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Title:
ENERGY GENERATING DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2024/097986
Kind Code:
A2
Abstract:
Disclosed herein are devices, systems, and methods of using aluminum, activated with a liquid metal catalyst stored inside of one or multiple shipping containers or shipping container-like boxes to produce hydrogen and direct heat on demand.

Inventors:
GODART PETER (US)
RUSCHIN GADI (US)
JACKSON ARIEL (US)
Application Number:
PCT/US2023/078675
Publication Date:
May 10, 2024
Filing Date:
November 03, 2023
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
FOUND ENERGY CO (US)
International Classes:
B01J7/02; F01B1/00
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
MCCARTY, Catherine M. et al. (US)
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Claims:
Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED: 1. An energy generating device, comprising: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive process gas comprising steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction through the reactor outlet. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the device does not include a steam separator. 3. An energy generating device, comprising: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 71 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 4. The device of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the aluminum in the reaction chamber is activated aluminum. 5. The device of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water source and wherein the water inlet is configured to allow water from the water source to enter the reaction chamber of the reactor for the aluminum-water reaction. 6. The device of any one of claims 1-5, comprising a water pump in fluid communication with the water source and the water inlet of the reactor wherein the water pump is configured to drive water into the water inlet from the water source. 7. The device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 120 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. 8. The device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 100 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. 9. The device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 80 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. 10. The device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 50 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. 11. The device of any one of claims 1-10, comprising a hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel cell comprising a hydrogen inlet in fluid communication with the steam separator or the hydrogen outlet thereof, or in fluid communication with the process gas outlet; a water outlet in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, and an electrical power outlet, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell is configured to convert hydrogen from the steam separator to electrical power, and to deliver to the electrical power to the electrical power outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell. 12. The device of any one of claims 1-11, comprising a catalyst pump in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the 72 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO catalyst pump is configured to drive the catalyst composition from the reactor to the catalyst separator. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the catalyst pump is electrically connected to the electrical power outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell. 14. The device of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the catalyst separator is configured to a) receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and b) substantially separate the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber. 15. The device of any one of claims 1-14, comprising a catalyst collector, the catalyst collector comprising a collector inlet and a collector outlet each in fluid communication with the catalyst collector, wherein the collector inlet is in fluid communication with the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, and wherein the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a second energy generating device of any one of claims 1-14 to form activated aluminum in the second energy generating device. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a third energy generating device of any one of claims 1-15 to form activated aluminum in the third energy generating device. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the collector outlet of a first energy generating device is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a plurality of energy generating devices of any one of claims 1-15 and is configured to distribute catalyst to aluminum in the reactor of each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the plurality of energy generating devices comprises from 2 energy generating devices to 1,000 energy generating devices. 19. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 5% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 73 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 20. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 10% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 21. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 25% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 22. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 50% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 23. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 75% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 24. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 90% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 25. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 95% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 26. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 27. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99.999% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. 74 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 28. The device of any one of claims 3-18, wherein the steam separator is configured to separate steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber of the reactor using a gas separation process including pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, membrane separation, temperature swing adsorption, or cryogenic distillation, or any variation thereof. 29. The device of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the device is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container. 30. The device of claim 29, wherein the shipping container comprises a container wall comprising one or more openings to fluidly communicate a first energy generating device to at least a second energy generating device. 31. The device of claim 29, wherein the internal volume of the shipping container is from about 1 m3 to about 33 m3. 32. The device of claim 29, wherein the shipping container has a length of from about 10 ft to about 40 ft, a width of from about 5 ft to about 10 ft, and a height of from about 1.5 ft to about 10 ft. 33. The device of any one of claims 3-32, wherein the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a second energy generating device of any one of claims 3-32. 34. The device of any one of claims 3-32, wherein the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a third energy generating device of any one of claims 3-32. 35. The device of any one of claims 3-34, wherein the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a second energy generating device of any one of claims 3-34. 75 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 36. The device of any one of claims 3-34, wherein the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a third energy generating device of any one of claims 3-34. 37. The device of any one of claims 1, 2, 4-10, 12-18, and 29-32, wherein the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas outlet of at least a second energy generating device of any one of claims 1, 2, 4-10, 12-18, and 29-32. 38. The device of any one of claims 1, 2, 4-10, 12-18, and 29-32, wherein the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas manifold of at least a third energy generating device of any one of claims 1, 2, 4-10, 12-18, and 29-32. 39. The device of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device of any one of claims 1-38 and in fluid communication with a water source. 40. The device of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device and in fluid communication with a water source. 41. The device of any one of claims 3-36, 39, and 40, wherein the hydrogen outlet is configured to provide hydrogen to an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, an alumina refinery, or a metal recycling plant. 42. The device of any one of claims 1, 2, 4-10, 12-18, 29-32, 37, and 38, wherein the process gas outlet is configured to provide process gas to an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, an alumina refinery, or a metal recycling plant. 76 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 43. The device of any one of claims 1-42, wherein the reactor comprises a catalyst composition and aluminum for use in the aluminum-water reaction. 44. The device of claim 43, wherein the catalyst composition comprises a liquid metal catalyst. 45. The device of claim 43 or 44, wherein the catalyst composition comprises the liquid metal catalyst and an ionic compound. 46. The device of claim 43 or 44, wherein the catalyst composition comprises the liquid metal catalyst and a chelating compound. 47. The device of claim 43 or 44, wherein the liquid metal catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. 48. The device of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the reactor is configured to produce hydrogen at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 305 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 49. The device of any one of claims 1-48, wherein the reactor is configured to produce steam at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 50. The device of any one of claims 1-49, wherein the reactor is configured to produce from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 51. The device of any one of claims 1-50, comprising a thermal jacket fitted around the reaction chamber in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and fluidically isolated from the reactor. 52. The device of any one of claims 1-51, wherein the device is in fluid communication with an aluminum waste container. 77 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 53. The device of claim 52, wherein the aluminum waste container comprises a filter, a strainer, a sieve, a settling chamber, and/or a compactor. 54. The device of any one of claims 3-36, 39, 40, 41, and 43-53, wherein the steam separator comprises a steam output line in fluid communication with the steam outlet and the water inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. 55. The device of claim 35, wherein the steam manifold comprises a steam output line in fluid communication with the water inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. 56. A system comprising a plurality of energy generating devices of any one of claims 1-55. 57. The system of claim 56, wherein each of the energy generating devices of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication. 58. The system of claim 56, wherein each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid isolation. 59. The system of any one of claims 56-58, wherein the plurality of energy generating devices comprises from 2 devices to 1,000 devices. 60. The system of claim 56, wherein fewer than all of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices are in fluid communication with each other. 61. The system of claim 56, wherein the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second device of the plurality of energy generating devices. 62. The system of claim 56, wherein the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a third device of the plurality of energy generating devices. 78 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 63. The system of claim 56, wherein the catalyst collector of a first energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of each device of the plurality of energy generating devices. 64. The system of any one of claims 56-63, comprising a pellet making device. 65. The system of claim 64, wherein the pellet making device comprises an aluminum scrap inlet, an aluminum scrap chipper, a compactor, and a pellet outlet, wherein the chipper is configured to provide aluminum chips to the compactor, the compactor is configured to exert a compression force on each of the aluminum chips to form a plurality of aluminum pellets, wherein the pellet outlet accesses the reactor of at least a first energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices through a conduit joining the pellet outlet to the reactor, and the aluminum pellets are the aluminum in the first energy generating device. 66. The system of any one of claims 56-65, comprising a controller electrically connected to each of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. 67. The system of claim 66, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the hydrogen output, steam output, and/or process gas output of the system. 68. The system of claim 66, wherein the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating devices to function in a sequential mode. 69. The system of claim 66, wherein the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating devices to function in a parallel mode. 70. A method of using aluminum as an energy carrier, the method comprising: reacting activated aluminum with water using a device of any one of claims 1-55 or a system of any one of claims 56-69; collecting aluminum hydroxide oxide from the device or system generated as waste; subjecting the aluminum hydroxide oxide to calcination to form aluminum oxide; electrochemically reducing the aluminum oxide to form aluminum, wherein the aluminum is suitable for use in a device of any one of claims 1-55 or a system of any one of claims 56-59. 79 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 71. A method of providing hydrogen and steam, the method comprising: delivering an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having a steam inlet and a hydrogen inlet; wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet; and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet. 72. A method of providing process gas, the method comprising: delivering an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having a process gas inlet; wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and 80 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive process gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction through the reactor outlet; and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet. 73. The method of claim 71 or 72, comprising providing instructions to activate the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility when the aluminum is delivered in non-activated form. 74. The method of claim 71 or 72, comprising activating the aluminum at the first location prior to delivering the energy generating device to the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility. 75. The method of any one of claims 71-74, comprising activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber with a catalyst-aluminum mass ratio of from about 1% to about 10%. 76. The method of any one of claims 71-74, wherein the activated aluminum comprises a plurality of aluminum pieces of varying size and shape. 77. The method of claim 71 or 72, wherein the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first size and at least a second size. 78. The method of claim 71 or 72, wherein the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first shape and at least a second shape. 79. The method of any one of claims 71-78, comprising providing instructions comprising arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. 81 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 80. The method of claim 79, wherein a first size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 81. The method of claim 79, wherein a second size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 82. The method of claim 79, wherein a third size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside a reaction chamber is from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 83. The method of any one of claims 71 and 73-82, comprising providing instructions to fluidly connect the hydrogen outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 84. The method of any one of claims 71 and 73-82, comprising fluidly connecting the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 85. The method of any one of claims 72-82, comprising fluidly connecting the process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the process gas inlet of the process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 86. The method of any one of claims 71-85, comprising at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. 87. The method of claim 86, wherein at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, all, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 50, or none of the plurality of energy generating devices is fluidly connected to a shared water source. 82 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 88. The method of any one of claims 71-87, comprising instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non-overlapping time periods. 89. The method of any one of claims 71-87, comprising instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in parallel by introducing water into two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. 90. The method of any one of claims 71-89, comprising sourcing the aluminum from a source of recycled scrap aluminum. 91. The method of claim 71 or 72, comprising sourcing the aluminum from aluminum chips. 92. The method of claim 91, comprising sourcing the aluminum from compacted aluminum chips in the form of aluminum pellets. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the aluminum pellets have a diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm and a height of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 94. The method of any one of claims 71-93, comprising introducing water to the water inlet to execute the aluminum-water reaction comprising interacting aluminum, the catalyst composition, and water. 95. The method of any one of claims 71-94, wherein the liquid metal catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. 96. The method of any one of claims 86-89, wherein the plurality of energy generating devices comprises 2 to 1,000 devices. 97. The method of any one of claims 86-89 and 96, comprising producing hydrogen with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 110 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 83 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 98. The method of any one of claims 86-89, 96, and 97, comprising producing steam with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 99. The method of any one of claims 86-89, 96, and 97, comprising producing with the plurality of energy generating devices from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 100. The method of any one of claims 71-99, wherein the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. 101. A method of generating hydrogen and steam, the method comprising: receiving an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having at least one steam inlet and at least one hydrogen inlet; wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the 84 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet; and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the aluminum through the water inlet into the chamber. 102. A method of generating process gas, the method comprising: receiving an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having at least one steam inlet and at least one hydrogen inlet; wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction through the reactor outlet; and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the aluminum through the water inlet into the chamber. 103. The method of claim 101 or 102, comprising activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility when the aluminum is received in non-activated form. 104. The method of claim 101 or 102, wherein the aluminum is activated at the first location. 105. The method of claim 103 or 104, comprising fluidly connecting the hydrogen outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 85 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 106. The method of claim 103 or 104, comprising fluidly connecting the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 107. The method of claim 103 or 104, comprising fluidly connecting the process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the process gas inlet of the process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. 108. The method of any one of claims 101-107, comprising fluidly connecting the water inlet of the energy generating device to a water source. 109. The method of claim 108, comprising driving water from the water source through the water inlet into the reaction chamber thereby executing the aluminum-water reaction. 110. The method of claim 109, comprising producing heat, hydrogen, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water. 111. The method of any one of claims 101 and 103-110, comprising driving the hydrogen and steam to the steam separator, substantially separating the hydrogen from the steam, driving the hydrogen through the hydrogen outlet, and driving the steam through the steam outlet. 112. The method of claim any one of claims 101-111, comprising pumping a catalyst composition from the reaction outlet of the reactor to the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and into the catalyst separator chamber after completion of the aluminum-water reaction in the reactor. 