ENCAPSULATED NANOSCALE PARTICLES OF ORGANIC PIGMENTS

[0001] This application is a non-provisional application of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/034,758, filed March 7, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This disclosure is generally directed to encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments, methods for producing such encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments, and uses thereof.

[0003] Key challenges with using pigments for inkjet inks are their large particle sizes and wide particle size distribution, the combination of which can pose critical problems with reliable jetting of the ink (i.e. inkjet nozzles are easily blocked). Pigments are rarely obtained in the form of single crystal particles, but rather as large aggregates of crystals and with wide distribution of aggregate sizes. The color characteristics of the pigment aggregate can vary widely depending on the aggregate size and crystal morphology. Thus, an ideal colorant that is widely applicable in, for example, inkjet inks and toners, is one that possesses the best properties of both dyes and pigments, namely: 1) superior coloristic properties (large color gamut, brilliance, hues, vivid color); 2) color stability and durability (thermal, light, chemical and air-stable colorants); 3) minimal or no colorant migration; 4) processable colorants (easy to disperse and stabilize in a matrix); and 5) inexpensive material cost.

[0004] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0119601 Al discloses nanoparticle-modified polyisocyanate compositions, a process for their preparation, and their use in coating and adhesive compositions. The compositions are prepared by chemically reacting polyisocyanate compounds with an alkoxysilane (a silica precursor agent) and subsequently incorporating by dispersion the resultant inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, which are optionally surface-modified and have average particle diameters of less than 200 nm. The patent application is limited to only inorganic nanoparticles, which are modified via chemical bonding with the reactive groups of the polyisocyanate compound.

[0005] Thus, there is a need addressed by embodiments of the present invention, for smaller nanoscale pigment particles that can be more easily dispersed into various ink and polymer matrices, including various non-polar inkjet ink matrices such as hydrocarbon oils, and wax-based solid inks, and have excellent particle dispersion and thermal stability in such matrices, so as to minimize or avoid the problems associated with conventional larger-sized pigment particles and ensure reliable jetting of a nano- pigmented ink from a piezoelectric printhead. There further remains a need for compositions and processes for making and using such improved nanoscale pigment particles as colorant materials, particularly for inkjet inks and toners. The present nanoscale pigment particles are also useful in, for example, paints, various performance coatings and all types of printing inks (including inkjet inks) and other compositions where pigments can be used such as plastics, optoelectronic imaging components, photographic components, and cosmetics among others.

[0006] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments, methods for producing such encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments, and uses thereof. The encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments generally comprise one or more organic pigments whose surface is encapsulated or deposited with a polymer-based encapsulating material, which in turn can optionally be coated, reinforced with filler nanoparticles or nanoscale fibers, or functionalized by chemical grafting or by non-covalent chemical treatments for improved dispersion and robustness properties. The polymer-based encapsulating encapsulant material both provides structural and thermal stability to the particles, while providing excellent coloristic properties. Furthermore, because only the surface properties of the encapsulating material is varied, and not the physical or chemical properties of the specific organic nanoscale pigment contained within the core of the particle, then the desired performance properties of any organic nanoscale pigment can be readily provided for a particular application by simply tuning the chemistry of the polymer encapsulant, instead of having to re-engineer the crystalline structure, shape characteristics , and manufacturing process of the nanoscale organic pigment for each desired application.

[0007] The encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments contain either one type of pigment or mixtures of pigments, and also contain an associated steric stabilizer compound as a surface additive. The steric stabilizer can have the potential to associate itself non-covalently with the functional moieties of the pigment by various modes including for example, hydrogen bonding, van Der Waals forces, and aromatic pi- stacking, or combinations thereof. That is, the steric stabilizer associated on the nanoparticle pigment surface provides a functional group that is complementary to a functional moiety of the pigment, such that during the method of preparing the nanoscale pigment particles in the presence of the suitably chosen steric stabilizer, there is controlled crystallization of organic pigment nanoparticles that is limited in particle growth by the action of the associated stabilizer additives.

[0008] In embodiments, nano-sized particles of quinacridone pigment can be prepared by various methods, and involve the solubilization of crude quinacridone pigments, or pigment precursor, into an acidic liquid (a technique commonly known as "acid pasting") followed by reprecipitation of the pigment as nanoparticles or nanocrystals from a quenching non-solvent mixture. In this process, a steric stabilizer or surface additive compound is first solubilized or dispersed in the acid medium which is optionally heated and/or maintained at a desired temperature, such as from about O ⁰ C to about 100 ⁰ C, or preferably between about 2O ⁰ C to about 8O ⁰ C, or most preferably between about 3O ⁰ C to about 60°C. The strong acid can be either, for example, a mineral acid, an organic acid, or a mixture thereof. Examples of strong mineral acids, which are preferred in this process, include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, various hydrohalic acids (such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid), fluorosulfonic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, boric acid, mixtures thereof, and the like. Alternatively, examples of strong organic acids include organic sulfonic acid, such as methanesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, cyanoacetic acid, mixtures thereof, and the like. The amount of acid solution can be selected such that after pigment addition, the acid solution contains pigment in a concentration of 0.5% to 20%, such as 1% to 15% or 2% to 10% by weight, although the values can also be outside these ranges. The crude quinacridone pigment, or

pigment precursor, is added to the strong acid solution containing the dissolved surface additive. The dissolution or suspending of pigment particles within the strong acid solution can be performed at any desired temperature, such as from about O ⁰ C to about 100 ⁰ C, or about 2O ⁰ C to about 80°C, or preferably from about 4O ⁰ C to about 6O ⁰ C. In embodiments, the acid medium is heated to a temperature above room temperature, since higher temperature assists in the dissolution of the surface additive as well as the subsequent dissolution of the crude pigment or pigment precursor. Once the pigment material is added to this first acid solution, the solution can be held as desired and stirred for an amount of time to allow suitable and desired mixing or surface adhesion of the pigment particles by the additive.

[0009] Any suitable liquid medium can be used to carry out the re-precipitation of the quinacridone pigment in the presence of a polymer-based encapsulant material, so as to afford surface coated or polymer-encapsulated nanoscale pigment particles. Desirably, the re-precipitation can be carried out in deionized water, and optionally in the presence of an organic co-solvent or emulsifying agent that aids with dispersion of polymer-encapsulant material, and will not dissolve the pigment nanoparticles nor surface additive. The second solution, in which the re-precipitation is carried out, thus desirably includes deionized water as the major component. The optional precipitating agent can also be ammonia solution (concentrated solution or other percentages). The organic cosolvent can be optionally added in a range of about 1% to about 80% by volume out of the total volume of the mixture, such as between about 5% and about 50%, or between about 10% and about 30%, although the desired value can also be outside these ranges. The formation of the nanoscale quinacridone pigment particles can be conducted by adding the first strong acid solution containing dissolved pigment and surface additive to this second (re-precipitation) solution under vigorous agitation such as by use of highspeed mechanical stirring or homogenization or other means.

