BLOODWORTH ROBERT (DE)
OPPERMANN GUENTER (DE)
| EP0387857A1 | 1990-09-19 | |||
| JPH01266191A | 1989-10-24 | |||
| EP0393693A2 | 1990-10-24 | |||
| EP0432601A1 | 1991-06-19 | |||
| EP0472991A1 | 1992-03-04 |
| 1. | In an electroviscous fluid comprising a non aqueous liquid as a dispersion medium, a dispersed particulate polymer and a dispersant, the improvement wherein the polymer contains polyether and (meth)acrylate units. |
| 2. | An electroviscous fluid according to claim 1, wherein the polymer contains polymerized polyether acrylate groups . |
| 3. | An electroviscous fluid according to claim 2, wherein the oolvether acrvlate OΓOUDS of the formula ormula IV Formula V in which R1 and R2 represents H or methyl, 3 represents H or lower alky, and n is a number from 2 to 1.000. |
| 4. | An electroviscous fluid according to claim 3, wherein n is a number from 2 to 250. |
| 5. | An electroviscous fluid according to claim 3, wherin n is a number from 4 to 100. |
| 6. | An electroviscous fluid according to claim 1, wherein the oolvmer is doσed with electrolvte. |
| 7. | Functional device functioning by the influence of the electric field upon an electroviscous liquid contain¬ ing an electroviscous liquid according to one of the claims 1 to 6. |
This invention relates to electroviscαus fluids con¬ taining polymers bearing polyether and (mεth)acrylate units as disperse phase,
Electroviscous fluids (EVF's) are dispersions of finely divided hydrophilic solids in hydrophobic, electri¬ cally non-conductive ails of which the viscosity may be increased very quickly and reversibly from the liquid to the plastic or solid state under the effect of a suffi¬ ciently strong electrical field. Their viscosity responds both the electrical d.c. fields and to a.c. fields, the current flow through the EVF being extremely low. Accordingly, electroviscous fluids may be used for any applications in which it is desired to control the trans¬ mission of powerful forces by low electric power levels, for example in clutches, hydraulic valves, shock absorbers, vibrators of systems for positioning and holding wαrkpieces in position.
In many known electroviscous fluids, the disperse phase consists of inorganic solids. Electroviscous fluids based on silica gel are known from DE-PS 3 517 281 and 3 427 499. According to EP 265 252, zeolites are used as the disperse phase. DE-PS 3 536 934 describes the use of aluminosil cates ♦ Electroviscous fluids based on polymer particles as the disperse phase have also been proposed. Thus, DE-PS 2 820 494 describes electroviscous fluids containing a polymer bearing free of neutralized acid groups. A pαlyhydric alcohol bearing acidic groups is disclosed as the disperse phase of electroviscous fluids in DE 2 530 694. JP 1 266 191 (CA 113, 1 00 684) describes electroviscous fluids based on polysiloxane particles modified with polyethylene oxide/polysiloxane block copoly-
mers and doped with water. In the systems mentioned, the electroviscous effect is attributable to charging of the solids with water. These systems generally show favorable electroviscous effects, but often lack stability in storage and can only be used in a limited temperature range.
Anhydrous electroviscous fluids are known from EP 191 585 where electron conductors are mentioned as the disperse phase. EP 387 857 describes electroviscous fluids based on solid electrolyte particles, such as β-aluminum oxide for example. The disadvantage of these systems generally lies in the extreme hardness of the disperse phase which leads to undesirable abrasiveness of the electroviscous fluids. Another disadvantage is the high density of the dispersed particles which can lead to unstable dispersion with a marked tendency towards sedi¬ mentation. The poor sedimentation stability of known anhydrous electroviscous fluids is a well-known problem. It is proposed in JP 1 172 496 to introduce bubble-like voids into the dispersed particles in order to reduce their density and to increase their sedimentation stability. In practice, however, this is a difficult objective to achieve .
