Electroacoustic transducer Technical field The present invention relates to electroacoustic transducers and systems, such as loudspeakers and loudspeaker systems, specifically of the air motion t
ransformer (AMT) type, and their magnetic motor structure. In particular, the present invention relate
s to a distributed magnet array for multilayer thin
film electroacoustic transducers. Background The field of loudspeaker transducers is dominated by the dynamic driver which can be easily identified by their typically cone‐ or dome‐shaped
diaphragms. Despite variations in the design specifi
cs, they all operate on the same principle where a voic
e coil connected to the diaphragm is moving inside
the magnetic gap of a magnet structure by means of
the electromagnetic force thus producing sound. In this type of transducer, the effective area capable
of moving the air is equivalent to the visible surf
ace area of the diaphragm. However, there exists a whole group of electroacousti
c transducers with a ‘meander‐shaped’ (or ‘pleated’) diaphragm made out of insulating thin
foil or thin‐film, or another type of thin flexib
le or semi‐ rigid substrate that carries the electrically conducti
ve traces on its surface, thereby eliminating the ne
ed for a separate voice coil. Due to their inherently greater effective area and low moving mass, the so‐ called “air motion transformer” provides excellent
air coupling resulting in superb transient response
and very low distortion. A number of embodiments of the air motion transforme
r, also referred to by those skilled in the art as ‘AMT’, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,636,278 by its inventor Oskar Heil. The quintessential working principle of the AMT describes a plurality o
f substantially parallel vibratory diaphragm layers, alternately closed in the front or at the back (in
a ‘meander’ or ‘pleated’ structure), with sem
i‐confined air pockets in between the layers, creating an acous
tic dipole. The electrical conductors bonded onto the
membrane substrate are arranged such that the path o
f charged particles moving through the conductive traces is substantially perpendicular to the magnetic
field created by the motor structure, all the while
the current in adjacent layers is flowing in opposite directions. The resulting Lorentz force c
auses the adjacent diaphragm layers to either move toward or a
way from each other, depending on the direction of the current, producing an acoustic output substant
ially parallel to the diaphragm layers. Modified embodiments of the original AMT designs were
described in numerous other patents including, for example, a ‘reinforced’ version of
the AMT detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,208,678 B2, wh
ere each crest of a pleated section of the diaphragm is reinforced with a stiffness‐providing element controlling the parasitic oscillations. Another instance of an AMT variation is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 9,124,964 B2, where the parallel diaphragm layers are curved in an effort to control
the directivity of the acoustic output. Nevertheless,
the main operating principle remains the same with t
he active element consisting of a multilayer film diaphragm submerged in a strong magnetic field. The aforementioned air motion transformer devices and
their magnetic motor structures all share a variety of limitations. Since permanent magnets are
dipoles, their magnetic field rapidly decays with distance in accordance with the inverse cube law. Fo
r that reason, one of the main challenges in thin
film multilayer transducers is to create a magnetic field
strong enough to drive the diaphragm layers, which
is difficult due to the large magnetic gap dictated
by the width of the diaphragm structure. The prio
r‐art motors usually consist of a combination of permanent
magnets as well as pole pieces made out of soft magnetic materials placed directly in front of and b
ehind the diaphragm. The purpose of using pole piece
elements is to direct as much of the magnetic flux
across the diaphragm as possible, thus limiting stra
y fields and enhancing the transducer’s efficiency. Ho
wever, this placement of the pole pieces obstructs the outlets of the vibratable diaphragm, diminishing
acoustic transparency and introducing cavity effects that negatively influence the high‐frequency response
of the transducer. Alternatively, omitting the pole
piece elements would bring about problems with the increased amount of stray fields and reduced efficiency of the transducer, limiting the acoustic o
utput it is capable of producing. Therefore, an undeniable need exists to optimize th
e construction of AMT transducers and their magnetic motor structures to fully make use of the
advantages the air motion transformer can offer in the field of sound reproduction. Summary of the Invention Aspects and embodiments of the present invention are
set out in the appended claims. These and other aspects and embodiments of the invention are a
lso described herein. It is an object of the present invention to provide
a novel motor configuration for AMT transducers wherein multiple magnets are distributed within the b
ounds of the diaphragm assembly (for example, a stack) in between the individual diaphragm layers, br
inging the magnets closer to the conductive traces.