[0010] The pigment re-precipitation process can be conducted at any desired temperature to allow the formation of quinacridone pigment nanoparticles having a surface-deposited shell or layer of polymer-based encapsulant material. For example, the re-precipitation can be conducted at a temperature of from about 0° to about 90 ⁰ C, such

as from about 0° to about 50° C, or from about 0° to about 25°C, although temperatures outside of these ranges can be used, if desired. In one embodiment, the re-precipitation can be performed essentially isothermally, where a substantially constant temperature is maintained, while in another embodiment, the temperature during re-precipitation can be allowed to fluctuate within a desired range, where the fluctuation can be cyclic or the like.

[0011] As used herein, the reference to "encapsulated" or to the formation of a layer refers to the one or more nanoscale organic pigment particles being covered by the polymer-based encapsulating material. Thus, for example, the polymer-based encapsulating material can form a layer or shell around the pigment particles, and/or encapsulate the pigment particles.

[0012] Once the re-precipitation is complete, the quenched mixture is strongly acidic and can be neutralized by adding a suitable base to the solution, such as concentrated or aqueous ammonia solution. Once the neutralization is complete, the polymer-encapsulated quinacridone pigment nanoparticles can be separated from the solution by any conventional means, such as for example, vacuum-filtration methods or centrifugal separation methods. The nanoparticles can also be processed for subsequent use according to known methods.

[0013] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments can also contain an associated steric stabilizer compound as a surface additive. The steric stabilizer functions by associating itself non-covalently with the functional moieties of the pigment using various modes including, hydrogen bonding, van Der Waals forces, and aromatic pi-stacking, or combinations thereof, such that during the preparation of the nanoscale pigment particles by the above method in the presence of a suitable steric stabilizer, there is controlled crystallization of organic pigment nanoparticles and limited pigment particle growth, due to the action of the associated stabilizer additives.

[0014] Representative steric stabilizers as surface additives to enable controlled pigment crystallization and formation of nanoscale quinacridone particles include, but are not limited to, the following: a) esters of sorbitol with palmitic acid (SPAN® 40), stearic acid (SPAN® 60) and oleic acid (SPAN® 85) or mixtures thereof, where the aliphatic

chain of the acid is at least ClO or higher; b) tartaric acid esters with linear, branched or cyclic alcohols such as cyclohexanol, Isofol 20 (available from Sasol America); c) rosin- based natural compounds and synthetic derivatives, including functional classes such as rosins, rosin esters, rosin acids, rosin salts, or the like, that have the function of coating the pigment particles to limit the extent of pigment particle or molecular self-assembly so as to produce predominantly nanoscale-sized pigment particles. The rosin compounds can be hydrogenated or not for any of the aforementioned classes. Specific examples of commercially available rosin compounds include, for example, hydrogenated rosin esters (such as Pinecrystal KE-100 or KE-311 manufactured by Arakawa Kagaku Co., Ltd.), hydrogenated rosin glycerol esters, levopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, palustric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, seco-dehydroabietic acid, tetrahydroabietic acid, dihydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, and isopimaric acid, calcium resonates, sodium resonates, zinc resonates, magnesium resonates, barium resonates, lead resonates, cobalt resonates, mixed resonates (such as calcium and zinc resonates), sodium salts of rosins (such as DRESINATE X™ from Hercules Paper Technology Group), alkyl esters of rosin or hydrogenated rosin (such as HERCOLYN D™, a methyl ester of hydrogenated rosin from Hercules, Inc., and ABAL YN™, a methylester of rosin from Hercules, Inc.), mixtures thereof, and the like.

[0015] The polymer-based encapsulating material can be added to the re- precipitation solution as disclosed above, or alternatively introduced to the organic pigment nanoparticles after they are synthesized and isolated from the re-precipitation solution. In the latter case, the polymer-based encapsulating material is preferably introduced and deposited onto wetted pigment nanoparticles that are already suspended within a suitable liquid. The pigment nanoparticles can be wetted with any suitable or desired liquid, including: polar liquids such as water, alcohols, or other water-mi scible liquids such as glycols and the like; aprotic and non-polar liquids such as simple ketones and esters like acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, N-methylpyrrolidinone, sulfolane, N ₅ N- dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and the like; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxy ethane, mono-alkyl ethers of diethylene or dipropylene glycols such as

DOWANOL and the like; and mixtures thereof; and hydrocarbon liquids such as hexanes, toluene, xylenes, Isopar and the like; and mixtures thereof. The polymer-based encapsulating material can be selected from the following classes of polymer compounds, including but not limited to: homopolymers and copolymers of poly(vinylpyrrolidone), homopolymers and copolymers of poly(styrene) or poly(styrene 4-sulfonate), homopolymers and copolymers of poly(4-vinylpyridine); homopolymers and copolymers of poly(vinylimidazole); homopolymers and copolymers of poly(vinylbutyral); homopolymers and copolymers of polyesters, amide-terminated polyesters, polyamides, and ester-terminated polyamides that are each prepared from alkanedioic acid monomers and/or alkanediol monomers; homopolymers and copolymers of succinate diesters, succinic acid diamides, succinic anhydrides or succinimides, including the reaction products of polyalkyleneamines and polyisobutylene succinic anhydrides or polyisobutylene succinimides.

[0016] The polymer encapsulant material can be added into the treatment process for surface deposition or encapsulation of the nanoscale organic pigment particle in any desired amount that is suitable for a particular application. For the purpose of creating polymer-encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments that are suitable for dispersion into a non-polar, non-aqueous medium, such as for example hydrocarbon liquids like hexanes, toluene, xylenes, Isopar and the like, the amount of polymer encapsulant material is loaded based on the weighted mass of nanoscale pigment to be treated, and can range from about 1 wt% to about 100 wt% or from about 5 wt% to about 75 wt %, or preferably from about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%, although it can also be outside of these ranges. The temperature used for the treatment of the nanoscale organic pigment particles with the polymer-based encapsulant is preferably done at room temperature, although the temperature can also range from about 1O ⁰ C to about 8O ⁰ C, or from about 2O ⁰ C to about 5O ⁰ C, or any temperature outside this range. The polymer-based encapsulant material is preferably introduced into a prepared suspension of the wetted nanoscale organic pigments under vigorous agitation such as by use of high-speed mechanical stirring or homogenization or other means.

[0017] Representative examples of suitable polymer-based encapsulating material that are deposited as a surface layer or shell encapsulating the nanoscale particles of quinacridone type pigments, either during the synthesis process of preparing the pigment nanoparticles by reprecipitation or after recovery of the pigment nanoparticles, include but are not limited to the following: poly(l-vinylpyrrolidone), polyvinylpyrrolidone)-,^/^ 1 -hexadecene), poly( 1 -vinylpyrrolidone)-grø/?-( 1 -triacontene), poly(l-vinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid), poly(l-vinylpyrrolidone-co-N,N- dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate), poly(vinylimidazole), poly(styrene-α/t-maleic anhydride), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate-cø-vinyl butyral) terpolymer commercially known as Mowital ^® B30HH (available from Hoechst A.G.), succinimide- based commercial polymers such as the OLO A ^® family of polyisobutylene succinimide dispersants (available from Chevron Oronite), succinimide-based dispersants such as Ircosperse ^® 2153 (available from Lubrizol Corp., Cleveland, OH), poly(styrene-co-4- vinylpyridine), dispersants based on polyesters, amide-terminated polyester, polyamides and ester-terminated polyamides such as the Solsperse Hyperdispersants ^® , including Solsperse ^® 17000 (available from Lubrizol Corp.) _* and the like.