113. The method of claim 112, comprising substantially separating the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber and driving the liquid metal catalyst to the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. 114. The method of claim 113, comprising driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst outlet to a catalyst collector through a collector inlet of the catalyst collector. 86 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 115. The method of claim 114, wherein the catalyst collector comprises, a collector outlet and a collector chamber all in fluid communication with the collector inlet. 116. The method of claim 115, comprising driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst collector to at least a second energy generating device. 117. The method of claim 116, comprising driving the liquid metal catalyst from the collector outlet to the catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second energy generating device. 118. The method of claim 101 and 103-117, comprising drawing hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet of the steam separator into a hydrogen fuel cell and converting the hydrogen to electrical power and water with the hydrogen fuel cell. 119. The method of claim 118, comprising driving water produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to the water inlet of the reactor. 120. The method of claim 118, comprising directing the electrical power produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to an electrical power outlet. 121. The method of any one of claims 103-120, wherein the activated aluminum comprises a plurality of aluminum pieces of varying size and shape. 122. The method of claim 101 or 102, wherein the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first size and at least a second size. 123. The method of claim 101 or 102, wherein the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first shape and at least a second shape. 124. The method of claim 101 or 102, comprising arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. 87 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 125. The method of claim 124, wherein the first size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 126. The method of claim 124, wherein the second size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber of from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 127. The method of claim 124, wherein a third size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber of aluminum pieces comprises a size of from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 128. The method of any one of claims 101-127, comprising at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and executing the aluminum- water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. 129. The method of claim 128, wherein at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, all, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 50, or none of the plurality of energy generating devices is fluidly connected to a shared water source. 130. The method of any one of claims 101-129, comprising executing the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non-overlapping time periods. 131. The method of any one of claims 101-129, comprising executing the aluminum-water reaction in parallel by introducing water to two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. 132. The method any one of claims 101-131, comprising sourcing the aluminum from a source of recycled scrap aluminum. 88 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 133. The method of any one of claims 101-132, comprising sourcing the aluminum from aluminum chips. 134. The method of any one of claims 101-133, comprising sourcing the aluminum from compacted aluminum chips in the form of aluminum pellets. 135. The method of claim 134, wherein the aluminum pellets have a diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm and a height of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. 136. The method of any one of claims 101-135, comprising introducing water to the water inlet to execute the aluminum-water reaction comprising interacting aluminum, the catalyst composition, and water. 137. The method of any one of claims 101-136, wherein the liquid metal catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. 138. The method of any one of claims 128-131, wherein the plurality of energy generating devices comprises 2 to 1,000 devices. 139. The method of any one of claims 128-131 and 138, comprising producing hydrogen with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 110 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 140. The method of any one of claims 128-131 and 136-139, comprising producing steam with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 141. The method of any one of claims 128-131 and 136-140, comprising producing with the plurality of energy generating devices from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. 89 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 142. The method of any one of claims 101-141, wherein the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. 143. A method of providing renewable energy, the method comprising: producing an energy dense metal using a renewable energy source; introducing the metal and a catalyst to an energy generating device comprising a reactor; transporting the reactor from a production site to a hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility; and introducing water to the reactor and extracting energy from the metal in the form of hydrogen, steam, and/or heat. 144. The method of claim 143, wherein the energetically dense metal comprises aluminum. 145. The method of claim 144, wherein producing the aluminum comprises electrochemically reducing aluminum oxide using solar energy, wind energy, hydrothermal energy, hydro energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy, electricity, or any combinations thereof. 146. The method of claim 143, wherein the catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. 147. The method of claim 143, wherein the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. 148. The method of claim 143, wherein extracting energy from the metal comprises an exothermic aluminum-water reaction. 90 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 149. The method of claim 143, wherein the reactor comprises a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. 150. The method of claim 143, wherein the energy generating device comprises: a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and/or a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 151. The method of claim 143, wherein the energy generating device is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container. 152. The method of claim 150, comprising drawing hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet of the steam separator into a hydrogen fuel cell and converting the hydrogen to electrical power and water with the hydrogen fuel cell. 153. The method of claim 152, comprising driving water produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to the water inlet of the reactor. 154. The method of claim 153, comprising directing the electrical power produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to an electrical power outlet. 155. The method of claim 143, comprising driving water from a water source into the water inlet of the reactor using a water pump. 91 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 156. The device of claim 143, comprising driving the catalyst composition from the reactor to the catalyst separator using a catalyst pump. 157. A method, comprising: providing activated aluminum in the interior of a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the water inlet; contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby producing heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water; substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas; and directing the hydrogen gas through a hydrogen outlet. 158. A method, comprising: providing activated aluminum in the interior of a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the water inlet; contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby producing heat, process gas comprising hydrogen gas and steam, and one or more additional reaction products; and directing the process gas through a process gas outlet. 159. The method of claim 157, comprising directing the steam through a steam outlet. 160. The method of claim 157, comprising consuming the hydrogen gas in a fuel cell. 161. The method of claim 157 or 158, comprising using the steam or process gas to generate power. 162. The method of claim 157 or 158, comprising moving turbines using the steam or process gas. 92 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 163. The method of claim 157 or 158, comprising using the steam or process gas for ambient heating. 164. The method of claim 158, comprising using the process gas to power an alumina refining plant. 165. The method of any one of claims 157-164, comprising separating a liquid metal catalyst from the activated aluminum. 166. The method of any one of claims 157-164, comprising condensing the steam with a heat exchanger after the steam is separated from the hydrogen by the steam separator. 167. The method of any one of claims 157-164, comprising condensing the steam with the steam separator thereby separating the steam from the hydrogen. 168. The method of claim 157, comprising: delivering the liquid metal catalyst to an interior of a second reactor through a second catalyst inlet, the second reactor comprising aluminum, a second water inlet, a second reaction outlet, a second reactor outlet, and a second reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the second water inlet; contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby forming heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing and steam from the heat and the water; substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas; directing the steam through a second steam outlet; and directing the hydrogen through a second hydrogen outlet. 169. The method of claim 158, comprising: delivering the liquid metal catalyst to an interior of a second reactor through a second catalyst inlet, the second reactor comprising aluminum, a second water inlet, a second reaction outlet, a second reactor outlet, and a second reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the second water inlet; 93 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby forming heat, process gas comprising hydrogen gas and steam, and one or more additional reaction products; and directing the process gas through a process gas outlet. 170. An energy generating device, comprising: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, and iii) to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 94 IPTS/125341820.1
Description:
Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO ENERGY GENERATING DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, United States Provisional Application Serial No.63/422,704, filed on November 4, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. BACKGROUND [0002] Climate change presents a major threat to the environment and to human society. Fossil fuels are used as the main energy source throughout the world, and while these fuels are highly energy-dense, cheap, and easy to handle, their combustion results in high CO₂ emissions, which is one of the primary drivers of climate change. [0003] Renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy have the potential to provide the needed energy to reduce or replace fossil fuel dependence. Renewable energy technologies have developed rapidly in recent years and have become economically competitive with fossil fuels. As a result of technological development, improved economics, and multiple large-scale renewable energy projects around the globe, today almost 10 percent of humanity’s energy needs are met by renewable sources. [0004] While renewable energy provides a suitable solution for the production of electricity and can directly feed power grids or power consumers, there are still many other energy consumers that cannot connect directly to power grids or are geographically prohibitively far from renewable resources. For these applications, there needs to be a sufficiently energy-dense, cheap, stable, and safe method for storing and transporting renewable energy from the point of generation (e.g., a solar photovoltaic plant or wind turbine in a remote location) to the point of use. The geographical locations where renewable energy sources are most efficiently and easily captured (e.g., wide-open fields) are often not near metropolitan centers - some entire countries with an interest in utilizing renewable energy sources have few viable options. The maritime shipping industry, for example, is a large energy consumer, and because ships require power as they travel across large bodies of water, a stationary power source is not possible. Renewable energy can also not be harvested in situ for these ships due to low area footprint and the intermittent nature of solar and wind, causing operational challenges. 1 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO SUMMARY [0005] Provided herein are methods, systems, and devices appropriate in the use of alternative carbon-neutral fuel that is energy dense, safe, and easily transportable. Currently, energy transportation is mostly conducted by transporting fossil fuels from the source well or gas field to the destination in the form of raw materials (coal, oil, etc.) or as product fuels after being refined. Electrochemical batteries (e.g., Li-ion) simply do not have the energy density or price point to fulfill a similar role for the renewable energy transition. Several alternatives exist presently, the most promising being various forms of storing and transporting hydrogen (H 2 ), which can be produced by splitting of water using renewable electricity (e.g. via electrolyzers); however, the most common methods for storing hydrogen - gaseous or liquid hydrogen or as liquid ammonia or methanol - have numerous operational challenges, including high cost and low volumetric energy density compared to liquid hydrocarbons; and high explosivity or flammability, making them unsafe. In fact, across the United States, vehicles carrying hydrogen are not permitted in certain high-traffic areas. There is thus a critical need for making renewable energy more accessible to end-users that are currently reliant on fossil fuels. The ability to transport renewable energy from the point of generation to the point of use is required to solve that need. [0006] Fortunately, renewable energy is already being shipped around the world in a high- energy density, stable, and cost-effective form-factor as aluminum metal. Aluminum has a volumetric energy density that is double that of liquid hydrocarbons, ten times that of liquid hydrogen, and five times that of other liquid hydrogen carriers like ammonia and methanol. Moreover, the production of aluminum via the standard Hall-Heroult process consumes electricity to reduce aluminum oxide to pure aluminum, making it an effective store of that electrical energy input. If renewable energy sources are used to supply that energy, the resultant aluminum is storing renewable energy that can later be released by oxidation. One method for releasing said energy is the reaction of aluminum with water, enabling the release of heat and hydrogen gas by either/both of the following chemical reactions: Al + 2 H 2 O → 1.5 H 2 + AlO(OH) + Q reaction (Reaction 1) Al + 3 H 2 O → 1.5 H 2 + Al(OH) 3 + Q reaction (Reaction 2) [0007] By shipping aluminum instead of hydrogen via the aforementioned alternative methods, users can save 5-10 times on volume and up to 50% on weight. Aluminum metal is also 2 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO significantly more stable and safe compared to these alternative methods due to the naturally occurring oxide layer that forms on the aluminum surface upon exposure to oxygen. This allows for hydrogen and heat to be produced on demand, far from the source of production. Technologies that enable this process, which are discussed herein, are critical to enabling the transportation of renewable energy, thereby making the renewable energy transition more practical and effective. [0008] In one aspect, herein is provided an energy generating device, comprising a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive process gas comprising steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum- water reaction through the reactor outlet. [0009] In some embodiments, the device does not include a steam separator. [0010] In another aspect, herein is provided an energy generating device, including a reactor including a reaction chamber including aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non- activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, a steam separator including a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet, and a catalyst separator including a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 3 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0011] In some embodiments, the aluminum in the reaction chamber is activated aluminum. In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water source and wherein the water inlet is configured to allow water from the water source to enter the reaction chamber of the reactor for the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the device includes a water pump in fluid communication with the water source and the water inlet of the reactor wherein the water pump is configured to drive water into the water inlet from the water source. [0012] In some embodiments, about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 120 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 100 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 80 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam is produced for about 50 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. [0013] In some embodiments, the device includes a hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel cell including a hydrogen inlet in fluid communication with the steam separator or the hydrogen outlet thereof, or in fluid communication with the process gas outlet; a water outlet in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, and an electrical power outlet, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell is configured to convert hydrogen from the steam separator to electrical power, and to deliver to the electrical power to the electrical power outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell. [0014] In some embodiments, the device includes a catalyst pump in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the catalyst pump is configured to drive the catalyst composition from the reactor to the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the catalyst pump is electrically connected to the electrical power outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to a) receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and b) substantially separate the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber. [0015] In some embodiments, the device includes a catalyst collector, the catalyst collector including a collector inlet and a collector outlet each in fluid communication with the catalyst 4 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO collector, wherein the collector inlet is in fluid communication with the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, and wherein the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a second energy generating device to form activated aluminum in the second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a third energy generating device to form activated aluminum in the third energy generating device. In some embodiments, the collector outlet of a first energy generating device is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a plurality of energy generating devices and is configured to distribute catalyst to aluminum in the reactor of each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices includes from 2 energy generating devices to 1,000 energy generating devices. [0016] In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 5% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 10% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 25% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 50% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 75% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 90% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 95% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99.999% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction inside the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber of the reactor using a gas separation process including pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, membrane separation, temperature swing adsorption, or cryogenic distillation, or any variation thereof. 5 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0017] In some embodiments, the device is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container. In some embodiments, the shipping container includes a container wall including one or more openings to fluidly communicate a first energy generating device to at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the internal volume of the shipping container is from about 1 m 3 to about 33 m 3 . In some embodiments, the shipping container has a length of from about 10 ft to about 40 ft, a width of from about 5 ft to about 10 ft, and a height of from about 1.5 ft to about 10 ft. [0018] In some embodiments, the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a third energy generating device. [0019] In some embodiments, the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a third energy generating device. [0020] In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas manifold of at least a third energy generating device. [0021] In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device and in fluid communication with a water source. In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device and in fluid communication with a water source. [0022] In some embodiments, the hydrogen outlet is configured to provide hydrogen to an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch 6 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, an alumina refinery, or a metal recycling plant. [0023] In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is configured to provide process gas to an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, or a methane blending power plant, an alumina refinery, or a metal recycling plant. [0024] In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is configured to provide process gas to an alumina refinery. [0025] In some embodiments, the reactor includes a catalyst composition and aluminum for use in the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes the liquid metal catalyst and an ionic compound. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes the liquid metal catalyst and a chelating compound. In some embodiments, the liquid metal catalyst includes gallium and/or indium. [0026] In some embodiments, the reactor is configured to produce hydrogen at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 305 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the reactor is configured to produce steam at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the reactor is configured to produce from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. [0027] In some embodiments, the device includes a thermal jacket fitted around the reaction chamber in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and fluidically isolated from the reactor. [0028] In some embodiments, the device is in fluid communication with an aluminum waste container. In some embodiments, the aluminum waste container includes a filter, a strainer, a sieve, a settling chamber, and/or a compactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator includes a steam output line in fluid communication with the steam outlet and the water inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the 7 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO steam manifold includes a steam output line in fluid communication with the water inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. [0029] In another aspect, herein is provided a system including a plurality of energy generating devices of any provided herein. In some embodiments, each of the energy generating devices of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with each other. In some embodiments, each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid isolation from each other. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices includes from 2 devices to 1,000 devices. In some embodiments, fewer than all of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices are in fluid communication with each other. [0030] In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second device of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a third device of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of each device of the plurality of energy generating devices. [0031] In some embodiments, the system includes a pellet making device. In some embodiments, the pellet making device includes an aluminum scrap inlet, an aluminum scrap chipper, a compactor, and a pellet outlet, wherein the chipper is configured to provide aluminum chips to the compactor, the compactor is configured to exert a compression force on each of the aluminum chips to form a plurality of aluminum pellets, wherein the pellet outlet accesses the reactor of at least a first energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices through a conduit joining the pellet outlet to the reactor, and the aluminum pellets are the aluminum in the first energy generating device. [0032] In some embodiments, the system includes a controller electrically connected to each of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to adjust the hydrogen output, steam output, and/or process gas output of the system. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating 8 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO devices to function in a sequential mode. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating devices to function in a parallel mode. [0033] In another aspect, herein is provided a method of using aluminum as an energy carrier, the method including reacting activated aluminum with water using any of the devices or systems herein described, collecting aluminum hydroxide oxide from the device or system generated as waste, subjecting the aluminum hydroxide oxide to calcination to form aluminum oxide, and electrochemically reducing the aluminum oxide to form aluminum, wherein the aluminum is suitable for use in any of the devices or systems herein described. [0034] In another aspect, herein is provided a method of providing hydrogen and steam, the method including delivering an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having a steam inlet and a hydrogen inlet, wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device includes: a reactor including a reaction chamber including the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, a steam separator including a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet, and a catalyst separator including a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet; and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet. [0035] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of providing process gas, the method comprising delivering an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having a process gas inlet; wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises: a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non- activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a 9 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive process gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction through the reactor outlet; and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet. [0036] In some embodiments, the method includes providing instructions to activate the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility when the aluminum is delivered in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the method includes activating the aluminum at the first location prior to delivering the energy generating device to the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility. [0037] In some embodiments, the method includes activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber with a catalyst-aluminum mass ratio of from about 1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the activated aluminum includes a plurality of aluminum pieces of varying size and shape. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first size and at least a second size. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first shape and at least a second shape. [0038] In some embodiments, the method includes providing instructions including arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. [0039] In some embodiments, a first size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. In some embodiments, a second size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. In some embodiments, a third size range of the aluminum pieces to be arranged inside a reaction chamber is from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm 10 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [0040] In some embodiments, the method includes providing instructions to fluidly connect the hydrogen outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. [0041] In some embodiments, the method includes fluidly connecting the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. [0042] In some embodiments, the method comprises fluidly connecting the process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the process gas inlet of the process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. [0043] In some embodiments, the method includes at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. [0044] In some embodiments, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, all, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 50, or none of the plurality of energy generating devices is fluidly connected to a shared water source. [0045] In some embodiments, the method includes instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non-overlapping time periods. [0046] In some embodiments, the method includes instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in parallel by introducing water into two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. [0047] In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from a source of recycled scrap aluminum. In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from aluminum chips. In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from compacted aluminum chips in the form of aluminum pellets. In some embodiments, the 11 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO aluminum pellets have a diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm and a height of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [0048] In some embodiments, the method includes introducing water to the water inlet to execute the aluminum-water reaction including interacting aluminum, the catalyst composition, and water. In some embodiments, the liquid metal catalyst includes gallium and/or indium. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices includes 2 to 1,000 devices. [0049] In some embodiments, the method includes producing hydrogen with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 110 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the method includes producing steam with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the method includes producing with the plurality of energy generating devices from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. [0050] In another aspect, herein is provided a method of generating hydrogen and steam, the method including: receiving an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having at least one steam inlet and at least one hydrogen inlet, wherein the device has been pre-loaded with aluminum, and wherein the energy generating device includes a reactor including a reaction chamber including the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a steam separator including a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator including a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction 12 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet; and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the aluminum through the water inlet into the chamber. [0051] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of generating process gas, the method comprising receiving an energy generating device from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility having at least one process gas inlet; wherein the device has been pre- loaded with aluminum; and wherein the energy generating device comprises a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the process gas outlet is configured to receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction through the reactor outlet; and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the aluminum through the water inlet into the chamber. [0052] In some embodiments, the method includes activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility when the aluminum is received in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the aluminum is activated at the first location. In some embodiments, the method includes fluidly connecting the hydrogen outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the method includes fluidly connecting the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the method includes fluidly connecting the process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the process gas inlet 13 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO of the process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the method includes fluidly connecting the water inlet of the energy generating device to a water source. [0053] In some embodiments, the method includes driving water from the water source through the water inlet into the reaction chamber thereby executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the method includes producing heat, hydrogen, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water. [0054] In some embodiments, the method includes driving the hydrogen and steam to the steam separator, substantially separating the hydrogen from the steam, driving the hydrogen through the hydrogen outlet, and driving the steam through the steam outlet. [0055] In some embodiments, the method includes pumping a catalyst composition from the reaction outlet of the reactor to the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and into the catalyst separator chamber after completion of the aluminum-water reaction in the reactor. In some embodiments, the method includes substantially separating the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber and driving the liquid metal catalyst to the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. [0056] In some embodiments, the method includes driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst outlet to a catalyst collector through a collector inlet of the catalyst collector. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector includes a collector outlet and a collector chamber all in fluid communication with the collector inlet. [0057] In some embodiments, the method includes driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst collector to at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the method includes driving the liquid metal catalyst from the collector outlet to the catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second energy generating device. [0058] In some embodiments, the method includes drawing hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet of the steam separator into a hydrogen fuel cell and converting the hydrogen to electrical power and water with the hydrogen fuel cell. [0059] In some embodiments, the method includes driving water produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to the water inlet of the reactor. 14 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0060] In some embodiments, the method includes directing the electrical power produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to an electrical power outlet. [0061] In some embodiments, the activated aluminum includes a plurality of aluminum pieces of varying size and shape. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first size and at least a second size. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first shape and at least a second shape. In some embodiments, the method includes arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the first size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [0062] In some embodiments, the method includes the second size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber of from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. In some embodiments, a third size range of the aluminum pieces arranged inside the reaction chamber of aluminum pieces includes a size of from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm in diameter as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [0063] In some embodiments, the method includes at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and executing the aluminum-water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, all, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 50, or none of the plurality of energy generating devices is fluidly connected to a shared water source. [0064] In some embodiments, the method includes executing the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non- overlapping time periods. In some embodiments, the method includes executing the aluminum- water reaction in parallel by introducing water to two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. 15 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0065] In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from a source of recycled scrap aluminum. In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from aluminum chips. In some embodiments, the method includes sourcing the aluminum from compacted aluminum chips in the form of aluminum pellets. In some embodiments, the aluminum pellets have a diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm and a height of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [0066] In some embodiments, the method includes introducing water to the water inlet to execute the aluminum-water reaction including interacting aluminum, the catalyst composition, and water. In some embodiments, the liquid metal catalyst includes gallium and/or indium. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices includes 2 to 1,000 devices. [0067] In some embodiments, the method includes producing hydrogen with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 110 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the method includes producing steam with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the method includes producing with the plurality of energy generating devices from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. [0068] In some embodiments, the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. [0069] In another aspect, herein is provided a method of providing renewable energy, the method including producing an energy dense metal using a renewable energy source, introducing the metal and a catalyst to an energy generating device including a reactor, transporting the reactor from a production site to a hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility, and introducing water to the reactor and extracting energy from the metal in the form of hydrogen, steam, and/or heat. 16 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0070] In some embodiments, the energetically dense metal includes aluminum. In some embodiments, producing the aluminum includes electrochemically reducing aluminum oxide using solar energy, wind energy, hydrothermal energy, hydro energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy, electricity, or any combinations thereof. [0071] In some embodiments, the catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. [0072] In some embodiments, the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. [0073] In some embodiments, extracting energy from the metal includes an exothermic aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the reactor includes a reaction chamber including the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. [0074] In some embodiments, the energy generating device comprises a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet; and/or a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum- water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet; ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction; iii) direct the steam to the steam outlet; and iv) direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. [0075] In some embodiments, the energy generating device is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container. [0076] In some embodiments, the method includes drawing hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet of the steam separator into a hydrogen fuel cell and converting the hydrogen to electrical power and water with the hydrogen fuel cell. 17 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [0077] In some embodiments, the method includes driving water produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to the water inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the method includes directing the electrical power produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to an electrical power outlet. In some embodiments, the method includes driving water from a water source into the water inlet of the reactor using a water pump. In some embodiments, the method includes driving the catalyst composition from the reactor to the catalyst separator using a catalyst pump. [0078] In another aspect, herein is provided a method including providing activated aluminum in the interior of a reactor including a reaction chamber including the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, delivering water to the activated aluminum through the water inlet, contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby producing heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water, substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas, directing the steam through a steam outlet, and directing the hydrogen gas through a hydrogen outlet. [0079] In another aspect, provided herein is a method including providing activated aluminum in the interior of a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising the aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the water inlet; contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby producing heat, process gas comprising hydrogen gas and steam, and one or more additional reaction products; and directing the process gas through a process gas outlet. [0080] In some embodiments, the method comprises directing the steam through a steam outlet. In some embodiments, the method includes consuming the hydrogen gas in a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the method includes using the steam or process gas to generate power. In some embodiments, the method includes moving turbines using the steam or process gas. In some embodiments, the method includes using the steam or process gas for ambient heating. In some embodiments, the method includes using the process gas to power an alumina refining plant. In some embodiments, the method includes separating a liquid metal catalyst from the activated aluminum. In some embodiments, the method includes condensing the steam with