Known anhydrous electroviscous fluids are not entirely satisfactory, Apart from their high abrasiveness and inade¬ quate sedimentation stability, it is also difficult to combine a high electroviscous effect with a low basic vis¬ cosity and high shear stability..
The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide non-abrasive, sedimentation-stable, anhydrous electroviscous fluids which would be distinguished by a high electroviscous effect, a low basic viscosity and high shear stability.
According to the invention, this problem has been solved by an electroviscous fluid of a non-aqueous liquid as the dispersion medium, a particulate polymer containing
polyether and (meth)acrylate units as the disperse phase and a dispersant. In a preferred embodiment, the electro¬ viscous liquid according to the invention is characterized in that the polymer contains 50 to 99% by weight polyether units and 1 to 25% by weight (meth)acrylate units.
Non-aqueous liquids suitable as the dispersion medium are, for example, hydrocarbons, such as paraffins, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. Silicone oils, such as poly- dimethyl siloxanes and liquid methyl phenyl siloxanes, are also used. These dispersion media may be used individually or in combinations of two or more types. The solidifica¬ tion point of the dispersion media is preferably lower than -30"C while their boiling point is above 150 β C.
The viscosity of the oils is between 3 and 300 mm 2 / s at room temperature. Low-viscosity oils having a viscosity of 3 to 20 mm 2 / s are generally preferred because they provide for a lower basic viscosity of the electroviscous liquid.
In addition, the oil should have a density substan- tially corresponding to the density of the disperse phase in order to avoid sedimentation. For example, by using fluorine-containing siloxanes either as such or in admix¬ ture with other silicone oils, it is possible in accordance with the invention to produce electroviscous liquids which, despite their low basic viscosity, remain stable to sedi¬ mentation for several weeks.
Fluorine-containing siloxanes corresponding to the following general formula are suitable for the production of particularly sedimentation-stable electroviscous liquids according to the invention:
(CH 3 ) 3 S 0 8
The polymers contain 50 to 99% by weight polyether units. A polyether unit is understood to be the following structural unit:
-(-0-Z) n - in which Z is a C 2 _ 4 alkylene radical and n is a number from 2 to 1,000 and preferably 2 to 250. Z is preferably -CH 2 - CH 2 -, CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - and -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )- and, more preferably, -CH 2 -CH 2 - and -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-. Within one and the same polyether unit, Z may be the same or different. A combination of 50 to 100% -CH 2 -CH 2 - and 0 to 50% -CH 2 - CH(CH 3 )- is particularly favorable.
The polyether units may also be branched. Branched polyether structures are derived, for ex¬ ample, from trimethylol propane or pentaerythritol. Branched polyether structures based on polyethylene oxide, such as
CH 2 -(0-CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -
/
CH 3 -CH 2 C-CH 2 -(0-CH 2 -CH 2 ) m - Formula II
\
CH 2 -(0-CH 2 -CH 2 ) p -
or
-(CH 2 -CH 2 -0) p -CH 2 CH 2 -(0CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -
\ / C Formula III
/ \
-(CH 2 -CH 2 -0)_-CH 2 CH 2 -(OCH 2 -CH 2 ) m -
in which n, rα, p and q independently of one another are numbers from 2 to 1,000 and preferably 2 to 250, are particularly suitable.
(Meth)acrylate units are understood to be both the acrylate group and also the methacrylate group.
The particulate polymer may be a polymer mixture, for example a mixture of a polyether and a poly(meth)acrylate. One or both components may be linear, branched or cross- linked. The nature of the terminal groups of the polymer components is not critical to the present invention. In the case of the polyethers, the terminal groups may be, for example, hydroxyl or alkyl groups, preferably methyl or ethyl groups.
