DYE-FORMING DEVELOPERS

This invention relates to the production of black and white or color photographic images and in particular to photographic elements and to developer solutions containing dye-forming developers to amplify the silver image.

Metallic silver has been used overwhelmingly in the past to provide image density to most black and white photographic materials. Such an image is obtained through a process involving imagewise exposure of a silver salt light-sensitive material, usually silver halide, followed by a development step in which the exposed silver halide latent image is selectively reduced to metallic silver and finally a fixation step in which the unexposed silver salt is removed and the image is stabilized against further exposure. In contrast to black and white development in which developer does not form a dye image since the oxidised developer is discarded as a non-essential by-product, color development involving paraphenylene diamine type developers and color formers provides a dye image in combination with a silver image. •

The growing scarcity and rising cost of silver has spurred interest in alternative light sensitive materials. However, none of these light sensitive materials has matched the sensitivity of silver halide. Numerous attempts have been made to amplify the silver image with dye- hrough color development using mostly cyan couplers, as disclosed, for jexample in United States Patent Specification No. 4,126,461, British Patent Specification Nos. 1,524,017 and 1,530,398 and French Patent Specifica¬ tion No. 2,389,162.

An attractive method of achieving a dye amplified silver image consists of using a dye-forming developer which upon reducing the exposed silver halide to metallic silver, is itself trasformed into a dye by subse¬ quent oxidation or by dimerisation followed by further oxidation.

British Patent Specification No. 1,122,085 , describes the use of 4-methoxy-l-naphthol and related compounds as developers for silver halide emulsions to provide a blue dye image known as Russig's Blue with the aim of reducing the silver consumption in radiographic materials. The disadvantage of using this alkaline developer formulation is its instability and susceptibility to air oxidation. The premature formation of the blue dye in the alkaline solution leads to a poor shelf life of the developer solution.

United States Patent Specification Nos. 3,057,721 and 3,148 060 disclose the use of.4-methoxy-l- naphthol incorporated in a non-tanning diffusing transfer developer for graphic arts. Again air oxidation is the main problem. United States Patent Specification Nos. 3,320,063 and 3,431,260 disclose the use of keto-1,3- perinaphthoxazines as silver halide developers which can form dyes for diffusion transfer processes.

British Patent Application No. 2,017,951A discloses the use of dihydroxynaphthalene derivatives as chromogenic developers, especially for radiographic materials. Various tints from brown to blue are reported. The drawback of such developers resides on the excessive solubility in alkali of the dyes which are easily washed out resulting in loss of density.

United States Patent Specification No. 2,206,126 discloses the use of monoethers of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxy- anthracene along with a number of phenol, naphthol, hydroguinone derivatives and leuco indigoid dyes such as dye-forming developers, chiefly for color photography. So far these processes have not been put into practice due to the limited range of colors obtained, the instability of the developers, and the difficulty of preparing some of the developers. The use of dye-forming developers has been hindered by their low stability in alkaline developer formulations and in the presence of air. For example,

alkoxynaphthols oxidize and autocouple to form lignone dyes. British Patent Specification No. 1,122,085 discloses that 4-methoxy-l-naphthol, although being an adequate photographic developer, cannot be incorporated in a developer formulation containing sulfite since the latter adversely affects the dye density. This Patent Specification discloses the incorporation of l-phenyl-3- pyrazolidone (phenidone) and exemplifies the use of a sulphite at 4g/litre solution of developer. The dihydroxynaphth'alenes which are described in

British Patent Specification No. 2,017,957 on reaction with the silver latent image provide dyes which are pH sensitive and have broad absorption ranges in the visible region giving rise to impure colors of a limited range. Thus, there remains a need for improved dye- forming developers useful both for color and black and white photographic materials which can be conveniently developed by simple treatment with alkaline solutions or stabilized developer solutions. According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a developer solution comprising an aqueous alkaline medium containing one or more dye-forming developing agents (as defined herein) having the general formula:

in which R-- represents a hydrogen atom or hydrolysable group, each of R ² to R> is independently selected from a hydrogen or halogen atom, an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy or amino group each of which groups may be substituted, hydroxy group, a thiol group or a thioether group, or two or more adjacent groups from R2 to > may represent the necessary atoms to complete one or more

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carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems , and at least two of the following components :

(1) a water-miscible polar organic solvent,

(2) an alkanolamine, substituted alkanolamine, a monoamino carboxylic acid which may be substituted, or any combination thereof, and

(3) a hydroxylamine, substituted hydroxylamine or an aryl or alkyl hydroxamic acid may be substituted, or any combination thereof. According to a second embodiment of the inven¬ tion there is provided a photographic development process in which an exposed silver halide photographic film is developed in an alkaline environment in the presence of one or more dye-forming developing agents (as defined herein) having the general formula:

in which R ¹ to R> are as defined above, and at least two of the following components

(1) a water-miscible polar organic solvent, (2) an alkanolamine, substituted alkanolamine, a monoamino carboxylic acid which may be substituted, or any combination thereof, and (.3) a hydroxylamine, substituted hydroxyl-amine or an aryl or alkyl hydroxamic acid which may be substituted, or any combination thereof. The term "dye-forming developing agent" used, herein refers to a compound which under alkaline condi- tions in the presence of exposed silver halide will undergo a reaction involving oxidation of the compound to produce a dye which is substantive to gelatin. The dye-

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forming developing agents used in the invention have the general formula (1). Generally at least one of the groups R2, R ⁴ and > of the formula (1) is a hydrogen atom or an oxidisable group, e.g., OH or NHR, in which R is hydrogen, alkyl or -CH .

In the selection of groups R ² to R>, and generally in the specification for all R groups except where expressly defined differently, alkyl and alkoxy groups preferably have 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The longer carbon atom chains are particularly desirable when compatibility or solvency in long hydrocarbon chain organic solvents is desired as used in oil dispersed photographic emulsions. The aryl and aryloxy groups preferably have up to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably up to 15 carbon atoms, and most preferably are phenyl groups. The a ino groups generally contain up to 30 carbon atoms (although each alkyl group therein may contain 30 carbon atoms) , preferably contain 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and more preferably contain 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dipropyl amines). The alkyl groups for R are more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Where the term group is used in describing substituents, photographically harmless substitution is anticipated on the substituent for example, alkyl group includes ether groups (e.g., CH3-CH2-O-CH2-) , haloalkyls, nitroalkyls, carboxyalkyls, hydroxyalkyls, etc. while the term alkyl includes only hydrocarbons. Substituents which react with active ingredients, such as with strong reducing substituents, would of course be excluded as not being photographically inert or harmless.

The invention allows the practical use of dye-forming developing agents to amplify the silver image in photographic films and formed colored images.

Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the silver content of photographic films and obtain the same density. By a

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- suitable choice of dye-forming developing agents a wide range of colored images may> be obtained.

The developer solutions of the invention preferably contain all of components 1) to 3) and additionally include a black and white developing agent.

It has been found that the above combination stabilizes the dye-forming developer (which is normally unstable to aerial oxidation in conventional alkaline photographic developer solutions) and thus allows the practical use of the developer to amplify the silver image in photographic films and form colored images.

A developer solution containing all of the components 1) to 3) and a black and white developing agent when tested using photographic films (e.g., microfilm, X-ray or graphic arts film) displayed: a) a high stability against aerial oxidation over a period of about two weeks (without replenishment) at a working temperature of 28 to 30°C,

. b) an image amplification through the increase in the image density (a total density of the dye and silver images) , c) these dyes displayed color purity and a range which included yellow, cyan and magenta colors; the bleaching of the silver metal image by bleaching agents known in the art of color photography, yielded colored images comparable to those obtained from the phenylene diamine-color coupler approach, d) a process of forming an image inexpensively using a silver halide light-sensitive material, and ^* . e) a pronounced matt surface finish to the photographic coating after processing in the above developer composition.

The black and white developing agents which may be used in the invention are well known and are disclosed, for example, in The Theory of the Photographic Process, Mees, James, 4th Edition, MacMillan 1977, Chapter II and references cited therein. The black and white developing

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agents are generally used in amounts up to 2 g/1 of solution.

The dye-forming developing agents of formula (1) include naphthols, masked naphthols, bisphenols, bis-α-naphthols, polynuclear hydroquinones and their monoethers, naphtho-hydroquinones and heterocyclic diols and will be described in detail hereinafter. The dye-forming developing agents may carry ballasting groups and/or solubilising groups which are known in the color photographic art. The dye-foirming developing agents can be used al'one or in combination to give the desired color and development rate.

