GIVERSEN INA (DK)
| US20040126441A1 | 2004-07-01 | |||
| JP2004189669A | 2004-07-08 | |||
| US20050238737A1 | 2005-10-27 | |||
| US20020086906A1 | 2002-07-04 |
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE REVIEW VOLUME, 1 January 2008 (2008-01-01), XP055129347, Retrieved from the Internet
| Claims 1 . A method for producing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera, said method comprising the steps of: i) providing non-dried rhizomes of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera; and ii) freeze-drying said rhizomes for a duration such that the water content of said rhizomes is below 15%; iii) pulverizing said freeze-dried rhizomes at a temperature lower than 50°C; said dry preparation comprising essentially all the non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera. 2. The dry preparation according to claim 1 , further comprising at least part of the volatiles compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the rhizomes comprise at least part of the stems. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the rhizomes comprise at least one apical shoot. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the non-dried rhizomes are fresh. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the non-dried rhizomes are stored at a temperature between 0 and 25°C until drying, such as at a temperature between 0 and 20°C, such as at a temperature between 0 and 15°C, such as at a temperature between 0 and 10°C, preferably at a temperature between 0 and 5°C. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the non-dried rhizomes are frozen after harvest and stored in a frozen state until drying. 8. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the rhizomes are cut or sliced. 9. The method according to claim 8, in which the rhizomes are cut longitudinally. 10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which at least part of the drying is performed at temperatures greater than 25°C, such as 30°C, such as 37°C, such as 40°C, such as 47°C, such as 50°C, such as 52°C, such as 60°C, such as 70°C, such as 80°C, such as 90°C. 1 1 . The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising the step of milling the dry preparation into a powder. 12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature is lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as lower than 30°C. 13. The method according to any of claims 1 1 to 12, wherein the milling step comprises at least one first step of down-sizing. 14. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein any additional formulation step is performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as lower than 30°C. 15. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the dry preparation is formulated as an ingestible preparation, such as a tablet, a pill, a capsule or a powder. 16. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the dry preparation is formulated as a dietary supplement, a food additive or a medical food. 17. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising the step of reducing the microbial count of the dry preparation. 18. The method according to claim 17, in which reduction of the microbial count of the dry preparation is reduced by applying an environment essentially deprived of oxygen to the dry preparation, and/or by heating, and/or by gas treatment and/or by irradiation of the dry preparation. . The method according to claim 18, comprising the steps of: transferring the dry preparation to a gas-tight sealed container, said container containing an oxygen-free gas for a duration such that said dry preparation is essentially devoid of living aerobic microorganisms; and optionally, heating the container at a temperature heated at a temperature comprised between 50°C and 90°C, such as between 60°C and 80°C, such as between 70°C and 80°C, such as at 75°C, for a duration such that said dry preparation is essentially devoid of living microorganisms. 20. The method according to claim 17, in which the dry preparation is stored in the container containing an oxygen-free gas for a duration of at least 5 days, such as at least 6 days, such as at least 7 days, such as at least 8 days, such as at least 9 days, such as at leastI O days, such as 1 1 days, such as 12 days, such as 13 days, preferably for at least 14 days, such as 15 days, such as 16 days. 21 . The method according to any of claims 17 to 20, in which the gas-tight container contains at most 3% oxygen. 22. The method according to any of claims 17 to 21 , in which the oxygen-free gas is nitrogen. 23. The method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the dry preparation contains at least 1 % 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2% 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 4.5%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 5.5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 6.5%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 7.5%, such as at least 8%. 24. A method for preparing a granulate powder of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera, said method comprising the steps of: i) providing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera; ii) binding said dry preparation with a binder solution comprising a binder dissolved in an essentially pure organic solvent, said binder solution being essentially devoid of water; iii) removing the organic solvent; wherein steps ii) and iii) are performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as 30°C. 25. The method of claim 24, in which the organic solvent is ethanol. 26. The method of claim 24, in which the solvent is at least 90% pure, such as at least 95% pure, such as at least 96% pure, such as at least 97% pure, such as at least 98% pure, such as at least 99% pure, such as 99.5% pure, such as 100% pure. 27. The method of any of claims 24 to 26, in which one or both of steps ii) and iii) is performed at a temperature of 30°C or less. 28. The method of any of claims 24 to 27, in which step iii) is performed under vacuum. 29. The method of any of claims 24 to 28, further comprising a milling step. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the milling step comprises a down-sizing step. 31 . The method according to any of claims 24 to 30, further comprising the step of coating the granulate with a coating agent. 32. The method according to any of claims 24 to 31 , in which the dry preparation of step i) is prepared by the method according to any of claims 1 to 23. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein all the steps are performed at a temperature of 30°C or less. 34. A dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera, said dry preparation comprising: i) essentially all the non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera; ii) at least 1 % 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate. 35. The dry preparation according to claim 34, comprising at least 1 % 1 'S-1 '- acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 1 .5%, such as at least 2% 1 'S-1 '- acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 4.5%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 5.5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 6.5%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 7.5%, such as at least 8%. 36. The dry preparation according to claim 35, obtainable by the method according to any of claims 1 to 23. 37. The dry preparation according to any of claims 34 to 36, said dry preparation being essentially devoid of living microorganisms. 38. The dry preparation according to any of claims 34 to 37, formulated as an ingestible preparation, such as a tablet, a pill, a capsule or a powder. 39. The dry preparation according to any of claims 34 to 38, formulated as a dietary supplement, a food additive or as a medical food. 40. Use of the product according to any of claims 34 to 39 for use as a medicament or as a medical device. 41 . A method for enhancing male fertility by administering a dry preparation according to any of claims 34 to 39 to a male subject. 42. Use of a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera according to any of claims 34 to 39 for enhancing male fertility by administration of the dry preparation to a male subject. o 43. The use according to claim 42, in which the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is administered together with an extract of at least part of the pericarp of Punica granatum. 44. The use according to claim 43, in which the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is administered together with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum to a male subject. 45. The use according to any of claims 43 to 44, in which administration of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum results in enhanced semen quality. 46. The use according to any of claims 43 to 45, in which administration of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum results in enhanced sperm motility. 47. The use according to any of claims 43 to 46, in which administration of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera administered with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum results in an increased total motile sperm count. 48. The use according to any of claims 43 to 47, in which administration of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera administered with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum results in an increased spermatogenesis. 49. The use according to any of claims 42 to 48, in which of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is administered for a duration of at least 30 days, such as at least 50 days, such as at least 100 days, such as at least 150 days. 50. The use according to any of claims 42 to 49, wherein of the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is administered at a dosage of at least 100 mg preparation/day, such as at least 125 mg preparation/ day, such as at least 250 mg preparation/day, such as between 250 and 3000 mg preparation/day, preferably at least 500 mg preparation /day, such as 225 mg preparation /day. 51 . The use according to any of claims 42 to 50, in which the dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is administered at a dosage of at least 5 mg 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate /day, such as between 5 and 50 mg 1 'S-1 '- acetoxychavicol acetate /day, preferably at least 10 mg 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate /day. 52. The use according to any of claims 43 to 51 , in which the extract of Punica granatum comprises at least 40% polyphenols, at least 30% punicosides and at least 20% punicalagins. 53. The use according to any of claims 43 to 52, in which the extract of P. granatum is administered to a male subject at a dosage of at least 75 mg punicalagins/day, such as between 75 mg punicalagins/day and 600 mg punicalagins/day, such as between 100 mg punicalagins/day and 500 mg punicalagins/day, preferably at least 300 mg punicalagins/day. 54. The use according to any of claims 43 to 53, in which the extract of P. granatum is administered to a male subject at a dosage of at least 100 mg punicosides/day, such as between 100 mg punicosides/day and 800 mg punicosides/day, such as between 100 mg punicosides/day and 600 mg punicosides/day, preferably at least 400 mg punicosides/day. 55. The use according to any of claims 43 to 54, in which the extract of P. granatum is administered to a male subject at a dosage of at least 125 mg polyphenols/day, such as between 125 mg polyphenols/day and 1000 mg polyphenols/day, such as between 125 mg polyphenols/day and 700 mg polyphenols/day, preferably at least 500 mg polyphenols/day. |
Field of invention
The present invention relates to a method for preparing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera with high content of 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate and low microbiological count. Also provided is the use of such a dry preparation for enhancing semen quality in a male subject.