This novel configuration facilitates an ironless motor
design for air motion transformers, eliminating the
need to use additional pole pieces (for example made of soft magnetic materials). Additionally, the disclosure provides a solution for removing obstructions from the acoustic output path of AMT transducers. According to a first aspect of the there is provided a magnetic structure for an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer comprising a diaphragm
assembly, wherein the magnetic structure comprises at least one magnet positioned at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. This provides the advantage that the magnetic flux i
s locally directed (more efficiently directed) to the layers of the diaphragm. As used herein, being positioned ‘within’ preferably connotes being positioned within the geometrical structure of the diaphragm assembly; this may alternatively be described as being within the same volume (i.e. volu
me of space) occupied by the diaphragm assembly. This applies to any shape the diaphragm assembly may take. The entire magnet may or may not be positioned within the diaphragm assembly, hence one o
r more magnets may be provided at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. For example, only a p
art of one or more magnets may be within the structure. The relevant portion of diaphragm assembly
may be referred to as the (vibratable) layers of the diaphragm assembly, for example the structure for
med by the (vibratable) layers of the diaphragm assembly. The (vibratable) layers of the diaphragm assembly may form a geometrical structure of a variety of shapes, for example a ‘straight’ configuration having a generally cuboida
l shape, or a more complex shape, such as ‘curved structure’. The ‘magnetic structure’ may alternatively be described
in relation to the ‘magnet structure’. The at least one magnet may be positioned at least
partially within the bounds of the diaphragm assembly, preferably within the geometrical bounds of
the diaphragm assembly. As used herein, being positioned ‘within the bounds’ preferably connotes
being positioned within the boundary or perimeter of the geometrical structure of the diaphragm assembl
y. The at least one magnet may be positioned at least
partially within the footprint of the diaphragm assembly. As used herein, the term “at least parti
ally within the footprint” preferably connotes being
at least partially within the geometrical area projection of the diaphragm assembly in all directions (orientations). In preferable implementations, the at least one magne
t is provided between adjacent vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly. This can facilitate the magnetic flux being provided directly and efficiently across the vibratable layers. This prefera
bly refers to the magnet being positioned within the
volume defined between adjacent vibratable layers, for
example within the volume defined between the planes of two adjacent vibratable layers. The vibrata
ble layers of the diaphragm assembly may comprise at least one electric conductor. The vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly may be vibratable in order to propagate sound. At least a part of the m
agnet may be provided between two adjacent layers (the magnet may be provided at least partially betwe
en the layers). In some implementations, the magnetic structure may further comprise at least one further magnet outside the diaphragm assembly. This can further enhance the magnetic flux across the diaphragm assembly. The at least one further magnet
may be provided adjacent to at least one side of the diaphragm assembly. As used herein, the term ‘
side’ preferably connotes all sides of the diaphrag
m assembly, encompassing ‘top’, ‘bottom’, ‘end
, and so on. This may preferably encompass all sid
es of a complex shape. The term ‘side’ may encompass all positions or locations adjacent to any face of the shape. Different portions, sections or parts of the
magnetic structure may utilize different arrangements
of magnets within and outside the diaphragm stack. T
his may be, for example, to configure different portions, sections or parts for different frequency r
anges. In some implementations, the magnetic structure may f
urther comprise at least one pole piece component. This can assist in directing and enhancing magnetic flux. The at least one pole piece component may be provided adjacent to the diaphragm
assembly, preferably adjacent to at least one side of the diaphragm assembly. The term ‘side’
as used herein, preferably encompasses all sides of
the diaphragm assembly, as defined above. Preferably, the at least one magnet is configured such that magnetic flux aligns with vi
bratable layers of the diaphragm assembly. This can assist in
directing the flux to the vibratable layers, and t
hereby enhancing the effect of the Lorentz force on the vi
bratable layers. The magnets are preferably configured
such that the magnetic flux is perpendicular or at
least substantially perpendicular to electric conductor
s of the vibratable layers (i.e. the direction of elec
tric current). The magnets may also be configured su
ch that the magnetic flux is aligned with the plane of
the vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly. Th
is can assist in facilitating the Lorentz force acting
perpendicular to layers. In some implementations, the magnetic structure comprises at least two magnets and the magnets are arranged such that their magnetic flux c
onstructively superimposes. The magnetic flux may constructively superimpose aligned with and/or in proximity to vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly. This can enhance the magnetic flux, prefera
bly the magnetic flux aligned with and/or in the vicinity of the vibratable layers. In some implementations, the magnetic structure may c
omprise a plurality of magnets provided on one side of the diaphragm assembly only. This ca
n facilitate prioritizing acoustic output on one side
of the diaphragm assembly. This may be useful, for
example, in loudspeakers which are configured to emit sound in one direction only. In some instances, the diaphragm assembly may be configured a
s a pleated structure and the plurality of magnets are p
rovided on one side of the pleated structure only.
The vibratable layers may be formed by adjacent laye
rs of the pleated structure. As used herein, the te
rm ‘side’ preferably connotes one side of the diaphr
agm assembly, preferably one side of the diaphragm assembly to which sound waves can be propagated. For
example, the magnets may be provided only within pleats open to the one side (to which sound
waves can be propagated). In some implementations, the magnetic structure may comprise a plurality of m
agnets provided between alternate pairs of adjacent vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly. If the
diaphragm assembly comprises a pleated structure, for example, this facilitates the magnets being provi
ded on only one side of the pleated structure. In some implementations, the magnetic structure may c
omprise a plurality of magnets provided on both sides of the diaphragm assembly and/or the
magnets may be provided between consecutive pairs of adjacent vibratable layers of the of the diaphragm assembly. In this case, the magnets may further enhance the magnetic flux. The magnets may be provided between each pair of adjacent vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly or only
between some pairs. According to a further aspect of the invention, ther
e is provided an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer, comprising: a diaphragm ass
embly comprising a plurality of diaphragm layers including at least one electric conductor; and a magnetic structure; wherein the magnetic structure comprises at least one magnet positioned at least pa
rtially within the diaphragm assembly. The magnetic structure may be the magnetic (or magne
t) structure as described above. The diaphragm assembly may preferably surround and/or
encompass at least part of (for example, at least a portion of) the at least one magnet. Th
e (geometrical) volume of the diaphragm assembly may
preferably encompass at least part (for example, at least a portion of) at least one magnet. The (vibratable) layers of the diaphragm assembly may pre
ferably surround and/or encompass at least part of (for example, at least a portion of) the at lea
st one magnet. The (geometrical) volume formed by th
e (vibratable) layers of the diaphragm assembly may pre
ferably encompass at least part (for example, at least a portion of) at least one magnet. This may
encompass to the volume occupied by the (vibratable)
layers and the space between the (vibratable) layers.
In some implementations, the diaphragm assembly may c
omprise a plurality of vibratable layers and (at least part of) the at least one magnet may
be provided between adjacent vibratable layers of t
he diaphragm assembly. As defined above, the (at least
part of) the at least one magnet may be positioned
within the volume defined between adjacent vibratable
layers, for example within the volume defined between the planes of two adjacent vibratable layers.
The vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly may
be vibratable via at least a portion of flexible material. The flexible material may be resilient and/
or elastic. The vibratable layers of the diaphragm assembly may be vibratable via an interface (or mech
anism) facilitating enhanced excursion. (Excursion referring to the extent or distance to which the vi
bratable layers move during vibration). The vibratable
layers may be suspended via the interface (for example, elastically and/or vibratably suspended). The mechanism may be any mechanism for f
acilitating elastic suspension. In some implementations, the diaphragm assembly may comprise a
t least one vibratable layer comprising a rigid or semi‐rigid portion. Such a s
tructure may be useful for facilitating larger excurs
ions (i.e. vibrations to a greater extent), which can be
beneficial for lower frequencies. The rigid or semi
rigid portion may alternatively be referred to as stiff or
having stiffness. This rigidity or stiffness can fa
cilitate stability of a larger layer or portion, which may f
acilitate larger excursion. The rigid or semi‐rigid
portion may be suspended and vibratable via the portion of
flexible material. For example, the rigid or semi‐r
igid portion may be connected to a structure via a flexible and/or elastic material, which may assist in facilitating vibration. In some implementations, the portion of flexible material may at least partially surround the rigid or semi‐rigid portion. In some implementations, the diaphragm assembly may comprise a first section wherein the vibratable layers have a first width and a second section wher
ein the vibratable layers have a second width. This can be used to configure different secti
ons for different purposes, for example, for differen
t frequencies. AMT electroacoustic transducer may further comprise a frame configured to support the diaphragm assembly. The at least one magnet may be provided on a remov
able magnet carrier, preferably wherein the magnet carrier is configured to reversibly retain the at least one magnet at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. In some implementations, the magnet carrier is configured to reversibly engage with a or the frame to retain the at least one ma
gnet at least partially within the diaphragm assembly
. This can facilitate changing between the magnets bein
g provided on one or both sides of the diaphragm assembly and/or being provided in different sections
of the diaphragm assembly. The AMT electroacoustic transducer may further compris
e a support provided adjacent at least one intersection of adjacent vibratable layers of the
diaphragm assembly. The support may be rigid, for
example a rigid polymer. This can provide support and/or structure to a flexible diaphragm. The diaphragm may be formed of a flexible thin‐film or foil. The diaphragm may comprise electrically conductive tracks and/or traces for carrying electric
current. According to a further aspect of the invention, ther
e may be provided an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer assembly comprising: a
diaphragm assembly; a frame for supporting the diaphragm assembly; and a removable magnet carrie
r for carrying at least one magnet; wherein the frame is configured to reversibly engage the magnet carrier
to retain the at least one magnet at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. This can fac
ilitate reconfiguration of the magnetic structure (at
least one magnet). The frame may be configured to r
eversibly engage the magnet carrier on both sides of the diaphragm assembly. The AMT electroacoustic transducer assembly may compri
se the magnetic structure and/or the AMT electroacoustic transducer (for example, as descri
bed above). According to a further aspect of the invention, ther
e is provided an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer, comprising: a diaphragm assembly and at least one magnet positioned at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. Accordi
ng to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer, comprising: a diaphragm assembly; and a magnetic structure; wherein the magnetic structure comprises at least one magnet positioned at least partially within the diaphragm assembly. According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an air motion transformer (AMT) electroacoustic transducer assembly comprising: a diaphragm assembly; a frame for support
ing the diaphragm assembly; and at least one magnet provided within the diaphragm assembly. According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a distributed magnet or magnetic structure for the air motion transformer electroacoustic transducer where at least one permanent magnet is placed within the bounds of the diaphragm
stack or assembly, said magnet being positioned in
between two adjacent vibratable diaphragm layers. In some implementations , at least one additional ma
gnet may be placed outside of the bounds of the diaphragm stack or assembly, said magnet bein
g positioned proximate to at least one side of the
diaphragm stack or assembly. In some implementations, at least one additional pole
piece element may be added to the magnet section proximate to at least one end of the diaphr
agm stack or assembly. According to a further aspect of the invention, ther
e is provided a distributed magnet or magnetic structure for the air motion transformer electroacoustic transducer where at least one permanent magnet is placed at least partially within the bound
s of the diaphragm stack or assembly, said magnet being at least partially positioned in between two a
djacent vibratable diaphragm layers. In some implementations, at least one additional magnet section may be placed ou
tside of the bounds of the diaphragm stack or assembly, said magn
et being positioned proximate to at least one side
of the diaphragm stack or assembly. In some implementations, at least one additional pole
piece element may be added to the magnet section proximate to at least one end of the diaphr
agm stack or assembly. In some implementations, the AMT may further comprise a diaphragm stack comprising a plurality of diaphragm layers such that
gaps are formed between adjacent layers, where at least one magnet of the spatially distributed magneti
c structure as described is wholly or partly provide
d in some or all of said gaps. In some implementations, an air motion transformer (A
MT) array may comprise a plurality of AMT transducers as described, provided adjacent to each other such that sound generated by the AMT transducers is emitted from each respective AMT trans
ducer in a chosen direction relative to the device.
In some implementations, the orientation of each respective AMT transducer relative to the device may differ for some or all of the AMT trans
ducers such that a desired sound radiation pattern c
an be obtained. As used herein, a ‘diaphragm assembly’ may refer
to a plurality (at least two) of diaphragm layers.
As used herein, a ‘diaphragm stack’ may refer to
an arrangement of a plurality (at least two) of d
iaphragm layers (not limited to any orientation). The invention extends to methods and/or apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Any apparatus feature as described herein may also b
e provided as a method feature, and vice versa. Any feature in one aspect of the invention may be
applied to other aspects of the invention, in any appropriate combination. In particular, method asp
ects may be applied to apparatus aspects, and vice versa. Furthermore, any, some and/or all feature
s in one aspect can be applied to any, some and/or
all features in any other aspect, in any appropriate
combination. It should also be appreciated that particular combina
tions of the various features described and defined in any aspects of the invention can be impl
emented and/or supplied and/or used independently. Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1A (PRIOR ART) shows an example of the AMT op
erating principle, illustrating the ‘positive’ half‐wave mode of operation in a cross‐section vi
ew, using an example of a typical AMT transducer wi
th a ‘classic’ motor structure. FIG. 1B (PRIOR ART) shows an example of the AMT op
erating principle, illustrating the ‘negative’ half‐wave mode of operation in a cross‐section vi
ew, using the example of a typical AMT transducer w
ith a ‘classic’ motor structure. FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) shows a vertical cross‐section view of one of the ‘classic’ magnetic motor FIG. 3 shows an ISO view of an example of a straight‐configuration
AMT, the diaphragm stack having the novel distributed magnet structure in a
one‐sided’ configuration. FIG. 4 shows a further ISO view of the diaphragm s
tack of FIG. 3 with the novel distributed magnet structure in a ‘double‐sided’ configuration. FIG. 5 shows a view of a diaphragm stack in a ‘
one‐sided’ configuration, including a depiction of
the current flow direction through the conductive tra
ces for the ‘positive’ half‐wave mode of operat
ion. FIG. 6 shows a view of a diaphragm stack in a ‘
double‐sided’ configuration, including a depiction
of the current flow direction through the conductive traces for the ‘positive’ half‐wave mode of operation. FIG. 7 shows a vertical cross‐section view of th
e magnetic structure and resulting magnetic field lines for a transducer as shown in FIG. 3 or FIG.