The high stability of the developing solutions of the invention (as measured by the change in sensito- metric D/log E curve characteristics and the absence of dye formation on standing in contact with air) is mainly due to the presence of two or more of the following components: alkanolamine, hydroxylamine and a water- miscible polar organic solvent. The water-miscible polar organic solvents suitable for use in the developer solutions must not react with the other components in the solution under ambient and development conditions and should not be excessively volatile at the temperature at which the solutions are used for processing. The solvent component (1) is generally present to dissolve the dye-forming developing agent and is generally used in amounts up to 15% by weight of the developer solution, preferably 5 to 12% by weight. Suitable solvents include alkanols, e.g. methanol and isopropanol, and polyhydroxy organic solvents. A preferred polyhydroxy organic solvent is triethylene glycol (trigol) and although other similar compounds such as simple and substituted glycols and polyalkoxy glycols may be used. Compounds which can be used in place of hydroxylamine include substituted hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids of the structure:

^ ^Q EAζT

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Z - CO - N - H (II)

OH in which Z represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or a substituted alkyl (preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms), alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, amino or substituted amino group all of which may have up to 30 carbon atoms. Hydroxamic acids are disclosed in United States Patent Specification No. 4,055,426. The hydroxylamine component (3) is generally present in the range of 1 to 15 g/1.

~ Compounds which may be used in place of alkanol- amines are substitued alkanolamines, amino acids, amino benzoic acids and substitution derivatives of the above. Typical examples of alkanolamines which can be used in the process and compositions of the inventions include: ethanolamine diethanolamine triethanolamine di-isopropanolamine 2-methylaminoethanol 2-ethylaminoethanol

2-dimethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol l-diethylamino-2-propanol 3-diethylamino-l-propanol 3-dimethylamino-l-propanol isopropylaminoethanol 2-amino-2-methyl-l,3-propanediol ethylenedia ine tetraisopropanol benzyldiethanolamine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol.

Suitable amino acids include aliphatic monoamino monocarboxylic acids of up to 3 carbon atoms, such as glycine, alanine and serine. Suitable aminobenzoic acids include ortho-aminobenzoic acid or para-amino-benzoic acid. The alkanolamine component (2) is generally used in an amount in the range 50 to 150 g/1.

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The particular combination of components in the developer solution of the invention allows the content of sulfite, which is commonly used in black and white or dye-forming developer solutions, to be reduced or eliminated, thus avoiding or reducing the disadvantages resulting from the use of sulfite which attacks the dye or intermediates in the dye formation.

The developer solution may contain other known developer components. For example, an alkali, a buffering agent, e.g., sodium hydroxide., potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium tertiary phosphate, potassium metaborate or borax may be used alone, or in combination. Also in order to impart buffering action or raise the ionic strength of the developer, or for the convenience of preparing processing solution various salts such as disodium or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium or sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium or potassium bicarbonate, boric acid, alkali metal nitrates, and alkali metal sulfates may also be used. •

For mechanical stability of coated emulsions, the developer solution can contain a hardener such as glutaraldehyde (10% aqueous solution) in amounts which range from 1 to 10 g, preferably about 5 g. Furthermore, antifogging agents may be optionally incorporated into the developer solution, such as alkali metal halides and organic antifogging agents. Examples of organic antifogging agents are nitrogen- containing hetero-ring compounds, e.g., benzotriazole, 6-nitrobenzimidazole, 5-nitrobenzotriazole, 5-methyl- benzotriazole and 5-nitrobenzotriazole, mercapto- substituted hetero-ring compounds e.g., l-phenyl-5- mercapto tetrazole, 2-mercaρtobenzimidazole and 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, and mercapto-substituted aromatic compounds, e.g. thisolalicyclic acid. The antifogging agents are generally used in an amount of about 1 rag to 5 g, preferably about 5 rag to 1 g per litre

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of developer solution.

Additional examples of nitrogen-containing hetero-ring compounds not substituted by a mercapto group are disclosed in the following literature: Nitrobenzimid- azole compounds, British Patent Specification No. 403,789 and U.S. Patent Specification Nos. 2,496,940, 2,497,917 and 2,656,271. Benzotriazole compounds are disclosed in the Journal of Photographic Society of Japan, LI, 48 (1948). Hetero-ring quaternary salts such as benzo- thiazolium salts are disclosed in United States Patent Specification Nos. 2,131,038, 1,694,716, 3,316,281. Tetrazaindene compounds are disclosed in United States Patent Specification Nos 2,444,605, 2,444,606 and 2,444,607 and other hetero-ring compounds are disclosed in United States Patent Specification Nos 2,173,628,

2,324,112 and 2,444,608. In addition, antifogging agents are disclosed in Kagaku Sashin Binran, Vol. 11, page 19 (Maruzen, 1959).

The developing solution may also include sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium bisulfite, or sodium bisulfite.

Optionally developer accelerators may be added to the developer solution if desired. Such development accelerators include cationic compounds such as various pyridinium compounds such as those described n United

States Patent Specification No. 2,648,604, Japanese Patent Publication No. 9,503/69 and United States Patent Specifi¬ cation No. 3,671,247, cationic dyes such as pheno- safranine, neutral salts such as thallium nitrate, potas- - sium nitrate, non-ionic compounds such as polyethylene glycol or the derivatives thereof disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 9,504/69, United States Patent Specification Nos. 2,533,990, 2,531,832, 2,950,970 and 2,577,127, and polythioethers, organic solvents described in L.F.A. Mason: Photographic Processing Chemistry, pp. 40 to 43 (Focal Press, London 1966).

Furthermore, benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol as disclosed in United States Patent Specification No. 2,515,147, pyridine as disclosed in Journal of Photographic Society of Japan, Vol. 14, page 74 (1952), ammonia, hydrazine and amines are effective development accelerators.

The developer solutions of the invention generally contain one or more dye-forming developing agents in an amount in the range 1 to 20 g/1 of solution, preferably 7 to 12 g/1. A developer solution of the invention includes a mixture of cyan, magenta and yellow dye-forming developing agents which possess similar development rates which may be used to develop any black and white photographic materials to provide a substan- tially black dye amplified silver image.

The developer solutions of the invention generally have a pH above 9, preferably in the range 10.5 to 12. When a black and white developing agent (B.W.) is present, the amounts of dye-forming developing agent (D.F.D.) and (B.W.) are generally selected so that the weight ratio (D.F.D. ): (B.W. ) is in the range 15:1 to 5:1, preferably about 10:1. When all components (1) to (3) are present, the weight ratio of solvent component (1) :alkanol¬ amine component (2) :hydroxylamine component (3) is preferably about 15-8:10-3:3-0.1, and more preferably about 10:5:1 with each consecutive ingredient equal to or higher in weight proportion than the following ingredient.

The processing used in the present invention generally comprises a developing step and a fixing step and if necessary or desired, a water-washing step and a stopping step may be provided. A drying step may of course be provided after completing the processing.

The fixing solutions used can be acid or base fixing solutions known in the art of black and white or color photography.

In the case of acid fixing solutions, fixing at high temperatures, e.g. up to 35°C, and with the standard

high levels of fixer components which are suitable for films with high silver content, can cause destruction of the dye image. Fixers which contain aluminum salts as gel hardeners, do show a more pronounced destruction of the dye density. To obviate this problem, since films having coatings of a lower silver content than standard ones may be used, the above standard fixer is generally utilized at higher dilution levels (4 to 6 times) than those recommended. At these dilution levels, fixers may be used safely at a range of temperatures between 20 to 35°C and at a variable fixing time of 30 to 60 seconds. Suitable fixers include standard commercial fixers, e.g. 3M Type microfilm fixer, 3M fixing solution, Kodak RP-Xo at fixer and May and Baker Ampfix. Photographic coatings which are processed in a developer formulation similar to the above, are charac¬ terised by a significantly high imagewise matt surface finish which is specific for this developer formulation. Such a matt finish is useful in reducing light glare and reflection, especially for radiographic images.

The process of the invention also extends to a two or more bath development process in which the various components of the developer solution discussed above are separated into two or more solutions. When this technique is adopted, the dye-forming developing agent is generally present in a first bath having a pH insufficient to allow development, which pH generally reduces the developing agent's propensity to oxidise, and after immersion in the first bath the film is treated in a second bath having the remaining components and a high pH so that activation takes place.

It also has been found that the dye-forming developing agents used in the invention may be incorporated in a photographic element to provide a dye amplified silver image upon development.

Therefore according to a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a photographic

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element comprising a support having a photographic silver halide emulsion, the photogrppiic element including a dye-forming developing agent (as defined herein) having the general formula:

in which R ¹ to R*> are as defined above, in the silver halide emulsion layer, the d^e-forming developing agent (as defined herein) being distributed in said layer(s) in an oil dispersion.

It has surprisingly been found that this particular technique of incorporating the dye-forming developing agents in an oil dispersion in the layers of photographic elements provides excellent dye amplification of silver images which are generally superior to the results obtained when the dye-forming developing agents are incorporated into photographic elements by other methods. The oil dispersion technique provides, a stable photographic element and is particularly useful for dye-forming developing agents which are water-insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. The dye-forming developing agents are distributed throughout the emulsion layer(s) dissolved in small droplets of solvents sometimes referred to in the art as oils. These usually have a particle size of about from 0.1 to 1.5, preferably 0.3 to 0.8 microns. An average droplet size of 0.4-0.6 and usually 0.5 microns is preferred. The photographic element of the invention may be processed in a developer solution similar to that described of that of the invention but excluding the incorporation of a dye-forming developing agent in the solution. However, dye-forming developing agents may also be incorporated in the developer solution.

