Description of the Related Art Moving a magnet through a conductive coil induces an electromotive force that generates a current in the coil.

If the magnet is moved back and forth in a reciprocating motion, the direction of current flow in the coil will be reversed for each successive traverse, yielding an AC current.

Several electrical generating systems have been de- veloped that make use of reciprocating magnet movement through one or more coils. For example, in Patent No.

4,260, 901, wave motion in a body of water causes a float to move up and down, which in turn imparts a reciprocat- ing motion to a magnet that travels between a pair of coils stationed at opposite ends of its path. In Patent No. 5,347, 186, a rare earth magnet and a coil are posi- tioned to move linearly back and forth relative to each other. The magnet can either be fixed and the coil moved

up and down relative to the magnet, as by wave action, the coil-fixed and the magnet moved relative to the coil as by pneumatic pressure, or the coil housing shaken or vibrated, as by being carried by a jogger, to cause a re- ciprocating motion of a magnet which moves within the coil. In'Patent No. 5,818, 132, a moving magnet is con- fined to a bi-directional linear or near linear motion through each of at least two mutually spaced coils for providing power in applications such as long life flash- lights, alarms systems, communication devices located at places where conventional electric power sources are un- available, and. relatively high power repetitive forces such as the forces on the heel of a shoe during walking or running.

In each of these applications it is necessary to ei- ther hold the magnet or coil stationary and forcefully move the other component, or apply a vigorous shaking or vibrating motion to a housing for the assembly so that the magnet moves relative to the coil. This makes the devices unsuitable for applications in which only a gen- tle actuating force is available to move the housing, particularly if the movement is in a generally horizontal direction. Thus, in the example of a hand held flash- light with a magnet and coil assembly for supplying power to the bulb, simply holding the flashlight in the user's hand while walking so that it moves in a shallow, gener- ally horizontal arc corresponding to the user's hand mo- tion, may be insufficient to cause adequate motion of the magnet relative to the housing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention seeks to provide a new elec- trical generator system and method in which frictional forces between a magnet and support structure are so low that relative movement between the magnet and a proximate conductive coil is sufficient for use. ful electrical power generation, even if the movement is horizontal and only a slight movement is imparted to the support structure.

These goals are achieved with an electrical genera- tor in which a magnet is arranged to move relative to a support structure, the assembly having a critical angle of displacement from a horizontal static position of less than 1 degree, and even of less than 10 minutes. This ultra low friction level can be achieved with a ferro- fluid bearing that provides a low friction interface be- tween, the magnet and support structure. A conductor ; preferably a coil, is arranged with respect to the magnet so that an electrical signal is generated in the conduc- tor and coupled out of the system in response to the mag- net moving on its support structure. The ferrofluid preferably has a viscosity less than about 5 centipoise, and in a particular embodiment comprises a light mineral oil medium mixed with isoparaffinic acid.

In one embodiment, the magnet moves within an enclo- sure and produces a moving magnetic field that generates an electrical'signal in a surrounding conductive coil.

An air flow path is provided between opposite sides of the magnet which it moves, preferably by the magnet occu- pying less than the full interior cross-sectional area of the enclosure, to prevent a pressure buildup that could retard the magnet movement. For a hand held device, the

enclosure can be curved to generally match the arc of an arm swing. The enclosure can be housed in a buoyant outer enclosure to that the unit generates an electrical signal when the outer enclosure is floating and subjected to wave action, or the unit can be suspended to generate an electrical signal in response to wind. Representative applications include battery charging systems, flash- lights, environmental sensors, emergency transmitters and cellular telephones.

These and other features and advantages of the in- vention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, taken together with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGs. 1 and 2 are schematic diagrams illustrating the application of the invention to environmental sensor and emergency transmitting applications, respectively ; FIG. 3 is a section view of an embodiment in which a magnet slides along a raceway formed in the enclosure ; FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the invention ap- plied to a flashlight; FIG. 5 is an elevation view illustrating a curved flashlight that is operated in response to the user's hand motion while walking; FIG. 6 is a simplified perspective view of an elec- trical generator in accordance with the invention actu- ated in response to wave motion; FIG. 7 is a simplified perspective view of an elec- trical generator in accordance with the invention actu- ated in response to air motion;

FIG. 8 is a simplified plan view of a cellular tele- phone powered in accordance with the invention; FIG. 9 is an illustrative graph of the energy pro- duced by an oscillating magnet system as a function of the static coefficient of friction between the magnet and its support structure; FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the ultra low friction that can be achieved with a new ferrofluid lu- bricant ; FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an embodiment with a magnet outside a housing and a pickup coil inside ; and FIG. 12 is a graph of output voltage produced with the device shown in FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an ultra low degree of friction between a magnet and a support structure for the magnet, allowing for useful generation of electricity from very slight movements of the support structure off a horizontal plane and/or movements in a horizontal plane.