5. FIG. 8 shows a vertical cross‐section view of the
magnetic structure and resulting magnetic field lines for the transducer shown in FIG. 4 or FIG. 6
. FIG. 9 shows an example of a wide‐angle AMT confi
guration with a ‘meander‐shaped’ or ‘pleated’
diaphragm and the novel distributed magnet structure in a ‘one‐sided’ configuration, including a depiction of the current flow direction through the
conductive traces for the ‘positive’ half‐wave m
ode of operation. FIG. 10 shows an example of a wide‐angle AMT conf
iguration with a ‘meander‐shaped’ or ‘pleated
diaphragm and the novel distributed magnet structure in a ‘double‐sided’ configuration, including a depiction of the current flow direction through the
conductive traces for the ‘positive’ half‐wave m
ode of operation. FIG. 11A shows a horizontal cross‐section view of
the magnetic structure and resulting magnetic field lines for the transducer as shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 11B shows a close‐up of a segment of the cr
oss‐section from FIG. 11A. FIG. 12A shows a horizontal cross‐section view of
the magnetic structure and resulting magnetic field lines for the transducer as shown in FIG. 10.
FIG. 12B shows a close‐up of a segment of the cr
oss‐section from FIG. 12A. FIG. 13 shows an example of a 360‐degree AMT conf
iguration with a meander‐shaped diaphragm and the novel distributed magnet structure in a ‘s
ingle‐sided’ configuration showing the ‘positive
half‐ wave mode of operation. assembly and the novel distributed magnet structure u
sing a plurality of rectangular magnets. FIG. 15 shows an example of a wide‐angle AMT conf
iguration with a curved, arc‐shaped diaphragm assembly and the novel distributed magnet structure u
sing curved radially magnetized magnets. Detailed description of the Invention and Preferred E
mbodiments The terminology used herein is for the purpose of d
escribing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting to the invention. As used herein, the term ‘and/or’ includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed
items. As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’,
‘an’, and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural for
ms as well as the singular forms, unless the contex
t clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood th
at the terms ‘comprises’ and/or ‘comprising’,
when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated
features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof
. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technic
al and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having or
dinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, s
uch as those defined in commonly used dictionaries,
should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure and will not
be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal se
nse unless expressly so defined herein. In describing the invention, it will be understood that a number of techniques and steps are disclosed. Each of these has individual benefits and each can also be used in conjunction with one or more, or in some cases all, of the other disclosed techniques
. Accordingly, for the sake of clarity, this description will refrain from repeating every possible combination of the individual steps in an unnecessary fashion. Nevertheless, the specification an
d claims should be read with the understanding that such combinations are entirely within the scope
of the invention and the claims. This disclosure describes a novel distributed magnet or magnetic structure for use with AMT transducers developed to maximize magnetic field strength in targeted areas while minimizing the volume of magnetic material needed to construct an e
fficient motor. Additionally, the added benefit of using a distributed magnet array is that it provides arguably the only way of constructing an ironless motor for air motion transformer type transducers thu
s eliminating the need for using additional pole pieces. Finally, distributing the magnets within the
diaphragm structure results in the entire transducer
being contained within the footprint of the diaphragm
assembly (for example, stack) itself which allows for the transducer to be sufficiently smaller compared to the prior art AMT solutions, opening up a plethora of possible real‐life applications where sp
ace constraints are crucial. Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the
present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that th
e present invention may be implemented without these
specific details. The present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated by the figures or description below. To provide a more thorough understanding of the issues resulting from a standard motor configuration, the AMT working principle known from t
he prior art is illustrated in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B
in a schematic fashion. The example of the AMT transducer shown comprises a ‘meander‐shaped’ diaphragm 4 folded back and forth to form substantially parallel layers 4a (the diaphragm 4 typically consisting of a substrate material with electrically
conductive traces or tracks on its surface), air poc
kets 5 that are created in between the layers 4a, magnet
s 2, a front pole piece 1 and a rear pole piece
3. The diaphragm 4 can therefore be described as having a
‘pleated’ structure, forming a plurality or stack
of layers 4a (formed from a continuous sheet of substra
te). FIG. 1A shows a ‘positive’ half‐wave movem
ent of the diaphragm layers and FIG. 1B shows a ‘nega
tive’ half‐wave movement of the diaphragm layers,
and their corresponding sound wave propagation directi
on depending on the direction of the current I. As the current I flows along the traces in opposite
directions in adjacent layers 4a of the diaphragm
4, the Lorentz force will act in opposite directions on
each adjacent layer 4a (as they all sit within th
e same magnetic field). This creates a ‘bellows’ effect
producing an acoustic output. When the current flows
in a first direction, as shown in FIG. 1A, the ‘positiv
e’ half‐wave movement of the diaphragm layers 4a
causes air to be expelled through the openings in the fron
t pole piece 1 while simultaneously being sucked in
through the openings in the rear pole piece 3. When
the current flows in the opposite direction, as sh
own in FIG. 1B, the ‘negative’ half‐wave movement of the diaphragm layers 4a causes air to be sucked in through the openings in the front pole piece 1 whil
e simultaneously being expelled through the openings
in the rear pole piece 3, thus creating sound press
ure waves. FIG. 2 shows a magnetic structure arrangement of a typical motor known from the prior art embodiments with magnets 2 positioned proximally to t
he outermost diaphragm layers 4a and the front 1 and rear 3 pole piece encasing the diaphragm stru
cture from both sides. The picture additionally shows
the magnetic field lines 10 to illustrate their dist
ribution in the context of the entire transducer ass
embly. This positioning of the magnets 2 proximate to the
top and bottom of the diaphragm structure with pole
amount of magnet volume is needed to deliver an ade
quate magnetic field to enable the movement of the diaphragm layers 4a. Furthermore, using pole piec
es 1 & 3 introduces unwanted obstructions into the propagation path of the sound wave resulting in
undesired distortion due to cavity effects causing deterioration of the sound quality. The invention prompting this disclosure describes an
arrangement where one or more magnets 6 are placed directly in between the diaphragm layers 4a and positioned within the footprint of the diaphragm assembly, as illustrated in the examples in
FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 9, FIG. 10
, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, and FIG. 15. This configuration allows for
using significantly smaller volumes of the permanent
magnets in comparison to the prior art solutions, thus reducing the weight of the transducer and improving the efficiency of the use of raw materials
. This can also reduce or eliminate the need to us
e pole pieces, reducing the weight further. Additionally
, the delivery or provision of the magnetic flux 10
to the exact location of the diaphragm layers in cl
ose proximity to the electrically conductive traces 1
1 is a lot more targeted and has the added benefit of r
educing stray fields, as is shown in FIG. 7, FIG.
8, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B. The most simple embodiment of the invention would consist of two adjacent AMT diaphragm layers 4a with a single magnet 6 or alternatively a
magnet array structure consisting of multiple magnet
s 6 placed in the air pocket 5 between said two adjacent diaphragm layers 4a. Each diaphragm layer comprises a substrate material (a flexible foil or f
ilm) on which are provided conductive tracks or trac
es 11. The conductive traces 11 may be bonded on to the diaphragm 4. However, since the air motion transformer diaphragm assembly (such as a stack) 7 might consist of any number of layers 4a, the improved magnetic structure can have magnets 6 distri
buted in all or some of the air pockets 5 created
by adjacent diaphragm layers 4a. An example of a st
raight‐profile AMT embodiment where the magnets 6 are placed in between every diaphragm layer 4a (i.e. within every gap between layers, or between every pair of layers) of the diaphragm assembly (e.g
. stack) 7 is depicted in FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 (whil
e FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 show an embodiment in which magnets 6 are placed in between every other pair of diaphragm layers 4a). FIG.s 3 to 6 illustrate a configuration in which th
e diaphragm 4 is folded back and forth to create parallel layers 4a (or at least generally parallel or near‐parallel). The stack of layers 4a are joined by connecting portions 4b, on alternating sides (front,
rear, front etc.) to form the ‘meander’ or ‘pl
eated’ shape. The layers 4a and connecting portions 4b of
the illustrated embodiments are formed of a single continuous diaphragm 4 as this provides a simpler and more efficient structure (however, in some alternative embodiments this may not be the case, as
it is not necessary to effect the invention). The intersection between layers 4a (i.e. the line along
which adjacent layers 4a or layers 4a and connection
portions 4b meet) there are fold lines 4c joining e
ach of the portions of the diaphragm 4 (the layers
4a and the connecting portions 4b). In other embodiments
, as illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the connect
ing portions 4b may have a more curved cross‐section,
the intersection between layers 4a of the diaphragm
4 assembly therefore having a curved cross‐section.
The connecting portions 4b of the diaphragm 4 can
be pre‐shaped before the assembly process and implemented into the diaphragm assembly without additional reinforcements or, alternately, the connecti
ng portions 4b between adjacent layers 4a may take the form of the diaphragm 4 curving around a
support (for example a support post). The ‘length’ of the stack of layers 4a can be
considered to be in the direction in which the laye
rs 4a are stacked (which can also be considered to be the overall or average direction of travel of the ‘meander’ or pleated structure – and hence may
be straight or curved), and the ‘height’ of the
stack of layers 4a can be considered to be the dimension par
allel to the intersections between layers 4a (such a
s fold lines 4c). The ‘width’ can be referred to
as the dimension perpendicular to the length and hei
ght as defined here. Magnets 6 are oriented in such a way that the magnetic flux 10 is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the conductive trac
es – as required for the generation of the Lorent
z force. In the configuration of FIG.s 3 to 6, and a
s particularly illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, th
e conductive traces are arranged parallel to the intersection of
the diaphragm layers 4a (for example, the fold lines
4c) and the north poles of the magnets 6 are adjacent
one side of intersections (e.g. front) and the south
poles are adjacent the opposite side of intersections
4c (e.g. rear); in other words, the N‐S of the
magnets runs from one intersection (such as a fold line 4c)
to the next, and so perpendicular to the intersect
ions (such as fold lines 4c). The N‐S of the magnets can be said to
run along the width of the diaphragm 4 assembly (as defined above). The conductive traces 11
can also be described as running parallel to the
‘height’ of the stack of layers 4a in this implementation. The conductive traces 11 are typically implemented as snaking or folding across the diaphragm 4 such that the current flows in opposite directions in each adjacent layer 4a, curving around to change direction (for example through 180 degrees, or at least approximately 180 degrees) as they pass into the next layer 4a. For example, the conductive traces 11 are positioned to run along the
length of each layer 4a, then curve through 90°, passing through the end sections 4b and to the next
layer 4a, and then back 90° again to snake back
up in the opposite direction along the length of the a
djacent layer 4a. Therefore, effectively, the conducti
ve trace 11 moves through a path covering a 180° angle between adjacent layers 4a. In this way, the conductive traces 11 carry current in opposite direct
ions on adjacent layers 4a. Although in the examples shown in FIG.s 3 to 6 and
FIG.s 9 & 10 the magnet 6 used is a single
bar permanent magnet used can be of any type (neodymium,
ferrite, ceramic amongst others) and have any shape (bar, cube, arc, cylinder, irregular amongst ot
hers) that will be dictated by the design requiremen
ts. Similarly, FIG.s 5 & 6 and FIG.s 9 & 10 sh
ow an example implementation in which a single conductive trace runs along the diaphragm 4 assembly. However, it should be understood that the electrically conductive pathway may consist of a number of conduc
tors (conductive traces); these typically will run parallel or near‐parallel to each other. Due to its dipole characteristic, the AMT can be us
ed by utilizing the acoustic output from both sides of the transducer (when used for example in a
n ‘open’ configuration) or prioritizing only one
side of the transducer in which case the acoustic output
on the other side can either be absorbed or redire
cted – these concepts will be familiar to those skilled
in the art. In either of those cases, it is poss
ible to place magnets on both sides of the diaphragm, so in between every pair of adjacent diaphragm layers 4a (‘double‐sided’ configuration) or only on one si
de of the diaphragm so in between every other pair
(every alternate pair) of adjacent diaphragm layers 4a (‘o
ne‐sided’ configuration). In the ‘one‐sided’ arrangement, the present invention accommodates the preferable configuration where the magnets 6 can be placed in
between every other pair of layers 4a allowing for
the undisturbed propagation of the sound pressure wav
es on one side of the transducer. Examples of said configuration are illustrated in FIG. 3, FIG. 5
and FIG. 13 where the magnetic structure 6 is pos
itioned only in the air gaps 5 open to one side (e.g. rea
r), while the air gaps 5 opened to the other side
(e.g. front) remain unobstructed, consequently eliminating the impac
t of introducing unwanted acoustic cavities. By contrast, FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 show the ‘double‐sided’ configuration, in which magnets 6 are placed in between every pair of layers 4a. To show how the present invention facilitates differe
nt modes of AMT operation, such as ‘one‐ sided’ and ‘double‐sided’ configurations, FIG.
