.

Tooth 420 with loop 421 at edge with ring 422 encompassed by conductor 423 is shown in Fig: 4 and Fig: 5. Sector with teeth and loops at edge with ring

o encompassed by conductor is shown in Fig: 6. Packet 416 encompassed by

conductor 418, folded and wound with band 419 is shown in Fig: 7. Packet 416 encompassed by conductor 418, folded around the "dogbone", i.e. a clamped ring, wound with band 428 forming two teeth is shown in Fig: 8. s Direct magnetic contraction of steer- wheels

Contraction of the steer- and traction wheels 16, 17 can be realized with magnetic field that passes two close triangle-formed pieces of iron 438, 439 as in Fig: 10 and Fig: 11. They have surfaces 440, 441 against the steer-and traction wheels and are part of a magnetic circuit 442 with one or several coils 443 fed with D.C.

0 Details in a wheel system with steer- and traction wheels with gimbals, i.e. cardan suspended wheels, as bearing and traction units are described in Fig: 12.

A gimbal suspended wheel, 450 with longitudinal axel 451 in its bearing 452 has its wheel ring 453 against the rail 1. The wheel ring has a space 454 between the bearing section and wheel ring to afford place for an inner stator. The wheel ring 453 is namely widened with a rotor ring 456, which on the inside has a 3-phase inner stator 455, and on the outside a solenoid for D.C. for the part that faces the rail. The inner stator can alternatively be only in periphery near the rail.

In order for the gimbal, i.e. cardan suspended wheel, to be able to move around the longitudinal axel, the inner stator 455 is spherically formed as is the outer ring 456,0 as shown in Fig: 13. It must also be spherically formed on the outside to fit with the solenoids 457, which shall also have inner spherical form.

The magnetic field in the rotor ring shall preferably not change direction when the solenoids are passed, so either both solenoids on the left respective right ring have the same and opposite polarity or the solenoids shall have horse-shoe form, whereby the rotor ring gets its poles divided in left- and right fields. The latter solution is shown in the figure.

The rotor ring has V-formed unsymmetrical grooves, so that the magnet field under the solenoids, to a great degree, leaves the rotor ring in such a direction that the traction power compensates for the traction power application not being in the center of the wheel rings periphery. The predominantly spherical form facilitates such.

The inner stators magnetic field will hold down the rotor ring symmetrically. This applies when the stator is not limited to a sector which faces the rail. Orthogonal excitation

The weight of the steer- and traction wheels should be kept low. Rotor ring 456 in Fig: 12 is magnetized as a short-circuit rotor in three phase asynchronous motor at full revolutions with low frequency alternating field. This renders moderate demands on magnetic material qualities. With the solenoid poles sited in the periphery direction the field in the rotor ring does not change from the constant magnetic field from the solenoids.

The advantage with orthogonal excitation of the rotor ring is given in Fig: 13. The magnetic field adds up like vectors 458, so that top values are restricted. Flow moves and fills out where there is flow space.

When the bogies shall pass a switch the steer- and traction wheels need to change position so as not to bump against the rails. Such is realised simply by turning the wheel ring to the horizontal position. Through a switch the bogie is steered with the outside on one of the outer rails and the switch wheel on the bogie rolls against the switch rail on the outside of the outer rails.

The cardan suspended wheel with inner longitudinal axel

First, Fig: 14 shows how a bearing gimbal, i.e. a cardan suspended wheel, with an orbit 400 and longitudinal axel inside the wheel bearing can be driven. There is a short pipe 401 inside the bearing that has two preferably diametrically opposite holes 402 for the longitudinal axel, which has a thick mid section with a transverse hole 403. At the ends there is first a place for a bearings 404 and furthest out a piece that fits into the short holes of the pipe. There is a rod 405 across on the bearings that with some distance to the short pipe 402 fits into it. The rod sits e.g. in a chassis and has a longitudinal hole throughout which drive shaft 406 goes up to and with space through the transverse hole 403 in the longitudinal axel to a flexible coupling 407, with e.g. linkage to the wheel. Space is requisite in order for the gimbal, i.e. the cardan suspended wheel, to tilt somewhat,

s The flexible coupling can alternatively sit on the other side of the orbit 400 and be powered from a pipe formed axel around the rod 405.

The gimbal, i.e. the cardan suspended wheel, is placed on a rail and steered with two wheels in front and two wheels behind the gimbal, i.e. the cardan suspended wheel. Those wheels roll against the side of the head of the rail. To increase traction power0 the steer wheels are pressed together and driven.

Closer scrutiny of operation shows that power transfer can be executed very direct.

Electromagnetic steering

Between the front and rear outer steer wheels a U-formed electromagnet 460 can bes placed as shown in Fig: 9. It then pulls the bogie against the rails outer side while the steer wheels counteract. Instead of pulling against the rail head, soft magnetic material 461 can be placed between the head and foot.

With this drive construction at least one pair of steer- and traction wheels can be driven in a bogie without gears.

0 When a train crosses roads and streets, the bearing gimbals, i.e. the cardan

suspended wheels, run on rails or beams that strengthen the road. The outer steer- and traction wheels are tilted past the horizontal position until the wheel ring reaches down against a pavement edge strengthened with iron profiles which also steers the bogie. Thereafter the inner steer wheels are tilted to the horizontal position. The5 trains transfer from track to street can thus occur during operation.

One can also relatively easily change to a track to which no switchgear exists since the gimbal, i.e. the cardan suspended wheels, are without flanges. Then, sections of rails can be laid on site. Thereafter steering can occur in different ways, e.g. through a steer-rail that lies higher than the track rails being placed in the middle of the0 realised track. As mentioned, a steer rail can be permanently sited outside the track.

Double stator or rotor

A more ordinary motor is realised if the drive wheels fold together, so that they can have the same axel. In Fig: 15 the poles 470 have been laid with openings around a cylinder surface and made in equal lengths. Fig: 16 shows how windings 471 are laid in the openings around some poles. They are connected as a rule as three phase windings and are assumed to make stators

The rotors have their pole shoes turned towards the stator and have short-circuit s usually moulded winding 473. The poles can be made like a "dogbone", i.e. a

clamped ring wound with band, which sits closely packed in ring 474. The poles should be made of band, initially with a folding, and that bit swings to and fro 180 degrees until a special type of pole, i.e. a zigzag-pack, is realised.

If the folds are made with insignificant deviation from 90 degrees a rhombic cross-0 section arises, 475 in Fig: 17. With such packs poles 476 with polygon cross-section can be realised. An adapted pack is placed against the polygon-pole so that a flat pole 470 with rounded edges is realised. The poles are advantageously placed on the rings of band 474.

A motor with radial poles 478 is shown in Fig: 18. They look like plates in Fig: 19 ands are included in a stator ring with winding 479. Outside and inside there are e.g. short- circuit rotors 480 and 481 of conventional type.

The pole's magnetic field can be as strong as 2 T. The rotors can have an axel each or a common axel.