For example, a walking motion or other normal motions such as turning, tapping, bowing, or even riding in a ve- hicle that is subject to vibration, can easily generate a useful amount of electricity when the support structure is held in the user's hand or in a shirt pocket, while slight off-horizontal movements due to wave or wind ac- tion can also'be used for electrical generation.

To enable a highly sensitive response of the magnet to movements of its support structure, ferrofluid bear- ings are preferably employed as an interface between the magnet and support structure. Ferrofluids are disper-

sions of finely divided magnetic or magnetizable parti- cles, generally ranging between about 30 and 150 Ang- stroms in size, and dispersed in a liquid carrier. The magnetic particles are typically covered'with surfactants or a dispersing agent. The surfactants assure a perma- nent distance between the magnetic particles to overcome the forces of attraction caused by Van der Waal forces and magnetic interaction, and also provide a chemical composition on the outer layer of the covered particles which is compatible with the liquid carrier and the chemicals in the surrounding environment. Ferrites and ferric oxides employed as magnetic particles offer a num- ber of physical and chemical properties to the ferro- fluid, including saturation magnetization, viscosity, magnetic stability, and chemical stability. Several types of ferrofluids are provided by Ferrotec (USA) Cor- poration of Nashua, New Hampshire. A summary of patents related to the preparation of ferrofluids is provided in U. S. Patent No. 6, 056, 889.

Ferrofluids have been used previously in electri- cally driven systems. For example, Patent No. 5,323, 076 discloses a disk spindle motor in which a ferrofluid lu- bricant is used as an alternative to ball bearings for a rotating electrically driven spindle. In Patent No.

5,452, 520, ferrofluid bands provide bearings for a magnet that slides within an inclinometer, with movements of the magnet away from a neutral position detected by a Hall element or coil, and used to energize coils at each end of the device which restore the magnet to its neutral po- sition.

An effort has also been made to employ ferrofluids in the generation of electricity to power external sys- tems. Patent No. 4,064, 409 utilized the characteristic of ferrofluids experiencing rapid changes in their mag- netic properties with changing temperature, by placing a magnet around a closed circuit ferrofluid system to cre- ate a self-pumping action of the ferrofluid through a so- lenoid that generates electric power. However, this type of system requires an external heat source and is not conducive to remote or portable operation.

Applicants have discovered a new way to utilize fer- rofluids in the generation of electrical energy used to power systems external to the generator itself. This new approach is based upon the low friction characteristics of ferrofluids, rather than their change in magnetic properties with temperature. A reciprocating system is provided in which a magnet moves relative to a conductive coil to induce an emf in the coil and thereby generate a current flow. With the use of a properly selected ferro- fluid lubricant for the magnet, an extremely low coeffi- cient of friction is provided that allows the magnet to move and generate electricity in response to very slight tilting or translation movements imparts to its enclo- sure.. It is not necessary to vigorously shake the appa- ratus or hold it vertically, as in prior moving magnet generators.

The characteristics of the ferrofluid and magnet are related. If the magnet has a relatively'low magnetic field, a ferrofluid of relatively high magnetization should be used. The magnet's magnetic field will typi-

cally range from about 500-4,000 Gauss, and the magnet- zation of the ferrofluid from about 50-400 Gauss.

The ferrofluid's frictional coefficient is roughly related to its viscosity (measured in centipoise (cp) ), but not directly. For example, a ferrofluid with a vis- cosity of 300 cp has been found to have a static friction coefficient of about 0.015, the EFH1 ferrofluid from Ferrotec (USA) Corporation has a viscosity on the order of 6 cp and a static friction coefficient of about 0.002, but a water based ferrofluid with a viscosity of 5 cp has been found to have a static friction coefficient of about 0.01. The high friction coefficient for the somewhat lower viscosity composition has been attributed to a sur- face tension associated with the water based solvent.