The polymethacrylate may be a homopolymer or copolymer of methacrylates or acrylates. Examples of suitable (meth)acrylates are methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n- butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacry¬ late, ethylhexyl acrylate, ethylhexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-tert. butyl cyclohexyl methacry- late, benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phenylethyl acrylate, phenylethyl methacrylate, furfuryl methacrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate. Polymers containing at least partly copolymerized hydroxyfunctional or alkoxy- functional monomers are preferred and include, for example, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2- methoxyethyl methacrylate, diethylene glycol monomethacry- late, triethylene glycol monomethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol monomethacrylate, diethylene glycol monoacrylate, triethylene glycol monoacrylate, tetraethylene glycol
monoacrylate, 3- ethoxybutyl methacrylate and 2-butoxyethyl acrylate.
The poly(meth)acrylate may contain a certain percen¬ tage of other copolymerized comonomers with no (meth)aery— late units without any effect on its suitability as a com¬ ponent of the disperse phase of the electroviscous liquid according to the invention. The percentage in question is at most about 50% by weight and preferably 25% by weight, based on the poly(meth)acrylate. Suitable comonomers free from (meth)acrylate groups are one or more compounds from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted linear, branched and cyclic olefins or aromatic vinyl compounds, unsaturated carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof and vinyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. Suit- able aromatic vinyl compounds are styrene, α-methyl sty- rene, p-methyl styrene, m-methyl styrene, p-tert. butyl styrene, p-chlorostyrene, p-chloromethyl styrene and vinyl naphthalene. Other suitable comonomers are methacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile. Vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate are also mentioned. Vinyl ethers, for example vinyl isobutyl ether, and aleic acid derivatives, such as maleic anhydride and maleic acid diethyl ester, are also suitable. The polymethacrylate may be crosslinked by incorpora¬ tion of difunctional and multifunctional monomer units. Examples of crosslinking monomers are ethylene glycol di- methacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butanediol di ethacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, glycerol trimeth- acrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, pentaeryth- ritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate and the corresponding acrylates. Other suitable cross- linking agents are allyl (meth)acrylate, divinyl benzene and triallyl cyanurate.
The polyether and (meth)acrylate units are preferably attached at least partly to one another by co-valent chemical bonds. This structure can be achieved by homo- polymerization and copolymerization of polyether (meth)- acrylates. Polyether acrylates are suitable, those having the following structures
R 1 R 3 CH 2 =C—COO-(CH 2 -CH-0) n -R 3 Formula IV
R 1 R 3 R 1
CH 2 =C — COO- (CH 2 -CH-0) n -OOC-C=CH 2 Formula V
in which
R and R 2 represent H or methyl,
R represents H or lower alkyl, more particularly methyl and ethyl, n is a number from 2 to 1,000, preferably 2 to 250 and, more preferably, 4 to 100, being particularly suitable.
The particulate polymer may be prepared, for example, by mixing of the individual components, for example using a kneader, and further processing the mixture obtained by melt dispersion.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymer is prepared by direct polymerization of a monomer or monomer mixture containing polyether units and (meth)- acrylate units using a radical former as initiator.
The polyether units may be added to the (meth)acrylate monomer as polyethers terminated, for example, by alkoxy groups. However, they may also form an integral part of the (meth)acrylate monomer. This particular variant applies where monomers corresponding to formulae IV and V are used. Particularly favorable electroviscous effects
are obtained where both variants are combined with one another, i.e. where a polyether (meth)acrylate is used and free polyether is additionally incorporated. The poly¬ merization of the acrylate monomers may be carried out by known methods of radical polymerization which are described in detail, for example, in Houbεn- eyl, Methoden der organischen Chεmie, 4th Edition, "Makromolare Stαffe", G. Thieme Vεrlag 1987.
It has proved to be particularly .effective directly to carry out the polymerization reaction in the carrier liquid. This eliminates the steps of isolating the polymer, size reduction (if any) and dispersion. In these processes, an initiator, such as for example benzoyl peroxide or azoisobutyrodinitrilε, and optionally the other additives mentioned further below are added to the monomer or the monomer mixture which is then dispersed in the carrier liquid with intensive shearing and polymerized at elevated temperature. The compounds described further below are used as dispersion aids. It is of advantage in this regard to use pαlymerizable dispersants, for example those corre¬ sponding to formulae VI to VIII. The particle size of the polymer particles formed may be controlled, for example, through the rotational speed of the stirrer, preferably a high-speed stirrer.