Background of invention
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (or greater galangal) and Alpinia conchigera Griff, (or lesser alpinia) belong to the Zingiberaceae (ginger family). The plants are native to Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and India. The rhizomes are used as a condiment in some areas. Alpinia galanga is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, respiratory infections, cancer, dyspepsia, colic, sea sickness and as a tonic, an aphrodisiac and an abortifacient. The rhizomes of A. galanga and A. conchigera comprise several phenylpropanoids with pharmacological activity, including 1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), 1 ' S-1 ' - acetoxyeugenol acetate (AEA) and 1 ' S-1 ' -hydroxychavicol acetate (HCA). The rhizome also contains essential oil with 1 ,8-cineole being a major constituent. High levels of magnesium, calcium, potassium and manganese are also present. ACA has been reported to have numerous effects as carcinogenesis inhibitor (Ohnishi et al., 1996), for the treatment of asthma in mice (Seo et al., 2013), as antiplasmid agent (WO07088408 A1 ), and in the treatment for HIV-1 infection (Ye and Li, 2006). Thus ACA may be an important active component of A. galanga. ACA is a semivolatile phenylpropanoid which is susceptible to evaporation and/or degradation in the course of preparation - especially under typical hydrolytic conditions in water or aqueous ethanol, in particular if raised temperatures are imposed on the extract (Yang and Eilerman, 1999). Under these conditions ACA may be partly or fully converted to 1 -hydroxychavicol acetate and/or p-acetoxycinnamic alcohol and/or p- coumaryl diacetate (Yang and Eilerman, 1999). Up to date, A. galanga-based compositions or preparations have been obtained by ethanol or methanol extraction and have shown relatively low contents in ACA. Although ACA is thought to be an important active component of A. galanga, it is likely that other components of A.
galanga are important. Thus there is a need for a method for preparing A. galanga compositions with high contents in ACA, still comprising essentially all the components of A. galanga.
Summary of invention A method for obtaining a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera was developed in order to improve the content of phenylpropanoids, ACA in particular. The method disclosed herein resulted in a dry preparation of whole rhizomes of A. galanga with a yield of ACA unmatched in literature (8,0% compared with 2,4 % found upon hexane extraction by Yang & Eilerman (1999)). The present method does not involve any extraction steps, and the resulting dry preparation comprises essentially all the nonvolatile and semi-volatile components originally present in the fresh roots at harvest in an essentially anhydrous form. Surprisingly, drying at relatively high temperatures still yields a high ACA content. Importantly, most microorganisms are removed from the dry preparation during the procedure. The invention also relates a method for increasing semen quality in a male subject by administration of such a dry preparation, for example in combination with an extract of Punica granatum.
Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 : GC chromatogram of a dry preparation of freeze-dried Alpinia galanga rhizomes.
Fig. 2: GC chromatogram from fresh Alpinia galanga rhizomes.
Fig. 3: GC chromatogram of external ACA standard.
Fig. 4: Increases in TMSC from baseline to follow-up for each participant in the treatment group and placebo group.
Detailed Description of Drawings
Fig. 1 . GC chromatogram of a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga freeze-dried rhizomes. The dominating compound at rt. 34.2-34.4 min is ACA (1 'S-1 '- acetoxychavicol acetate) identified by mass spectra of the compound in the extract combined with spectra and retention times of the ACA standard.
Fig. 2. GC chromatogram of an extract of fresh Alpinia galanga rhizomes. The dominating compound at rt. 29.18 min is ACA (1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate) identified by mass spectra of the compound in the extract combined with spectra and retention times of the ACA standard. Slightly different conditions (oven programme and column flow) has been used for this chromatogram compared to the chromatograms presented in figures 1 and 3.
Fig. 3. GC chromatogram of ACA (1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate) standard supplied by Phytolab. The GC parameters are similar to those used for the chromatogram presented in Figure 1 .
Fig. 4. Plot of the differences in TMSC (Total motile sperm count) from baseline to follow up for each participant in the treatment group (A) receiving the Alpinia galanga preparation and Punica granatum pomace extract, and placebo group (B). Follow up - baseline (Y-axis) represents the calculated differences in TMSC between the Follow up TMSCs following 90 days of administration of either the dry preparation of A. galanga and the P. granatum extract (group A) or the placebo (group B) and the corresponding TMSCs prior to administration. Detailed description of the invention
The present invention relates to a method for preparing a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera with high ACA content and low microbiological count and comprising essentially all the non-volatile and semi-volatile components of the A. galanga or A. conchigera rhizomes. Evaporation of the non-volatile and semi-volatile components in the present method is avoided because the method does not involve any extraction step. Preferably, the method is performed at low temperatures, thereby reducing hydrolysis and/or evaporation of ACA and other non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
Definitions
1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA)
1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) is a semi-volatile phenylpropanoid. Under typical hydrolytic conditions in water or aqueous ethanol, in particular if raised temperatures are imposed on the extract, ACA may be partly or fully converted to 1 '-hydroxychavicol acetate and/or p-acetoxycinnamic alcohol and/or p-coumaryl diacetate.
Aerobic microorganism
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.
Alpinia conchigera
Alpinia conchigera Griff, belongs to the Zingiberaceae (ginger family). The plant is native to Thailand, Malaysia and India.
Alpinia galanga
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. or greater galangal belongs to the Zingiberaceae (ginger family). The plant is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and India. The plant grows from rhizomes in clumps of stiff stalks up to two meters in height with abundant long leaves and panicles of greenish white flowers.
Anhydrous/Dry
As understood herein, the terms 'anhydrous' or 'dry' refer to a substance with a water content less than 15%.
Binder
The term "binder" refers to an excipient, which ensures cohesion within tablets and granules and other formulations. The use of a binder allows formulation with sufficient mechanical strength.
Down-sizing
As understood herein, the term "down-sizing" refers to a process wherein a preparation such as a powder undergoes a size reduction. For example, down-sizing of a powder results in a powder wherein the final size of the particles of the powder is reduced.