A preferred ferrofluid composition for the present invention has a viscosity substantially less than 5 cp, actually less than 2 cp, and achieves an ultra low coef- ficient of static friction in the range of 0.0008-0. 0012.

This is sensitive enough for a magnet on a beam to begin sliding when the beam is tilted only about 0. 070 off horizontal. This and other suitable ferrofluid composi- tions are discussed in copending Patent Application Se- rial No. 10/078, 132, entitled"Mechanical Translator With Ultra Low Friction Ferrofluid Bearings", filed on the same day as the present invention by applicant Jeffrey T.

Cheung, and also assigned to Innovative Technology Li- censing, LLC, the assignee of the present invention, the contents of which application are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The composition comprises a mixture of one part Ferrotec (USA) Corporation EFH1 light mineral oil ferrofluid, mixed with from two to four parts of

isoparaffinic acid, stirred for 24 hours. Suitable sources of isoparaffinic acid are Isopar 6 and Isopar M hydrocarbon fluids from Exxon Mobil Chemical Corp. Undi- luted EFH1 ferrofluid could also be used. Undiluted EFH1 composition has a greater weight bearing capacity than the diluted version, but diluting the composition will retain sufficient weight bearing capability for most ap- plications. Other ferrofluids with static friction coef- ficients up to about 0.02 could also be used, such as Ferrotec (USA) Corporation type EMG 805, a water based ferrofluid with a static friction coefficient of about 0.01 and a viscosity of about 5 cp, since the power out- put achievable with a 0.01 static friction coefficient is still about 75% that achievable with a zero friction sys- tem. At present the EMG 805 composition is considerably more expensive than the EFH1 composition and has a some- what lesser load bearing capability.

FIG. 1 illustrates the application of the invention to an environmental sensor. A movable permanent magnet 2 is housed within a nonmagnetic enclosure 4, with magnets 6 and 8 at opposite ends of the enclosure in axial polar opposition to central magnet 2. Thus, the ends of the moving and end magnets which face each other are of like magnetic polarity so that the kinetic energy of the mov- ing magnet is converted to potential energy as it ap- proaches an end magnet, and then back to kinetic energy as it is repelled away from the end magnet. A ferrofluid within the enclosure is naturally attracted to the poles of magnet, 2 to form beads 10,12 around the end poles of the magnet. This provides an ultra low friction lubri- cant that allows the magnet 2 to freely move within the

enclosure, which provides a supporting structure for the magnet. The magnet will move relative to the enclosure in response to either a tilting of the enclosure away from horizontal, or a horizontal movement of the enclo- sure.

A conductive coil 14, typically copper, is wound around at least a portion of the enclosure that is trav- ersed by the magnet 2 in its path between the end magnets 6 and 8. Movement of the magnet relative to its enclo- sure generates a current in coil 14, due to the magnet's moving magnetic field cutting the turns of the coil. The repulsive effect of end magnets 6 and 8 limit the travel of moving magnet 2 with a cushioning effect that prevents it from striking the hard end magnets. Since the mag- netic repulsion force varies with 1/d, where d is the difference between two magnets, the repulsive force in- creases very rapidly as the moving magnet approaches one of the end magnets.

Magnet 2 and enclosure 4 both preferably have gener- ally circular cross-sections. The dimensions of the com- ponents are preferably selected to leave a gap between the ferrofluid beads 10 and 12 and the upper enclosure wall, thereby preventing an air buildup on one side of the sliding magnet and a partial vacuum on the other side that could otherwise develop and retard the magnet's movement. Alternatively, the magnet could be perforated to allow an air flow between its opposite sides if it is desired that (together with the ferrofluid'bearings) it occupy the full cross-sectional inner area of the enclo- sure.

A movement imparted to the enclosure 4 causes the magnet 2 to reciprocate back and forth between the end magnets 6,8. Depending upon the particular application, the enclosure movement can be a single axial movement, reciprocating along a longitudinal axis, pivoting about a center axis, rotational, or other more complex forms of movement. As the magnet 2 moves back and forth, it gen- erates an AC current in the coil 14. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, this current is rectified by a , bridge circuit 16 and used to charge a battery. 18, which provides a power source for an environmental sensor 20 that can sense one or more environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, gases, radiation or the like.