In one particular embodiment of the invention, the polymer contains one or more electrolytes as additive.
The use of such electrolytes to increase the magnitude of electroviscous effect in polymer dispersions has been described in DE-A 4 026 881.
Electrolytes (II) in the context of the invention are sunstances which are solublε in the polymer (I) in molecu¬ lar or ionic form. Examples of such electrolytes are, for example free acids or salts thereof with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals or organic cations. Accordingly, the electrolytes include such salts as KC1, LiN0 3 , CH 3 C00Na,
LiC10 4 , Mg(C10 ) 2 , KSCN, LiBr, Lil, LiBF 4 , LIPF 6 , NaB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiCF 3 S0 3 , N(C 2 H 4 ) 4 C1, etc., Li 2 C0 3 , ZnCl 2 ,
ZnS0 4 , Znl , ZnBr , LiS0 , as well as other organic and * . . . inorganic salts of metal ions. Additional electrolytes include the salts of organic anions, with metallic and nonmetallic cations, and the salts organic anions, with organic or inorganic anions.
Examples of salts with organic anions are the alkyl-, aralkyl-, and arylsulfonates , sulfates and phosphates, such as
Alkylsulfonates (RS0 ) m M n where: R = C 1 ~C 16 alkyl, Arylsulfonates (RS0 4 ) m M n where: R = phenyl , naphthyl , pyryl etc . ,
Aralkylsulfonates (RS0 ) m M n where! R = Cg-C 15 aralkyl (e.g. nonylphenyl) etc. ,
Alkylsulfateε (RS0 3 ) m M n where: F = C 2 ~C 16 alkyl, Alkylpolyether sulfates (RS0 3 ) m M n where: R = C 2 -C 12 alkyl polyether with 2-20 eth len oxide units, and Alkyl mono- and diphosphates where: alkyl = C 2 ~C 16 and where m and n depend on the relative charges of the ions .
These anions can be combined with suitable metal or organic cations such as those described elsewhere in the invention.
Examples of salts with organic cations are thε alkyl-, aralkyl-, and arylammonium salts, such as tetraalkylammonium salts (NR^R 3 where! Rι_ = C ^ - Cr alkyl and/or polyoxyalkylene groups alkylpyridinium salts (py-R) m X n where! R = C 2 ~C 16 and where m and n depend on the relative charges of the ions .
Suitable anions X are the halogens, phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, acetates, and other inorganic anions. The organic anions described above in the invention can also be combined with organic cations to give particularly soluble salts.
The electrolyte is generally used in a quantity of 0 to 25% by weight, preferably in a quantity of 0.05 to 20% by weight and, more preferably, in a quantity of 0.1 to 10% by weight.
In addition, the polymer may contain other additives, such as plasticizers or stabilizers, preferably in quanti¬ ties of 0.01 to 10% by weight.
The particulate polymer may be present in various forms. For example, it may be present in the form of polymer chips obtained by a grinding process. It may also be present with advantage in rodlet or fiber form, in which case an LD ratio (quotient of length and diameter) of 1.5 to 20 is favorable. The fibrous form may be obtained by spinning, for example by melt spinning. However, the spherical form is particularly preferred because electro- viscous fluids according to the invention having par¬ ticularly low basic viscosities can be obtained in this case. The spherical form is obtained in the preferred production process described above.