Down-sizing can be performed in conjunction with milling, some millers being equipped with screens which only allow passage of particles smaller than the size of the screen's opening.
Ellagitannins Ellagitannins are a diverse class of hydrolyzable tannins, a type of polyphenol formed primarily from the oxidative linkage of galloyl groups in 1 ,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose. Ellagitannins have been investigated in cells and animals in laboratories for antioxidant, anti-cancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-parastite activities, as well as their ability to regulate blood glucose. The pomegranate ellagitannins, which include punicalagin isomers, are ellagitannins found in the fruit, rind (peel), bark or heartwood of pomegranates. Punicalagins are also found to be important for commercial
pomegranate juice's antioxidant and health benefits. Examples of ellagitannins found in pomegranates are: punicalins, punicalagin A and B, and punicalin isomers.
Freeze-drying
Freeze-drying as understood herein relates to a procedure for drying a solid compound such as rhizomes of A. galanga. Freeze-drying procedures as understood herein may comprise the steps of:
i) Freezing the rhizomes to a temperature of about -18 or -20°C;
ii) Applying vacuum until the pressure is stable and in the range of 1 ,5 to 1 ,7 mb; the pressure may be maintained stable by supplying e.g. nitrogen; iii) Increasing the temperature to start the drying process;
iv) Eliminating the vacuum.
Thus, freeze-drying comprises the steps necessary to allow sublimation of the water comprised in the material to be freeze-dried, i.e. the rhizomes.
Granulate/Granulation
A granulate or granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact. The constituents that compose granular material must be large enough such that they are not subject to thermal motion fluctuations. Thus, the lower size limit for grains in granular material is about 1 μηη. The term 'granulation' refers to the process of forming a granulate.
Oxygen-free gas
An oxygen-free gas is to be construed as referring to a gas mixture comprising levels of oxygen so low that the growth of aerobic microorganisms is inhibited. Typically, levels of oxygen in an essentially oxygen-free gas are less than 3%. Pharmacological activity
Pharmacological activity refers to the effects of a drug on living matter. When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. Activity is generally dosage-dependent.
Phenylpropanoids
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino acid phenylalanine. Their name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three-carbon propene tail of cinnamic acid, which is synthesized from phenylalanine in the first step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
Phenylpropanoids are found throughout the plant kingdom, where they serve as essential components of a number of structural polymers, provide protection from ultraviolet light, defend against herbivores and pathogens, and mediate plant-pollinator interactions as floral pigments and scent compounds. Three of the phenylpropanoids found in Alpinia galanga are 1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), 1 'S-1 '- acetoxyeugenol acetate (AEA) and 1 '-hydroxychavicol acetate (HCA).
Powder/Pulverisation
A powder is a dry, bulk solid composed of a large number of very fine particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted. The term 'pulverisation' refers to the process of transforming a solid substance into a powder, e.g. by milling.
Punicalagins
Punicalagins A and B are a subclass of ellagitannins found to be important for commercial pomegranate juice's antioxidant and health benefits. Punicalagins are also found in other plants of the Combretaceae family: in the leaves of Terminalia catappa L, in the fruits of Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb., in the roots of Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr., in the leaves of Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck & Mull. Arg., in the leaves of Terminalis oblongata F. Muell., in the leaves of Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don. and in the leaves of Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.
Punicalins
Punicalin is an ellagitannin. The term punicalins as understood herein relates to punicalins A and B as well as punicalin isomers. Punicosides
As understood herein, the term punicosides refers to the punicalagins and punicalins, including punicalagin A and B, punicalins A and B and punicalin isomers.
Rhizome
A rhizome is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found
underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Semen
Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova. Semen quality
Semen quality is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization. Thus, it is a measure of fertility in a male subject. Semen quality involves both sperm quantity and quality. Decreased semen quality is a major factor of male infertility. Semen quality can be assessed by semen analyses. Examples of parameters measured in a semen analysis are: sperm count, motility, morphology, volume, fructose level and pH.
Sperm motility
This term refers to the ability of spermatozoa to move forward. In the present context, the term is to be understood as referring also to the motility grade, where the motility of sperm is divided into four different grades:
Grade a: Sperm with progressive motility. These are the strongest and swim fast in a straight line.
Grade b: (non-linear motility): These also move forward but tend to travel in a curved or crooked motion.
Grade c: These have non-progressive motility because they do not move forward despite the fact that they move their tails.
Grade d: These are immotile and fail to move at all.
Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the process by which male primordial germ cells called
spermatogonia undergo meiosis, and produce a number of cells termed spermatozoa. The initial cells in this pathway are called primary spermatocytes. Total motile sperm count (TMSC)
Total motile sperm count (TMSC) or Total motile spermatozoa (TMS) is a combination of sperm count, motility and volume, measuring how many million sperm cells in an entire ejaculate are motile. The TMSC is defined as: ejaculate volume * spermatozoa concentration χ percentage of motile spermatozoa.
Volatility and semi-volatility
Volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapour pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapour pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapour pressure.
Volatile compounds are compounds that have a high vapour pressure at ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Their high vapour pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. A semi-volatile compound is a compound which has a boiling point higher than water and which may vaporize when exposed to temperatures above room temperature.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention relates to a method for producing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera, said method comprising the steps of:
i) providing non-dried rhizomes of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera; and ii) freeze-drying said rhizomes for a duration such that the water content of said rhizomes is below 15%;
iii) pulverizing said freeze-dried rhizomes at a temperature lower than 50°C ; said dry preparation comprising essentially all the non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera.
Thus the invention relates to a method for producing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera comprising essentially all the semi-volatile and nonvolatile compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera. The dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera obtainable by the present invention may also comprise volatile compounds of A. galanga or A. conchigera. The compounds which may be comprised in the dry preparation disclosed herein include, but are not limited to: i) phenylpropanoids, including, but not limited to,1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), 1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxyeugenol acetate (AEA) and 1 ' S-1 ' -hydroxychavicol acetate (HCA); ii) essential oils, including, but not limited to, 1 ,8-cineole; iii) minerals, including, but not limited to, magnesium, calcium, potassium and manganese. The dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera obtainable by the present method may also comprise degradation products of the compounds present in fresh A. galanga or A. conchigera rhizomes, such as, but not limited to: 1 '-hydroxychavicol acetate, p-acetoxycinnamic alcohol, p-coumaryl diacetate. The invention further relates to a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera comprising one or more of the following: phenylpropanoids, such as 1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), 1 ' S-1 ' -acetoxyeugenol acetate, 1 ' S-1 '- hydroxychavicol acetate, p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, p-coumaryl-diacetate, trans- coniferyl-diacetate, trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, trans-p-hydroxycinnamyl acetate, p- acetoxycinnamyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, chavicol acetate, chavicol, methyl- eugenol, eugenol, eugenol acetate, methyl cinnamate; terpenes and related compounds, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as 1 ,8-cineole, a- pinene, β-pinene, a-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol or 4-terpineol, camphene, camphor, myrcene, (Z)-3-ocimene, limonene, linalool, fenchyl acetate, geranyl acetate, bornyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, 2-acetoxy-1 ,8-cineole, 3-acetoxy-1 ,8-cineole, guaiol, β- farnesene, β-bisabolene, (Z,E)-farnesol, β -caryophyllene, a -bergamotene.