[0018] In embodiments, the nanoscale particles of quinacridone pigments, when properly prepared using the exemplary conditions in the presence of steric stabilizers, were desirably ultrafine in particle size. For example, the material desirably has an average particle size of less than about 100 nm, such as about 10 nm to about 20 nm, about 40 nm, about 60 nm, or about 80 nm, measured as an average particle diameter (length) images obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The shape of the nanosized pigment particles can be one or more of several morphologies, including rods, platelets, needles, prisms or nearly spherical, and the [length: width] aspect ratio of the nanoscale pigment particles can range from 1 to about 10, such as having aspect ratio between 1 and 5; however the actual ratio can also lie outside of these ranges.

[0019] Organic monoazo "laked" pigments are the insoluble metal salts of monoazo colorants which can include monoazo dyes or pigments. The process of ion complexation with a metal salt, or "laking" process, provides decreased solubility of the non-ionic monoazo pigment, which can enhance the migration resistance and thermal

stability properties of a monoazo pigment, and thereby enable the applications of such pigments for robust performance. Formula I depicts a general representation of monoazo laked pigments, which are ionic compounds that are structurally comprised of a diazo group (denoted G _d ) and a nucleophilic coupling group (denoted as G _c ) that are linked together with one azo (N=N) functional group, and a cation (M ⁿ⁺ ) which is typically a metal salt. Either or both of the groups G _d and G _c can contain one or more ionic functional moieties such as sulfonate or carboxylate anions or the like.

Formula (I)

[0020] Due to the ionic nature of monoazo laked pigments, it is possible to have steric stabilizer compounds that associate non-covalently with the pigment, such as organic or inorganic ionic compounds that can associate directly through ionic or coordination-type bonding, and typically with the counter-cation group like M ⁿ⁺ . As described previously, these steric "stabilizers" function to reduce the surface tension of the pigment particle, neutralize the attractive forces between two or more pigment particles or structures, and thereby stabilize the chemical and physical structure of the pigment. The presence of a hydrophobic groups on the stabilizer ensures that a physical barrier is present when the stabilizer associates non-covalently on the particle surface, which further enhances the dispersion performance of the pigment. As such, these stabilizer compounds are beneficial surface active agents for nanoscale monoazo laked pigments.

[0021] The organic pigment/precursor of monoazo laked pigments can have one or more functional moieties that is capable of non-covalent bonding or association with a complementary functional group that is present on the stabilizer compound.

[0022] The organic pigment, and in some embodiments, the organic pigment precursor, also generally includes a counterion as part of the chemical structure. Such counterions can be, for example, cations or anions of either metals or non-metals that

include N, P, S and the like, or carbon-based cations or anions. Representative examples of monoazo laked pigments that have the generic structure of Formula I include, but are not limited to, the pigments listed in Table 1.

23] Table 1

[0024] In the case of monoazo laked pigments, the steric stabilizer or surface active additive, can be any compound that has the function of controlling the extent of either molecular self-assembly or particle aggregation during the pigment crystallization step, so as to limit particle growth to predominantly nanoscale pigment particles. In embodiments, the stabilizer compound has a hydrocarbon moiety to provide sufficient steric bulk that enables the function of the stabilizer, wherein the hydrocarbon moiety is predominantly aliphatic, but in other embodiments can also incorporate aromatic groups, and generally contains at least 6 carbon atoms, such as at least 12 carbons or at least 16 carbons, and not more than about 100 carbons, but the actual number of carbons can be outside of these ranges. The hydrocarbon moiety can be either linear, cyclic or branched, and in embodiments is desirably branched, and may or may not contain cyclic moieties such as cycloalkyl rings or aromatic rings. The aliphatic branches are long with at least 2 carbons in each branch, such as at least 6 carbons in each branch, and not more than about 100 carbons.

[0025] Representative examples of stabilizer compounds for preparing nanoscale particles of monoazo laked pigments, that have both the pigment-affinic functional group which associates non-covalently (ionically) with the laked pigment in addition to suitably bulky hydrocarbon moiety, include (but are not limited to) the following compounds:

C36 Dimer Diacid

Z = H , Metal cations such as Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg, Mn, Al, Cu, B, and others, Organic cations such as NH ₄ ⁺ , NR ₄ ⁺ , PR ₄ ⁺ , and others

Z = H , Metal cations such as Na, K, Li, Ca ₁ Ba, Sr, Mg, Mn, Al, Cu, B, and others, Organic cations such as NH ₄ ⁺ , NR ₄ ⁺ , PR ₄ ⁺ , and others and methylene units (m+n) > 1

Z = H , Metal cations such as Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg, Mn, Al, Cu, B, and others, Organic cations such as NH ₄ ⁺ , NR ₄ ⁺ , PR ₄ ⁺ , and others and methylene units (m+n) > 1 per branch

Z = H , Metal cations such as Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg, Mn, Al, Cu, B, and others, Organic cations such as NH ₄ ⁺ , NR ₄ ⁺ , PR ₄ ⁺ , and others and methylene units m > 1 and for /so-steaπc acid, n £ 1 wherein m and n denotes the number of repeated methylene units, and where m can range between 1 and 50, and n can range between 1 and 5, however the values can also be outside these ranges.

[0026] In additional embodiments, other compounds having different structures than those described previously may be used in addition to the bulky stabilizer compounds, to function as surface active agents (or surfactants) that either prevent or limit the degree of pigment particle aggregation. The types of non-covalent association that can occur between the functional moiety of the precursor/pigment and the complementary functional groups of these surface stabilizers are, for example, van der Waals' forces, ionic or coordination bonding, hydrogen bonding, and/or aromatic pi- stacking bonding, or combinations thereof. In the case of monoazo laked pigments, the predominant non-covalent bonding association is ionic bonding, but can include hydrogen bonding and aromatic pi-stacking bonding as additional or alternative types of non- covalent bonding between the functional moieties of these stabilizer compounds and the precursor/pigment.