The average particle diameter of the particulate poly- mer is from 0.2 to 50 μm and preferably from 2.5 to 20 μ . The electroviscous fluid according to the invention contains 10 to 75% by weight, preferably 20 to 70% by weight and, more preferably, 30 to 65% by weight of the particulate polymer. Suitable dispersants for the disperse phase are surfactants soluble in the dispersion medium which are derived, for example, from amines, imidazolines, oxazolines, alcohols, glycol or sorbitol. Polymers soluble in the dispersion medium may also be used. Suitable poly¬ mers are, for example, polymers containing 0.1 to 10% by weight N and/or OH and 25 to 83% by weight C k . alkyl groups and having a molecular weight in the range from 5,000 to 1,000,000. The N- and OH-containing compounds in these polymers may be, for example, amine, amide, imide, nitrile, 5- to 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic rings or an alcohol while the C < _ 24 alkyl groups may be esters of acrylic
or methacrylic acid. Examples of the N- and OH-containing compounds mentioned are N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacry¬ late, tert. butyl acrylamide, maleic i ide, acrylonitrile, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The polymeric dispersants mentioned general¬ ly have the advantage over the low molecular weight surfac¬ tants that the dispersions prepared with them are more stable in the sedimentation behavior.
Modified styrene/butadiene block copolymers according to DE 3 412 085 are mentioned as further dispersants.
These particular dispersants are particularly suitable for electroviscous fluids based on hydrocarbons as the contin¬ uous phase.
Polysiloxane-based dispersants are preferably used for the production of electroviscous fluids according to the invention containing silicone oil as the carrier liquid. For example, polysiloxanes modified by amino or hydroxy groups are suitable. Polysiloxane/polyether copolymers are also suitable. Products such as these are commercially available. Polymerizable dispersants, particularly those containing acrylate or methacrylate groups, are suitable for the production of particularly stable dispersions. Examples of polymerizable dispersants, which are particu¬ larly suitable for dispersions in silicone oils, are represented by the following formulae
CH , CH 3
I I
CH 2 =CHCOCH 2 CHCH 2 C—(CH 2 ) - Si-0 Si-CH 3
II I I I
O OH CH 3 CH 3 n
Formula VI n: 4-100 m: 2-18
Formula VII n! 4-100 m: 2-18
CH*- CH, CH-, CH-:
I
CH 3 -Si-0- Si-O- Si-ϋ -S i-CH 3
I
CH- CH-: X CH-: X=CR3, -0CCH=CH 9
1 1! 2
0 Formula VIII n : 4-100 n /m: 2-10
CH 3
1= 0-4 ,
The dispersant or the mixture of several dispersants is used in quantities of 0.1 to 12X by weight and preferably in quantities of 0.5 to 6% by weight, based on the electroviscous fluid.
The electroviscous fluids according to the invention may be analyzed in a modified rotational viscosimeter of the type de¬ scribed by W.M. Winslow in J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1949), pages 1137 to 1140.
The basic viscosity V(0) and the relative increase in viscosi¬ ty V(r) were determined in order to characterize the following examples. The measuring arrangement used and the definition of the physical parameters are described in detail in EP-A 432 601. In addition, dispersion stability (sedimentation behavior) and abbrasiveness were determined.
The electroviscous fluids according to the invention show extremely favorable electrorheological properties for practical application. In addition, they remain stable to
sedimentation for long periods (a few months) and are not abrasive .
This invention also comprises a functional element ( device) containing an anode and a cathode and the electroviscous liquid according this invention extending at least partly between said anode and said cathode, thε function (property, mode of operation) of said element being altered by alteration of the electrical field between said anode and said cathode due to a change of viscosity of said liquid. Such functional elements ( devices) are known in principle.
Such functional elements comprise shock and vibration dampers, pneumatic valves, means for force transmission such as clutches, movement sensors.
Generally the function of such elements comprises influencing the flow of the liquid through a tube or hole, or the viscous friction between two planes (also concentric cylindrical planes ), movable relative to each othe^by the electrical field.
Examples for dampers are disclosed in DE-A 3 920 347, DE-A 4 101 405, DE-A 4 120 099, US-A 4,790,522, US-A 4,677,868, GB-A 1 282 568, DE-A 3 336 965, US-A 5 014 829, EP-A 427 413, EP-A 183 039, DE-A 3 334 704, DE-A 3 330 205, US-A 4,898,084.