To establish the sensor at a remote location, a transmit- ter 22 can be provided to transmit information concerning the sensed condition, with the transmitter also operated off of battery 18. Alternately, the sensor 20 can be op- erated in real time, directly from the output of coil 14 or bridge circuit 16, by eliminating the battery 18.

The application of the invention to an emergency transmitter is illustrated in FIG. 2. The same ferro- fluid libricated electrical generator as in FIG. 1 is il- lustrated, except in this embodiment the end magnets have been replaced with springs 24,26. This version provides a gentler stop to the moving magnet, since the spring force increases generally linearly rather than in propor- tion to 1/d4 as with end magnets, but it has the disadvan- tage of physically contacting the reciprocating magnet 2 at each end of its travel and possibly damaging the mag- net through repeated contacts over time.

The coil output is connected to a rectifying bridge circuit 28, the output of which charges a battery 30 that powers an emergency transmitter 32. Applications for this system include a wave-powered generator for trans- mitting emergency signals at sea, and a wind-powered sys- tem for land transmissions, illustrated respectively in FIGs. 6 and 7.

FIG. 3 illustrates one possible configuration for the enclosure 4 in which a shape. d raceway 34 is provided in the wall of an otherwise circular cross-sectional en- closure, with the magnet 2 dimensioned so that it slides in the raceway and avoids lateral motion. This is useful for applications in which the enclosure experiences move- ments in the lateral direction, as well as in the plane of the magnet travel, helping to confine the magnet to a longitudinal movement.

The enclosure 4 which provides a support structure for the magnet preferably has a smooth, nonporous surface that does not absorb the ferrofluid. Materials such as polycarbonate. s and glass are suitable, while Teflon@ is not desirable because it tends to absorb the ferrofluid.

The invention has many applications, a few of which are illustrated herein. FIG. 4 illustrates the invention as applied to a hand held flashlight. An electrical gen- erator 36 as described above is provided within a flash- light housing 38, with an illuminating bulb 40 at one end held to a bulb contact 42 and emitting light through a transparent plate 44 that can be screwed off to access the bulb. As with the other embodiments described above, the generator 36 provides an AC output that is rectified by a bridge circuit 46 which charges a battery 48 con-

nected in circuit with the bulb contact 42. Again, the battery can be eliminated if real time flashlight opera- tion is desired, and in any application of the invention the bridge circuit can be eliminated if it is desired to operate directly from an AC signal.

FIG. 5 illustrates a variation in which the longitu- dinal axis of a flashlight housing 38'is curved along an arc, rather than straight; numerous other ergonometric designs could also be envisioned. The flashlight would be held in a person's hand 46, with its curvature de- signed to match the arc through which the person's hand swings while walking. This provides a smoother movement between the magnet and its enclosure during a normal walking movement.

An electrical generator operated by wave action is illustrated in FIG. 6. This system is useful for power- ing an emergency transmitter, a repeater station for un- derwater cable, and for other marine applications. requir- ing an electrical power source that is not otherwise available. In the illustrated embodiment, a pair of buoyant tubular enclosures 48,50 are connected trans- verse to each other at their midsections. Each enclosure houses an electrical generator as described above, and any associates electronics. When left to float in water 52, the two generators will be more stable and sensitive to wave action in different directions than a single gen- erator. Their outputs can be combined to produce a steadier supply of power than with a single generator.

Other configurations of multiple enclosures or a single shaped enclosure could also be used, such as linear ar-

rays, three-dimensional arrays, triangles and other geo- metric shapes.

FIG. 7 illustrates a wind-powered device that is similar to the marine generator of FIG. 6, but is sus- pended in air and moved by the wind to generate electric- ity. A support structure 54 includes a suspension system 56 that suspends the apparatus in the air, where it can be blown by the wind. Again, the electrical generation apparatus is illustrated as a pair of tubular electrical generators 58,60 that are transverse to each other and connected at their midsections, with the ends of the tubes attached to the support structure. Wind vanes or other embellishments can be added to increase the genera- tor's profile and make it more sensitive to wind. As the enclosures swings off-horizontal due to wind action, the magnets they house move along the tubes to produce an electrical output.