[0027] The method of making nano-sized particles of the monoazo laked pigments such as those listed in Table 7 is a process that involves at least one or more reaction steps. A diazotization reaction is a key reaction step for synthesis of the monoazo laked pigment, whereby a suitable aniline precursor is either directly or indirectly converted first to a diazonium salt using standard procedures, such as procedures that include treatment with a diazotizing agent such as nitrous acid HNO ₂ (for example, generated in situ by mixing sodium nitrite with dilute hydrochloric acid solution) or nitrosyl sulfuric acid (NSA), which is commercially available or prepared by mixing sodium nitrite in concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting acidic mixture of diazonium salt is either a solution or a suspension and in embodiments is kept cold, to which can optionally be added an aqueous solution of the metal salt (M ⁿ⁺ ) that will define the specific composition of the desired monoazo laked pigment product. The diazonium salt solution or suspension is then transferred into a solution or suspension of a suitable coupling component that can be either acidic or basic in pH and generally contain additional buffers and surface active agents, including the sterically bulky stabilizer compounds such as those described earlier, to produce the desired organic pigment as predominantly nanoscale particles, which is obtained as a wetted colored solid in an aqueous slurry.

[0028] In embodiments is disclosed a two-step method of making nanosized monoazo laked red pigments, for example Pigment Red 57:1, wherein an advanced pigment precursor commonly known as Lithol Rubine is first synthesized as a potassium salt and appears as a water-soluble orange dye. The first step involves the diazotization of 2-amino-5-methyl-benzenesulfonic acid by first dissolving the reactant in dilute aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (0.5 mol/L) and cooling to a temperature of about -5 ⁰ C to about 5 ⁰ C, and then treating the solution with an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (20 wt%), following with slow addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid at a rate that maintains the internal reaction temperature between -5 ⁰ C and +5 ⁰ C. The resulting suspension that forms is stirred for additional time at cool temperature, so as to ensure completeness of diazotization, and then the suspension is carefully transferred to a second solution containing 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid dissolved in dilute alkaline solution (0.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide) using vigorous agitation as the colorant product is produced in the aqueous slurry. After stirring for additional time of at least 1 hour at room temperature, the colorant product (potassium salt of Lithol Rubine) is isolated by filtration as an orange dyestuff and washed with deionized water to remove excess acid and salt by-products.

[0029] The second step of this process involves redispersing the orange dyestuff (Lithol Rubine-potassium salt) in deionized water to a concentration that can range from about 0.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, such as from about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt% or from about 3.5 wt% to about 8 wt%, but the concentrations can also be outside of these ranges. The colorant solids in the slurry is then dissolved completely into liquid solution by treatment with aqueous alkaline base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide solution, until the pH level is high, such as above pH 8.0 or above pH 9.0 or above pH 10.0. To this alkaline solution of dissolved Lithol Rubine colorant can be optionally added a surface active agent such as those described earlier, in particular embodiments surface active agent such as rosin soaps, delivered as an aqueous solution in the amount ranging from 0.1 wt% to 20 wt% based on colorant solids, such as in an amount ranging from 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, or in an amount ranging from 1.0

wt% to about 8.0 wt% based on colorant solids, but the amount used can also be outside of these ranges.

[0030] In embodiments, the preparation of ultrafine and nanosized particles of the monoazo laked Pigment Red 57:1 was enabled by the additional use of a suitable steric stabilizer compound having branched hydrocarbons with either carboxylate or sulfonate functional groups, such as di[2-ethylhexyl]-3-sulfosuccinate sodium or sodium 2-hexyldecanoate, and the like. The stabilizer compound is introduced as a solution or suspension in a liquid that is predominantly aqueous but may optionally contain a polar, water-miscible co-solvent such as THF, wo-propanol, NMP, Dowanol and the like, to aid dissolution of the stabilizer compound, in an amount relative to colorant moles ranging from about 5 mole-percent to about 100 mole-percent, such as from about 20 mole- percent to about 80 mole-percent, or from about 30 mole-percent to about 70 mole- percent, but the concentrations used can also be outside these ranges and in large excess relative to moles of colorant. Lastly, the metal cation salt is added to transform the pigment precursor into the desired monoazo laked pigment (Pigment Red 57:1 in embodiments) as a precipitated pigment. In embodiments, an aqueous solution of calcium chloride with concentration ranging anywhere from 0.1 mol/L to about 2 mol/L, is slowly added dropwise in nearly stoichiometric quantities such as amounts ranging from 1.0 molar equivalents relative to about 2.0 molar equivalents, or from 1.1 to about 1.5 molar equivalents, or from 1.2 to about 1.4 molar equivalents relative to moles of colorant, however the amounts used can also be outside of these ranges and in large excess. The temperature during addition of the metal salt solution to cause precipitation of the pigment is also important. In embodiments, lower temperatures are desired, such as from about 1O ⁰ C to about 5O ⁰ C, or from about 15 ⁰ C to about 35 ⁰ C, but the temperature can also be outside of these ranges.

[0031] In embodiments, the slurry of nanoscale particles of organic monoazo laked pigment is next isolated by vacuum filtration through membrane filter cloth having average pore size of 0.45 micron or 0.8 micron diameter, and washed with deionized water to remove the excess of unwanted salts or surface additives that remain in solution and are not bound to the pigment particles. The pigment particles are then resuspended in

a liquid solution containing a polymer-based encapsulant material, that will enable surface encapsulation or deposition of a shell layer onto the surface of the nanoscale pigment particles. The mode of non-covalent association between the functional groups of the polymer-based encapsulant material and the functional moieties of the monoazo pigment are predominantly ionic in nature, but can also include aromatic pi-stacking, van der Waals hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding as additional or alternative types of non-covalent bonding between the functional moieties of these polymer encapsulant and the pigment functional groups.

[0032] In embodiments, a preferred method for polymer encapsulation or deposition of a shell layer onto the surface of the nanoscale particles of organic monoazo laked pigment is the Layer-by-Layer technique. As described in Langmuir, 2000, 16, pp. 8932-36, the technique involves dispersing the organic pigment particles in an aqueous medium, treating with a first solution containing an ionic, amphiphilic polymer compound which deposits as a continuous thin layer onto the particle surface. Thereafter, the water-suspended organic pigment particles are treated with a second solution containing a different amphilic polymer compound that has opposite ionic charge to the first deposited ionic polymer. The alternating deposition of solutions of oppositely charged, ionic and amphiphilic polymer compounds results in a polymeric shell layer onto the pigment particle surface, which produces the polymer-encapsulation nanoscale particles of organic pigment. The thickness of the shell layer is determined by several factors, including the chemical structure of the two ionic, amphiphilic polymer compounds, the amount of each polymer compound that is loaded onto the pigment surface which is typically based on pigment mass and/or surface area, and the number of alternating depositions of the two ionic, amphiphilic polymer compounds.

[0033] In embodiments, the surface encapsulation of nanoscale particles of monoazo laked pigment is best achieved using amphiphilic polymer compounds, which are those that have ionic or ionizable functional groups (either positive or negative) with high ionic bonding affinity for the sulfonate and/or carboxylate functional moieties of the monoazo laked pigment, in addition to having hydrophobic functional groups that can act as a steric barrier or filler when deposited onto the pigment particle surface. Suitable

examples of amphiphilic polymers having anionic and/or anionically ionizable functional groups include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: (meth)acrylic acid type polymers and copolymers such as poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(alkyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene- acrylic acid), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate- acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene -alkyl acrylate - beta-carboxy ethyl acrylate), sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(4- styrene sulfonate), sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(styrene -co- A- styrene sulfonate), sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(styrene- butadiene-cø- 4-styrene sulfonate), poly(anetholesulfonic acid, sodium salt); sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid), sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(alkyl methacrylates - co- A- styrene sulfonate), sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of poly(styrene -alkyl acrylate -4-styrene sulfonate), and the like.