7 and FIG. 8 show an example of the magnet distrib
ution and the resulting spread of the magnetic field 10 f
or the AMT configurations shown in FIG.s 3 & 5
and FIG.s 4 & 6 respectively. The proposed magnet placement and orientation take ad
vantage of the symmetry of the magnetic field 10 between neighboring magnets 6 that constructively superimpose at the location of the diaphragm layers 4a introducing an added benefit of straightening the magnetic flux lines 10 at the location of the moving diaphragm layers 4a. For the
“one‐sided” configuration presented in FIG. 3 &
amp; FIG. 5 distributing the magnets in between every other ai
r pocket 5 (i.e. between every other pair of layers
4a) results in a slightly weaker magnetic field 10 (as is shown in FIG. 7) than in the ‘double‐sided’ configuration illustrated in FIG. 4 & FIG. 6 (th
e magnetic field for which is shown in FIG. 8). Ho
wever it enables the elimination of all undesired objects from
the acoustic path on one side of the device’s o
utput thus minimizing (or eliminating) the issues of the a
coustic cavity effects. This approach can lead to fu
rther opportunities for transducer optimization, for example, by reducing the distance between certain diaphragm layers 4a to improve efficiency, while additionally reducing the overall volume of the diaphragm assembly 7 (the stack of layers 4a). However, if for the chosen application the maximum efficiency of the motor structure is to be prioritized, the ‘double‐sided’ configuration can be implemented, as shown in FIG. 4 & FIG. 6 (the magnetic field for which is shown in FIG. 8), with the magnets occupying all of the air gaps 5 between the
diaphragm layers 4a. Depending on the desired use
case and the target specifications, the preferred mot
or embodiment (or a combination thereof) can be selected accordingly. Moreover, the gap between the m
agnets 6 and the diaphragm layers 4a can be fine‐tuned to facilitate the maximum displacement of the diaphragm layers 4a while optimizing the magnetic field strength and preferably avoiding the c
reation of regions of high particle velocities at th
e duct outlets of adjacent diaphragm layers 4a. This solution can easily be adapted to a diaphragm
of any shape or curvature profile, whether round, oval or irregular amongst others, including a
full 360‐degree circle, a straight line profile wi
thout any curvature, as well as any chosen angle in betwe
en. Examples of such implementations with improved magnetic structure in various types of air motion tr
ansformers are presented in FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5,
FIG. 6, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, and FIG. 15. In particular, while FIG.s 3 to 6 show a ‘straight’ configuration, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 14 and FIG.