Examples for clutches are disclosed in US-A 4 802 560, US-A 4 840 112, EP-A 317 186, US-A 4 815 674, US-A 4 898 266, US-A 4 898 267, GB-A 2 218 758, DE-A 3 128 959, US-A 2 417 850, US-A 2 661 825.
Other functional elements are disclosed in WO 9 108 003 (electrohydraulic pump system for artificial hearts ) ,
GB-A- 2 214 985 (fluid flow control valve), GB-A 3 984 086 (electroviscous vibrator) , DE-A 4 003 298 (hydraulic pump or motor).
Example l Preparation of a dispersant
1,000 ml cyclohexane, 5 ml glycol dimethyl ether and 50 g styrene were introduced into a 2 liter glass autoclave in the absence of water and oxygen. The mixture is care¬ fully titrated with a 1-molar n-butyl lithium solution in n-hexane until it turns pale yellow in color. 3 ml of the 1-molar butyl lithium solution are then added. The poly¬ merization temperature is kept at 0 β C by external cooling. After a reaction time of 60 minutes, 50 g butadiene are added and polymerization is continued for 60 minutes at 50 * C. The conversion is then complete. 48 ml n-dodecyl mercaptan and 0.5 g azodiisobutyronitrile are then added, followed by heating for 5 h at 80'C.
After cooling to room temperature, the block polymer is precipitated from the cyclohexane solution with 2,000 ml ethanol, to which 2 g 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-p-methyl phenol have been added, and dried in vacuo to constant weight. 140 g of a colorless block copolymer are obtained. [η] = 0.272 dl/g, toluene/25'C; 4.5% by weight sulfur in the polymer.
Example 2 (PWL 2245 D)
2.8 g of the dispersant of Example 1 are dissolved in 60 g isododecane in a reaction vessel equipped with a high¬ speed stirrer. A mixture of 20 g octaethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 20 g branched polyethylene' oxide, molecular weight 675, prepared by ethoxylation of trimethylol propane and 0.4 g dibenzoyl peroxide is dispersed in the resulting solution at high stirrer speeds (2,000 r.p.m.). The emulsion obtained is heated for 3 hat 90'C with continuous stirring. A dispersion is obtained and may be used as an
e le ctr o viscou s fl ui d without further aftertreatment
Example 3 (PWL 2551 B)
Example 2 was repeated using a mixture of 10 g octa- ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 10 g branched polyethylene oxide, molecular weight 675, prepared by ethoxylation of trimethylol propane and 0.4 g dibenzoyl peroxide.
Example 4 (PWL 2547 C) Example 2 was repeated using a mixture of 10 g octa- ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 10 g branched polyethylene oxide, molecular weight 675, prepared by ethoxylation of trimethylol propane, 5 g lithium nitrate and 0.4 g di¬ benzoyl peroxide.
Example 5 (PWL 2548 A)
In a reaction vessel equipped with a high-speed stirrer, 2.8 g of the dispersant corresponding to formula VIII (m = 2, n = 50) are dissolved in 60 g polydimethyl siloxane (viscosity at 25 * C: 5 mm 2 /s, density:0.9 g/cm 3 ) . A mixture of 20 g octaethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 20 g branched polyethylene oxide, molecular weight 675, prepared by ethoxylation of trimethylol propane and 0.4 g dibenzoyl peroxide were dispersed in the resulting solution at high stirrer speeds (2,000 r.p.m.). The emulsion obtained is heated for 3 h at 90*C with continuous stirring.
Example 6
Testing of the electroviscous fluids of Examples 2 to 5
* at 25'C, shear rate 1,000/sec, field strength 0 V/mm ** relative change in viscosity at 25"C, shear rate 1,000/sec, field strength 3,000 V/mm.
It will be understood that the specification and examples are illustrative but not limitative of the present invention and that other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art.