a heat exchanger (e.g., a condenser) after the steam is separated from the hydrogen by the steam 18 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO separator. In some embodiments, the method includes condensing the steam with the steam separator thereby separating the steam from the hydrogen. [0081] In some embodiments, the method includes delivering the liquid metal catalyst to an interior of a second reactor through a second catalyst inlet, the second reactor including aluminum, a second water inlet, a second reaction outlet, a second reactor outlet, and a second reaction chamber, delivering water to the activated aluminum through the second water inlet, contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby forming heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water, substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas, directing the steam through a second steam outlet; and directing the hydrogen through a second hydrogen outlet. [0082] In some embodiments, the method includes delivering the liquid metal catalyst to an interior of a second reactor through a second catalyst inlet, the second reactor comprising aluminum, a second water inlet, a second reaction outlet, a second reactor outlet, and a second reaction chamber; delivering water to the activated aluminum through the second water inlet; contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby forming heat, process gas comprising hydrogen gas and steam, and one or more additional reaction products; and directing the process gas through a process gas outlet. [0083] In another aspect, herein is provided an energy generating device, including a reactor, the reactor including a reaction chamber including aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further including a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, a steam separator including a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet and a catalyst separator including a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, and iii) to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 19 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0084] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of some embodiments will become better understood with regard to the following description and accompanying drawings. [0085] FIG.1 is a schematic drawing showing an embodiment of the energy generating device 100a including a reactor 200a, a catalyst separator 400a, a catalyst collector 500a, a water pump 700a, and a catalyst pump 800a. [0086] FIG.2 is a schematic drawing showing an embodiment of the energy generating device 100b including a reactor 200b, a steam separator 300b, a catalyst separator 400b, a catalyst collector 500b, a hydrogen fuel cell 600b, a water pump 700b, and a catalyst pump 800b. [0087] FIG.3 is a schematic drawing showing a system 1000 of three energy generating devices 100a and/or 100b (see FIGs.1 and 2), each designated as 100a/b-1, 100a/b-2, and 100a/b-3, respectively, arranged in a vertical stack and contained within shipping containers. [0088] FIG.4 is a schematic diagram showing an end-to-end process for processing aluminum, filling an energy generating device 100a or 100b with the aluminum, loading the energy generating device onto a ship, discharging the energy generating device to power the ship, unloading the discharged energy generating device from the ship, removing the aluminum hydroxide oxide waste, and sending the aluminum hydroxide waste for processing. [0089] FIG.5 is a schematic diagram showing an end-to-end circular process for processing aluminum, filling an energy generating device 100a or 100b with the aluminum, loading the energy generating device onto a ship, discharging the energy generating device to power the ship, unloading the discharged energy generating device from the ship, removing the aluminum hydroxide oxide waste, processing the aluminum hydroxide oxide waste, sending the aluminum hydroxide oxide waste for processing, and using the aluminum hydroxide oxide waste to smelt aluminum using renewable energy sources. [0090] FIG.6 is a schematic drawing showing a containerized system for production of aluminum pellets. 20 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0091] The devices, systems, and methods described herein are available for use in many markets and circumstances. Provided herein are applications for their use, for non-limiting example, as a source of thermal energy for industrial processes, electricity generation in remote areas or in areas without suitable renewable energy resources, or for the production of hydrogen as an industrial or residential fuel or chemical feedstock (e.g., for ammonia synthesis). [0092] Furthermore, extracting energy from aluminum via the aluminum-water reaction described by reaction 1 or similar produces aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH), or by reaction 2 or similar produces alumina trihydrate (Al(OH) 3 ), which have a variety of uses in pharmaceuticals, plastic manufacturing, fire retardants, wastewater treatment, and are also primary components of bauxite ore, which supplies the primary aluminum smelting industry. [0093] Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods of use thereof that provide energy in the form of hydrogen, steam, and heat by harnessing the exothermic aluminum-water reaction of reaction 1 or reaction 2. The steam and hydrogen may be separated using the device, and catalyst used in the aluminum-water reaction is separated, collected, and optionally distributed to all fluidly connected energy generating devices of the system. Definitions [0094] Terms used in the claims and specification are defined as set forth below unless otherwise specified. [0095] It must be noted that, as used in the specification, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. [0096] The phrase “and/or,” as used in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally 21 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements). [0097] As used in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e., “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” [0098] The term “about,” as used herein, means approximately, in the region of, roughly, or around. Unless otherwise stated for a numerical value noted, when the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. Unless otherwise stated for a numerical value noted, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50%. For nonlimiting example, a range of “about 2 to about 20” can mean 1.98 to 22, or 1 to 30, or other ranges therebetween. Unless otherwise stated for a percentage range noted, when the term “about” is used in conjunction with a percentage range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the percentages set forth. Unless otherwise stated for the percentage noted, the term “about” is used herein to modify a percentage above and below the stated percentage by 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% (as an absolute, which may be limited to 0% as a minimum), or by a percentage of the stated percentage i.e.1% 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50% of the percentage. For nonlimiting example, a range of “about 2% to about 20%” can mean 1% to 21%, or 0% to 70%, or other ranges therebetween, or 1.98% to 22%, or 1% to 30% (as a percentage of the percentage range). For nonlimiting example, a percentage value of “about 30%” can mean 29% to 31%, or 0% to 80%, or other ranges therebetween, or 27% to 33%, or 15% to 45% (as a percentage of the percentage value), or other ranges therebetween. Unless otherwise stated for a numerical range noted, numerical ranges recited herein by endpoints include all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.90, 4, and 5). It is 22 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO also to be understood that all numbers and fractions thereof are presumed to be modified by the term “about.” [0099] As used herein, the term “generator” refers to a machine that converts rotational motion (or rotational energy) into electrical current and/or voltage (or electrical energy). [00100] As used herein, the phrase “mechanical connection” refers to the physical connection of more than one element by means of force transmission. [00101] As used herein, the phrase “fluid communication” means that fluid is capable of making the connection between the areas specified. As used herein, the phrase “fluidically isolated” means that fluid is not capable of making the connection between the areas specified. [00102] As used herein, the term “work” refers to energy transferred by a system or from a material (e.g., aluminum metal) to its surroundings (e.g., a turbine). [00103] As used herein, the phrase “aluminum-water reaction” refers to the oxidation reaction represented by either/both of the below chemical reactions: Al + 2 H 2 O → 1.5 H 2 + AlO(OH) + Q reaction (Reaction 1) Al + 3 H 2 O → 1.5 H 2 + Al(OH) 3 + Q reaction (Reaction 2) wherein Q reaction represents the heat released as a product of the reaction. Whether the reaction of Reaction 1 or the reaction of Reaction 2 occurs depends on the environmental conditions of the reaction, such as pressure, temperature, and pH. Throughout the present disclosure, various terms are used interchangeably to describe the aluminum-containing product of Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2, including the terms “aluminum oxyhydroxide,” “aluminum hydroxide oxide,” “aluminum hydroxide,” and “alumina trihydrate.” [00104] As used herein, the term “water” refers to H 2 O in a liquid state. As used herein, the term “steam” refers to H 2 O in a gaseous state. [00105] As used herein, the term “eutectic” refers to a mixture of substances that freezes at a temperature that is lower than the freezing points of the separate constituents. In certain embodiments, the term “eutectic” is used to describe a mixture of indium and gallium. 23 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00106] As used herein, the term “process gas” refers to a gaseous mixture comprising hydrogen and steam. [00107] The term “subset,” as used herein, refers to a group of all or less than all of the elements of a set (e.g., a subset of devices). The term may be used to encompass a group from 1% of all elements up to all elements (100%). [00108] The term “substantially,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to being largely but not necessarily wholly that which is specified. For example, the term “to substantially separate,” as used herein refers to the removal, whether completely or partially (e.g., removal of 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, 99% or more, or 99.9%), of an unwanted constituent from a mixture containing two or more constituents mixed together. [00109] The term “at least a second”, as used herein refers to a plurality that includes a third, a fourth, a fifth, up to 1,000 items, or any number in between. For example, the term “at least a second energy generating device,” as used herein refers to at least a second, a third, a fourth, a fifth, up to a 1,000 th device, or any number of devices in between. Energy generating device [00110] Provided herein are energy generating devices useful for providing hydrogen, steam, and thermal energy. For nonlimiting example, an embodiment of the energy generating device 100a, herein also referred to as the “device,” is useful for providing hydrogen, process gas, and thermal energy. In some embodiments, the devices 100a include a reactor, a process gas outlet, and a catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the reactor includes a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, a reactor outlet, and a reaction chamber, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes aluminum in activated or in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator includes a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with 24 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO the reaction outlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to i) receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and ii) substantially separate the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber. In some embodiments, the devices 100a include aluminum for an aluminum-water reaction (e.g., Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2), a hydrogen fuel cell, a water outlet, an electrical power outlet, a water pump, a catalyst pump, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the devices include any combination of the above-mentioned components. [00111] Also provided herein are energy generating devices useful for providing hydrogen, steam, and thermal energy. For nonlimiting example, an embodiment of the energy generating device 100b, herein also referred to as the “device,” is useful for providing hydrogen, steam, and thermal energy. In some embodiments, the devices 100b include a reactor, a steam separator, and a catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the reactor includes a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, a reactor outlet, and a reaction chamber, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes aluminum in activated or in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the steam separator includes a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet. In some embodiments, the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator includes a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, iii) to direct the steam to the steam outlet, iv) and to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to i) receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and ii) substantially separate the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber. In some embodiments, the devices 100b include aluminum for an aluminum-water reaction (e.g., Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2), a hydrogen fuel cell, a water outlet, an electrical power outlet, a water pump, a catalyst pump, or 25 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the devices include any combination of the above-mentioned components. [00112] In some embodiments, the energy generating devices herein provided and described do not include a steam separator. In some embodiments, the energy generating devices herein provided and described include a process gas outlet. In some embodiments the process gas outlet supplies a mixed stream of hydrogen and steam gasses. In some embodiments, an energy generating device herein provided includes a) a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in nonactivated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, b) a process gas outlet in fluid communication with the reactor outlet, and c) a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor. [00113] In some embodiments, the energy generating devices herein provided and described include a steam separator that does not include a steam outlet. In some embodiments, the steam separator condenses the steam inside the steam separator chamber to form liquid water. In some embodiments, the liquid water is sent to the reaction chamber to perpetuate the aluminum-water reaction or it is discarded to a water outlet of the steam separator. In some embodiments, an energy generating device herein provided includes a) a reactor comprising a reaction chamber comprising aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst or in non-activated form for an aluminum-water reaction, the reactor further comprising a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, b) a steam separator comprising a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet and a hydrogen outlet wherein the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet, and c) a catalyst separator comprising a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator, wherein the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor, and wherein the steam separator is configured to i) receive steam and hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction into the steam separator chamber through the reactor outlet and the steam separator inlet and ii) substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum-water reaction, and iii) to direct the hydrogen to the hydrogen outlet. 26 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00114] In some embodiments, the device 100a or 100b is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container (FIG.1 and FIG.2). In some embodiments, the internal volume of the shipping container is from about 1 m 3 to about 33 m 3 (e.g., about 1 m 3 , about 2 m 3 , about 3 m 3 , about 4 m 3 , about 5 m 3 , about 6 m 3 , about 7 m 3 , about 8 m 3 , about 9 m 3 , about 10 m 3 , about 11 m 3 , about 12 m 3 , about 13 m 3 , about 14 m 3 , about 15 m 3 , about 16 m 3 , about 17 m 3 , about 18 m 3 , about 19 m 3 , about 20 m 3 , about 21 m 3 , about 22 m 3 , about 23 m 3 , about 24 m 3 , about 25 m 3 , about 26 m 3 , about 27 m 3 , about 28 m 3 , about 29 m 3 , about 30 m 3 , about 31 m 3 , about 32 m 3 , or about 33 m 3 ). In some embodiments, the shipping container includes a container wall. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) holes or openings that allow for fluid communication between a first energy generating device and at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a steam outlet of a first energy generating device with a water inlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a hydrogen outlet of a first energy generating device with a hydrogen inlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a steam outlet of a first energy generating device with a water inlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a process gas outlet of a first energy generating device with a process gas inlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a water outlet of a hydrogen fuel cell of a first energy generating device with a water inlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings and/or conduits to fluidly communicate a collector outlet of a catalyst collector of a first energy generating device with a catalyst inlet of a reactor of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a steam outlet of a first energy generating device with a steam manifold in fluid communication with at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a hydrogen outlet of a first energy generating device with a hydrogen manifold in fluid communication with at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the container wall includes one or more openings to fluidly communicate a process gas outlet of a first energy generating device with a process gas manifold in fluid communication with at least a second energy generating device 27 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00115] In some embodiments, the shipping container has a length of from about 10 ft to about 40 ft (e.g., about 10 ft, about 11 ft, about 12 ft, about 13 ft, about 14 ft, about 15 ft, about 16 ft, about 17 ft, about 18 ft, about 19 ft, about 20 ft, about 21 ft, about 22 ft, about 23 ft, about 24 ft, about 25 ft, about 26 ft, about 27 ft, about 28 ft, about 29 ft, about 30 ft, about 31 ft, about 32 ft, about 33 ft, about 34 ft, about 35 ft, about 36 ft, about 37 ft, about 38 ft, about 39 ft, or about 40 ft). In some embodiments, the shipping container has a length of about 10 ft, about 20 ft, or about 40 ft. In some embodiments, the shipping container has a width of from about 5 ft to about 10 ft (e.g., about 5.1 ft, about 5.2 ft, about 5.3 ft, about 5.4 ft, about 5.5 ft, about 5.6 ft, about 5.7 ft, about 5.8 ft, about 5.9 ft, about 6 ft, about 6.1 ft, about 6.2 ft, about 6.3 ft, about 6.4 ft, about 6.5 ft, about 6.6 ft, about 6.7 ft, about 6.8 ft, about 6.9 ft, about 7 ft, about 7.1 ft, about 7.2 ft, about 7.3 ft, about 7.4 ft, about 7.5 ft, about 7.6 ft, about 7.7 ft, about 7.8 ft, about 7.9 ft, about 8 ft, about 8.1 ft, about 8.2 ft, about 8.3 ft, about 8.4 ft, about 8.5 ft, about 8.6 ft, about 8.7 ft, about 8.8 ft, about 8.9 ft, about 9 ft, about 9.1 ft, about 9.2 ft, about 9.3 ft, about 9.4 ft, about 9.5 ft, about 9.6 ft, about 9.7 ft, about 9.8 ft, about 9.9 ft, or about 10 ft). In some embodiments, the shipping container has a width of about 7 ft, about 8 ft, or about 9 ft. In some embodiments, the shipping container has a height of from about 1.5 ft to about 10 ft (e.g., about 1.5 ft, about 1.6 ft, about 1.7 ft, about 1.8 ft, about 1.9 ft, about 2 ft, about 2.1 ft, about 2.2 ft, about 2.3 ft, about 2.4 ft, about 2.5 ft, about 2.6 ft, about 2.7 ft, about 2.8 ft, about 2.9 ft, about 3 ft, about 3.1 ft, about 3.2 ft, about 3.3 ft, about 3.4 ft, about 3.5 ft, about 3.6 ft, about 3.7 ft, about 3.8 ft, about 3.9 ft, about 4 ft, about 4.1 ft, about 4.2 ft, about 4.3 ft, about 4.4 ft, about 4.5 ft, about 4.6 ft, about 4.7 ft, about 4.8 ft, about 4.9 ft, about 5 ft, about 5.1 ft, about 5.2 ft, about 5.3 ft, about 5.4 ft, about 5.5 ft, about 5.6 ft, about 5.7 ft, about 5.8 ft, about 5.9 ft, about 6 ft, about 6.1 ft, about 6.2 ft, about 6.3 ft, about 6.4 ft, about 6.5 ft, about 6.6 ft, about 6.7 ft, about 6.8 ft, about 6.9 ft, about 7 ft, about 7.1 ft, about 7.2 ft, about 7.3 ft, about 7.4 ft, about 7.5 ft, about 7.6 ft, about 7.7 ft, about 7.8 ft, about 7.9 ft, about 8 ft, about 8.1 ft, about 8.2 ft, about 8.3 ft, about 8.4 ft, about 8.5 ft, about 8.6 ft, about 8.7 ft, about 8.8 ft, about 8.9 ft, about 9 ft, about 9.1 ft, about 9.2 ft, about 9.3 ft, about 9.4 ft, about 9.5 ft, about 9.6 ft, about 9.7 ft, about 9.8 ft, about 9.9 ft, or about 10 ft). [00116] In some embodiments, the energy generating device 100a or 100b is configured to be in fluid communication and/or in electrical communication with at least one separate energy generating device 100a or 100b producing a system 1000 of energy generating devices as herein provided and described (FIG.3). In some embodiments, each of a plurality of energy generating devices, as herein described, are in fluid communication. In some embodiments, the plurality of 28 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO energy generating devices includes from 2 to 1,000 (e.g., from 2 to 1,000, from 3 to 1,000, from 4 to 