FIG. 8 illustrates the application of the invention to a cellular telephone 62 that can be placed in a per- son's shirt pocket or belt clip ; for purposes of simpli- fication the coil or coils wound on the magnet enclosure 4 are not shown. A battery and associated rectifying circuitry as in the other applications for the invention described above would be provided within the telephone housing.

The magnet enclosure 4 is supported within the cell phone 62 so that it has a generally horizontal orienta- tion when the phone is place upright in the'user's shirt pocket or held in a belt clip. The motion sensitivity achieved with the invention allows power outputs on the order of 0.4 watts to be readily achieved with the move-

ment accompanying a normal walking motion, whereas a typical cell phone presently consumes an average power of about 0. 2 watts. Thus, cell phones and like devices con- stitute an important application for the invention.

The invention has many other applications involving devices that are hand held, portable or otherwise subject to motion. For example, an electrical generator as de- scribed herein could be installed on the axle of an auto- mobile'or other vehicle to capture vibrations from the vehicle's movement, and used to generate electrical power for air pressure sensors embedded in the vehicle tires.

The pressure information could be transmitted to a driver display to provide a warning of low or high pressure con- ditions.

The achievement of an ultra low friction interface between the moving magnet and the walls of its enclosure is an important aspect of successfully implementing the invention. FIG. 9 graphically illustrates the relative amount of energy produced, on a normalized basis, as a function of the static friction coefficient between the magnet and the enclosure, for a horizontally oriented en- closure subjected to movements typical of being carried while walking. It can be seen that the output energy drops rapidly from a frictionless system to a very low level at a static friction coefficient of 0.1, with a more gradual dropoff after that until no output is achieved with a coefficient greater than about 0.2. With the use of ferrofluid bearings that preferably provide an ultra low static friction coefficient of about 0.01 or less, the invention is capable of near optimum energy outputs.

The ultra low friction achievable with specific fer- rofluids is illustrated by FIG. 10. A magnet 64 is shown supported on a substrate 66, which in turn is on a hori- zontal support surface 68. A ferrofluid bearing 70 pro- vides an ultra low friction interface between the magnet 64 and substrate 66. The magnet is shown oriented with its magnetic axis 72 generally transverse to the sub- strate 66.

With the use of an appropriate ferrofluid 16, ultra low degrees of friction can be achieved between the mag- net and substrate, making the magnet highly responsive to a tilting of the substrate or an applied translational force applied to the magnet. The static friction coeffi- cient was measured by raising one end of the substrate 66 off the horizontal surface 68 until the magnet began to slide along the substrate, determining the substre's critical off-horizontal angle of displacement at which sliding movement began, returning the substrate to hori- zontal, lifting its other end until the magnet started to slide in the opposite direction, determining the critical angle of displacement from horizontal for sliding to be- gin in that direction, and averaging the two angles.

With an EFH1/isoparaffinic acid mixture as described above, the magnet began to slide at an average angle of much less than 1 degree, and even considerably less than 10 minutes. In fact, the critical angle for displacement from a horizontal static position was found to be ap- proximately 0. 07 degree.

While several embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous additional variations and embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. For

example, rather than moving the enclosure as illustrated, the enclosure could be held in place and the magnet moved, such as by a piston. Also, instead of placing the t magnet inside a housing and winding the coil around the outside of the housing, the elements could be reversed with the coil inside the magnet. This variation is il- lustrated in FIG. 11, in which a toroidal shaped magnet 74 whose magnetic field is aligned with its axis slides freely over a tube 76 on ferrofluidic bearings 78. An electrical coil 80 is located inside the tube. As the magnet slides over the tube in the vicinity of the coil, an electrical output is produced by the coil and detected by voltmeter 82. This variation can be used by itself, or coupled with an additional outer coil that surrounds the magnet.

The signal produced with one example of the FIG. 11 design is shown in FIG. 12. A 268 turn coil was placed inside a 1.054 cm outside diameter, 0.762 cm inside di- ameter tube. The magnet was a ceramic disk with a 1.27 cm diameter opening through its center, dropped from a height of 40 cm. The resulting AC voltage output had a peak of about 160 mV.

Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.