In one embodiment, the rhizomes are fresh rhizomes. The apical shoots may be removed, or the rhizomes may still comprise at least one apical shoot. The stems may be removed, or the rhizomes may still comprise at least one stem. In one embodiment, the harvested rhizomes are stored frozen at a temperature between -20 and 0°C until drying. In other embodiments, the harvested rhizomes are stored at a temperature between 0 and 25°C until drying, such as at a temperature between 0 and 20°C, such as at a temperature between 0 and 15°C, such as at a temperature between 0 and 10°C, preferably at a temperature between 0 and 5°C. The rhizomes may be intact, or preferably cut or sliced prior to drying, for example they may be cut longitudinally in order to increase the exposed surface of the rhizomes, thus facilitating the drying process. Also disclosed herein is a method for preparing a dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera containing at least 1 % 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 1 .5% 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 2% 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 4.5%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 5.5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 6.5%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 7.5%, such as at least 8%. Without being bound by theory, the inventors hypothesise that the contents of ACA are indicative of the contents of the components of A galanga or A conchigera which are prone to hydrolysis and/or degradation.
The freeze-drying may be performed at temperatures greater than 25°C. Preferably, the drying process comprises the steps of:
i) Freezing the rhizomes to a temperature of about -18 or -20°C;
ii) Applying vacuum until the pressure is stable and in the range of 1 ,5 to 1 ,7 mb; the pressure may be maintained stable by supplying e.g. nitrogen; iii) Increasing the temperature to start the drying process;
iv) Drying at a given temperature;
v) Eliminating the vacuum. Thus, freeze-drying comprises the steps necessary to allow sublimation of the water comprised in the material to be freeze-dried, i.e. the rhizomes. The drying temperature applied in step iv) is above 0°C, such as up to 10°C, up to 20°C, up to 30°C, up to 40°C, up to 50°C, up to 60°C, up to 70°C, up to 80°C, up to 90°C. The drying temperature applied in step iv) may preferably be greater than 25°C, such as 30°C, such as 37°C, such as 40°C, such as 47°C, such as 50°C, such as 52°C, such as 60°C, such as 70 °C, such as 80°C, such as 90°C.
In some embodiments, the freeze-dried rhizomes have a water content less than 15%, such as less than 14%, such as less than 13%, such as less than 12%, such as less than 1 1 %, such as less than 10%, such as less than 9%, such as less than 8%, such as less than 7%, such as less than 6%, such as less than 5%.
It will be obvious to the skilled man that the temperatures and the durations used for each of the steps involved in the freeze-drying may vary depending e.g. on parameters such as the performance of the oven, on the pressure used, on the age of the rhizomes, on the extent of chopping or cutting of the roots.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise milling the dry preparation of A. galanga or A conchigera by methods known in the art, resulting in a powder.
The milling of the dry preparation is preferably performed at a temperature suitable for preventing hydrolysis of volatile compounds such as ACA. Thus milling is preferably performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as lower than 30°C. Without being bound by theory, the inventors hypothesize that high temperatures may accelerate hydrolysis of ACA in the freeze- dried rhizomes, which still contain some water. Thus milling is preferably performed on a miller equipped with a cooling system in order to maintain the temperature within a suitable range despite the milling process being exothermic.
In some embodiments, the milling step comprises at least one step of down-sizing. The down-sizing may be performed in a miller equipped with a screen, wherein the screen has an opening smaller than 15 mm, such as 12 mm, such as 10 mm, such as 5 mm, such as 4 mm, such as 3 mm, such as 2 mm, such as 1 mm.
In some embodiments, the at least one step of down-sizing is three steps of downsizing performed in the following order: i) down-sizing on a 12 mm screen;
ii) down-sizing on a 2 mm screen;
iii) down-sizing on a 1 mm screen.
Performing multiple steps of down-sizing may facilitate the down-sizing process by first sorting out the bigger particles, whereby further down-sizing of the selected particles is easier.
In some embodiments, the resulting down-sized powder thus comprises particles having a size smaller than the smallest size of any screen used in the down-sizing process. It will be obvious to the skilled person that the choice of the screen depends on the desired particle size. The step of milling and/or the at least one step of down- sizing preferably result in a substantially homogenous dry preparation, wherein the components of the rhizomes of A. galanga or A. conchigera are substantially evenly distributed. In some embodiments, the dry preparation is substantially homogenous.
Also within the scope of the present invention is a method for obtaining a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera formulated as an ingestible preparation, such as, but not limited to, a tablet, a pill, a capsule or a powder. It may also be formulated as a dietary supplement, a food additive or as a medical food. The methods for formulating the dry preparation may be any method known by the skilled man. The formulation may comprise other ingredients and may comprise coating. It will be understood that the dry preparation may be dissolved in e.g. oil prior to formulation. In some embodiments, any additional formulation steps are performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as lower than 30°C.
Also disclosed herein is a method for obtaining a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera further comprising the steps of: i) transferring the dry preparation to a gas- tight sealed container, said container containing an oxygen-free gas; ii) optionally, heating said container at a temperature comprised between 50°C and 90°C, such as between 60°C and 80°C, such as between 70°C and 80°C, such as at 75°C. The oxygen-free gas may be nitrogen, or any other oxygen-free gas which will prevent growth of aerobic microorganisms. The dry preparation should be stored in the container for a duration such that the titres in aerobic microorganisms, whether facultative or mandatory aerobes, are greatly decreased. For example, the dry preparation is stored in the container containing oxygen-free gas for a duration of at least 5 days, such as at least 6 days, such as at least 7 days, such as at least 8 days, such as at least 9 days, such as at leastI O days, such as 1 1 days, such as 12 days, such as 13 days, preferably for at least 14 days, such as 15 days, such as 16 days.
The gas-tight sealed container containing the oxygen-free gas and the dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera may further be heated at a temperature comprised between 50°C and 90°C, such as between 60°C and 80°C, such as between 70°C and 80°C, such as at 75°C to ensure that growth of the remaining aerobic microorganisms and growth of the anaerobic microorganisms is inhibited. The container may be heated for a duration such that the total bacterial count in the dry preparation is low.
Surprisingly, such heating does not cause low ACA recovery in the dry preparation (see example 1 ).
Other methods known in the art may be used to reduce the total bacterial counts in the dry preparation, such as, but not limited to: chemical sterilisation, irradiation, gas sterilisation, high pressure.
Specific embodiments of the invention have total bacteria counts such that ingestion of the present dry preparation is regarded as safe and non-hazardous. For example, Salmonella species should be absent from a 25 g sample of the preparation, as recommended in general food safety guidelines (Guidelines on the Evaluation of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Food, Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fishing,
Denmark, 1999; Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the control of Salmonella and other specified food- borne zoonotic agents). Escherichia coli counts should be within the acceptable range of less than 100 per g of preparation. Such preparations are considered essentially devoid of microorganisms.
Also provided herein is a method for preparing a granulate powder of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera, said method comprising the steps of: i) providing a dry preparation of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera;
ii) binding said dry preparation with a binder solution comprising a binder dissolved in an essentially pure organic solvent, said binder solution being essentially devoid of water;
iii) removing the organic solvent;
wherein steps ii) and iii) are performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as 30°C.