By a suitable selection of cyan, magenta and yellow dye-forming developing agents or precursors thereof

- REA _C J-

which possess similar development rates and distributing them in a silver halide emulsion or in one or more layers adjacent said emulsion layer as described above, it is possible to provide a photographic element in which upon development the dyes will form a grey/black image.

Following imagewise exposure, such elements can be rapidly and conveniently developed to yield a substantially grey image merely by treatment with an alkaline activator solution so as to raise the pH in the element to a level which will either directly activate the incorporated developers or convert the developer precursors to their active form. The activated developers will simultaneously reduce the silver halide latent image to metallic silver and generate dyes imagewise. If the coverage of silver halide in the element is sufficiently low so as not to give rise to appreciable background print-out during keeping, the developed photo¬ graphic element can be simply fixed in an acidic stop-bath to stabilise the dye image and avoid loss of dye density. Otherwise a fixing step is required to remove the undeveloped halide using a bleach fix bath.

Any source of hydroxyl ions which will raise the pH of the element to an appropriate pH level (usually 11 to 14) is suitable. The optimum pH will depend on the particular dye-forming developers used. Developer precursors generally require a higher pH to be converted to their active form. The alkaline activator can be a simple aqueous solution of an inorganic base such as sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, or contain additional development aids such as antifoggants, e.g. potassium bromide, 5-methylbenzotriazole, 4-carboxy- thiazoline-2-thione, and developing accelerators, e.g. an amine such as hydroxylamine, dimethylaminoethanol and triethanolamine or a quaternary ammonium salt, pyridinium compounds or a non-ionic surfactant, e.g. polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof.

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Alkaline activation can be performed at a temperature and for a time sufficient to develop in the exposed element a visible image of acceptable density. Such results can be achieved by processing at times of several seconds to several minutes and at room temperature or at temperatures up to about 50°C. Whilst alkaline activation is sufficient to develop photographic elements of the invention, preferably the elements are developed in the presence of a black and white developing agent, present in either the emulsion or activation solution. The storage stability of the photographic element of this invention can be improved by incorporating in the element such components as buffering agents, coating aids, hardeners, antifoggants, sensitising dyes, UV absorbers, and antihalation dyes. These formulations are well known to those skilled in the art of photograhic silver halide emulsion.

Suitable emulsification processes suitable for the oil dispersion of the dye-forming developing agents are known in relation to the incorporation of color- couplers into photographic elements. Such techniques are disclosed for example in British Patent Specification Nos. 1,038,029, 1,052,487, 1,076,054, 1,077,426, 1,269,073 and 1,269,074 and in Photographic Emulsion Chemistry, G. F. Duffin,. Focal Press 1966 and Photographic Processing

Chemistry, L.F.A. Mason, Focal Press 1966. The developing agents can be dissolved in a high boiling and water immiscible organic solvent and vigorously stirred into the hydrophilic suspending medium with the help of an anionic surface active agent to create a stable dispersion of oily droplets. The high boiling solvents suitable for the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art of color photographic emulsions and include di-n-butyl phthalate, trio-o-cresyl-phosphate, N,N-di-ethyllauramide and ethylacetate.

There are a wide range of compounds having the general formula (1) which may be used as dye-forming

developing agents in accordance with the invention. In the case of dye-forming developing agents-in aqueous solution the group R ¹ in formula (1) will be hydrogen. However, when the dye-forming developing agents are incorporated into the photographic element they may be present as a precursor of the agent which will form on ' contact with the alkaline developer solution. In such a case the group R ¹ may be a hydrolysable group.

Naphthols suitable for use as dye-forming developing agents include aUoxy-1-naphthols, dialkyl-amino-1-naphthols and arylmethyl-1-naρhthols.

Alkoxy-1-naphthols and masked naphthols include those of the general formula:

in which:

X is O, S or Se, XR ¹² _can b _e i _n the 2 or 4 position,

R ^~ - ^~ - is hydrogen or an alkali liable protecting group (i.e., a group which is converted to or replaced by hydrogen at a pH greater than 7.0.) , e.g. acetyl, chloro- acetyl, dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, tri luoroacetyl, carboalkyl, carboaryloxy, carbonate, benzoyl, n-nitro- benzoyl, 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl and 2-benzenesulphonyl-l- ethoxycarbonyl,

R12 represents a ballast group, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkyl- arylalkyl, alkylaryloxyalkyl, alkylaryloxyalkyl, amino or dialkylammoalkyl, trialkylammonium alkyl, acylamidoalkyl, carboxy and sulpho-containing alkyl, ester containing alkyl, these ballast groups are well known to those skilled in the art of silver halide photographic materials, and may contain up to 20 or 30 carbon atoms, each R-^-3 independently represents a ring

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substituent selected among the following groups: hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, carboxy, carboalkoxy, carbonamido (all of which may contain up to 30 carbon atoms, preferably up to 12 carbon atoms), sulfonic acid, sulfonate, aryl-sulfonyl, sulfoalkoxy, sulfonamido, halide, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromide, iodine, and n is an integer between 0 and 4. Dye-forming developers of the amino naphthol type suitable for use in the invention include those of the general formula:

in- which RH, R!3 and n are as defined above in formula (2), the amino group can be either in the 2 or 4 position, and each R! is as defined above in formula (2) or together represent the necessary atoms to form a hetero¬ cyclic ring such as 2,5-dialkylpyryl, 2,6-dialkyl-l,4- oxazolyl and 4-oxo-pyridyl.

Dye-forming developers of the alkyl-1-naρhthol type include those of the general formula:

in which the CR1 ⁴ R15 16 group can be in the 2 or 4 position, U, ! and n are as defined above, R!4 represents alkyl (of up to 20 carbon atoms) or preferably hydrogen, R15 i _s hydrogen, alkyl (of up to 20 carbon atoms) or preferably an aromatic group, e.g. phenyl, p_-hydroxyphenyl, p_-tolyl, p_-anisyl, xylyl, mesityl,

£-dialkylaminophenyl, p_-biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 9-anthracenyl and phenanthryl,

R!6 is preferably an aromatic group capable of activating the methine hydrogen of the naphthol developer e.g. aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, hydroxyaryl, tropyl, R16 together with R!^ represents the necessary atoms to complete a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system which is fused or linked to one or more aromatic rings. Such a CR15 16 ring can assume the following general structures: fluorenyl, anthryl, benzanthryl, dibenzosuberyl, xanthyl, thioxanthyl, acridyl, diarylcyclopropenyl, tropyl, dibenzotropyl, arylchromyl, arylthiochromyl, chromyl, thiochromyl, 2,3-diaryl-l,4-imidazolyl, and includes:

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19 in which R! , !4 and n are as defined above.

The above naphthol developers must have at least one aromatic group among the CR ⁴ R ⁵ R1 ⁶ moieties and where there are two hydroxyl groups on either rings of the naphthols they can have two CR1 ⁴ R1 ⁵ R16 groups preferably

C and ϊ to the hydroxyl groups. The ring substituent R ⁱ³ can be alkali solubilizing group such as hydroxyl but it - is not essential that the naphthol developers of the present invention possess two hydroxyl groups. Polynuclear hydroquinones and their monoethers which are useful in the practice of this invention correspond to the general formulae:

(

in which RH, R! and n are as defined above,

R!7 represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, ^' hydroxyaryl, aminoaryl, dialkylaminoaryl, and a combination thereof or forms a furan ring with the dC-hydroxy group,

R! ⁸ represents hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy-alkyl, aminoalkyl, quaternary ammonium alkyl or alkyl sulfonate (preferably with up to 20 carbon atoms in each, more preferably with 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the ^' alkyl groups and most preferably with 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups and phenyl for aryl).

The polynuclear Ar group can be any fused aromatic or heterocyclic ring including benzo, naphtho and having the following structures:

-^T EA

Heterocyclic hydroquinones, naphthohydroquinones and precursors which are useful in the practice of this invention correspond to the following formulae:

in which RU, R ⁱ³ , R! ⁷ and n are as defined above,

R!9 is preferably an aryl group (preferably up to 20 carbon atoms, most preferably phenyl) or together with R!7 represents the necessary atoms to complete a heterocyclic ring selected from amongst the following structures:

R ²⁰ represents alkanoyl, aroyl, cyano, aryl or 5 the like.

Bisphenols useful as dye-forming developing agents in this invention correspond to the general formulae:

in which RH is as defined above,

R 1 is alkyl, alkoxy, aryl dialkylamino, 5 R22 _s alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, dialkylamino or together with R21 represents the necessary atoms to form an alicyclic, oxymethylene or aromatic ring.