[0034] Suitable examples of amphiphilic polymers having cationic and/or cationically ionizable functional groups include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: 1) polymers and copolymers of vinyl pyridines, such as poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), poly(styrene-4-vinyl pyridine), poly(styrene-2 -vinyl pyridine), and the like; 2) polymers of vinyl pyrrolidones, such as poly(l- vinylpyrrolidinone), poly(4-vinylpyrrolidinone) and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidinones made with (i) alpha-olefins such as 1 -hexadecene, 1 -octadecene, 1-eicosene, 1-triacontene and the like; (ii) substituted styrenes such as 4-methylstyrene, 4-chlorostyrene, A- hydroxystyrene, 4-aminostyrene, 4-carboxyalkylstyrenes, and the like; (iii) substituted (meth)acrylates, such as diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate, monoethylaminoethyl methacrylate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, piperidinoethyl acrylate, piperidinoethyl methacrylate, morpholinoethyl acrylate, morpholinoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, dimethylamino propyl

methacrylate, dipropylaminoethyl acrylate, 2-pyrrolidinoethyl methacrylate, 3- (dimethylaminoethyl)-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-(dimethylaminoethyl)-2- hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-aminoethyl acrylate, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate, and the like; (iii) vinyl or allyl ethers, such as dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, diethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, aminoethyl vinyl ether, and the like; 3) polymers and copolymers of vinyl imidazoles, and those prepared from 1 -vinyl methylimidazole, 1 -imidazolyl-/»αrα- methylstyrene, 2-methyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2-ethyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2-propyl-l- vinylimidazole, 2-butyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2,4-dimethyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2,5-dimethyl-l- vinylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-l-vinylimidazole, 2,4,5-trimethyl- 1 -vinylimidazole, 4,5-diethyl-2-methyl- 1 -vinylimidazole, 4-methyl- 1 - vinylimidazole, 4-ethyl-l -vinylimidazole, 4,5-dimethyl-l -vinylimidazole, 5-methyl-l- vinylimidazole, and 2,4,5-triethyl-l -vinylimidazole. Other suitable materials are disclosed in, for example, J. Inorg. Chem., v.17, pp. 283-91 (1982), 4) polymers and copolymers of diallyldialkyl ammonium halides, such as poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride), poly(diallydiethyl ammonium chloride), and the like; 5) polymers and copolymers of dialkylaminoethyl (meth)acrylates, such as poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(vinylpyrrolidinone-cø-N,N-dimethylarninoethyl methacrylate), and the like; 6) polyesters terminated with ammonium salts, such as tetramethylammonium poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) terminated with acid end-groups, ammonium salts of amide- terminated polyesters, such as tetramethylammonium salt of 2-aminoethyl-amido terminated poly(12-hydroxystearic acid), and other tetraalkylammonium salts of such amide-terminated polyesters, such as is found in selected SOLSPERSE ^® dispersant polymers (available from Lubrizol corporation); 7) polyamides terminated with ammonium salts, such as poly(alkylenediamine-cø-alkanedioic acid) with tetramethylammonium salt end groups; and ammonium salts of acid-terminated polyamides, such as the tetraalkylammonium salts of poly(alkylenediamine-co- alkanedioic acid) and poly(alkylenoxydiamine-cσ-alkanedioic acid) and the like; 8) polymers containing heterocyclic monomer groups, such as polyesters, polyamides, polyethyleneoxides that have terminal grafted heterocyclic functional groups, including heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen and/or one oxygen and/or one sulfur atom;

examples of such heterocyclic functional groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolinonyl, benzimidazolinonyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinonyl, benzoxazolinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indenyl, benzindenyl, indenonyl, benzindenonyl, carbazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, pyridinonyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrimidinonyl, picolinyl, acridonyl, benzacridonyl, quinacridonyl, ureido-substituted and alkylcarbamoyl- substituted heterocycles such as ureidopyrimidinones, ureidopyridinones and ureidotriazines, and the like; and 9) oligomers and polymers that contain a succinimide or phthalimide functional group, such as polyisobutylene succinimides or alkylene succinimides wherein the alkylene group contains from 4 to about 20 carbons and the succinimide nitrogen atom is substituted with an alkyl group, alkylaryl group, or aryl groups containing from 1 to about 20 carbons.

[0035] In embodiments, when alternately depositing a surface layer of cationic and anionic amphiphilic polymer, in order to achieve the polymeric encapsulation of the nanoscale organic pigment particles, the solutions of the ionic polymer are typically prepared by dissolution in a liquid such as water or polar organic solvent, or in water with the addition of a water-miscible solvent. The concentration of the ionic polymer in such a liquid can range from about 0.1 wt% to about 80 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt%, or preferably from about 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, although the actual concentration can be anywhere outside this range. In certain cases, the dissolution or dispersion of the ionic polymer in water as the only liquid medium may be preferable at a temperature higher than room temperature, such as from about 2O ⁰ C to about 8O ⁰ C, or to about 5O ⁰ C, or to about 35 ⁰ C. The total amount of ionic polymers to be deposited as a shell encapsulating layer on the nanoparticle surface is dependent on both the chemical composition of the polymers, the degree of branching (non-linearity), the degree of ionic or ionizable functional groups, and the molecular weight. The preferred molecular weights of such polymers can range from about 1000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, or from about 3000 g/mol to about 300,000 g/mol, or from about 5000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol, although the actual molecular weight values for any desirable ionic polymer can be outside of this range.

[0036] In embodiments that use of a copolymer with organic pigment-affinic groups, including the ionic, amphiphilic polymers, it preferred to use copolymers that have anywhere from 1 mol% to about 75 mol% of monomers having pigment-affinic, ionic or ionizable groups, or from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol%, or preferably up to about 30 mol% of monomers having pigment-affinic, ionic or ionizable groups, although the actual content can be anywhere outside this range.

[0037] Additionally, other suitable minor organic pigment-affinic monomer units include but are not limited to acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N'-dimethyl acrylamide, N-methyl methacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, poly vinyl acetal, poly vinyl butyral, methyl vinyl ether, p-aminostyrene, o- aminostyrene, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, piperidinoethyl acrylate, piperidinoethyl methacrylate, morpholinoethyl acrylate, morpholinoethyl methacrylate, 2-pyrrolidinoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, dimethylamino propyl methacrylate, dipropylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, dimethylaminoethyl vinyl sulfide, diethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, aminoethyl vinyl ether, 3-(dimethylaminoethyl)-2- hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-(dimethylaminoethyl)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2- aminoethyl acrylate, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof. Other suitable materials are disclosed in, for example, J. Inore. Chem., v.17, pp. 283-91 (1982).