Examples of suitable binders include, but are not limited to: saccharides and derivatives thereof: disaccharides, e.g. sucrose or lactose, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, e.g. starches, cellulose or modified cellulose such as microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC); sugar alcohols and derivatives thereof, e.g. xylitol, sorbitol or maltitol; proteins, e.g. gelatin; synthetic polymers, e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG). Preferably, the binder is a solution binder. In one embodiment, the binder is PVP, for example PVP90.
Suitable organic solvents include solvents which are essentially pure and devoid of water. Without being bound by theory, the inventors believe that it is important that the solvent is devoid of water in order to prevent hydrolysis of ACA and other compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera.
In some embodiments, the organic solvent is ethanol or isopropanol. It will be understood that any organic solvent capable of dissolving a binder to obtain a suitable binder solution can be used.
The skilled person will know in which mass ratio the binder should be dissolved in the organic solvent. Thus in some embodiments, suitable binder/solvent mass ratios are comprised between 80:20 and 98:2, such as 85:15 and 96:4, such as 87:13 and 94:6, such as 89:1 1 and 92:8, such as 91.5:8.5.
In some embodiments, the organic solvent is at least 90% pure, such as at least 95% pure, such as at least 96% pure, such as at least 97% pure, such as at least 98% pure, such as at least 99% pure, such as 99.5% pure, such as 100% pure. Thus in some embodiments the organic solvent is ethanol which is at least 90% pure, such as at least 95% pure ethanol, such as at least 96% pure ethanol, such as at least 97% pure ethanol, such as at least 98% pure ethanol, such as at least 99% pure ethanol, such as 99.5% pure ethanol, such as 100% pure ethanol. In other embodiments the organic solvent is isopropanol which is at least 90% pure, such as at least 95% pure
isopropanol, such as at least 96% pure isopropanol, such as at least 97% pure isopropanol, such as at least 98% pure isopropanol, such as at least 99% pure isopropanol, such as 99.5% pure isopropanol, such as 100% pure isopropanol.
The skilled person will know in which the dry preparation is dissolved in the binder solution. In some embodiments, the binder solution and the dry preparation are contacted at a mass ratio comprised between 80:20 and 98:2, such as 85:15 and 96:4, such as 87:13 and 94:6, such as 89:1 1 and 93:7, such as 92.5:7.5.
Preferably, at least one of steps ii) and iii) is performed at a temperature of 30°C or less. Generally, it is preferable to perform at least one of these steps at a temperature where hydrolysis of ACA and other compounds of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera is reduced. Thus in some embodiments, at least steps ii) and iii) are performed at a temperature of 30°C or less. In other embodiments, all of steps i), ii) and iii) are performed at a temperature of 30°C or less.
The method for preparing a granulate powder of Alpinia galanga or Alpinia conchigera may further comprise a milling step.
The milling step is preferably performed at a temperature suitable for preventing hydrolysis of volatile compounds such as ACA. Thus milling is preferably performed at a temperature lower than 50°C, such as lower than 40°C, such as lower than 35°C, such as lower than 30°C. Without being bound by theory, the inventors hypothesize that high temperatures may accelerate hydrolysis of ACA in the freeze-dried rhizomes, which still contain some water. Thus milling is preferably performed on a miller equipped with a cooling system in order to maintain the temperature within a suitable range despite the milling process being exothermic.
In some embodiments, the milling step comprises at least one step of down-sizing. The down-sizing may be performed in a miller equipped with a screen, wherein the screen has an opening smaller than 15 mm, such as 12 mm, such as 10 mm, such as 5 mm, such as 4 mm, such as 3 mm, such as 2 mm, such as 1 mm.
In some embodiments, the at least one step of down-sizing is three steps of downsizing performed in the following order: i) down-sizing on a 12 mm screen;
ii) down-sizing on a 2 mm screen;
iii) down-sizing on a 1 mm screen. Performing multiple steps of down-sizing may facilitate the down-sizing process by first sorting out the bigger particles, whereby further down-sizing of the selected particles is easier. In some embodiments, the resulting down-sized granulate powder thus comprises particles having a size smaller than the smallest size of any screen used in the downsizing process. It will be obvious to the skilled person that the choice of the screen depends on the desired particle size. The step of milling and/or the at least one step of down-sizing preferably result in a homogenous granulate powder, wherein the components of A. galanga or A conchigera are evenly distributed.
The dry preparation provided in step i) may be a powder. The method for granulating such powder preferably results in a granulate with a higher density than the powder provided in step i). Thus in some embodiments, the granulate powder obtained by the method of the invention has a density greater than 12 g/100 mL, such as greater than 15 g/100 mL, such as greater than 20 g/100 mL, such as greater than 22 g/100 mL, such as greater than 25 g/100 mL, such as greater than 26 g/100 mL, such as 27 g/100 mL, such as 28 g/mL, such as 29 g/mL, such as 30 g/mL. In some embodiments, the granulate powder has an angle of repose comprised between 30° and 50°, such as between 35° and 45°, such as between 36° and 43°, such as between 37° and 41 °, such as between 38° and 40°, such as 39°.
The dry preparation provided in step i) may be obtained as described above using one of the methods of the present invention.
The present method may further comprise a step of coating the granulate with a coating agent. Suitable coating agents are known in the art. Water-based coating agents may be employed. Such coating agents do not appear to accelerate hydrolysis of ACA. It will be obvious to the skilled person that other agents such as fillers, anti- aggregants, surfacing agents, may be added to the granulate prior to coating.
In some embodiments, the granulate obtained by the present method is substantially homogenous. In other embodiments, all the steps of the method for preparing a granulate are performed at a temperature of 30°C or less.
Also provided herein is a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera, said dry preparation comprising essentially all the non-volatile compounds of A. galanga or A. conchigera; and at least 1 % 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate.
The dry preparation is obtainable by the method described herein and is essentially devoid of living microorganisms. It may be formulated as an ingestible preparation, such as a tablet, a pill, a capsule or a powder, or as a dietary supplement or a food additive or a medical food.
Also provided herein is the use of a dry preparation of A. galanga or A conchigera for use as a medicament or as a medical device.
Also provided herein is a method for enhancing male fertility by administration of a dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera as described herein to a male subject. The male subject is preferably a mammal, such as, but not limited to, a human or a domestic animal, for example a bull, a sheep, a pig, a horse, a dog or a cat.
The dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera may be administered together with an extract of mashed fruits of Punica granatum (pomegranate) or of Terminalia catappa or of Terminalia myriocarpa or of Combretum molle. Such extract may be obtained by mashing the pericarp of the fruits, e.g. by mashing the remains of squeezed fruits essentially devoid of juice. Alternatively, whole fruits may be mashed. In other embodiments, the dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera is administered together with a plant extract containing at least 20% of punicalagins.