All alkyl and alkoxy groups, including those on the amines, all preferably 1 to 30,carbon atoms, 1 to 20

-^ S O

22 - carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Aryl groups are preferably up to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably up to 15 carbon atoms and most preferably phenyl.

Bis- -naphthols useful as dye-forming developing agents of this invention correspond to the following formulae:

in which RH, R13 and n are as defined above,

R23 represents hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaryloxy, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy- aryl, hydroxyaryl, aminoaryl, alkyl and dialkylammoaryl, carboalkoxy, carboaryloxy, carbonamido, alkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, N-heterocyclic.

2-Naphthols useful as developing agents of the invention correspond to the following formula:

<

in which R ⁱ³ , R! ⁵ , R1 ⁷ and n are as defined above.

•Amino naphthohydroquinone developer precursors (keto-l,3-naρhthoxazoline) , useful in this invention corresponding to the general formula:

in which R! ⁷ and n are as defined above, and R represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, N-teterocyclic, aryl or forms a fused aromatic or heterocyclic ring.

The 4-alkoxy-l-naphthols employed in this invention can be prepared according to Japanese patent Specification No. 70/10338 or United States Patent Specification No. 2,572,822 through reduction of 1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of stannous chloride, phosphoryl chloride and alcohol.

2-Alkoxy-l-naphthols employed in this invention can be prepared by reduction of 1,2-naphthoquinones in a similar fashion as for the 4-alkoxy analogues or according to J. Che . Soc. (C), 1969, p. 1982, using l-bromo-2- alkoxynaphthalene or oxidation of 2-alkoxy-naphthalene with lead tetraacetate.

Masked naphthol developers can be prepared by acylation with an acid anhydride or an acid chloride in the presence of an acid acceptor such as triethylamine, pyridine, collidine, N,N-dimethylaniline.

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24

4-Arylmethyl-l-naphthol developers, typically exemplified by 4-benzyl-l-naρhthol can be prepared by Friedel Craft alkylation involving Cζ-naphthol, benzyl-bromide and a Lewis acid such as zinc chloride according to J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 4699, J. Chem. Soc. (C) , 1966, 926; 1971, 2399, J. Orig. Chem. (l967j, 1 _/ 2941.

The naphthofuchso e dyes can be prepared directly via Wittig reaction according to Tetrah. Lett. 1969, 457. The dyes can then be converted to the leuco form with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite or zinc.

Dialkylamino-1-naphthol developers can be prepared from condensation of amino-1-naphthol or its hydrochloride salt with a diketo compound e.g. acetonyl acetone, dehydroacetic acid or chelidonic acid.

Polynuclear hydroquinone developers can be obtained by reduction of their quinone dyes which are prepared by Diels-Alder reaction between an activated vinylaromatic or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon with excess benzoquinone according to J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 3051, J. Chem. Soc. 1957. 366, 4951 and Montash. Chem. (l96$, 9_9, 2032.

Heterocyclic hydroquinone and naphthohydro- quinone developers are obtained by reduction of their respective heterocyclic quinone dyes which can be prepared from condensation of 2,3-dichloro-2,4-naphthoquinone or chloranil with phenols, naphthols or activated methylene compounds in the presence of a base such as pyridine, quinoline or triethylamine according to J. Orig. Chem. 1972, 1 (9), 1442; 1963, 28_, 520, 1022; 1957, ^22, 342; 1954, J-9., 176, J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 489, 4699, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1957, 7_9_, 1212, 5489.

£-Bisphenols can be prepared from oxidative coupling of phenols according to United States Patent Specification No. 4,097,461.

O-Bisphenols can be prepared from reduction of the corresponding o-diphenoquinone dyes which are obtained

^0 ^" REA

25 by oxidation of phenols with potassium ferricyanide or ferric chloride according to Tetrah. 1978, 1595, J. Chem. Soc. 1962, 4987, 1968, 1434.

Bis-CC-naphthol developers can be prepared either by reducing the corresponding dinaphthoquinone dyes with sodium borohydride or by oxidative coupling of 2-alkyl or 2-alkoxy-l-naphthol with ferric chloride.

The following Table 1 reports dye-forming developing agents suitable for use in the present invention and which may be prepared in accordance with the above described methods.

OM

-

TABLE I

Compound Nomenclature Color

No. (structure) Class ( max nmj

1 4-ethoxy-l-naρhthol 2

2 4-propoxy-l-naphthol 2.

3 4-isopropoxy-l-naphthol 2

4 4-butoxy-l-naphthol 2 blue

5 4(2-chloroethoxy)-1-naphthol 2

6 4-(2-methoxyethoxy- -naphthol 2

7 4-cyclohexyloxy-l-naρhthol 2

8 4-benzyloxy-l-naphthol 2 blue

9 4-furfuryloxy-1-naphthol 2

10 2-bromo-4-methoxy-l-naphthol 2

11 2-chloro-4-methoxy-l-naphthol 2

12 2,4-dimethoxy-l-naphthol 2

13 4-methoxy-5-methoyl-l-naρhthol 2

14 4-methoxy-8-meth l-l-naphthol 2

^• 15 4-methoxy-8-hydroxy-l-naphthol 2

16 4,8-dimethoxy-l-naρhthol 2

17 4-methoxy-7-ethoxy-l-naphthol 2

18 4-methoxy-7-methyl-l-naphthol 2

19 2-methyl-4-methoxy-7-ethoxy-l- 2 naphthol

20 5-acetoxy-8-methoxy-l-naphthol 2

21 l-acetoxy-4-methoxy-5-acetyl- 2 naphthalene

22 4-phenoxy-l-naphthol 2

23 2-methoxy-l-naphthol 2 purple (500)

24 4,5-dimethoxy-l-naphthol 2

25 4-methoxy-l-anthracenol 5 blue

26 4-methoxy-9-phenyl-l-anthracenol 5

27 4-octyloxy—1-naphthol 2 blue

28 4-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxy-1-naphthol 2 blue

29 4-dodecyloxy-l-naphthol 2 blue (643)

27

Compound Nomenclature Color

No. (structure) Class ( max nm)

30 4-(2-methacryloyl-oxy)-ethoxy- -1- ■ 2 naphthol • 31 2-benzyloxy-l-naphthol 2 purple (545)

32 2,5-diphenyl-hydroquinone 7

33 2,5-dibenzyl-hydroquinone 7 yellow

34 2,5-di(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-hy iro- 7 quinone

35 2,5-di(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl) hydroquinone

36 2-(4-methylphenyl)-hydroquinone 7 37 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-hydroquinone 7 yellow

(425)

38 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-hydro¬ 7 yellow quinone (440)

39 2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-benzene 7 yellow sulfonyl hydroquinone

40 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-benzene- 7 yellow sulfonyl-hydroquinone

41 2-diphenylamino-5-phenyl-hydro- 7 purple quinone

42 2-(N-ethyl-N-phenyl-amino)-5- purple phenyl-hydroquinone

43 4-methyl-l-naphthol orange-red (504)

44 4-cyclohexyl-1-naphthol 4 45 4-benzyl-l-naphthol 4 46 4-isopropy1-1-naphthol 4 47 4-diphenylmethyl-l-naphthol 4 yellow (398)

48 4-pheny1-1-naphthol 4 blue 49 2-benzyl-l-naphthol 4 red 50 2-benzyl-6-methoxy-l-naphthol 4 51 2-cyclohexyl-l-naphthol 4 red

28

Compound Nomenclature Color No. (structure) Class ( max nm)

52 2-(4-methylbenzyl)-6-methoxy-l- naphthol

53 2-(4-methylbenzyl)-1-naphthol 4

54 2-t-butyl-l-naphthol 4 orange (490)

55 2-methyl-l-naρhthol orange (492)

56 4-methyl-l-anthracenol 4

57 4-methyl-9-phenyl-l-anthracenol 4

58 2-(9-fluorenyl)-l-naphthol 4 purple

(516)

59 2-diphenylmethyl-l-naρhthol 4 purple

60 2-(1-phenylethyl)-1-naρhthol 4 purple

(504)

61 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-naphthol 4 purple

62 3,5,3'-5 -tetramethyl-4,4'-di- 9 yellow hydroxy- l,l'-biphenyl] (420)

63 3,5,3',5 -tetraisoρroρyl-4,4'-di- 9 yellow hydroxy- l,l'-biphenyl] (420)

64 3,5,3' ,5 -tetra-s-butyl-4,4'-di- 9 yellow hydroxy- l,l'-biphenyl] (423)

65 3,5,3',5 -tetra-t-bύtyl-4,4'-di- yellow hydroxy- l,l'-diphenyl] (421)

66 3,5,3',5 -tetramethoxy-4,4*-di- yellow hydroxy- l,l'-biphenyl] (460)

67 3,5,3',5 -tetraphenyl-4,4'-di- hydroxy- 1,1-biphenyl]

68 3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-di- -styryl- 9 purple 4,4'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]

69 4,5,4'-5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-di¬ 10 hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]

70 3,5,3' ,5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-di¬ 10 hydroxy-[1,1'-diphenyl]