[0038] Examples of suitable non-pigment affinic monomer units include acrylate-based monomers and styrene-based monomers. Specific examples of such nonorganic pigment-affinic monomer units include but are not limited to styrene, methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, chlorostyrene, hydroxystyrene, methoxystyrene, norbornene, itaconic acid, 1-alkenes (alpha-olefins) such as 1-eicosene, 1 -octadecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-dodecene, 1-decene, 1-octene, and the like, alkyl acrylates, aryl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, aryl methacrylates, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid), acrylonitrile, substituted succinic anhydrides such as polyisobutylene succinic anhydride, and the like. Mixtures of two or more of monomers can also be used, if desired.

[0039] The organic pigment-affinic monomer units and non- pigment-affinic monomer units can be assembled in a copolymer in any desired manner, such as for example a random copolymer, block copolymer, alternating copolymer or grafted

copolymer. A variety of molecular structures can be selected for such copolymers, including linear, branched or grafted, hyperbranched, dendritic, star-shaped, and others. When such copolymers are dissolved in a suitable solvent for ease of use, and then mixed with a non-solvent, or, liquid in which the copolymer has poor solubility, a variety of 3- dimensional macromolecular architectures can be adopted by such copolymers. Examples of such macromolecular architectures include, but are not limited to, spheroidal micelles, ellipsoidal micelles, cylindrical micelles or tubules, gyroids, lamellar planes or networks, and others. It is preferable that the process conditions for polymer encapsulation of the nanoscale pigment particle surface be chosen such that the pigment particle's inherent morphology serves to template the deposition (encapsulation) by the polymer. This arrangement enables nanoscopically thin layers of polymer to coat and encapsulate the pigment nanoparticle surface and still retain the nascent morphology of the nanoparticle. The desired thickness of the polymer encapsulating shell layer is generally less than about 100 nm, such as less than about 75 nm, or less than about 50 nm, in order to provide an optically transparent coating of the pigment nanoparticle and not obscure the coloristic or spectral properties of the organic pigment. In embodiments, the polymer encapsulating shell layer is predominantly a continuous deposit of polymer materials, part of which contains pigment-affinic charge neutral, ionic and/or ionizable functional groups.

[0040] The separate organic pigment-affinic monomer units and non-organic pigment-affinic monomer units can otherwise be assembled into a copolymer according to polymerization and chemical grafting methods that are well known in the art. Thus, these methods are not further described herein.

[0041] The nanoscale pigment particles, when properly synthesized using the exemplary conditions and steric stabilizers outlined in the embodiments, were desirably ultrafme in particle size. For example, the material desirably has an average particle size of less than about 150 nm, such as about 10 nm to about 25, about 50, about 75, or about 100 nm. In embodiments, the nanosized pigment particles that were obtained for monoazo laked pigments can range in average particle size, d ₅ o, or average particle diameter as measured by TEM imaging, from about 10 nm to about 200 nm, such as from about 25 nm to about 150 nm, or from about 50 nm to about 125 nm. In embodiments,

the particle size distributions can range such that the geometric standard deviation can range from about 1.1 to about 1.9, or from about 1.2 to about 1.7, as measured by dynamic light scattering method. The shape of the nanosized pigment particles can be one or more of several morphologies, including rods, platelets, needles, prisms, ellipsoidal or spherical, and the aspect ratio of the nanosize pigment particles can range from 1 : 1 to about 10:1, such as having the [length: width] aspect ratio between 1 :1 and 7: 1 , or more preferably between 1 : 1 and 5:1 ; however the actual metric can lie outside of these ranges.

[0042] Nanoscale particles of any desired class of organic pigment can potentially be used for preparation of polymer-encapsulated nanoscale pigments, however in embodiments, the preferred organic pigments are those whose structures contain a polar functional moiety that contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S. In the case of using a layer-by-layer approach for depositing polymers having ionic or ionizable functional groups, organic pigments having an ionic or ionizable functional moiety, such as carboxylic acid/carboxylate, sulfonic acid/sulfonate, amino/ammonium/imine/iminium, hydroxyl/phenolic/enol groups, and the like, are easiest to use as the core nanoparticle for the encapsulation. Examples of such organic pigment classes include, but are not limited to, quinacridone family of pigments; members of the monoazo and disazo classes of pigments; monoazo-laked pigments; azo- benzimidazolone pigments; diarylide pigments; phthalocyanine-type pigments; or mixtures thereof.

[0043] In embodiments, these nanoscale-sized pigments can be dispersed in a variety of media where such high specular reflectance is afforded. Polymeric particle dispersants (pigment dispersants) that aid in the dispersion and coating ability of nanoscale pigments include, but are not limited to, derivatives of rosin natural products, acrylic-based polymers, styrene-based copolymers, copolymers of α-olefins, copolymers of vinyl pyridine, vinyl imidazole, vinyl pyrrolidinone, polyester copolymers, polyamide copolymers, and copolymers of acetals. Suitable mixtures of at least two polymers can also be used to disperse nanoscale-sized pigments in liquid media. Many available commercial dispersants, such as those from BYK-Chemie, Efka Additives, and Lubrizol,

are particularly well-suited to disperse many organic pigments in a variety of liquid media.

[0044] If desired, the surface layer of the encapsulating material can be cross- linked, coated, or otherwise modified so as to provide, for example, desirable dispersion properties, structural rigidity, thermal stability, and the like.

[0045] The shell can be made more rigid, for example, by crosslinking the polymer chains. For example, the non- pigment-affinic monomer units of one copolymer can be crosslinked with another to form a more rigid encapsulated shell layer that is templated onto the nanoscale particle of organic pigments. In embodiments, different methods, known in the art, can be used for crosslinking the polymer chains, depending upon different desired surface properties. For example, different crosslinking methods can be used to provide a hydrophobic encapsulating material surface or to provide a hydrophilic encapsulating material surface. Suitable methods are described, for example, in K. L. Wooley; J Polym .ScI A, 38, p. 1397 (2000).

[0046] An optional further step, which can be conducted in embodiments, is to reinforce and further rigidify the encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments to further maintain architectural integrity of the encapsulating material and provide improved thermal stability under high temperatures (such as up to about 12O ⁰ C or higher). This reinforcement can be achieved, for example, by controlled deposition of condensed silica or titania or mixtures of both on the surface of the nanoparticles. For example, silica can be deposited on the surface of the encapsulating material by using sol-gel polymerization method with silica precursor reagents such as alkoxysilanes, for example tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), tetra-n-propoxysilane, and the like. Techniques for localized silica deposition have been demonstrated with a great degree of control to provide well-defined hybrid copolymer-silica particles of less than 50 nm in diameter, with minimal formation of non-templated silica particles. See, for example, J-J. Yuan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, p. 129, 1717 (2007).

[0047] The encapsulating material that covers the enclosed organic pigment is desirable completely or substantially transparent. In this way, the coloristic properties

provided by the organic pigment are not blocked, masked, or deteriorated by the presence of the encapsulating material and any optional surface treatment procedures.