15 show an arc, and FIG. 13 shows a circular confi
guration. Similarly to the straight‐profile example, the prefe
rred ‘one‐sided’ and the ‘double‐sided’ mag
net configurations are shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, res
pectively, for a wide‐angle ‘arc’ variation of
the AMT. This radial AMT construction relies on the meander‐shaped or pleated diaphragm 4 contained
in a footprint of a full circle, a circular segment of any chosen angle or any curved path. In this implementation, each of the layers 4a may be at a slight angle to the adjacent layer 4a, so that the diaphragm 4 footprint forms an overall curve at a r
equired angle. The proposed magnet placement follows the same genera
l rules as the straight‐profile example where the magnetic material 6 is placed, for example
, in between every pair of diaphragm layers 4a in
FIG. 10 or every other pair of diaphragm layers 4a in FIG. 9. Although a single magnet is illustrated between layers 4a in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, an array of separate magnet
s may alternatively be used. The distribution of the magnetic field corresponding with
the FIG. 9 layout (the ‘one‐sided’ configuratio
n) is illustrated in FIG. 11A with FIG. 11B showing a clo
se‐up of a section for clarity purposes. Similarly,
the distribution of the magnetic field corresponding with
FIG. 10 layout (the ‘double‐sided’ configuration
) is illustrated in FIG. 12A with FIG. 12B showing a clo
se‐up of a section for clarity purposes. The conductive traces 11 run up and down each lay
er 4a of the diaphragm such that the current flows perpendicular to the magnetic field, and in op
posite directions between adjacent layers 4a. In the
example illustrated in FIG. 9 & 10, as for the
example illustrated in FIG.s 3 to 6, the current f
lows parallel to the intersection between layers 4a. This can also
be referred to as parallel to the normal of the
plane containing the footprint of the ‘curve’ of the d
iaphragm assembly 7 – or – equivalently, parallel
to the axis of curvature (i.e. the axis from which the rad
ius of curvature extends perpendicularly, or equivalen
tly the axis of the cylinder of which the arc is part)
. It should be understood that although FIG.s 9 &am
p; 10 show a particular conductive trace arrangement, alternative
arrangements and configurations could be used. FIG. 13 shows an alternative implementation in which the conductors 11 follow a path substantially parallel to the top and bottom edges o
f the diaphragm 4 (rather than snaking back and for
th in the opposite directions along the diaphragm layers 4a). In this illustrated example the diaphragm assembly 7 has a circular structure, and thus the ‘meander’ or ‘pleated’ structure forms a circular footprint. Although the example shown in FIG. 13 depicts a simplified single conductive trace 11 configuration, the electrically conductive pathway may consist of a number of conductors running parallel or near‐parallel to each other. For the arrangement shown in FIG. 13, the magnets 6
are placed such that the north pole is located at the bottom end (the base) of the diaphragm 4, a
nd the south pole is located at the top end of the diaphragm 4 to retain the conditions necessary for t
he generation of the Lorentz force. The poles could
of course also be reversed. In other words, the N
S poles of the magnets are aligned with the height
of the diaphragm assembly 7 (wherein the height is alig
ned with the axis of curvature, the axis of curvatu
re being the axis from which the radius of curvature e
xtends perpendicularly, or, equivalently, the axis of
the cylinder formed by the diaphragm assembly 7). Wh
ile FIG. 13 shows is a single bar magnet placed in
between every other diaphragm layer 4a in a ‘one‐sided’ configuration, each section of the m
agnetic structure can consist of a number of separate magnet
s 6 and the magnetic structure 6 can be placed in
between every diaphragm layer 4a for a ‘double‐si
ded’ configuration. The arrangements may be implemented providing a frame to support the diaphragm 4 and magnets 6. This frame may comprise, by way of example, a top frame and bottom frame, which are provided at the top and bottom of the diaphragm 4, and magnets 6. Accordingly, for a curved arrangement, as illustrated in FIG.s 9 and FIG. 10,
the frame pieces (i.e. top and bottom frame pieces)
are curved (corresponding to the overall curve of th
e diaphragm 4 footprint and diaphragm assembly 7 footprint). For a straight arrangement, as illustrated
in FIG.s 3 to 6, the frame pieces are straight.
In some instances, further supports are provided which run between the frame pieces and adjacent to each intersection between adjacent layers 4a (for example,
a fold, apex or curved shape). The supports may be configured according to the arrangement of the la
yers 4a, and diaphragm assembly 7. The support such as a curved cross‐section or angular (such as
right‐angled) cross‐section. In some instances, one or more magnets 6 may be pr
ovided on a substructure, such as a magnet carrier, which can slot in between the diaphragm lay
ers 4a. These magnet carriers can be held in place
by the frame, and in some instances may be reversibly insertable and removable. They can be held in place by slotting into corresponding grooves in the
top and/or bottom frame pieces. The magnet carriers
may be reversibly slotted into the frame to vary th
e number and/or position of the magnets used. For example, in this manner, the user can change from a “one‐sided” configuration to a “double‐sided” configuration, and vice versa. The magnet carriers ar
e typically formed of a rigid polymer, to provide structural support without adding unnecessary weight.
Alternative arrangements of the diaphragm 4 and suppo
rts can also be used. Depending on the variation and specific construction of the AMT transd
ucer, the diaphragm stack might include supporting elements 8 placed in between the adjacent layers to
secure them in place. Examples of said AMT variatio
n is pictured in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, in which the diaphragm 4 is configured as arc‐shaped sections containing conductive traces, each layer 4a of the d
iaphragm extending across the whole length of the (in this instance, curved, arc‐shaped) assembly. In
this case, the conductive trace runs along the (cur
ved) length of each layer 4a, folding back over at the
ends and running along the length of the adjacent l
ayer 4a such that the current runs in opposite directions
in adjacent layers 4a of the folded assembly (or
stack). As such, in contrast to the embodiment described abo
ve and illustrated in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, the dire
ction of the current is along the arc of the curve (rath
er than parallel to the normal of the plane contain
ing the curve, or, equivalently, the axis of curvature). In contrast to the embodiment described above and illustrated in FIG. 13, the diaphragm layers 4a are themselves curved and follow the footp
rint, rather than being provided radially. The magnets 6 are prov
ided between the layers 4a such that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the current running through the conductive traces. In this example, the north poles are directed radially outwards in respect to the curve, and the south poles radially inwards (although they could be provided vic
e versa). Said support elements 8 might be designed
to have a secondary purpose of fixing the proposed
novel magnet structure in place. Alternatively, a dedicated fixture can be designed to fulfil the purp
ose of mounting the magnets in place. The support elements 8 may typically be formed of a rigid polym
er, as this can provide support while keeping the weight relatively low. In FIG. 14, a number of magnets 6 is distributed i
n between the curved diaphragm layers 4a. For illustration purposes, one might refer to FIG. 7 cro
ss‐section view of a diaphragm segment and translat
e it into the curved shape shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15. Similarly to previous examp
les, the diaphragm assembly (e.g. stack) every diaphragm layer – the ‘double‐sided’ configuration, or every other layer – the ‘one‐sided’ configuration, or any combination of the two. Additio
nally, FIG. 14 depicts a magnet array consisting of
separate, rectangular magnets oriented in a radial fa
shion along the curvature of the diaphragm 4 but the implementation might include a different magnet arrangement with magnets of any shape, for example, including a single curved magnet as shown in FIG. 15 or a plurality of curved magnets. Furthermore, the configurations of FIG. 13, FIG. 14 or FIG. 15 could be provided in a straight implementation. Further Embodiments, Alternatives and Possible Implemen
tations The embodiments of the presented invention can include numerous variations depending on design requirements as well as the nature of the op
erating environment, the desired frequency response, size of the transducer, output capability, and/or acceptable level of distortion, amongst others. The examples of the embodiments shown and described are
merely a selection of preferred configurations but do not constitute an exhaustive list of all pos
sible combinations. The described and illustrated embodiments use (at lea
st substantially) flat diaphragm layers but it is entirely possible to apply a corrugation to t
he diaphragm structure. This can be achieved by mean
s of, for example, thermoforming, and can have benefici
al effects on, for example, the mechanical break‐ up characteristic and can potentially extend the usea
ble frequency range. Similarly, while the embodiments described above have
a diaphragm made of thin‐film or foil, the diaphragm (or some of its parts) may alternatively b
e made of another type of flexible, semi‐rigid or
rigid substrate. A rigid or semi‐rigid diaphragm can offer the advantage that the increased stiffness can maintain pistonic movement of the diaphragm over an
extended frequency range. Furthermore, there may be included a suspension in the construction of some or all of the diaphragm layers that can facilitate, for example, an extended
excursion of said diaphragm layers. As used herein, the term suspension preferably connotes any means for mounting or connecting the diaphragm in such a manner that it is vibratable. Such suspension can be realized by means of, for example, thermoforming or by adding a separate flexible mounting interface made of, for example, rubber, foam‐like materials or others. By way of e
xample, a rigid or semi‐rigid diaphragm portion may
be surrounded (or at least partially surrounded) by a r
ubber connecting interface, which allows the rigid or
semi‐rigid diaphragm portion to vibrate. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art th
at the orientation of magnet poles in the examples
presented in FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG.