71 4,5,4' ,5'-tetramethoxy-2,2*-di¬ 10 purple hydroxy-[1,1'-diphenyl]

- REA Γ

OMPI

29

Compound Nomenclature Color

No. (structure) Class ( max nm)

72 3,5,3' ,5'-tetra-t-butyl-2,2'-di- 10 hydroxy-[1,1'-diphenyl]

73 4,5,4' ,5 ^, -bis-methylene-dioxy-2,2'- 10 purple dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl] (552)

74 3,3*-di-t-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxy- 10

2,2'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]

75 4,4'-di-t-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxy-2'- 10 dihydroxy-[1,1*-biphenyl]

76 3,4,3' ,4*-tetramethyl-5,5'-di- 10 methoxy-2,2'-dihydroxy-[1,1'- biphenyl]

77 1,1'-dihydroxy-2,2'-binaphthy1 12 78 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'- 12 purple binaphthyl (554)

79 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'- 12 blue binaphthyl (622)

80 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4'-d.i(tripheny1- 12 blue methyl) 2,2' binaphthyl

81 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4'-di-dodecyloxy- 12 blue

2,2'-binaphthyl (643)

82 4,4'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl 11 purple 83 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4*-dihydroxy-1,1'- 11 purple binaphthyl (545)

84 3,3'-di-t-butyl-4,4'-dihydroxy- 11 orange

1,1'-biphenyl (490)

85 3,3*-di(9-fluorenyl)4,4'-dihydroxy- 11 red

1,1'-biphenyl (516)

86 3,3'-di-diphenylmethyl-4,4'- 11 red dihydroxy-1,1'-diphenyl

87 4,4'-diphydroxy-1,1'-diphenyl 9 88 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxy-1,1*- 9 biphenyl

89 4-amino-l-naρhthol 3 90 l-amino-2-naρhthol 15 91 4-(2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl)-1-naphthol 3

^ ΕE

30

Compound Nomenclature Color No. ( structure ) Class ( max nm)

92 4-benzylideneanil-l-naρhthol

93 1,4-bis[4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butyl- red phenyl]-2,3-dicyano-l,3-butadiene (514 )

94 3,5,3' ,5'-tetra-t-buty1-4,4'- yellow dihydroxy-stilbene (458 )

95 2,5-di(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) blue furan

96 bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy- benzylidene) azine

97 bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene) azine

98 2,6-dimethyl-4-diphenylmethyl- yellow phenol

99 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-diphenylmethyl- yellow phenol

100 2,6-di-methoxy-4-diphenylmethyl- yellow phenol

101 2-benzyl-l,4-dihydroxynaphthalene 8 yellow

102 2-methoxy-l,4-dihydroxynaphthalene 8 yellow

103 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenol)-l,4- 8 dihydroxynaphthalene

104 2(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-l,4- 8 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene

105 3-hydroxyphenothia2ine purple (535)

106 l-phenylamino-2-naphthol 13

107 4-phenylamino-l-naρhthol 3

108 3-phenylamino-l-naphthol 3

109 2-methoxy-l-anthracenol 6 purple

110 2-phenyl-l-naρhthol 4 purple

111 2-phen'yl-l,4-dihydroxynaphthalene 8

112 2,5-diρhenoxyhydroquinone 7

113 3,5,3' ,5'-tetrachloro-4,4'- 9 dihydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl

"gJ EX^

31

Compound Nomenclature Color ' No. (structure) Class ( max nm)

114 3,5,3',5 ^, -tetrachloro-4,4'- 9 dihydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl 115 3-hydroxyphenoxazine

116 l-trichloroacetoxy-4-methoxy- 2 Blue naphthalene (622)

117 N-[l-(4-hydroxy)-naphthyl]-2,5- 3 dimethylpyrrolhydrochloride 118 N-[l-(4-hydroxy)naphthyl]-pyridone- 3 hydrochloride 119 N-[l-(4-hydroxy)naphthyl<-2,6-di- 3 methyl-dihydromorpholine hydro- chloride 120 l-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-1-naphthol 4 red

(509)

121 2-biphenethyl-1-naphthol 4 red

(503)

122 2-[l-(2-naphthyl)ethyl]1-naphthol 4 red

(506)

123 2-benzyl-l,7-dihydroxynaphthalene 4

124 2-diphenylmethyl-l,7-dihydroxy- 4 naphthalene

125 2-(9-dibenzosuberyl)-1-naphthol 4 red 126 2-(9-dibenzotropyl)-1-naphthol 4

127 1,4-dihydroxychrysene 5" yellow

128 1,4-dihydroxybenzophenanthrene 5

129 l,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-naphthalene 5

130 l,4-dihydroxy-10-methoxy- 5 naphthalene

131 dinaphtho-[2,3;2' ,3']-furan- 8 yellow 8,13-diol

132 1,1'-dihydroxy-2,2'-dibenzyloxy- 11 purple 4,4'-dinaphthalene (545) 133 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-l,4- 8 dihydroxy naphthalene

32

Compound Nomenclature Color No. (structure) lass ( max nm)

134 1,1'-dihydroxy-2,2'dibenzyl-4, ' 11 red dinaphthyl 135 2-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1 ,4- 8 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 136 2(-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4- 8 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 137 2-[1-(4-hydroxy)naphthyl<-l,4- 8 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 138 4-[1-(4-hydroxy)-naphthyl]-1,2- ^' 6 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 139 4-(2 ,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2- 6 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 140 4(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2- 6 yellow dihydroxynaphthalene 141 4-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2- dihydroxynaphthalene 142 1,1*-dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'- 11 dinaphthyl 143 l,l-dihydroxy-4,4'di[n-(2,5- dimethyl)-pyrrolyl]-2,2'dinaphthyl 144 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4'-di-diethylamino- 2,2'-dinaphthyl 145 1,1'-dihydroxy-4,4 ^» -di[n-2,6- dimethyl)dihydromorpholinyl]- 2,2'-dinaphthyl

146 2-(9-zanthyl)-l-naphthol 4 147 l-hydroxy-4-methoxychrysene 5 148 4-diethylamino-l-naphthol 3 149 2-methyl-l-naphthol 4

33

Compound Nomenclature Color

No. (structure) Class ( max nm)

151 2,5-bis-dimethylaminophenyl- 7 hydroquinone

153 4-me thoxy- 1-naph thol

-^JR

34 The invention will now be illustrated by the following Examples.

Example 1 A developer solution in accordance with the invention was prepared by mixing the following components in the indicated order: Solution A triethylene glycol » 100 ml diethanolamine 100 ml 4-methoxy-l-naphthol (MHN) 7 g Solution B distilled water 500 ml sodium carbonate (anhydrous) 50 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride 10 _ etol (methyl-p-aminophenol sulfate) 1 _ sodium sulfite (anhydrous) 10 _ potassium bromide 5 g sodium hydroxide (1M solution) 150 ml

The addition of MHN to a warm (30°C) triethylene- glycol/diethanolamine mixture, followed by stirring at room temperature facilitated the solubility of the former in the organic solvent system.

If the pH of Solution B was lower than 11.3 adjust using sodium hydroxide 1M solution to a pH of 11.3 to 11.5.

Solution A was added to Solution B under stirring and the volume was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water. The final pH was adjusted to 11 +_ 1.

. Optimum development time was dependent upon the characteristics of the emulsion tested and the acceptable contrast, density, speed and fog. As a general guide: development time 2 to 2-1/2 minutes at 28°C

45 minutes at 37°C 1-1/2 minutes at 32°C.

- OfEACF-

OMPI

35 The fixer used was RP-Xomat fixer for a period of 30 to 60 seconds at 20°C.

An iodobromide photographic emulsion suitable for microfilm photographic use was coated at coating weights of 2.2 g/m ² and 1.2 g/m ² . Samples of both coatings were exposed behind a 0 to 4 log E neutral continuous sensitometric wedge. The samples were then processed in the above developer. Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings which show a plot of density against log E reveal the image amplification of silver image with the formation of the deep blue-dye.

Example 2 A developer solution in accordance with the invention was prepared in a similar manner to that in Example 1 by mixing the following components in the indicated order: Solution A triethyleneglycol 100 ml diethanolamine 100 ml 4-methoxy-l-naphthol 10 g Solution B distilled water 400 ml sodium carbonate (anhydrous) 50 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride 10 g etol (methyl-p-aminophenol sulfate) 1 g sodium sulfite (anhydrous) 0 g potassium bromide 5 g benzotriazole 0. .3 g sodium hydroxide (1M solution) 100 ml The pH of Solution B was adjusted to pH 11 and the resulting pH upon mixing solutions A and B was 11.2 + 0.1.

The above is a stabilized developer formula containing 4-methoxy-l-naphthol as a silver halide reducing agent and a blue dye former. The image produced by the above developer is the sum total of a silver metal

3 6 and a blue-dye image formed at exposed area of a silver halide photographic system.