[0048] The advantages of this composition and process include the ability to tune the pigment particle surface composition, while maintaining the approximate particle size and morphology of the core nanoscale organic pigment particle, for the intended end- use application, such as toners and inks and coatings, which include phase-change, gel- based and radiation-curable inks, solid and non-polar liquid inks, solvent-based inks, lithographic inks, and aqueous inks and ink dispersions. For the end-use application in piezoelectric inkjet printing, nanoscale pigment particles are advantageous to ensure reliable inkjet printing and prevent blockage of jets due to pigment particle agglomeration. In addition, nanoscale pigment particles are advantageous for offering enhanced color properties in printed images.

[0049] The formed encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments can be used, for example, as coloring agents in a variety of compositions, such as in liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) ink vehicles, including inks used in conventional pens, markers, and the like, liquid inkjet ink compositions, solid or phase change ink compositions, and the like. For example, the encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments can be formulated into a variety of ink vehicles, including "low energy" solid inks with melt temperatures of about 60 to about 13O ⁰ C, solvent-based liquid inks or radiation-curable inks and toners, such as UV-curable liquid inks comprised of alkyloxylated monomers, and even aqueous inks including UV-curable aqueous inks. Also, the encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments are especially useful as coloring agents in various non-polar inkjet ink matrices such as hydrocarbon oils, and wax-based solid inks. In addition, the formed encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments can be used in other applications, such as cosmetics, and the like.

[0050] Another benefit of the encapsulated nanoscale particles of organic pigments of the disclosure is that the polymer encapsulation process enables the passivation of the surface chemical properties and surface charge (or lack thereof) of ordinary pigment particles. This is particularly true of nanoscale particles of organic pigments, since they have very high surface areas and as a result, have a particularly high

affinity or propensity for inter-particle aggregation (i.e. self-assembly of particles), which in turn causes enormous challenges for dispersions such untreated particles in a matrix. The present disclosure provides a potential solution to the dispersion challenges of nanoscale organic pigment particles, by providing a composition and process for making polymer-encapsulated nanoscale pigment particles having regular particle size and morphology and with uniform surface structure, and to aid particle dispersability and thermal stability in difficult matrices such as non-polar liquids, waxes, and solid inks.

Example 1:

[0051] In a 2 L vessel fitted with a mechanical agitator (Heidolph mixer), condenser, and temperature probe, is charged 75Og of concentrated (96-98%) sulfuric acid. The agitator is started, after which is charged into the acid about 1.5g (3wt%) of KE- 100 Pine Crystal (from Arakawa Chemical Industries), followed by addition of 5Og of Pigment Red 122 (obtained from Dainichiseika) over 30 minutes. The mixture is heated to 50°C in 30 minutes under inert atmosphere conditions, and then kept at 5O ⁰ C for 3 hours to fully dissolve the pigment. In a separate 6 L reactor vessel equipped with mechanical agitator using a P4 stirrer blade, condenser and temperature probe is charged 120Og de-ionized water, and then cooled to 5 ⁰ C while stirring. Once the 3 hour pigment dissolution time was completed in the 2 L reactor, the acidic solution of pigment and surface agent is added to the cooled de-ionized water very slowly over a period of 90 minutes while maintaining the temperature between 5-1O ⁰ C and under vigorous agitation, which causes reprecipitation of the pigment as nanoparticles. The quenched mixture is then neutralized by the dropwise addition of lOOOg of 26-30% aqueous ammonia solution over a period of 90 minutes, while maintaining the reaction temperature at 5-15 ⁰ C during the neutralization. The pigment is filtered and concentrated using a Crossflow filtration unit fitted with a 0.5 micron ceramic filter element. The concentrated pigment slurry undergoes repeated washing/concentration with fresh de-ionized water, using the Crossflow unit, until the filtrate pH is about 8. The concentrated pigment slurry is then transferred into a 2L vessel equipped with mechanical agitator and temperature probe, and is stirred gently while diluting to about 300 mL of deionized water in the slurry

(about 7-10 wt% pigment solids). At this stage, pigment slurry is either prepared for polymer encapsulation as described in Step 2 below, or is alternatively vacuum-oven dried at 5O ⁰ C. If the latter, then the dried pigment is de-lumped in a coffee grinder, to yield about 39g of magenta pigment. HR-TEM microscopy images show short rectangular prism-like particles having lengths of about 30-70 nm, widths of about 20-30 nm, and depths of about 15-30 nm. Typical [length: width] aspect ratios measured with these pigment nanoparticles are less than about 5, and often less than about 3. Crystal lattice d-spacings of the nanoscale pigment indicate that the beta-quinacridone polymorph of PR 122 is produced by this method.

[0052] As described above, the concentrated pigment slurry from the Crossflow unit is then transferred into a 2L vessel equipped with mechanical agitator and temperature probe, and is stirred gently while diluting to about 300 mL of deionized water in the slurry (about 7-10 wt% pigment solids). An aqueous solution containing 5 wt% of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) of MW of 70,000 g/mol, is prepared, and about 50 mL of the solution (or, about 5 wt% loading based on pigment mass) is slowly added to the pigment slurry while stirring at high speed, about 350 rpm. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then vacuum-filtered through Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth (available from Pall Corp., Ontario, CANADA) and rinsing with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water. The pigment cake is redispersed with stirring into 300 mL of deionized water and then is treated with about 125 ml of an aqueous solution containing 2 wt% of poly(l -vinyl pyrrolidinone-cø-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), PVP-DMEMA obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), which is about 5 wt% loading based on pigment mass. The dropwise addition of this cationic polymer solution is carried over 1 hour while at room temperature and using vigorous agitation , in order to prevent coagulation of the pigment nanoparticles. Once the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for an additional 1 hour, then vacuum-filtered using the membrane filter cloth, and rinsing with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates is below 200 μS/cm. These procedures could optionally be repeated for depositing a third layer from the 5 wt% PSS aqueous solution, and a optional fourth layer using the 2 wt%

PVP-DMEMA aqueous solution, depending on the end use of such encapsulated pigment nanoparticles. The isolation of the polymer encapsulated pigment particles is performed by vacuum filtration using Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth, and the wet cake is rinsed with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates was below 200 μS/cm. The wetted pigment is then reslurried into 150 mL water and freeze-dried over 2 days, affording about 35 grams of dry, fine magenta powder.