9, FIG. 10, FIG. 13, FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 could a
s well be ^ but otherwise retaining all of the transducer’s operating capabilities. Alternatively, th
e magnet poles could as well be rotated by 90 ^ or 270 ^ if the conductor bonded onto the diaphragm substrate material would be rearranged in a way where the direction of the current moving through th
e conductor would be substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. The described and illustrated curved embodiments have
been arranged as a single arc. However, the invention may be implemented in a range of shap
es. For example, it may be arranged as a single ar
c, a full 360 ^ circle, or an irregular shape comprising curves an
d/or vertices. A circular arrangement may be formed of a series of arcs (for example, four arcs each of 90 ^, or three arcs each of 120 ^) which are provided in combination to form a complete or partia
l circular arrangement. The present invention can provide good directivity of sound, and so can typically be advantageously implemented in a range of scenarios. The curved implementations of the present invention may be configured to direct the sound inwa
rdly toward the center of the effective circle forme
d by the speaker. This could be used, for example, fo
r headphones. The efficient use of material offered
by the present invention can offer more efficient sound
reproduction at a lighter weight, improving comfort,
and can allow for more creativity in the designs of
such headphones. In alternative implementations, the
sound may be directed outwardly from the curved spea
ker arrangement, for example for implementation in a standalone speaker unit. By way of example, th
e ‘one‐sided’ configuration as described above m
ay be implemented and arranged accordingly in order to prioritize the undisturbed sound output in a particular direction (for example, radially inwards in
the case of headphones, or radially outwards in th
e case of a loudspeaker). In some implementations, further magnets may be provi
ded outside the diaphragm assembly, in addition to those provided within the diaphragm assembly. In such an implementation, the present invention can be used to augment the magnetic field provided by the ‘classic’ motor structure (with magnets provided at the proximal ends of the diaphragm assembly) by adding the novel distributed magnetic structure within the diaphragm assembly to f
urther strengthen the magnetic field at some or all of the locations of the vibratable diaphragm.
In some implementations, the present invention can al
so be used in combination with the prior art solutions by utilizing both types of magnet arra
ngements in one transducer, for example, by applying
the ‘classic’ motor structure (magnets provided outside the diaphragm assembly) to one part of the diaphragm assembly, for example, to a diaphragm secti
on designed to reproduce high frequencies. In such a section, the diaphragm width is small, and consequently, providing an adequate mag
netic field due to a small magnetic gap. In a different section of the diaphragm assembly, the novel distributed motor structure can be provided, for example, to a
diaphragm section designed to reproduce low and/or midrange frequencies and in which the diaphragm width is larger. In this section configured for low and/or midrange frequencies, the magnetic gap of the
‘classic’ motor would be too large and require
an undue amount of magnet volume to provide an adequate
magnetic field strength to facilitate the Lorentz force generation, therefore, implementing the novel di
stributed magnetic structure would be preferable. Such an arrangement provides a transducer configured
to yield a good output at a range of frequencies.
It should be understood that the present invention h
as been described above purely by way of example, and modifications of detail can be made wit
hin the scope of the invention. Although the present
invention has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present invention, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered
by the following claims. Each feature disclosed in the description, and (where
appropriate) the claims and drawings may be provided independently or in any appropriate combi
nation. Reference numerals appearing in the claims are by way of illustration only and shall have no limiting effect on the scope of the claims.
Further aspects of the disclosure are described in
the following Clauses: 1. A distributed magnetic structure for the air motion
transformer electroacoustic transducer where at least one permanent magnet is placed within the boun
ds of the diaphragm stack, said magnet being positioned in between two adjacent vibratable diaphrag
m layers. 2. A distributed magnetic structure as recited in clause
1, wherein at least one additional magnet is place
d outside of the bounds of the diaphragm stack, said
magnet being positioned proximate to at least one side of the diaphragm stack. 3. A distributed magnetic structure as recited in clause 2, wherein at least one additional pole piece element is added to the magnet section proximate to
at least one end of the diaphragm stack. 4. A distributed magnetic structure for the air motion
transformer electroacoustic transducer where at least one permanent magnet is placed at least partia
lly within the bounds of the diaphragm stack, said
magnet being at least partially positioned in between
two adjacent vibratable diaphragm layers. 5. A distributed magnetic structure as recited in clause
4, wherein at least one additional magnet section
is placed outside of the bounds of the diaphragm st
ack, said magnet being positioned proximate to at least one side of the diaphragm stack. 6. A distributed magnetic structure as recited in clause 5, wherein at least one additional pole piece element is added to the magnet section proximate to
at least one end of the diaphragm stack.