1,000, from 5 to 1,000, from 6 to 1,000, from 7 to 1,000, from 8 to 1,000, from 9 to 1,000, from 10 to 1,000, from 20 to 1,000, from 30 to 1,000, from 40 to 1,000, from 50 to 1,000, from 60 to 1,000, from 70 to 1,000, from 80 to 1,000, from 90 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,000, from 200 to 1,000, from 300 to 1,000, from 400 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 600 to 1,000, from 700 to 1,000, from 800 to 1,000, from 900 to , 1,000 from 2 to 900, from 2 to 800, from 2 to 700, from 2 to 600, from 2 to 500, from 2 to 400, from 2 to 300, from 2 to 200, from 2 to 100, from 2 to 90, from 2 to 80, from 2 to 70, from 2 to 60, from 2 to 50, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 30, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 9, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 2 to 6, from 2 to 5, from 2 to 4, or from 2 to 3, or 2) energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices are stackable in a vertical direction. In some embodiments, the plurality of devices is connectable in a horizontal direction. In some embodiments, a first and a second device are operated and/or arranged separately, in parallel, or in series. The first and the second device may be operated and/or arranged separately, in parallel, and/or in series with additional devices, in some embodiments, which may be up to 1, up to 2, up to 3, up to 4, up to 5, up to 10, up to 15, up to 50, or up to 100 or more devices, or any number of devices in between. In some embodiments, one or more of the reactor, steam separator, catalyst separator, catalyst collector, hydrogen fuel cell, water outlet, steam outlet, electrical power outlet, water pump, and catalyst pump of a first device is shared with a second device. In some embodiments, one or more of the reactor, steam separator, catalyst separator, catalyst collector, hydrogen fuel cell, water outlet, steam outlet, electrical power outlet, water pump, and catalyst pump of a first device is shared with a second device, a third device and any one or more additional devices. [00117] In some embodiments, the energy generating device 100b includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) hydrogen outlets. In some embodiments, the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the hydrogen outlet is in fluid communication with a hydrogen manifold, wherein the hydrogen manifold is in fluid communication with the hydrogen outlet of at least a third energy generating device. In some embodiments, the one or more hydrogen outlets are configured to fluidly connect and provide hydrogen to a hydrogen consuming device including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber- Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, or a methane blending power plant, and/or a maritime vessel (e.g., a cargo 29 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO ship, a container ship, a tanker, an oil tanker, a merchant ship, or any variation thereof). In some embodiments, the one or more hydrogen outlets are configured to fluidly connect to a hydrogen receiving terminal of an internal combustion engine or an external hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, the energy generating device 100b includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) steam outlets. In some embodiments, the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the steam outlet is in fluid communication with a steam manifold, wherein the steam manifold is in fluid communication with the steam outlet of at least a third energy generating device. In some embodiments, the energy generating device 100a includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) process gas outlets 350a. In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas outlet of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the process gas outlet is in fluid communication with a process gas manifold, wherein the process gas manifold is in fluid communication with the process gas outlet of at least a third energy generating device. [00118] In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water source (e.g., seawater, contaminated runoff, residential wastewater, commercial wastewater, industrial brine, brackish discharge, groundwater, or other natural water flows). In some embodiments, the water inlet is configured to allow water from the water source to enter the reaction chamber of the reactor for the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device and in fluid communication with a water source. In some embodiments, the water inlet is in fluid communication with a water manifold, wherein the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a second energy generating device and in fluid communication with a water source. [00119] In some embodiments, the energy generating device 100a or 100b includes a thermal jacket fitted around the reaction chamber of the reactor 200a or 200b. In some embodiments, the thermal jacket is in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and fluidically isolated from the reactor. In some embodiments, the heat generated by the exothermic aluminum-water reaction is transferred to the thermal jacket to produce steam independently of the steam 30 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO generated by the reaction. In some embodiments, the device includes a heat exchanger that thermally connects the reactor to the thermal jacket. [00120] In some embodiments, the device is in fluid communication with an aluminum waste container. In some embodiments, the aluminum waste container includes a filter, a strainer, a sieve, a settling chamber, and/or a compactor. Reactor [00121] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include a reactor 200a (FIG.1) or 200b (FIG.2). In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes a reaction chamber, a water inlet, a catalyst inlet, a reaction outlet, and a reactor outlet, each in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber contains the reactants of the aluminum-water reaction of Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2 (e.g., water, aluminum, and a catalyst composition). In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes aluminum in non-activated form (e.g., not activated by a liquid metal catalyst). In some embodiments, the reaction chamber includes activated aluminum activated by a liquid metal catalyst (e.g., indium and/or gallium). In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes a catalyst composition and aluminum for use in the aluminum-water reaction (Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2). In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a liquid metal catalyst and water. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a liquid metal catalyst, water, and one or more ionic compounds (e.g., a salt). In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a liquid metal catalyst, water, one or more salts, and a caffeine type compound. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes a chelating compound. In some embodiments, the liquid metal catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) water inlets 210a or 210b. In some embodiments, the one or more water inlets 210a or 210b are in fluid communication with a water source (e.g., seawater, contaminated runoff, residential wastewater, commercial wastewater, industrial brine, brackish discharge, groundwater, or other natural water flows). In some embodiments, the water inlet 210a or 210b is configured to allow water from the water source to enter the reaction chamber of the reactor 200a or 200b for the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the water inlet 210a or 210b is in fluid communication with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) water inlets of at least a second reactor. In some embodiments, the water inlet 210a or 210b is in fluid communication with a water manifold in 31 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO fluid communication with a shared water source configured to provide water to two or more reactors 200a or 200b. In some embodiments, the water manifold is in fluid communication with the water inlet of at least a first, at least a second, or at least a third energy generating device. [00122] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) reactor outlets 220a or 220b. In some embodiments, the reactor outlets are configured to direct hydrogen and steam out from the reaction chamber and towards the steam separator and/or process gas outlet. In some embodiments, the reactor outlet is in fluid communication with the steam separator inlet and/or process gas outlet. [00123] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes a reaction outlet in fluid communication with the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator 400a or 400b. In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes one or more catalyst inlets. In some embodiments, the one or more catalyst inlets are configured to receive a catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the one or more reactor outlets are in fluid communication with the steam separator 300b. In some embodiments, the reactor outlet is in fluid communication with the steam separator inlet. [00124] In some embodiments, the reaction chamber of the reactor has a volume capacity of from about 1 gallon (gal) to about 200 gal (e.g., from about 1 gal to about 190 gal, from about 1 gal to about 180 gal, from about 1 gal to about 170 gal, from about 1 gal to about 160 gal, from about 1 gal to about 150 gal, from about 1 gal to about 140 gal, from about 1 gal to about 130 gal, from about 1 gal to about 120 gal, from about 1 gal to about 110 gal, from about 1 gal to about 100 gal, from about 1 gal to about 90 gal, from about 1 gal to about 80 gal, from about 1 gal to about 70 gal, from about 1 gal to about 60, from about 1 gal to about 50 gal, from about 1 gal to about 40 gal, from about 1 gal to about 30 gal, from about 1 gal to about 20 gal, from about 1 gal to about 10 gal, from about 10 gal to about 200 gal, from about 20 gal to about 200 gal, from about 30 gal to about 200 gal, from about 40 gal to about 200 gal, from about 50 gal to about 200 gal, from about 60 gal to about 200 gal, from about 70 gal to about 200 gal, from about 80 gal to about 200 gal, from about 90 gal to about 200 gal, from about 100 gal to about 200 gal, from about 110 gal to about 200 gal, from about 120 gal to about 200 gal, from about 130 gal to about 200 gal, from about 140 gal to about 200 gal, from about 150 gal to about 200 gal, from about 160 gal to about 200 gal, from about 170 gal to about 200 gal, from about 180 gal to about 200 gal, or from about 190 gal to about 200 gal). In some embodiments, the reactor is fluidly connected to an external tank housing water, aluminum scrap, catalyst, or any 32 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reactor is refilled at the end of each operating cycle. [00125] In some embodiments, the reactor includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) hydrogen outlets configured to direct hydrogen produced in the reaction chamber of the reactor to a hydrogen consuming device (e.g., a fuel cell) or to a hydrogen pipeline connecting two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100) energy generating devices 100b. In some embodiments, the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) hydrogen outlets are in fluid communication with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) hydrogen outlets of at least a second reactor. [00126] In some embodiments, the reactor includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) process gas outlets 350a configured to direct process gas produced in the reaction chamber of the reactor to a process gas consuming facility connecting two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100) energy generating devices 100a. In some embodiments, the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) process gas outlets are in fluid communication with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) process gas outlets of at least a second reactor. [00127] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b includes a reaction chamber that includes aluminum for the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber is pre-loaded with activated aluminum. In some embodiments, the reaction chamber is pre-loaded with aluminum that is activated at a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility. In some embodiments, aluminum is activated with a liquid metal catalyst (e.g., indium or gallium) to form activated aluminum. In some embodiments, the aluminum in the reaction chamber is activated by the liquid metal catalyst with a catalyst-aluminum mass ratio of from about 1% to about 10% (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10 %). In general, water is added at the time of operation to 33 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO control the rate of hydrogen production via the aluminum-water reaction. The devices and systems provided herein, in some embodiments, utilize aluminum as a starting material for an aluminum-water reaction. Efficient reaction requires disruption of aluminum oxide that is ordinarily found on exposed aluminum surfaces and which prevents reaction of the aluminum with water. Disruption of the aluminum oxide may be accomplished by surface treatment of the aluminum with a low-melting point liquid metal alloy, which penetrates the grain boundary network of the aluminum, enabling rapid disintegration of the aluminum upon exposure to water and the subsequent reaction with water at unoxidized sites along the exposed grains. Methods of manufacturing aluminum that may be used in the methods provided herein are described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2016196718, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Methods for recycling aluminum scrap metal for use in the methods provided herein are described in US Patent Publication No. US 20220074023, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. [00128] In some embodiments, water is introduced to the reaction chamber through the water inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, water added to the reaction chamber containing activated aluminum produces hydrogen and heat, wherein the heat produces steam from the water. In some embodiments, the hydrogen and the steam produced by the aluminum-water reaction is driven out of the reaction chamber through one or more reactor outlets and into the steam separator and/or process gas outlet. [00129] In some embodiments, the aluminum has a purity of about 80% to about 100%, about 82% to about 100%, about 84% to about 100%, about 86% to about 100%, about 88% to about 100 %, about 90% to about 100%, about 92% to about 100%, about 94% to about 100%, about 96% to about 100%, about 98% to about 100%, about 80% to about 98%, about 80% to about 96%, about 80% to about 94%, about 80% to about 92%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 88%, about 80% to about 86%, about 80% to about 84%, about 80% to about 82%. In some embodiments, the aluminum has a purity of about 80%, about 82%, about 84%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 96%, about 98%, or about 100%. In some embodiments, the activated aluminum is recycled from scrap aluminum. In some embodiments, the activated aluminum has been fabricated from aluminum chips. In some embodiments, the activated aluminum chips are compacted to produce aluminum pellets. [00130] In some embodiments, the aluminum is recycled from scrap aluminum sources. In some embodiments, the aluminum is in the form of a slurry. In some embodiments, the slurry 34 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO comprises an oil. In certain embodiments the oil is mineral oil. In some embodiments, the slurry comprises fumed silica. In certain embodiment, the slurry comprises mineral oil and fumed silica. [00131] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition includes an ionic salt, hydroxide, an acid, a low-melting liquid metal alloy (e.g., gallium and/or indium), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the low-melting liquid metal alloy is present in the catalyst composition in an amount of about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 18%, about 2% to about 16%, about 2% to about 14%, about 2% to about 12%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 8%, or about 2% to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the low-melting liquid metal alloy is present in the catalyst composition in an amount of about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, or about 100%. In some embodiments, the catalyst composition consists of the low-melting liquid metal alloy. In some embodiments, the low- melting liquid metal alloy is present in the aluminum in an amount of about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, or about 20%. In some embodiments, the low-melting liquid metal alloy is recoverable after reaction of the aluminum with water. In some embodiments, the low-melting point liquid metal alloy is recoverable in an amount of about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%. [00132] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b is configured to produce from about 50 kW to about 10 MW (e.g., from about 100 kW to about 10 MW, from about 200 kW to about 10 MW, from about 300 kW to about 10 MW, from about 400 kW to about 10 MW, from about 500 kW to about 10 MW, from about 600 kW to about 10 MW, from about 700 kW to about 10 MW, from about 800 kW to about 10 MW, from about 900 kW to about 10 MW, from about 1 MW to about 10 MW, from about 2 MW to about 10 MW, from about 3 MW to about 10 MW, from about 4 MW to about 10 MW, from about 5 MW to about 10 MW, from about 6 MW to about 10 MW, from about 7 MW to about 10 MW, from about 8 MW to about 10 MW, from about 9 MW to about 10 MW, from about 50 kW to about 9 MW, from about 50 kW to about 8 MW, from about 50 kW to about 7 MW, from about 50 kW to about 6 MW, from about 50 kW to about 5 MW, from about 50 kW to about 4 MW, from about 50 kW to about 3 MW, from about 50 kW to about 2 MW, from about 50 kW to about 1 MW, from about 50 kW to about 500 kW, from about 50 kW to about 400 kW, from about 50 kW to about 300 kW, from about 50 35 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO kW to about 200 kW, from about 50 kW to about 100 kW, or from about 50 kW to about 75 kW) of continuous thermal power (Table 1). [00133] In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100a or 100b are capable of a peak or maximum thermal power output for a discrete period of time. In some embodiments, the period of time is from about 10 minutes to about 1 hour (e.g., about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 55 minutes, or about 1 hour). In some embodiments, an energy generating device can produce a peak of 5 MW of thermal power output per hour. In some embodiments, an energy generating device can produce 1 MW of thermal power output per hour. In some embodiments, an energy generating device can produce 1 MW of thermal power output continuously. In some embodiments, an energy generating device can produce 10 MW of thermal power output per hour. In some embodiments, an energy generating device can produce 10 MW of thermal power output continuously. In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100a or 100b are configured to produce thermal power in a continuous mode. In some embodiments, an energy generating device functioning in continuous mode produces as little as 50 kW of thermal power. In some embodiments, an energy generating device functioning in continuous mode produces as much as 10 MW of thermal power. In some embodiments, an energy generating device functioning in continuous mode produces a target value of 1 MW of thermal power (Table 1). [00134] In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100a or 100b recover catalyst (e.g., gallium and/or indium) from a used catalyst composition with an efficiency of from about 97% to about 99.9% by weight. In some embodiments, catalyst recovery efficiency is set at a target of about 97%. In some embodiments, the catalyst recovery efficiency is at lowest about 95%. In some embodiments, the catalyst recovery efficiency is at its highest about 99.9% (Table 1). [00135] In some embodiments, hydrogen produced in the reaction chamber of the reactor 200b is separated by the steam separator 300b to a purity of from about 5% to about 99.999%. In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100b and/or the systems of energy generating devices 1000 are set to generate hydrogen with a 99.99% target efficiency by weight. In some embodiments, the devices 100b and/or systems 1000 generate hydrogen with a purity as low as 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the devices 100b and/or systems 1000 generate hydrogen with a purity as high as 99.999% by weight (Table 1). 