Example 2:

[0053] In a 2 L vessel fitted with a mechanical agitator (Heidolph mixer), condenser, and temperature probe, is charged 75Og of concentrated (96-98%) sulfuric acid. The agitator is started, after which is charged into the acid about 1.5g (3wt%) of KE- 100 Pine Crystal (from Arakawa Chemical Industries), followed by addition of 50g of Pigment Red 122 (obtained from Dainichiseika) over 30 minutes. The mixture is heated to 50°C in 30 minutes under inert atmosphere conditions, and then kept at 50°C for 3 hours to fully dissolve the pigment. In a separate 6 L reactor vessel equipped with mechanical agitator using a P4 stirrer blade, condenser and temperature probe is charged 1200 g de-ionized water and 25 g of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, obtained from Sigma- Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) of MW of 70,000 g/mol, and the solution cooled to 5 ⁰ C while stirring. Once the 3 hour pigment dissolution time was completed in the 2 L reactor, the acidic solution of pigment and surface agent is added to the cooled solution of PSS in de-ionized water very slowly over a period of 90 minutes while maintaining the temperature between 5-1O ⁰ C and under vigorous agitation, which causes reprecipitation of the pigment as nanoparticles. The quenched mixture is then neutralized by the dropwise addition of lOOOg of 26-30% aqueous ammonia solution over a period of 90 minutes, while maintaining the reaction temperature at 5-15°C during the neutralization.

[0054] The pigment is filtered and concentrated using a Crossflow filtration unit fitted with a 0.5 micron ceramic filter element. The concentrated pigment slurry undergoes repeated washing/concentration with fresh de-ionized water using the Crossflow unit, until the filtrate pH is about 8. The concentrated pigment slurry is then transferred into a 2L vessel equipped with mechanical agitator and temperature probe,

and is stirred gently while diluting to about 300 mL of deionized water in the slurry. The pigment slurry is then treated with about 125 ml of an aqueous solution containing 2 wt% of poly(l -vinyl pyrrolidinone-co-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), PVP-DMEMA obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), which is about 5 wt% loading based on pigment mass. The dropwise addition of this cationic polymer solution is carried over 1 hour while at room temperature and using vigorous agitation. Once the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for an additional 1 hour, then vacuum-filtered using the membrane filter cloth, and rinsing with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates is below 200 μS/cm. A final deposition of polymer is made by treatment with 30 mL of an aqueous solution containing 5 wt% of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, ( about 3 wt% loading based on pigment mass) which is slowly added to the pigment slurry while stirring at high speed, about 350 rpm. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for another hour, then vacuum-filtered through Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth (available from Pall Corp., Ontario, CANADA) and rinsing with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates is below 200 μS/cm.

[0055] The polymer encapsulated pigment particles are recovered by vacuum filtration using Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth, and the wet cake is rinsed with two 100 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates was below 200 μS/cm. The wetted pigment is then reslurried into 150 mL water and freeze- dried over 2 days, affording about 38 grams of dry, fine magenta powder.

Example 3:

[0056] Into a 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and addition funnel is dissolved 2-amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (12.15 g) into 0.5M KOH aqueous solution (135 mL). The solution is cooled to O ⁰ C. A 20 wt% aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (NaNO ₂ ; 4.52 g dissolved into 30 mL water) is added slowly to the first solution while maintaining the temperature below O ⁰ C. Concentrated HCl (19.5 mL) is slowly added dropwise over 1 hour while maintaining the

internal temperature below O ⁰ C. The mixture forms a pale brown suspension and is subsequently stirred an additional 0.5 hour.

[0057] In a separate 2-L resin kettle is dissolved 3 -hydroxy-2 -naphthoic acid (12.2 g) into an aqueous solution of KOH (12.0 g) in water (130 rnL). An additional 350 niL of water is added, and the solution was then cooled to about 15 ⁰ C while stirring. The cold suspension of the diazonium salt solution is then added slowly to the coupling solution while mixing vigorously. The color change is immediate to a dark red solution, and ultimately to a yellowish-red (orange) slurry of precipitated dyestuff. The mixture is stirred for 2 hours while warming up to room temp, then is vacuum-filtered and reslurried into about 600 mL of deionized water. The resulting orange slurry is herein referred to as "Lithol Rubine -Potassium salt dyestuff and has a solids content of about 3.75%-wt.

[0058] Into a 1 -L resin kettle equipped with mechanical stirrer and condenser is charged 265 g of aqueous slurry of "Lithol Rubine-Potassium salt dyestuff prepared from Step 1 of Example 3, having approximately 3.75 %-wt solids content. The pH of the slurry is first adjusted to about 9.0 or higher by addition of 0.5 M KOH solution, which causes complete dissolution of the dyestuff. An aqueous solution 5 wt% Dresinate X rosin-type surfactant (20.0 mL), obtained from Hercules Corp., is added to the mixture followed by the addition of a solution containing a sterically bulky surface additive, 4. 8 g of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate obtained from Sigma- Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) dissolved in 220 mL of 90:10 deionized water/THF. Lastly, an aqueous solution of calcium chloride dihydrate (0.5 M solution, 65 mL) is added dropwise to the slurry while stirring vigorously. A red precipitate forms immediately, and after complete addition of the calcium chloride solution, the red slurry is stirred for an additional 1 hour. The pigment slurry is then heated to about 6O ⁰ C for 30 min, and cooled immediately after in a cold bath. The pigment nanoparticles are then vacuum-filtered under high vacuum through a Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth (obtained from PALL Corp., Mississauga, CANADA), then rinsed with two 20OmL portions of deionized water, until the filtrate pH is less than about 7.5 and the conductivity is lower than 200 μS/cm, so as to remove excess salts. At this stage, the wet nanopigment cake is reslurried into about 200 mL of deionized water and is either prepared for polymer encapsulation treatment as described

in Example 4, or is freeze-dried for 48 hours, affording a dark red-colored powder (12.75 grams). Transmission electron microscopy images of the powder show predominantly platelet-like particles with particle diameters ranging from 50-150 nm, and aspect ratios that were equal to or less than about 3 : 1

Example 4:

[0059] The wet nanopigment cake prepared as described above in Example 3 is reslurried into about 200 mL of deionized water and either prepared for polymer encapsulation treatment. About 13 mL of aqueous solution containing 5 wt% of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) of MW of 70,000 g/mol (or, about 5 wt% loading based on pigment mass) is slowly added over 1 hour to the pigment slurry while stirring at high speed, about 350 rpm. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for another 1 hour, then vacuum-filtered through Versapor ^® -450 membrane filter cloth (available from Pall Corp., Ontario, CANADA) and rinsing with two 50 mL aliquots of deionized water. The pigment cake is redispersed with stirring into 200 mL of deionized water and then is treated with about 25 ml of an aqueous solution containing 2 wt% of poly(l -vinyl pyrrolidinone-co-N,N- dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), PVP-DMEMA obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), which is about 4 wt% loading based on pigment mass. The dropwise addition of this cationic polymer solution is carried over 1 hour while at room temperature and using vigorous agitation, in order to prevent coagulation of the pigment nanoparticles. Once the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for an additional 1 hour, then vacuum-filtered using the membrane filter cloth, and rinsing with two 50 mL aliquots of deionized water, or until the conductivity of the rinse filtrates is below 200 μS/cm. These procedures could optionally be repeated for depositing a third layer from the 5 wt% PSS aqueous solution, and an optional fourth layer using the 2 wt% PVP- DMEMA aqueous solution, depending on the end use of such encapsulated pigment nanoparticles. The wetted pigment is recovered by redispersing into 200 mL water and is then freeze-dried over 2 days, affording about 12 grams of dry red powder.