In one embodiment, the dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera and the extract of Punica granatum are administered to a subject. The subject may suffer from poor semen quality or have normal semen quality. Poor semen quality may be reflected by a low total motile sperm count (TMSC), such as a TMSC<15 x 10 6 . Poor semen quality may also be reflected by low sperm motility. In some embodiments, administration of a composition comprising the present dry preparation of A galanga or A conchigera and an extract of pomegranate to a male subject results in increased semen quality, for example it results in increased TMSC and/or increased sperm motility and/or increased spermatogenesis. Increased sperm motility may be reflected by an improvement in the motility grade, such as an improvement from grade d to grade c, from grade c to grade b, from grade b to grade a.
Specific embodiments relate to the use of a dry preparation of A. galanga or A.
conchigera and an extract of P. granatum for enhancing male fertility by administration to a male subject for a duration of at least 30 days, such as at least 50 days, such as at least 100 days, such as at least 150 days. Preferably, the galangal preparation and the pomegranate extract are administered at least until the subject has conceived offsprings.
Other embodiments relate to the use of a dry preparation of A. galanga or A.
conchigera for enhancing male fertility by administration to a male subject of said dry preparation at a dosage of at least 100 mg preparation/day, such as at least 125 mg preparation/ day, such as at least 250 mg preparation/day, such as between 250 and
3000 mg preparation/day, preferably at least 500 mg preparation /day, such as 225 mg preparation /day. Other embodiments relate to the use of a dry preparation of A.
galanga or A. conchigera for enhancing male fertility by administration to a male subject of said dry preparation at a dosage of at least 2 mg ACA/day, such as between
5 and 50 mg ACA/day, preferably at least 10 mg ACA/day.
In some embodiments, male fertility is enhanced by administration of a dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera and an extract of P. granatum to a male subject. The P. granatum extract comprises preferably at least 40% polyphenols, at least 30% punicosides and at least 20% punicalagins. In some embodiments, the dry preparation of A. galanga or A. conchigera and the extract of P. granatum are administered to a male subject at a dosage of at least 75 mg punicalagins/day, such as between 75 mg/day and 600 mg/day, such as between 100 mg/day and 500 mg/day, preferably at least 300 mg/day. In some embodiments, the dosage of punicosides is at least 100 mg/day, such as between 100 mg/day and 800 mg/day, such as between 100 mg/day and 600 mg/day, preferably at least 400 mg/day. The dosage of polyphenols is at least 125 mg/day, such as between 125 mg/day and 1000 mg/day, such as between 123 mg/day and 700 mg/day, preferably at least 500 mg/day. Examples
Example 1 .
Fresh rhizomes of Alpinia galanga were harvested and the stems growing from the rhizome were cut off at harvest 10-20 cm above the base. The apical shoots were left intact on the rhizome. The rhizomes were kept cool at all times (0-5°C). Shortly prior to freeze-drying or freezing, the stems of the rhizomes were cut at the base and the rhizomes split longitudinally in order to facilitate the transfer of water vapours to the gas phase during the freeze-drying process. After the splitting process, the rhizomes were frozen at -18°C until freeze-drying.
The rhizomes were freeze-dried under the following conditions:
Step 1 : 10 h at 47°C
Step 2: 6 h at 52°C
Step 3: 4 h decrease ramp to 37°C
Step 4: 90 min at 37°C
Step 5: Termination / elimination of vacuum The pressure was maintained at 1 .5 mb by supplying nitrogen.
Microbiological counts were performed on the dried rhizomes after freeze-drying (table 1 )-
Table 1. Microbiological counts on dried rhizomes after freeze-drying.
Tests Method Results Units
Ref.
MICROBIOLOGY REPORT
T.V.C 3O0C 3 days SM01 160000 cfu/g
Coliforms ! SM02 150000 cfu/g
E. coli SM25 330 cfu/g
B. cereus SM11 20! cfu/g
S. aureus SM07 <20 cfu/g
C, perfringens SM29 <10 cfu/g
Yeast SM12 81000 cfu/g
Mould SM12 <10 cfu/g
After drying, the water content in the A. galanga rhizome was 2-5%.
The dried rhizomes were then transferred to a gas- and aroma tight sealed foil bag and stored in an oxygen-free gas (Nitrogen) for 14 days in order to eliminate or decrease the presence of aerobic microorganisms. Characteristics of the foil bag:
(WMPET12/DRY/LPDE Film 100) Total 1 14 m foil thickness
Dimensions 720mm(W) * 1 190mm (L)
Overall migration:
Manufacturer: Won Ji Canada Corp.
After storage, the gas- and aroma tight bags with dried rhizomes were transferred to a heating oven for 3 hours at 75 ± 3°C in order to further decrease the number of microorganisms in the product. Microbiological counts were performed on the dried rhizomes after this step (table 3). Table 2. Microbiological counts on dried rhizomes after storage in nitrogen for 14 days and heating for 3 hours at 75 ± 3°C.
After freeze-drying, storage in oxygen-free nitrogen atmosphere (<3% oxygen) and heating of the rhizomes in the foil bags, analytical tests of the ACA levels were performed after extraction with ethanol and subsequent GC-MS quantification. The level of ACA in the dry roots was 4,03% (with 3% water content in the rhizomes). An example of the GC-MS chromatogram of the quantification of ACA recovered from the freeze-dried AG rhizomes is presented in figure 1 . Examples of GC chromatograms of extracts from a preparation of freeze dried Alpinia galanga rhizomes (Figure 1 ) and fresh rhizomes (Figure 2) clearly illustrate that ACA (1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate ) is the most abundant semi-volatile compound in Alpinia galanga rhizomes. Quantification was performed using a calibration curve for the external ACA standard (Figure 3). Example 2.
Galanga root powder (2 g) (Commercial extract 2) was extracted with 10 ml dichloromethane in a closed Blue Cap flask (25 ml) overnight in the dark under stirring at room temperature. The filtered dichloromethane extract was analyzed directly by GC-MS (70 eV). The major peak in the chromatogram (not shown) at retention time
26.16 min has a molecular ion at m/z 164 and major fragment ions at m/z 131 and 133 (base peaks), which indicates that it is closely related to eugenol and/or chavicol. Search in the MS database gave no obvious candidates but its molecular ion and its fragments indicate that the compound could be 1 -hydroxy chavicol methyl ether.
Furthermore, it can be concluded that the extract contained only trace amounts of the characteristic marker compounds of galanga roots such as 1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), hydroxychavicol acetate (HCA) or 1 '-S-1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate. Table 3 shows a comparative analysis of several galanga preparations and their content in ACA.
Table 3. Comparative analysis of Galanga preparations.
Example 3.
Here is shown an example of a formulation of the invention based on a dry preparation of A. galanga (table 4).
Table 4.
mg/ pr tablet Compound Function
190,910 Dried powder of Alpinia galanga Active ingredient prepared according to the
procedures described above
18,000 Talc (E553b)
194,300 Cellulose, microcrystalline
(E460)
54,270 Syloid AL1 (E551 )
4,00 Magnesium steareate (E470b)
461 ,480 Total core tablet
1 ,000 Shellac (E904) Part of the filmcoat
0,010 Copper complexes of Part of the filmcoat - Chlorophylls (E14i) colouring agent
0,621 Propylene glycol (E1520) Part of the filmcoat 1 ,055 Talc (E553b) Part of the filmcoat
2,917 Titanium dioxide (E171 ) Part of the filmcoat
3,103 Pharmacoat 615 (Hydroxypropyl Part of the filmcoat methyl cellulose) (E464)
8,706 Total film coat
Example 4.