36 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00136] In some embodiments, the aluminum-water reaction is executed in the reactor 200a or 200b with a reaction efficiency of from about 93% to about 98%. In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100a or 100b and/or the systems of energy generating devices 1000 are set to execute the aluminum-water reaction at a target reaction efficiency of 97%. In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b and/or systems 1000 execute the aluminum-water reaction with a reaction efficiency as low as 93% by weight. In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b and/or systems 1000 execute the aluminum-water reaction with a reaction efficiency as high as 98% by weight (Table 1). [00137] In some embodiments, hydrogen produced in the reaction chamber of the reactor has a relative humidity (RH) of from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the energy generating devices 100a or 100b and/or the systems of energy generating devices 1000 are set to generate hydrogen with a target RH of about 1% by weight. In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b and/or systems 1000 generate hydrogen with a RH as low as 0.1% by weight. In some embodiments, the devices 100 and/or systems 1000 generate hydrogen with a RH as high as 100% by weight (Table 1). Table 1. Device features and exemplary minimum and maximum values [00138] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b of the device 100a or 100b is configured to consume from about 50 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr of aluminum (e.g., from about 60 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 70 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 80 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 90 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 100 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 150 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 200 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 250 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 300 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, 37 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO from about 350 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 400 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 450 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 500 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 550 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 600 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 650 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 700 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 750 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 800 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 850 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 900 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 950 kg/hr to about 1,000 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 900 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 800 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 700 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 600 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 500 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 400 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 300 kg/hr, from about 50 kg/hr to about 200 kg/hr, or from about 50 kg/hr to about 100 kg/hr) (Table 2). [00139] In some embodiments, the reactor 200a or 200b of the device 100a or 100b is configured to consume from about 2 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr of catalyst (e.g., from about 2 kg/hr to about 35 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 30 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 25 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 20 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 15 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 10 kg/hr, from about 2 kg/hr to about 5 kg/hr, from about 3 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 4 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 5 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 6 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 7 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 8 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 9 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 10 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 15 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 20 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 25 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 30 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 35 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr, from about 38 kg/hr to about 40 kg/hr) (Table 2). [00140] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to consume from about 15 kW to about 50 kW of electricity (e.g., from about 20 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 25 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 30 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 35 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 40 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 45 kW to about 50 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 45 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 40 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 35 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 30 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 25 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 20 kW of electricity, from about 15 kW to about 18 kW of electricity, or from about 15 kW to about 17 kW of electricity) (Table 2). [00141] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to consume from about 80 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour (e.g., from about from about 80 gal to about 1,800 38 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO gal of water per hour, from about 100 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 150 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 200 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 250 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 300 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 350 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 400 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 450 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 500 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 550 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 600 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 650 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 700 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 750 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 800 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 850 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 900 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 950 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1000 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1100 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1200 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1300 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1400 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1500 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1600 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 1700 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,700 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,600 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,500 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,400 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,300 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,200 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,100 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,000 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 1,800 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 900 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 800 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 700 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 600 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 500 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 400 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 300 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 200 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 150 gal of water per hour, from about 80 gal to about 100 gal of water per hour) (Table 2). 39 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO Table 2. Device technical consumption specifications [00142] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to produce from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 305 kg/hr of hydrogen (Table 3). In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce a target output of 13 kg of hydrogen per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as low as 5.5 kg of hydrogen per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as high as 305 kg of hydrogen per hour. In some embodiments, about 15 kg of hydrogen per hour and about 700 kg of steam per hour are produced for about 120 kg of aluminum per hour introduced into the reaction chamber. [00143] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to produce from about 300 kg/hr to about 6,000 kg/hr of steam (Table 3). In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce a target output of 695 kg of steam per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as low as 300 kg of steam per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as high as 6,000 kg of steam per hour. [00144] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to produce from about 110 kg/hr to about 2,200 kg/hr of AlO(OH) (Table 3). In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce a target output of 261 kg of AlO(OH) per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as low as 110 kg of AlO(OH) per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as high as 2,200 kg of AlO(OH) per hour. [00145] In some embodiments, the devices 100a or 100b are configured to produce from about 280 kg/hr to about 5,600 kg/hr of carbon credits (Table 3). In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce a target output of 662 kg of carbon credits per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as low as 280 kg of carbon credits per hour. In some embodiments, the devices are configured to produce as high as 5,600 kg of carbon credits per hour. 40 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00146] In some embodiments, the devices herein provided and described are configured to produce about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam for about 120 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the devices herein provided and described are configured to produce about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam for about 100 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the devices herein provided and described are configured to produce about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam for about 80 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the devices herein provided and described are configured to produce about 15 kg/hr of hydrogen and about 750 kg/hr of steam for about 50 kg/hr of aluminum introduced into the reaction chamber. Table 3. Device technical output specifications Steam separator [00147] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments, include a steam separator 300b. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to substantially separate steam from hydrogen produced by the aluminum water reaction. In some embodiments, the steam separator includes a steam separator chamber in fluid communication with a steam separator inlet, a steam outlet, and a hydrogen outlet. In some embodiments, the steam separator inlet is in fluid communication with the reactor outlet. The steam separator, in some embodiments, may include one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) steam separator inlets 320b (FIG.2) in fluid communication with the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) reactor outlets 220b. In some embodiments, the steam separator includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) steam outlets 340b (FIG.2). In some embodiments, the steam separator includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) hydrogen outlets 360b (FIG.2). [00148] In some embodiments, the steam separator 300b is configured to separate steam from hydrogen produced in the reactor 200b using any known gas separation process including but not limited pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, membrane separation, 41 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO temperature swing adsorption, or cryogenic distillation, or any variation thereof. In some embodiments, the gas separation methods used are well known in the art including those described in Pal, N., and Agarwal, M. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 46, Issue 53, 2021, pp 27062-27087; Grande, C. A., International Scholarly Research Network, Volume 2012, Article ID 982934, doi: 10.5402/2012/982934; Dehdari, L., et al., Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 450, Part 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137911; and Oh, H., et al., European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 2016, Issue 27, 2016, pp 4278- 4289; Chen, X. Y., RSC Advances, 2015, 5, 24399-24448; which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. [00149] In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate from about 5% to about 99.999% (e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, or about 99.999%) of the steam produced during the aluminum-water reaction of the reactor 200b. Once the steam is separated from hydrogen, the steam is driven out from the steam separator through the steam outlets 340. In some embodiments, the reactor outlet 220b is connected directly to the hydrogen gas outlet 360b, bypassing the steam separator 300b. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 10% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 20% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 30% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 40% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 50% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 60% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 70% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 80% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 85% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 90% of the steam from the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 95% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber of the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99% of the steam from the hydrogen gas 42 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO produced by the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber of the reactor. In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured to separate at least 99.999% of the steam from the hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber of the reactor. [00150] In some embodiments, the steam outlets 340b are configured to be fluidly connected to one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) steam outlets of at least a second, third, fourth fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, twentieth, thirtieth, or one hundredth energy generating device 100b in a system 1000 of energy generating devices. [00151] In some embodiments, the steam separator includes a steam output line (e.g., a tube, a conduit, a pipe, or any variant thereof) in fluid communication with the steam outlet and inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the steam manifold includes a steam output line (e.g., a tube, a conduit, a pipe, or any variant thereof) in fluid communication with a water inlet of the reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device. [00152] In some embodiments, the steam separator is configured as a condenser that condenses the steam thereby separating the steam from the hydrogen. In some embodiments, the device does not substantially produce steam to consume, rather it condenses the steam and cycles it back to the reaction chamber to perpetuate the hydrogen-aluminum reaction. [00153] In some embodiments, the steam separator is in fluid communication with a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, after steam is separated from hydrogen inside the steam separator, the steam is driven through a heat exchanger (e.g., a condenser) converting the steam into liquid water. In some embodiments the liquid water is driven out of the steam separator through the steam outlet and into a steam inlet of the heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the steam separator includes a liquid water outlet for directing water out of the steam separator and into the steam inlet of the heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the liquid water is directed to the water inlet of the reaction chamber to perpetuate the aluminum-water reaction. Catalyst separator [00154] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include a catalyst separator 400a or 400b (FIG.1 and FIG.2). In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b includes a catalyst separator chamber in fluid communication with a 43 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO reaction inlet and a catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the reaction inlet is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor 200a or 200b. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b is in fluid communication with the reactor 200a or 200b and with a catalyst collector 500a or 500b (FIG.1 and FIG.2). In some embodiments, the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator is in fluid communication with a catalyst pump 800a or 800b. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b is configured to receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction from the reactor 200a or 200b into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b is configured to receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum-water reaction from the catalyst pump 800a or 800b in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor 200a or 200b and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator 400a or 400b. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b is configured to receive a catalyst composition of the aluminum- water reaction from the reactor 200a or 200b into the catalyst separator chamber through the reaction outlet of the reactor and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and is configured to substantially separate the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separating chamber. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator 400a or 400b substantially separates a liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition after the aluminum-water reaction in the reaction chamber has reached completion. In some embodiments, the separated liquid metal catalyst is driven out of the catalyst separator through the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the catalyst outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst collector through a collector inlet of the catalyst collector. [00155] In some embodiments, the catalyst separator, is configured to separate from about 50% to about 99.999% (e.g., about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, about 99.99%, or about 99.999%) of the catalyst (e.g., gallium and/or indium) used during the aluminum-water reaction of the reactor 200a or 200b. Once the catalyst is separated from the catalyst composition, the catalyst is driven out from the catalyst separator through one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) catalyst separator outlets and into the catalyst collector 500a or 500b. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 80% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 85% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 90% of the catalyst from the catalyst 44 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 95% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 99% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 99.9% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 99.99% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the catalyst separator is configured to separate at least 99.999% of the catalyst from the catalyst composition. Catalyst collector [00156] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include a catalyst collector 500a or 500b (FIG.1 and FIG.2). In some embodiments, the catalyst collector 500a or 500b includes a collector inlet and a collector outlet, each in fluid communication with the catalyst collector. In some embodiments, the collector inlet is in fluid communication with the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a second energy generating device 100a or 100b. In some embodiments the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a second energy generating device to form aluminum in the second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the collector outlet is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a third energy generating device to form activated aluminum in the third energy generating device. In some embodiments, the collector outlet of a first energy generating device is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of a plurality of energy generating devices and is configured to distribute catalyst to aluminum in the reactor of each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices In some embodiments, the catalyst collector 500a or 500b, includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) collector inlets configured to be in fluid communication with the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) catalyst outlets of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector is configured to distribute the catalyst to one or more energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) outlets in fluid communication with an inlet of one or more reactors 200 or one or more energy generating devices 100a or 100b. 45 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO Water Pump [00157] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include one or more water pumps 700a or 700b to drive water from a water source (e.g., seawater, contaminated runoff, residential wastewater, commercial wastewater, industrial brine, brackish discharge, groundwater, or other natural water flows) into one or more water inlets of the reactor 200a or 200b. In some embodiments, the water pump is in fluid communication with the water source and the water inlet of the reactor wherein the water pump is configured to drive water into the water inlet from the water source. [00158] In some embodiments, the water pump 700a or 700b is configured to drive from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr (e.g., from about 90 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 100 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 150 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 200 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 250 