Example 3 This Example illustrates the image amplification obtaining using the developer solution of Example 2 and a range of silver halide photographic films ranging from coarse to fine, iodo- or chlorobromide emulsions prepared in conventional manner, to provide systems suitable for microfilm, graphic arts line film, surveillance film and X-ray film. The emulsions were coated at 40 to 50% lower silver coating weights than standard, and were processed in a standard black and white developer appropriate to every system and the dye forming developer. Comparison of the maximum densities resulting from the two developers and reported in the following Table 2 reflects the amplification factor.

Table 2

Dmax with Dmax with

Silver coatirig Standard developer of

Film weight (g/m ² ) Developer Example 2

Coarse I/Br

(X-ray) 3.6 1.8 3.2

Blue sensitive

Fine I/Br (Microfilm) 1.2 1.4 2.6 Pan sensitive

Broad I/Br

(Surveillance) 2. 5 1. 2 2. 0

Pan sensitive

Medium Cl/Br ( Line film) 2. 4 3 . 0 5. 0 Green sensitive

37 From the above results, the dye forming developer described in Example 2 functions as a photo¬ graphic silver halide developer independent of the nature of the photographic emulsion to produce a silver image . reinforced by a blue dye image.

Example 4 The stability of developer solutions containing 4-methoxy-l-naρhthol as a dye-forming developing agent and various combinations of: triethylene glycol (TRI) component (1) methanol (MeOH) component (1) diethanolamine (DEA) component (2) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAC) component (3) was investigated. The above components were used in the formulation of Example 2 in the amounts specified hereinafter.

The developer solutions were stored at room temperature in glass beakers covered with watch-glass covers to minimise evaporation and keep out dirt,- and at daily intervals, an X-ray iodobromide emulsion coated on the double sides of a polyester base (3.6 g/m ² Ag) and image wise exposed was used to test the variation in developer stability through monitoring the formation of the dye on the developer surface and the variation in the Dmax with time. The development time was 90 seconds at 32°C. The developed film was then fixed, washed and dried.

The following Table 3 reports the presence or absence of the components and the corresponding Dmax.

O

38

Table 3

Formulation 1 2 3 4 5 6

MeOH ml/1 0 100 0 0 100

TRI ml/1 100 0 100 100 0

DEA ml/1 100 0 0 100 100

HAC g/1 10 0 10 0 10

Dmax using Formulation Days 1 ** 2 3 4 5_

0 3.40 3.71 3.50 3.40 3.50 4.00

1 3.40 3.75 3.40 3.40 3.50 3.80

2 3.20 3.47 3.40 3.20 3.10 3.80

5 3.30 3.76 3.10 2.20 2.20 3.80

7 3.30 3.44 3.10 2.40 2.00 3.70

13 2.20 2.25 1.50 1.60 1.40 2.60

15 1.80 1.68 0.60 1.00 0.90 2.00

19 1.20 1.01 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.10 ^'

Dye A.lot precipi¬ None within None Slight None tation a few minutes

* The developer produces large amounts of the Russig's Blue dye (the oxidation product of developing agent 4-methoxy-l-naphthol) just on preparation and while standing, making the developer unstable and difficult to use for any reproducible results.

** Dmax measured through a red filter.

Example 5 The stability of developer solutions based on the formulation of Example 2 was examined replacing the hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAC) content with the following derivatives of HAC:

39

A) HCO-N-H ! HO

B) CH3-CO-N-H HO

C) C6H5-CΘ-N-H HO

D) NH2-CO-N-H HO

E) CH3-NH-CO-N-H

HO

The developer solutions were tested in an analogous manner to Example 4 and the results are reported in the following Table 4..

Table 4

Dmax* using Component

Days HAC A B C D E

0 3.40 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.30 3.00

1 3.40 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.40 2.40

2 3.40 3.50 3.50 3.40 3.20 2.30

3 3.40 3.30 3.30 2.80 3.00 2.30

4 3.50 2.60 2.30 2.80 2.60 2.20

10 2.00 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.20 0.80

11 1.80 1.40 1.20 1.30 1.00 0.60

13 1.50 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.70 0.20 Dye precip- None None None None Slight Slight itation

* Dmax measured with white light - the sum density of the silver and blue dye image. The results show the versatility of the formula¬ tion, where hydroxylamine can be replaced by a certain

O

40 class of its derivatives to give working developer formula¬ tions as shown by the variation of the Dmax with time.

Example 6 The stability of developer solutions based on the formulation of Example 2 was examined replacing the trigol with the following polar solvents:

A) Ethylene glycol

B) (HOCH ₂ CH ₂ ) ₂ 0

C) Glycerol D) (CH ₃ 0CH2CH ₂ ) ₂ 0

E) Diethylene glycol ethyl ether

F) Glycol ethyl ether

The developer solutions were tested in an analogous manner to Example 4 and the results are reported in the following Table 5.

Table 5

Dmax* using solvent component

Days A B C D E F

0 3.60 3.40 3.30 3.12 3.05 3.22

1 3.70 3.40 3.60 3.14 3.12 3.17

2 3.50 3.40 - 2.85 3.29 2.71

5 3.20 3.40 3.40 3.25 2.50 2.37

7 3.50 3.20 3.40 2.38 1.91 1.42

13 3.00 2.00 2.30 1.47 1.06 0.95

15 2.40 1.80 2.80 - - -

9 1.50 1.60 1.10 — - -

Dye prec¬ Dye pp ipitation None None None None None on 6th day

* Dmax measured with white light - the sum density of silver and blue dye image.

The results show the versatility of the developer formulation where the organic water-miscible polar solvent (triethylene glycol) can be replaced by

-£T3R A»

OMPI

41 other solvents of similar properties to give a wording developer system as shown by the variation of the Dmax with time. Solvents used are preferably of low volatility to reduce their evaporation when the developer is used at high temperatures.

Example 7 A developer solution incorporation bis-p,p(2,6- dimethyl) phenol of the formula:

was prepared by mixing the following components in the order indicated: Solution A Triethylene glycol 100 ml sodium hydroxide (1M solution) 100 ml bis-p,p(2,6-dimethy1)phenol 10 g Solution B distilled water 300 ml sodium carbonate (anhydrous) 50 g N-formylhydroxamic acid 10 g ft-alanine 20 g potassium bromide 5 g sodium sulfite 10 g benzotriazole 0. .3 g

The pH of solution B was adjusted to pH = 12.2 with solid NaOH and the solutions mixed. The resulting composition was made up to 1 litre with distilled water and the pH adjusted to 12.2. The developer solution was tested on the X-ray film used in Example 3 and a comparative test made using the same formulation except that A -alanine and N-formyl¬ hydroxamic acid were excluded. The results are reported in the following Table 6.

OMPI

42

Table 6

Dmax ***

Days Formulatior L of invention Comparison

* ** * 0 4.38 3.86 3.06 1 4.42 3.94 3.54 4 .3.49 3.01 3.03 5 3.38 2.45 3.03 6 3.02 2.52 2.80 8 2.63 ' 2.24 2.34 13 2.13 1.92 1.06 Dye preci¬ None Yes pitation

* Dmax measured through a blue filter ** Dmax measured with white light

*** Dmax is the sum total of the silver and yellow dye image densities.

The results show that the use of bis-p,p(2,6- dimethyl)phenol, which is an example of another class of dye-forming developing agents capable of forming a yellow dye, together with N-formylhydroxamic acid and A-alanine give a working stable system as monitored by the variation of the Dmax and dye precipitation with time.

Example 8 The stability of developer solutions based on the formulation of Example 2 was examined replacing the diethanola ine with the following amines:

A) triethanol amine

B) ethanolamine C) 2-diethylaminoethanol

D) -alanine

The developer solutions were tested in an analogous manner to Example 3 and the results are reported in the following Table 7.

_' 4 3 Table 7

Dmax* using amine

Days A B C D

0 3.40 3.30 3. 10 3.80 1 3 .20 3 .40 3 .20 3 .60

5 3 .10 — — -

7 - 3 .00 3 .20 3 .40

8 - 2.40 2.40 3 .00

15 1.60 0 .80 1.80 2.20 19 1.30 0 .80 1.00

Dye precipi¬ None None None None tation

* Dmax measured with white light - the sum density of the silver and blue dye image. ^*° The results show the versatility of the formulation where diethanol amine can be replaced with other amines of similar nature to give a working system as shown by the variation of the Dmax with time.

Example 9 The stability of developer solutions based on the formulation of Example 2 was examined replacing the trigol and/or diethanolamine with another polar organic solvent or amine. The solvents and amines used were:

A) ethylene glycol

B) diethanol amine

C) triethylene glycol

D) glycine

E) l-amino-2-propanol

F) 2-amino-2-methyl-l,3-propandiol

G) -alanine.

The developer solutions were tested in an analagous manner to Example 3 and the results are reported in the following Table 8.