Table 5 shows an example of formulating tablets comprising a dry preparation of A. galanga and an ethanolic extract of P. granatum (pomace extract).
Table 5.
mg/ pr tablet Compound Function
190,910 Dried powder of Alpinia galanga Active ingredient prepared according to the
procedures described ealier in
this section
250,000 Dried powder extract Active ingredient
(ethanolic/water) of Punica
granatum pomace (40%
Punicosides)
Talc (E553b)
Cellulose, microcrystalline
(E460)
Syloid AL1 (E551 )
Cellulose, microcrystalline,
magnesium steareate (E470b).
(E470b)
Total core tablet
1 ,000 Shellac (E904) Part of the filmcoat
0,010 Copper complexes of Part of the filmcoat - Chlorophylls (E14i) colouring agent
0,621 Propylene glycol (E1520) Part of the filmcoat 1 ,055 Talc (E553b) Part of the filmcoat
2,917 Titanium dioxide (E171 ) Part of the filmcoat
3,103 Pharmacoat 615 (Hydroxyoropyl Part of the filmcoat methyl cellulose) (HPMC) (E464)
8,706 Total film coat
Example 5. Clinical study.
The effects of the administration of a dry preparation of A. galanga together with an extract of P. granatum on semen quality was investigated in male subjects in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study. The purpose of the study was to test the efficacy of treatment with the plant preparations compared with placebo. The study period lasted 3 months (90 days) in order to cover the full cycle of sperm production (72 - 74 days).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Study participants were recruited from Nordic Cryobank (rejected as sperm donors due to relatively low sperm counts), from the Fertility Clinic at Region Hospital Horsens, Denmark, and through advertising in local newspapers. Inclusion criteria were two baseline sperm samples each showing a total number of motile spermatozoa (TMSC) < 200 x 10 6 . Potential study participants which fulfilled this requirement should then fill out a questionnaire about life style, former illness and medicine consumption to ensure that the reason for inferior semen quality was not due to obvious medicinal reasons, such as cryptorchidism or genital tract infection. Another exclusion criterion was azoospermia. Study participants were not examined by a medical doctor prior to the inclusion. Otherwise study participants must be at least 18 years old.
Upon termination of the study the participants completed another questionnaire in order to examine the occurrence of any negative or positive side effects.
Sample collection
Semen samples were collected at Nordic Cryobank, Arhus, or at Region Hospital Horsens. Samples collected at Nordic Cryobank were stored at body temperature for a few hours before transport to Region Hospital Horsens where they were analysed. Study participants
Within the time schedule for the study, it was possible to recruit 70 men. Four of the men did not enter the study for unknown reasons. Of the remaining 66 participants, 1 1 men had a semen quality at baseline of TMSC < 40x10 6 . Thus a minority of the included men had normal semen quality as defined by the TMSC.
Altogether 32 men received treatment while 34 men received placebo. One study participant in the treatment group had only one follow up value. Randomization and blinding
The randomisation unit was each individual. Study participants were randomized equally to treatment or placebo within blocks of 10.
Clinical investigator, laboratory technician, study participants and statistician were blinded.
Measurement
Semen quality was measured twice before initiation of the treatment with an interval of 4 - 10 days between the two measurements. The average of these two measurements was designated the baseline value. Semen quality was measured again 4 - 8 days after initiation of treatment in order to test if there was an acute effect of the treatment. Finally, semen quality was measured twice at the end of the treatment period (90 days) with an interval between the two measurements of 4 - 10 days. The average of these two measurements was designated the follow-up value. Primary outcome
The primary outcome was change in semen quality expressed as the total motile sperm count (TMSC)/ejaculate during the study period. The TMSC is defined as: ejaculate volume * spermatozoa concentration χ percentage of motile spermatozoa. These three parameters are measured according to the methods described in the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5 th Edition, WHO.
The primary outcome was calculated as the difference between the follow-up value and the baseline value. The difference between the treatment group and placebo group with respect to this outcome was analysed by an unequal variance t-test. This test takes into account variance heterogeneity between the two groups and deviation from normal distribution. As a confirming analysis all confidence intervals and p-values were calculated by the bootstrap method. Treatment vs. placebo
Both the treatment group and the placebo group had to take 2 x 4 tablets each day, 4 in the morning and 4 in the evening, if possible in combination with a meal.
The daily treatment consisted of 4 tablets with extract of Punica granatum and 4 tablets with Alpinia galanga (2 of each in the morning and 2 of each in the evening). One tablet with P. granatum contained 250 mg extract so that the total daily dose was 1 g. One tablet of A. galanga contained 191 mg pulverized material, so that the total daily dose was 764 mg. The participants received all the tablets at the beginning of the study in two separate containers. The participants in the placebo group also received all tablets in two different containers.
Daily dose and potentially active compounds of P. granatum tablets
The daily dose of P. granatumjextract was 1000 mg extract pr. day. The contents of major ellagitannins in the tablets were measured by HPLC-analyses with the following results:
1 ,8 - 2,8 mg ellagic acid/tablet; 7,4 - 1 1 mg ellagic acid/4 tablets (daily dose) 20 - 28 mg punicalagin A tablet; 79 - 1 10 mg punicalagin A 4 tablets (daily
dose)
61 - 85 mg punicalagin B/tablet; 243 - 340 mg punicalagin B/4 tablets (daily dose)
1 ,2 mg punicalin/tablet 4.7 mg punicalin/4 tablets (daily dose)
Standards of punicalagin A and B were purchased from Chromadex, while the standard of punicalin was purchased from Stanford Chemicals. The standard of ellagic acid was purchased from PhytoLab.
From these analysis results the content of the major ellagitannins in the extract can be calculated:
Punicalagin A: 7,9 - 1 1 % Punicalagin B: 24 - 34 %
Thus the total content of punicalagin A + B is between 32 % and 45 %. This is accordance with information from the specification of the extract which states that the total content of punicalagin A + B in the extract is≥ 30 %.
Daily dose and active compounds of A. galanga tablets
The daily dose of galangal preparation was 763,64 mg pr. day corresponding to approx. 7 g of fresh rhizome of A. galanga.
The content of ACA in the tablets was measured by GC/MS-analysis with the following result:
3,9 mg ACA/tablet; 16 mg ACA/4 tablets (daily dose) The standard of ACA was purchased from PhytoLab.
The content of ACA in the tablets was diminishing over time as shown in table 6. ACA is a semivolatile phenylpropanoid. At high temperatures, ACA may be partly or fully converted to 1 -hydroxychavicol acetate and/or p-acetoxycinnamic alcohol and/or p- coumaryl diacetate.
Table 6: The reduction in ACA-content (%) of the tablets as a function of elapsed time after production.
The last analysis value at 21 months was the average of tablets from two different containers stored at different temperatures (approx. 5°C and room temperature, respectively). Storage temperature did not seem to affect the ACA-loss of the tablets.
Content of P. granatum tablets
The P. granatum tablets contained the following ingredients (per tablet):
250 mg P. granatum extract standardized to 40 % punicosides (the ellagitannins punicalagins and punicalins). A 40 % ethanolic extraction of mashed P. granatum fruits (15 - 20:1 ) was followed by spraydrying. 2, 55 mg silicon dioxide (E 551 )
75 mg sodium bicarbonate (E 500N)
122,2 mg microcrystalline cellulose (E 460)
5 mg Syloid AL1 (E 551 )
5,25 mg magnesium stearate (E 470b)
Content of A. galanga tablets
The A. galanga tablets contained the following ingredients (per tablet):
190,91 mg pulverized A. galanga
18,00 mg talc (E 553b)
194,30 mg microcrystalline cellulose (E 460)
54,27 mg Syloid AL1 (E 551 )
4,00 mg magnesium stearate (E 470b)
Content of placebo tablets (P. granatum)
The placebo tablets matching the P. granatum tablets consisted of the following ingredients (per tablet): 167,6 mg sodium bicarbonate (E 500N)
296,6 mg microcrystalline cellulose (E 460)
2,35 mg Syloid AL1 (E 551 )
5,15 mg magnesium stearate (E 470b) Content of placebo tablets (A. galanga)
The placebo tablets matching the A. galanga tablets consisted of the following ingredients (per tablet):
460,85 mg microcrystalline cellulose (E 460)
6,00 mg Syloid AL1 (E 551 )
5,15 mg magnesium stearate (E 470b)
Coating
All tablets were coated with a white film coat consisting of the following compounds (per tablet): 1 ,000 mg shellac (E 904)
0,621 mg propylene glycol (E 1520)
1 ,055 mg talc (E 553b)
2,917 mg titanium dioxide (E 171 )
3,103 mg hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E 464)
Furthermore, the A. galanga tablets and matching placebo tablets were coloured with the following food colouring:
0,01 mg copper complexes of chlorophylls (E 141 i). Results
Administration of a combination of a newly developed composition of Alpinia galanga and Punica granatum induced an average 62% increase (P=0,026) in TMSC for men with inferior semen quality following 90 days of treatment (Table 7). In the first half of the study where the content of ACA in the A. galanga composition was highest, the average increase in sperm counts was 74% (P=0.045) (Table 7). No effects on the sperm counts were observed after only 1 week of treatment (Table 7), indicating that the observed positive effects can be explained by a positive influence on
spermatogenesis rather than an antioxidative protection of the mature sperm cells prior to or after ejaculation.
Table 7: Average of total motile sperm counts for the two treatment groups
A= Alpinia galanga + Punica granatum, B= placebo
Treatment
A B
(n=32) (n=34) Difference P-value
Baseline 23.4 (14.3;32.4) 19.9 (12.0:27.8) 3.5 (-8.3:15.3) 0.56
Initiating treatment 23.6 (14.4;32.8) 20.1 (12.1 ;28.1 ) 3.5 (-8.4;15.4) 0.56
Follow-up 37.8 (23.6;52.1 ) 23.9 (14.2;33.6) 14.0 (-3.0:30.9) 0.10
Initiating treatment - baseline 0.2 (-1 .9:2.4) 0.2 (-3.3:3.6) 0.1 (-4.0:4.1 ) 0.98
Follow-up - baseline 14.5 (6.8:22.1 ) 4.0 (-1 .3:9.3) 10.5 (1.3:19.7) 0.026 The increases in TMSC from baseline to follow up for each participant in the treatment group and placebo group are shown in Figure 4. Example 6
Analysis of a number of dry A. galanga extracts sold as raw material for food supplements showed very low or no ACA content in the products analyzed. The ACA content in fresh rhizomes is relatively high (up to 1 1 % DW). It is possible that the considerable, or in some cases, total, loss of ACA in the final products, may be caused by either 1 ) one or more of the methodological steps converting the fresh rhizomes to dry powders suitable for incorporation in tablets and/or 2) loss during storage prior to or after the preparation of the dry extracts or tablets.
Breakdown of the major active compound in A. galanga, ACA, may be initiated by hydrolysis in the presence of water and raised temperatures.
Further, our initial tests on the preparations of A. galangal produced by milling the freeze dried rhizomes into powder, showed, that the fibers of the rhizome have a different density and structure than the remainder components produced by the milling process. It was not possible to incorporate this inhomogeneous mixture of light fibers and heavier components evenly into tablets, i.e., the first tablets produced would have a higher proportion of the heavier fragments compared to those produced at the end of the tablet production process because the smaller and heavier fragments would move to the bottom of the funnel feeding the material into the tablet machine.
In order to obtain an even distribution of fibers and other fractions in the tablets a water-free and low-temperature method for granulation of the dry preparation was developed. Prior to freeze-drying, the rhizomes were split or chopped as described above.
Subsequently, the split or chopped freeze-dried rhizomes were milled on a Co-mill equipped with air cooling system in order to avoid heating of the rhizomes during the grating process. The tough fibres present in the rhizomes cause significant friction in the grating process. Our initial experiments showed that the temperature in the powder would reach 50°C or more which is expected to accelerate the hydrolysis of ACA. We therefore applied a standard air cooling system to the miller which kept the temperature below 30°C. GC quantification of the ACA content showed no significant loss of ACA following milling using the cooling system and the following sequence of down-sizing on a series of screens: first a 12 mm screen, then a 2mm screen and finally a 1 mm screen. The distribution of particle sizes using this series of screens is presented in table 8.
Table 8. Distribution of particle sizes following milling with three down-sizing steps using initially a 12 mm screen, then a 2 mm screen and finally a 1 mm screen.
As mentioned above, the powder needs to be brought into a homogeneous mixture with higher density in order to be incorporated into tablets. For this purpose a standard procedure in the industry has been to apply a binder (e.g.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone) dissolved in a relatively high percentage of water and e.g. organic solvent such as ethanol. We developed a procedure dissolving the binder (7.5% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 90)) in 99.5% ethanol in order to reduce hydrolysis of ACA. Further the temperature was decreased to 30°C. This is important as there is still some water present in the freeze-dried roots, which may hydrolyse ACA or other compounds. The granulation process took place in vacuum at 40-50°C. After granulation, the solvent was dried off under vacuum at a temperature lower than 30°C. This caused no significant loss of ACA. PVP90 was dissolved in 99.5% ethanol (91 .5% w/w PVP90, 8.5% w/w ethanol). A dry preparation of A. galanga was mixed with PVP90 as binder (92.5% w/w dry preparation, 7.5% w/w PVP90). Tablets were manufactured, each tablet weighing 457,50 mg, and containing 7.50 mg coating and120 mg granulate (corresponding to 1 1 1 mg of the dry preparation). The granulation process caused the density of the powder to increase from 12 g/100 ml to 27 g/100 ml (Angle of repose: 39 °). The granulated powder was further milled on a Co-mil using a 1 mm screen. The granulated powder was now suitable for
incorporation into tablets. We compared the ACA content in the freeze-dried rhizomes with that of the powder (prior to granulation) and also with the ACA content following granulation. The ACA content in the three products was not statistically different (between 7.9% and 8.1 %), showing that the processes described here, preserve the ACA content in the freeze- dried roots.
The granulated powder was incorporated into tablets using a standard procedure in the industry. This procedure caused no significant change in the ACA content of the granulated powder (between 7.9 and 8.1 %).
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