44

Table 8

Dmax* using so ilvent/amine

A C C C A

Days B D E F G

0 3. 60 3. 60 3. 60 3.70 3. 20

1 3 .60 3 .50 3 .50 3 .50 3 .00

2 3.40 3.50 3.50 3.40 3.20

5 3 .10 3 .40 3 .00 3 .40 3 .20

7 3.10 2.70 2.40 3.20 2.90

13 1.50 2.60 ' 1.80 2.80 2.20

15 0 .60 1.40 1.00 1.40 0 .80

Dye-precipi¬ tation None None None None None

* Dmax measured with white light - the sum density of the silver and blue dye images.

The results show the versatility of the formulation where either/or both of diethanol amine and trigol can be replaced with other alkanol amines or polar water-miscible organic solvents to give a working system as monitored by the variation of the Dmax with time.

, Example 10

The developer solution of Example 2 was used to develop an image-wise exposed X-ray photographic film as used in Example 3 and the film was bleached using a ferricyanide color bleach solution (similar to that used in conventional color processing) to give rise to a blue-dye, silver free, image. The densities resulting from development with and without bleaching were measured and reported in the following Table 9.

- REACT

OMPI

Table 9

Dmax of blue dye and Dmax of blue dye

Light silver image image

White 3 .00 2.88

Red 3.47 3. 28

The above results display the possibility of using dye-forming developers of this invention to form silver free dye images comparable to conventional dye images formed from conventional color coupler processes.

Example 11 An imagewise exposed X-ray film was developed using the developer solution of Example 7 and the film was bleached using a ferricyanide color bleach solution _^ (similar to that used in conventional color processing) to give rise to a deep yellow silver-free image. The densities resulting from the development with or without bleaching were measured and are reported in the following Table 10.

Table 10

Dmax

Silver and yellow dye

Light image Yellow dye image

White 3.70 2.18

Blue 4.10 2.86 This Example displays another possibility of using dye-forming developers of this invention to form silver-free dye images comparable to conventional dye images formed from conventional color coupler processes.

Example 12 A developer solution including, as a dye-forming developing agent (DFD), a compound of the formula:

was formed from the following components: Solution A triethylene glycol 15 ml

DFD 1 g

Solution B distilled water 30 g sodium carbonate 5 g

Solution C hydroxylamine hydrochloride 1 g metol 0.1 g potassium bromide 0.5 g Solution B was added to solution A under stirring and thereafter solution C added. The solution ' was made up to 100 ml with water and the pH adjusted to 10.5 using sodium hydroxide.

The developer solution was used to process an imagewise exposed X-ray film as in Example 3, development time 90 seconds at 32°C. As a comparison the same film was processed in a standard black and white developer to form a dye-free silver image. The densities obtained by processing with the above solutions were measured and are reported in the following Table 11.

Table 11

Dmax

Silver and yellow dye

Light Silver image image White 1.78 1.69

Blue 1.80 2.61

OMPI

- -

Example 13 The procedures of Example 12 was repeated but the silver image of the X-ray photographic coating which was processed in the yellow dye-forming developer, was bleached using a ferricyanide color bleach solution (similar to that used in conventional color processing) to give rise to a yellow dye, silver-free, image. The densities resulting from development with and without bleaching were measured and are reported in the following Table 12.

Table 12

Dmax

Silver and yellow dye

Light image Yellow dye image White 1.69 1.25

Blue 2.61 2.15

This Example displays the possibility of using a dye-forming developer of another class of compounds to form a silver-free dye image comparable to dye images formed from conventional color coupler processes.

Example 14 A developer solution including, as a dye-forming developing agent (DFD), a compound of the formula:

was prepared from the following components: Solution A triethylene glycol 100 ml diethanolamine 50 ml

DFD 10 g Solution B distilled water 500 ml hydroxylamine-hydrochloride 10 g

O

- metol 1 g potassium bromide 5 g sodium hydroxide 5 g

Solution A was added to solution B and the resulting solution made up to 1000 ml with water and the pH adjusted to 12.2

The developer solution was used to process an imagewise exposed X-ray film as in Example 3, development time 15 seconds at 43°C. During the processing the film was bleached using a ferricyanide silver color bleach to give a cream-colored dye, silver-free, image. The densities obtained by processing with the above solution, with or without bleaching were measured and are reported in the following Table 13.

Table 13

Dmax

Light Silver and cre.am dye image Cream dye image

White 1.26 1.11 Blue 1.46 1.29

Example 15

A developer solution was prepared identical to ^• chat used in Example 2 with the exception that tap water was used in place of distilled water and the formulation additionally contained 0.2 g of the sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a sequestering agent (formulation 15). An imagewise exposed silver halide photographic film was processed in the above formulation and in the formulation of Example 2 to yield a blue-dye reinforced silver image. The densities were measured and are reported in the following Table 14.

Table 14

Formulation Dmax using white light

Example 2 3.80

Formulation 15 3.79

OMPI

49

This Example shows that a dye-forming developer formulation containing components described in this invention can function with comparable results when using pure distilled water (as in laboratory tests) or ordinary tap water (as in practical processing machines).

Example 16 A developer solution including, as a dye-forming developing agent (DFD), a compound of the formula:

was formed from the following components: Solution A

Triethylene glycol 100 ml DFD 10 g Solution B distilled water 500 ml trisodium phosphate 60 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride 10 g potassium bromide 5 g

5-nitroindazole (1% trigol solution) 10 ml

Solution B was added to solution A under stirring and the resulting solution was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water and the pH adjusted to 11.5. The developer solution was used to process a sensitometrically exposed X-ray film as in Example 3, development time 1 minute at 32°C.

The densities obtained were measured and are reported in the following Table 15.

Table 15

Dmax Silver and yellow dye

Light image Pale yellow dye image

White 2.36 1.09 Blue 2.47 ' 1.23

-

This Example displays the possibility of forming new colored image (pale yellow) using a dye-forming developing agent in a developer formulation containing components described in this invention.

Example 17

The developer solution of Example 2 with the exception that the black and white developer (metol) was omitted from the formulation was used to process a sensitometrically exposed X-ray emulsion having a 3.6 g/m coating weight to give a blue-dye reinforced silver image. The processing was repeated using the developer solution containing metol. The densities resulting from the experiments were measured and are reported in the following Table 16.

Table 16

Dmax

Formulation containing Formulation not

Light metol containing metol

White 3.72 0.62

Red 4.19 0.74

This Example displays the role of a secondary black and white developer (the minor component as compared to the dye-forming developing agent) in the kinetic enhancement of the role of the image formation, as measured by Dmax.

Example 18 The formation of a blue-dye reinforced silver image using a two bath developer formulation where the dye-forming developing agent is present in one bath at a pH white does not allow it to reduce the latent image, while the second bath is of an alkaline pH capable of triggering the reduction reaction.

5 1

The following baths were prepared: Bath 1 triethylene glycol 750 ml

4-methoxy-l-naρhthol 10 g distilled water 250 ml pH approximately 6 Bath 2 distilled water 500 ml sodium carbonate 50 g metol 1 g hydroxylamine HC1 10 g sodium sulfite 10 g potassium bromide 5 g diethanolamine 50 g pH adjusted to 11.2 with sodium hydroxide

An X-ray film having a silver coating weight of 3.6 g/π.2 was sensitometrically exposed and treated in bath 1 for 3 minutes at 40°C followed by treatment in bath 2 for 3 minutes at 32°C. For comparison a similar film was developed in a standard black and white developer (D19b). The densities obtained by the above processing were measured and are reported in the following Table 17.

Table 17

Dmax Light Silver image Silver and blue dye image

White 1.41 2.71

Red 1.51 3.33

The formation of dye-reinforced silver iamge may be achieved by processing two consecutive baths, the first containing the dye-forming developing agent and the second triggering the development reaction.

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52

Example 19 Dye-forming developer incorporated in an emulsion

An oil dispersion (A) of the trichloroacetyl derivative of MHN

( was prepared by dissolving 32 g of TCAMHN in 64 g- of dibutyl phthalate. The solution was then poured into 250 g of 10% gelatin and 1 to 2 ml of DOWFAX 241 anionic alkyl sulfonate surfactant and vigorously stirred with a high speed mixer.

The oil dispersion (A) was then incorporated into a photographic emulsion layer comprising:

1.3^ silver iodobromide emulsion 14 g (0.02 m) TCAMHN oil dispersion A) 22 g (0.06 m) dimethylol urea 6% solution 0.1 ml resorcyl aldehyde 2% solution 0.1 ml pH 5.5 weight to 60 g The emulsion was coated onto a suitable film base at a silver coating weight of 28 mg/dm2.

The coating was exposed for 0.1 second to blue filtered tungsten light through a neutral density continuous wedge. The coating was processed in an alkali bath at pH 11.5 for 5 minutes (30 g Na2Cθ3/litre) , then -fixed and washed. A negative silver and blue dye image was obtained with a combined density of 0.68.

Example 20 A dye-forming developer (DFD) of the formula:

TUREAcr OMPI

53

was incorporated into a silver halide 3M Type R X-ray emulsion in an oil dispersion in a similar manner to Example 16. 0.02 moles of silver halide 3M Type R X-ray emulsion which contained 7.7 g of 2% butyl phthalate oil dispersion of the above dye-forming developer, 0.2 g of metol (as an aqueous solution) and the usual ingredients known in the art of coating photographic layers, was hand coated using bar No. 4 on a polyester base to give a photographic film of 2.3 g/m silver. The coating, after being set, dried and hardened was exposed sensitometric¬ ally and processed in the following formulation: distilled water 100 ml sodium carbonate 5 g metol 0. •i g

5-nitroindazole (1% triethylene glycol 0. .4 g solution) sodium hydroxide to pH = 12. .8 for a development time of 5 minutes at 20°C. The image produced was magenta (purple) in color.

As a reference, another sample film exposed in a similar manner but processed in a conventional Kodak D19b black and white developer (5 minutes at 20°C) to give a black silver image. The densities of both images were measured using white and green light sources and the results are reported in the following Table 18.

- RE

OM

Table 18

Dmax white light green light

Film and DFD 1.06 1.19

Reference 1.04 1.04

The above Example shows the formation of a purple dye image when the above dye-forming developing agent is incorporated in the photographic emulsion and is activated by an aqueous activating solution.

Example 21 A photographic film was prepared as in Example 20 with the .exception that the dye-forming developing agent (DFD) used was of the formula:

The film was exposed sensitometrically and processed in the following activating solution: distilled water 500 ml sodium carbonate 25 g potassium bromide 0.5 g metol 0.05 g for a development time of 5 minutes at 20°C, to give a purple dye reinforced silver image. The densities were measured and are reported in the following Table 19.

Table 19

Light Dmax

White 0.85

Green 1.05

This Example shows the use of another dye-forming developing agent capable of forming a purple-dye reinforced silver image.

O PI

55 Example 22

A photographic film was prepared as in

Example 20 with the exception that the dye-forming developing agent used was of the formula:

and was incorporated in ethylacetate in place of dibutyl- phthalate.

0.02 moles of silver 3M Type S photographic emulsion which contained 0.02 moles of he above dye-forming developing agent as a dispersion of ethylacetate solution, 0.2 g of metol (as an aqueous solution) and the usual ingredients known in the art of coating photographic layers, was hand coated using K bar No. -4 on a polyester base to give a photographic film of 2.0 g/m ² silver. The coating after being set, dried and hardened was exposed sensitometrically and processed in the following activating solution for 5 minutes at 20°C: distilled water 90 ml trisodium phosphate 20 g ethanol 10 ^' ml

The densities were measured and are reported in the following Table 20.

Table 20

Light Dmax

White 1.30

Red 1.54

This Example shows formation of a blue dye reinforced silver image when the dye-forming developing agent is incorporated in the photographic emulsion.

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^" 56

The dye-forming developer carried a ballasting 12-carbon chain to minimize its migration when processed in the alkaline activating solution.

The activation solution is an example of a simple aqueous alkaline solution.

The Dmax values display an amplification factor due to the presence of the blue dye.

Example 23 A photographic film was prepared as in Example 22 with the exception that the dye-forming developing agent (DFD) used was of the formula:

^• Upon processing a purple dye reinforced silver image was produced which exhibited the densities reported in the following Table 21.

Table 21

Light Dmax

White 0.95

Green 1.20

This Example reflects the use of another dye- forming developing agent capable of forming a purple dye reinforced silver image.

Example 24 A photographic element was prepared as in Example 22 with the exception that the dye-forming developing agent used was of the formula:

- TJRE -

The sensitometrically exposed photographic element was processed for 5 minutes at 20°C in aqueous alkaline activating solutions containing various amounts of polar organic solvent and/or a secondary black and white developer (metol) together with trisodium phosphate. The image formed was a blue dye reinforced silver image. The densities obtained were measured and are reported in the following Table 22:

OMP

58

Table 22

Activation solution ( > (2) (3) (4) distilled water 100 90 100 90 ml trisodium phosphate 6 6 6 6 g metol - - 0.1 0.1 g methanol — 10 0 10 ml

The rate of development of a photographic element containing a dye-forming developing agent in an oil dispersion can be controlled by the presence or absence of an organic polar solvent and/or a secondary black and white developer.

Example 25 A photographic element was prepared as in Example 24 but additionally including a yellow dye-forming developing agent of the formula:

The ratio of blue:yellow dye-forming developing agent was 1:2. The sensitometrically exposed photographic element was processed for 5 minutes at 20°C in a solution comprising: distilled water 90 ml sodium carbonate 6 g methanol 10 ml

The density of the blackish image obtained was measured and is reported in the following Table 23.

59 Table 23 Dmax of silver and blue and yellow dye

Light image

White 1.48 Red 1.52 Green 1.53 Blue 1.38

The incorporation of one or more of the dye- forming developing agents in the photographic coating makes it possible to obtain a near to neutral colored final image.

Example 26 The photographic film of Example 23 was exposed sensitometrically and developed in the processing solution of Example 2 for 5 minutes at 20°C.

The image formed was a combination of a blue and purple-dye reinforced silver iamge which appeared as a black image. The densities were measured and are reported in the following Table 24.

Table 24

Light Dmax

-

White 1.72

Green 1.74

Blue 1.70

Red 1.51

This Example displays the possibility of forming a silver image reinforced by two dyes of different colors from two dye-forming developing agents of different chemical structures and present in different media.

Example 27

The photographic film of Example 22 was exposed sensitometrically and processed in the developer solution of Example 7.

OMP

60

The image formed was a- combination of a blue and yellow dye reinforced silver image which appeared as a black image.

As a reference the same photographic coating containing the blue dye-forming developing agent was processed in an alkaline activating solution (as described in Example 22) to give a blue-dye reinforced silver image. The densities were measured and the results are reported in the following Table 25.

Table 25

Dmax

Silver and blue and

Light Silver and blue dye image yellow dye image

White 1.64 2.34 Red . 1.63 2.40

Green 1.60 2.42

Blue 1.21 2.01

This Example displays the possibility of forming a silver image reinforced by two dyes of different colors from two dye-forming developing agents of different chemical structures and present in different media.

61 Some of the compounds included within the broad formulae of the present invention may be found in. prior art photographic literature as additives to developing solutions or emulsions. For example,- naphtholic color couplers for photographic emulsions are, shown in U.S.

Patents 2,474,293? 3,667,956 and 3,918,975 as well as Mees .and James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd Ed., 1966, p. 392, Macmillian Co., N.Y. Developing agents such as p-aminophenols and their .derivatives are also well known in the photographic ar£ (e.g., Mees and James, supra, pp. 280-295, and Subject Index p. 575). These materials are not believed to be used in the compositions and process of the present invention, however.

For example, it is not believed that the prior art developers and couplers were used in solution with 1) a water-miscible polar organic solvent, 2) an alkanolamine or ono-aminocarboxylic acid, and 3) an hydroxylamine or hydroxamic acid. In some practices of the invention the presence of these known developing agents, e.g., with o-, m-, and especially p-amino groups, is not preferred. Many u£ these previously known developers for example do not form the preferred types of dyes. It is desirable that the dyes formed by oxidation of the developers in the practice of the present invention have extinction coefficients in excess of 1000 between 400 and 700 nm. Tht.-.s _* .' iiioajjuruiuonts may be general ly tu .un in ethanol. Preferably the dyes have extinction coefficients in excess of 4000 and most preferably in excess of 7000 btween 425 and 675 nm. The oxidation product of hydroquinone has an extinction coefficient of about 25 between 400 and 700 nm while compounds 37 and 38 have extinction coefficients of 3900 and 2500 in that region of the spectrum. Most oxidation products of black-and-white developers have similarly low extinction coefficients. Compounds 62 and 93 have extinction coefficients of 100,000 or more, while compound 94 has an extinction coefficient of 50,000 and compounds 29 and 84 have

extinction coefficients in excess of 15,000. Benzoquinone developers (both 1,4- and 1, 2-benzoquinone ) have extinction coefficients less than 50 while 1,4-naphtho- quinone and 1, 2-naphthoquinone have extinction coefficients of 2,500 and 2,000 respectively.

When used within photographic emulsions, particularly in high temperature boiling water-imiscible organic solvent droplets, the dye forming developers of the present invention would tend to be used in concentrations far higher than color couplers. The most efficient couplers in use today are two-equivalent color couplers which require the reduction of two moles of silver for the production of one mole of dye. In the present invention, at least 1.50 or 1.75 moles of dye-forming developer are present in the oil-dispersed droplets for each mole of silver and preferably at least 2.0 moles of dye-forming developer are present for each mole of silver halide in the emulsion. Molar amounts up to 4, 5 and more (e.g., 10) times the amount of silver halide are, of course, quite useful. In formula 1, the normal coupling position for naphtholic couplers would be the 4-position. It is preferred in some cases, therefore, that the 4-position not be hydrogen, halogen, aryloxy, arylthio, and other conventional splitting-of f or leaving groups.