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 300 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 350 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 400 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 450 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 500 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 550 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 600 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 650 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 700 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 750 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 800 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 850 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 900 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 950 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,000 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,100 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,200 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,300 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,400 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,500 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,600 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,700 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,700 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,600 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,500 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,400 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,300 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,200 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,100 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,000 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 900 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 800 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 700 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 600 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 500 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 450 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 400 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 350 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 300 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 250 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 200 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 150 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 130 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to 46 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO about 120 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 110 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 100 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 90 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 85 gal/hr, from about 90 gal/hr to about 1,700 gal/hr, from about 100 gal/hr to about 1,600 gal/hr, from about 150 gal/hr to about 1,500 gal/hr, from about 200 gal/hr to about 1,400 gal/hr, from about 250 gal/hr to about 1,300 gal/hr, from about 300 gal/hr to about 1,200 gal/hr, from about 350 gal/hr to about 1,100 gal/hr, from about 400 gal/hr to about 1,000 gal/hr, from about 450 gal/hr to about 900 gal/hr, from about 500 gal/hr to about 850 gal/hr, from about 550 gal/hr to about 800 gal/hr, from about 600 gal/hr to about 750 gal/hr, or from about 650 gal/hr to about 700 gal/hr) ) of water into the reactor 200a or 200b. [00159] In some embodiments, the device includes one or more shut-off valves configured to isolate any one or more components of the system. In some embodiments, the water flow rate at any one or more components of the system can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the electrical power supplied to the water pump 700a or 700b. Catalyst Pump [00160] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include one or more catalyst pumps 800a or 800b. In some embodiments, the catalyst pump 800a or 800b is in fluid communication with the reaction outlet of the reactor 200a or 200b and the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the catalyst pump 800a or 800b is configured to drive the catalyst composition from the reactor 200a or 200b to the catalyst separator 400a or 400b. In some embodiments, the catalyst pump 800a or 800b is electrically connected to and draws electrical power from the electrical power outlet of the hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, the catalyst pump 800a or 800b is electrically connected to and draws electrical power from an external electrical power source (e.g., a battery). [00161] In some embodiments, the catalyst pump 800a or 800b is configured to drive from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr (e.g., from about 90 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 100 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 200 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 300 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 400 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 500 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 600 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 700 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 800 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 800 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,000 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,100 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,200 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,300 gal/hr to about 1,800 47 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO gal/hr, from about 1400 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1500 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,600 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 1,700 gal/hr to about 1,800 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,700 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,600 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,500 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,400 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,300 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,200 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,100 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 1,000 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 900 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 800 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 700 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 600 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 500 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 400 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 300 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 200 gal/hr, from about 80 gal/hr to about 100 gal/hr, from about 90 gal/hr to about 1,700 gal/hr, from about 100 gal/hr to about 1,600 gal/hr, from about 150 gal/hr to about 1,500 gal/hr, or about from about 200 gal/hr to about 1,400 gal/hr, from about 250 gal/hr to about 1,300 gal/hr, from about 300 gal/hr to about 1,200 gal/hr, from about 450 gal/hr to about 1,100 gal/hr, from about 500 gal/hr to about 1,000 gal/hr, from about 550 gal/hr to about 900 gal/hr, from about 600 gal/hr to about 800 gal/hr, from about 650 gal/hr to about 750 gal/hr, or from about 700 gal/hr to about 750 gal/hr) of catalyst into the catalyst collector 500a or 500b. [00162] In some embodiments, the device includes one or more shut-off valves configured to isolate any one or more components of the system. In some embodiments, the catalyst flow rate at any one or more components of the system can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the electrical power supplied to the catalyst pump 800a or 800b. Waste aluminum oxyhydroxide pump [00163] In some embodiments, the device 100a or 100b includes a waste pump configured to drive waste aluminum-water reaction products (e.g., aluminum oxyhydroxide) from the reactor to a waste container. In some embodiments, the waste aluminum-water reaction products are mixed with water into a pumpable slurry. In some embodiments, the waste container includes a filter, a strainer, a sieve, and/or a settling chamber configured to separate the solid aluminum- water reaction product material from the water. In some embodiments, the waste container includes a compactor configured to reduce the volume of the aluminum-water reaction product. In some embodiments, the compactor reduces the volume of the aluminum-water reaction product by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99% of the initial volume. 48 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO Hydrogen fuel cell [00164] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include a hydrogen fuel cell 600b (FIG.2). In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is integral to the device. In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is separable from the device. In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is configured to fit within an internal volume of a shipping container. In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell 600b includes a hydrogen inlet 620b, a water outlet 640b, and an electrical power outlet 660b. In some embodiments, the hydrogen inlet 620b of the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is in fluid communication with one or more of the hydrogen outlets 360b of the steam separator 300b. In some embodiments, the water outlet 640b of the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is in fluid communication with the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell is configured to convert hydrogen drawn from the steam separator after the separation of steam and hydrogen by the steam separator to electrical power. In some embodiments, the electrical power is delivered to an electrical power outlet 660b of the hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, the electrical power outlet 660b is electrically connected to an electrical power inlet of the catalyst pump 800b and is configured to provide electrical power to the catalyst pump 800b and any other electricity consuming component of the device (e.g., a controller, a computer, a display screen, a sensor, a valve, among others). [00165] In some embodiments, the hydrogen fuel cell 600b is configured to produce from about 50 kw to about 100 MW (e.g., from about 60 kw to about 100 MW, from about 70 kw to about 100 MW, from about 80 kw to about 100 MW, from about 90 kw to about 100 MW, from about 100 kw to about 100 MW, from about 200 kw to about 100 MW, from about 300 kw to about 100 MW, from about 400 kw to about 100 MW, from about 500 kw to about 100 MW, from about 600 kw to about 100 MW, from about 700 kw to about 100 MW, from about 800 kw to about 100 MW, from about 900 kw to about 100 MW, from about 1 MW to about 100 MW, from about 2 MW to about 100 MW, from about 3 MW to about 100 MW, from about 4 MW to about 100 MW, from about 5 MW to about 100 MW, from about 6 MW to about 100 MW, from about 7 MW to about 100 MW, from about 7 MW to about 100 MW, from about 8 MW to about 100 MW, from about 9 MW to about 100 MW, from about 10 MW to about 100 MW, from about 15 MW to about 100 MW, from about 20 MW to about 100 MW, from about 25 MW to about 100 MW, from about 30 MW to about 100 MW, from about 35 MW to about 100 MW, from about 40 MW to about 100 MW, from about 45 MW to about 100 MW, from about 50 MW to about 100 MW, from about 60 MW to about 100 MW, from about 70 MW to about 100 49 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO MW, from about 80 MW to about 100 MW, from about 90 MW to about 100 MW, from about 50 kw to about 90 MW, from about 50 kw to about 80 MW, from about 50 kw to about 70 MW, from about 50 kw to about 60 MW, from about 50 kw to about 50 MW, from about 50 kw to about 40 MW, from about 50 kw to about 30 MW, from about 50 kw to about 20 MW, from about 50 kw to about 10 MW, from about 50 kw to about 9 MW, from about 50 kw to about 8 MW, from about 50 kw to about 7 MW, from about 50 kw to about 6 MW, from about 50 kw to about 5 MW, from about 50 kw to about 4 MW, from about 50 kw to about 3 MW, from about 50 kw to about 2 MW, from about 50 kw to about 1 MW, from about 50 kw to about 900 kW, from about 50 kw to about 800 kW, from about 50 kw to about 700 kW, from about 50 kw to about 600 kW, from about 50 kw to about 500 kW, from about 50 kw to about 450 kW, from about 50 kw to about 400 kW, from about 50 kw to about 350 kW, from about 50 kw to about 300 kW, from about 50 kw to about 250 kW, from about 50 kw to about 200 kW, or about from about 50 kw to about 100 kW) of electrical power. [00166] In some embodiments, a portion of hydrogen produced in the reactor 200b (e.g., from the aluminum-water reaction) is used as fuel for the hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, from about 0.1% to about 10% (e.g., from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 10%, from about 2% to about 10%, from about 3% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 6% to about 10%, from about 7% to about 10%, from about 8% to about 10%, from about 9% to about 10%, from about 0.1% to about 9%, from about 0.1% to about 8%, from about 0.1% to about 7%, from about 0.1% to about 6%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.1% to about 4%, from about 0.1% to about 3%, from about 0.1% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 1%, from about 0.1% to about 0.5%,) of the hydrogen produced in the reactor 200 is used as fuel for the hydrogen fuel cell. Controller and automation [00167] Provided herein are energy generating devices that in some embodiments include a controller. In some embodiments, the controller is a computing device (e.g., a printed circuit board, a microcontroller, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a smartphone, a tablet, a smartwatch, or any variation thereof) configured to receive one or more performance parameters of the device, process the information in the performance parameters, and adjust the steam and/or hydrogen output. In some embodiments, the user is a human person. In some embodiments, the user is an artificial intelligence program. 50 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO [00168] In some embodiments, the controller receives and/or transmits information to and/or from the device in real-time. In some embodiment, the controller receives and/or transmits information to and/or from the device at a rate of about 5 Hz to about 10 Hz (e.g., about 5 Hz, about 6 Hz, about 7 Hz, about 8 Hz, about 9 Hz, or about 10 Hz). [00169] In some embodiments, the controller includes a software program having a set of instructions for controlling performance parameters of the device. In some embodiments, the software program includes a set of instructions useful for remote access to device information and remote access to control of the device performance parameters. Systems for providing hydrogen and steam [00170] Provided herein are systems that in some embodiments are configured to generate hydrogen, steam, and thermal energy or heat produced by the exothermic aluminum-water reaction of reaction 1 or similar or reaction 2 or similar. In some embodiments, the system 1000 includes a plurality of energy generating devices 100a and/or 100b in fluid and electrical communication. In some embodiments, each of the energy generating devices of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication. In some embodiments, each of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid isolation. In some embodiments, fewer than all of the energy generating devices of the plurality of energy devices are in fluid communication with each other. In some embodiments, the system includes from 2 to 1,000 (e.g., from 2 to 1,000, from 3 to 1,000, from 4 to 1,000, from 5 to 1,000, from 6 to 1,000, from 7 to 1,000, from 8 to 1,000, from 9 to 1,000, from 10 to 1,000, from 20 to 1,000, from 30 to 1,000, from 40 to 1,000, from 50 to 1,000, from 60 to 1,000, from 70 to 1,000, from 80 to 1,000, from 90 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,000, from 200 to 1,000, from 300 to 1,000, from 400 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 600 to 1,000, from 700 to 1,000, from 800 to 1,000, from 900 to , 1,000 from 2 to 900, from 2 to 800, from 2 to 700, from 2 to 600, from 2 to 500, from 2 to 400, from 2 to 300, from 2 to 200, from 2 to 100, from 2 to 90, from 2 to 80, from 2 to 70, from 2 to 60, from 2 to 50, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 30, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 9, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 2 to 6, from 2 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 1 to 1.5) energy generating devices. In some embodiments, a system of devices (e.g., 2 or more devices, 3 or more devices, 4 or more devices, 5 or more devices, 6 or more devices, 7 or more devices, 8 or more devices, 9 or more devices, 10 or more devices, e.g., 20 devices, 30 devices, 40 devices, 50 devices, 60 devices, 70 devices, 80 devices, 90 devices, 100 devices, 200 devices, 300 devices, 400 devices, 500 devices, 600 devices, 700 devices, 800 devices, 900 devices, or 51 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO 1,000 devices) is configured to provide a maximum power output for the entire system of devices of from about 1 MW to about 1,000 MW (e.g., from about 10 MW to about 1,000 MW, from about 20 MW to about 1,000 MW, from about 30 MW to about 1,000 MW, from about 40 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 50 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 60 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 70 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 80 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 90 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 100 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 200 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 300 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 400 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 500 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 600 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 700 MW to about 1,000 MW from about 800 MW to about 1,000 MW, or from about 900 MW to about 1,000 MW). In some embodiments, fewer than all of the energy generating devices in the plurality of energy generating devices are in fluid communication with each other. [00171] In some embodiments, the system includes one or more pellet making devices (FIG.6). In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of devices in the system is a pellet making device. In some embodiments, the pellet making device includes a conduit connected to the reaction chamber of one or more energy generating devices of the system. [00172] In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices are connected in a horizontal configuration (e.g., a horizontal chain of energy devices). In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices are connected in a vertical configuration. In some embodiments, a plurality of from 2 to 10 devices are stacked vertically. In some embodiments, a plurality of from 2 to 5 devices are stacked vertically as shown in FIG.3. In some embodiments, a system of vertically stacked devices (100a/b-1, 100a/b-2, 100a/b-3) includes a first device (100a/b-1) that has one or more components of the devices herein described (e.g., reactor 200a or 200b, steam separator 300b, catalyst separator 400a or 400b, catalyst collector 500a or 500b, hydrogen fuel cell 600b, or any combination thereof) and the rest of the devices (100a/b-2 and 100a/b-3) include aluminum scrap only (as seen in FIG.3) until they are contacted with a catalyst from the first device (100a/b-1) to form activated aluminum and subsequently contacted with water to execute the aluminum-water reaction. [00173] In some embodiments of a system 1000, a first device 100a or 100b and a second device are operated and/or arranged separately, in parallel, or in series. The first device and the second device may be operated and/or arranged separately, in parallel, and/or in series with additional devices, in some embodiments, which may be up to 1, up to 2, up to 3, up to 4, up to 5, up to 10, 52 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO up to 15, up to 50, up to 100, up to 500, or up to 1,000 devices, or any number of devices in between. In some embodiments, one or more of the reactor, steam separator, catalyst separator, catalyst collector, hydrogen fuel cell, water outlet, steam outlet, electrical power outlet, water pump, and catalyst pump of a first device is shared with a second device. In some embodiments, one or more of the reactor, steam separator, catalyst separator, catalyst collector, hydrogen fuel cell, water outlet, steam outlet, electrical power outlet, water pump, and catalyst pump of a first device is shared with a second device, a third device and any one or more additional devices. In some embodiments, a portion of the energy generating devices in the system of energy generating devices is in fluid communication. [00174] In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of the first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a third device of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first energy generating device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of each device of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device 100a or 100b in a system of vertically stacked devices is in fluid communication with one or more catalyst inlets of the reactor of at least a second, third, or more devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device 100a or 100b in a system of vertically stacked devices is in fluid communication with one or more catalyst collectors of the system. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector is in fluid communication with one or more of devices in a vertically stacked system. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector is configured to distribute catalyst to a plurality of devices simultaneously. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector is configured to distribute catalyst to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more devices in a system of vertically stacked devices sequentially (e.g., one at a time, two at a time, three at a time, etc.). [00175] In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second, third, any amount of devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector of a first device of the plurality of energy generating devices 53 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO is in fluid communication with a catalyst inlet of the reactor of each device of the plurality of energy generating devices. [00176] In some embodiments, the systems of energy generating devices include a controller electrically connected to at least one of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the systems of energy generating devices include a controller electrically connected to at least two of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the systems of energy generating devices include a controller electrically connected to at least three of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the systems of energy generating devices include a controller electrically connected to each of the devices of the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to adjust the hydrogen and/or steam output of the system. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating devices to function in a sequential mode. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to direct the plurality of energy generating devices to function in a parallel mode. Pellet making device [00177] In some embodiments, the system includes a pellet making device (FIG.6), herein also referred to as a pelletizer. In some embodiments, the pellet making device includes an aluminum scrap inlet, an aluminum scrap chipper, a compactor, and a pellet outlet. In some embodiments, the chipper is configured to provide aluminum chips to the compactor, the compactor is configured to exert a compression force on each of the aluminum chips to form a plurality of aluminum pellets. In some embodiments, the pellet outlet accesses the reaction chamber of a reactor of an energy generating device via a conduit (e.g., a tube, a line, a pipe, a conveyor belt, or any variant thereof) to provide pellets to the energy generating device. In some embodiments, the pellet making device is configured to fit within an interior volume of a shipping container. In some embodiments, the pelletizer is fully automated. In some embodiments, the pelletizer is electrically connected to the controller of the system and is configured to be controlled remotely. [00178] In some embodiments, the pellets have a diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 cm (e.g., from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, from about 2 cm to about 10 cm, from about 3 cm to about 10 cm, from about 4 cm to about 10 cm, from about 5 cm to about 10 cm, from about 6 cm to about 10 cm, from about 7 cm to about 10 cm, from about 8 cm to about 10 cm, from about 9 cm to about 10 cm, from about 5 mm to about 9 cm, from about 5 mm to about 8 cm, from about 5 mm 54 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO to about 7 cm, from about 5 mm to about 6 cm, from about 5 mm to about 5 cm, from about 5 mm to about 4 cm, from about 5 mm to about 3 cm, from about 5 mm to about 2 cm, or from about 5 mm to about 1 cm). In some embodiments, the pellets are in a form or shape including spherical, ovular, or cylindrical. In some embodiments, aluminum may be provided in powder form with powder particle size of from about 1 µm to about 100 µm (e.g., about 1 µm, about 2 µm, about 3 µm, about 4 µm, about 5 µm, about 6 µm, about 7 µm, about 8 µm, about 9 µm, about 10 µm, about 11 µm, about 12 µm, about 13 µm, about 14 µm, about 15 µm, about 16 µm, about 17 µm, about 18 µm, about 19 µm, about 20 µm, about 21 µm, about 22 µm, about 23 µm, about 24 µm, about 25 µm, about 26 µm, about 27 µm, about 28 µm, about 29 µm, about 30 µm, about 31 µm, about 32 µm, about 33 µm, about 34 µm, about 35 µm, about 36 µm, about 37 µm, about 38 µm, about 39 µm, about 40 µm, about 41 µm, about 42 µm, about 43 µm, about 44 µm, about 45 µm, about 46 µm, about 47 µm, about 48 µm, about 49 µm, about 50 µm, about 51 µm, about 52 µm, about 53 µm, about 54 µm, about 55 µm, about 56 µm, about 57 µm, about 58 µm, about 59 µm, about 60 µm, about 61 µm, about 62 µm, about 63 µm, about 64 µm, about 65 µm, about 66 µm, about 67 µm, about 68 µm, about 69 µm, about 70 µm, about 71 µm, about 72 µm, about 73 µm, about 74 µm, about 75 µm, about 76 µm, about 77 µm, about 78 µm, about 79 µm, about 80 µm, about 81 µm, about 82 µm, about 83 µm, about 84 µm, about 85 µm, about 86 µm, about 87 µm, about 88 µm, about 89 µm, about 90 µm, about 91 µm, about 92 µm, about 93 µm, about 94 µm, about 95 µm, about 96 µm, about 97 µm, about 98 µm, about 99 µm, or about 100 µm) in diameter. Methods of use [00179] Provided herein are methods that in some embodiments include using the energy generating devices and/or systems herein described for providing hydrogen and steam. In some embodiments, the methods herein provided and described include delivering one or more energy generating devices 100a or 100b herein provided and described from a first location to a location that consumes hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas having at least one steam inlet and/or at least one hydrogen inlet and/or at least one process gas inlet, and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet the energy generating device. In some embodiments, the steam inlet and the hydrogen inlet are configured as a combined inlet. In some embodiments, the methods herein provided and described include introducing water to a reactor and extracting energy from an energetically dense metal in the 55 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO form of hydrogen, steam, and/or heat. In some embodiments, the energetically dense metal comprises aluminum. [00180] In some embodiments, the methods herein provided include providing instructions to activate the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility when the aluminum is delivered in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the methods include activating the aluminum at the first location prior to delivering the energy generating device to the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility. In some embodiments, the methods include activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber with a catalyst-aluminum mass ratio of from about 1% to about 10%. [00181] In some embodiments, the methods include providing instructions to fluidly connect the hydrogen outlet and/or process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet and/or process gas inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the methods include providing instructions to fluidly connect the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction [00182] In some embodiments, the methods include generating hydrogen and steam by receiving one or more energy generating devices 100a or 100b herein provided and described from a first location to a location that consumes hydrogen and/or steam having at least one steam inlet, at least one hydrogen inlet, and/or at least one process gas inlet and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the aluminum through the water inlet into the chamber. In some embodiments, the methods include executing the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non-overlapping time periods. In some embodiments, the methods include executing the aluminum-water reaction in parallel by introducing water to two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. [00183] In some embodiments, the steam inlet and the hydrogen inlet are configured as a combined inlet (e.g., a process gas inlet). In some embodiments, the methods include activating the aluminum in the reaction chamber to produce activated aluminum with the liquid metal catalyst at the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility when the aluminum 56 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO is received in non-activated form. In some embodiments, the aluminum is activated at the first location. In some embodiments, the methods include fluidly connecting the hydrogen outlet or process gas outlet of the energy generating device to the hydrogen inlet or process gas inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam consuming and/or process gas facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the methods include fluidly connecting the steam outlet of the energy generating device to the steam inlet of the hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility before executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the methods include fluidly connecting the water inlet of the energy generating device to a water source. In some embodiments, the methods include fluidly connecting the water inlet of the energy generating device to a water source. In some embodiments, the methods include driving water from the water source through the water inlet into the reaction chamber thereby executing the aluminum-water reaction. In some embodiments, the methods include producing heat, hydrogen, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water. In some embodiments, the methods include driving the hydrogen and steam to the steam separator, substantially separating the hydrogen from the steam, driving the hydrogen through the hydrogen outlet, and driving the steam through the steam outlet. In some embodiments, the methods include driving the hydrogen and steam to the process gas outlet. In some embodiments, the methods include pumping a catalyst composition from the reaction outlet of the reactor to the reaction inlet of the catalyst separator and into the catalyst separator chamber after completion of the aluminum-water reaction in the reactor. In some embodiments, the methods include substantially separating the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst composition inside the catalyst separator chamber and driving the liquid metal catalyst to the catalyst outlet of the catalyst separator. In some embodiments, the methods include driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst outlet to a catalyst collector through a collector inlet of the catalyst collector. In some embodiments, the catalyst collector includes a collector outlet and a collector chamber all in fluid communication with the collector inlet. In some embodiments, the methods include driving the liquid metal catalyst from the catalyst collector to at least a second energy generating device. In some embodiments, the methods include driving the liquid metal catalyst from the collector outlet to the catalyst inlet of the reactor of at least a second generating device. [00184] In some embodiments, the methods include drawing hydrogen from the hydrogen outlet of the steam separator into a hydrogen fuel cell and converting the hydrogen to electrical power and water with the hydrogen fuel cell. In some embodiments, the methods include driving water 57 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to the water inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the methods include directing the electrical power produced by the hydrogen fuel cell to an electrical power outlet. [00185] In some embodiments, the device is pre-loaded with a batch of activated aluminum. In some embodiments, a batch of activated aluminum has a weight of from about 1 ton to about 25 tons (e.g., from about 1 ton to about 24 tons, from about 1 ton to about 23 tons, from about 1 ton to about 22 tons, from about 1 ton to about 21 tons, from about 1 ton to about 20 tons, from about 1 ton to about 19 tons, from about 1 ton to about 18 tons, from about 1 ton to about 17 tons, from about 1 ton to about 16 tons, from about 1 ton to about 15 tons, from about 1 ton to about 14 tons, from about 1 ton to about 13 tons, from about 1 ton to about 12 tons, from about 1 ton to about 11 tons, from about 1 ton to about 10 tons, from about 1 ton to about 9 tons, from about 1 ton to about 8 tons, from about 1 ton to about 7 tons, from about 1 ton to about 6 tons, from about 1 ton to about 5 tons, from about 1 ton to about 4 tons, from about 1 ton to about 3 tons, from about 2 ton to about 24 tons, from about 3 ton to about 24 tons, from about 4 ton to about 24 tons, from about 5 ton to about 24 tons, from about 6 ton to about 24 tons, from about 7 ton to about 24 tons, from about 8 ton to about 24 tons, from about 9 ton to about 24 tons, from about 10 ton to about 24 tons, from about 11 ton to about 24 tons, from about 12 ton to about 24 tons, from about 13 ton to about 24 tons, from about 14 ton to about 24 tons, from about 15 ton to about 24 tons, from about 16 ton to about 24 tons, from about 17 ton to about 24 tons, from about 18 ton to about 24 tons, from about 19 ton to about 24 tons, from about 20 ton to about 24 tons, from about 21 ton to about 24 tons, from about 22 ton to about 24 tons, or from about 23 ton to about 24 tons). [00186] In some embodiments, the device is pre-loaded with aluminum of any amount herein described and is delivered to the site of consumption (e.g., a hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility). In some embodiments, after delivery of the energy generating devices and/or systems the aluminum in each device is subsequently contacted with a catalyst composition to form activated aluminum. In some embodiments, after receipt of an energy generating device and/or system is the aluminum in each device contacted with a catalyst composition to form activated aluminum. [00187] In some embodiments, the method includes delivering at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and providing instructions for executing the aluminum-water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. In some 58 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO embodiments, the methods include receiving at least one additional energy generating device to form a plurality of energy generating devices, and executing the aluminum-water reaction with the plurality of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy generating devices comprises 2 to 1,000 devices. In some embodiments, the plurality of devices is in fluid communication to a shared source of water (e.g., a main water pipe connected to a manifold that delivers water to all of the inlets of the reactors in the plurality of devices). In some embodiments, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, all, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 50, or none of the plurality of energy generating devices is fluidly connected to a shared water source. In some embodiments, the methods include producing hydrogen with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 5.5 kg/hr to about 110 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the methods include producing steam with the plurality of energy generating devices at a rate of from about 300 kg/hr to about 6000 kg/hr when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. In some embodiments, the methods include producing with the plurality of energy generating devices from about 50 kW to about 10 MW of continuous thermal power when water is introduced to the reaction chamber after the aluminum is activated by the liquid metal catalyst. [00188] In some embodiments, the methods include instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in series by introducing water into two or more of the devices at separate timepoints, or for non-overlapping time periods. In some embodiments, the methods include instructing arrangement and/or the execution of the aluminum-water reaction in parallel by introducing water into two or more of the devices substantially simultaneously or for overlapping time periods. In some embodiments, the aluminum-water reaction is executed sequentially (e.g., at sequential time-points) by introducing water to a subset of devices in a system of energy generating devices. In some embodiments, the aluminum-water reaction is executed simultaneously in all devices of a system. [00189] In some embodiments, the device 100a or 100b and system 1000 is configured to produce hydrogen and steam continuously (e.g., continuous mode). In some embodiments, the device 100a or 100b and system 1000 is configured to produce hydrogen and steam in separate 59 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO batches (e.g., batch mode). In some embodiments, an operation cycle for the device and system has a duration of from about 1 hour to about 72 hours (e.g., from about 1 hour to 70 hours, from about 1 hour to 60 hours, from about 1 hour to 50 hours, from about 1 hour to 40 hours, from about 1 hour to 30 hours, from about 1 hour to 20 hours, from about 1 hour to 10 hours, from about 1 hour to 5 hours, from about 5 hour to 72 hours, from about 10 hour to 72 hours, from about 20 hour to 72 hours, from about 30 hour to 72 hours, from about 40 hour to 72 hours, from about 50 hour to 72 hours, from about 60 hour to 72 hours, or from about 65 hour to 72 hours). In some embodiments, the continuous operation time for the system is about 48 hours. [00190] In some embodiments, the method includes using aluminum as an energy carrier. In some embodiments, the methods include reacting activated aluminum with water using any embodiment of the devices and/or systems of energy generating devices herein described. In some embodiments, the methods include collecting aluminum hydroxide oxide as waste of the aluminum-water reaction, subjecting the aluminum hydroxide oxide to calcination to form aluminum oxide, and electrochemically reducing the aluminum oxide to form aluminum. [00191] In some embodiments, the methods herein described include providing hydrogen and steam by delivering a device or system of any embodiment of the energy generating devices and/or systems herein described and provided from a first location to a hydrogen and/or steam and/or process gas consuming facility having at least one steam inlet and at least one hydrogen inlet, or at least one process gas inlet, and executing the aluminum-water reaction by introducing water to the water inlet of the energy generating device. In some embodiments, the devices are pre-loaded with aluminum in the reaction chamber. In some embodiments the aluminum in the reaction chamber is activated at the first location. In some embodiments, the aluminum is activated at the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility. [00192] In some embodiments, the activated aluminum includes aluminum pieces that have varying size and shape. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first shape and at least a second shape. In some embodiments, the aluminum includes aluminum pieces of a first size and at least a second size. In some embodiments, the methods include providing instructions for arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, the methods include arranging the aluminum pieces inside the reaction chamber of the reactor in an increasing size configuration relative to the water inlet and/or the catalyst inlet of the reactor. In some embodiments, arranging the aluminum pieces 60 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO includes organizing the aluminum pieces in a configuration where the smallest aluminum pieces are exposed to water first, and the pieces are exposed to water in an order of increasing size. In some embodiments, a first subset of aluminum pieces in a reactor are reacted with water before at least a second subset of aluminum pieces. In some embodiments, the methods include arranging the plurality of aluminum pieces in an increasing size configuration relative to the one or more reactor inlets. [00193] In some embodiments, the first size of aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm in diameter (e.g., from about 10 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 20 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 30 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 40 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 50 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 60 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 70 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 80 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 90 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 100 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 200 µm to about 1,000 µm , about 300 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 400 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 500 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 600 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 700 µm to about 1,000 µm, about 800 µm to about 1,000 µm, or from about 900 µm to about 1,000 µm) as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [00194] In some embodiments, the second size of aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm in diameter (e.g., from about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.4 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.6 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.9 mm to about 10 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, about 2 mm to about 10 mm, about 3 mm to about 10 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, about 5 mm to about 10 mm, about 6 mm to about 10 mm, about 7 mm to about 10 mm, about 8 mm to about 10 mm, or about 9 mm to about 10 mm) as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [00195] In some embodiments, a third size of aluminum pieces to be arranged inside the reaction chamber is from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm in diameter (e.g., from about 0.2 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.3 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.4 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.6 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.7 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.8 cm to about 10 cm, about 0.9 cm to about 10 cm, about 1 cm to about 10 cm, about 2 cm to about 10 cm, about 3 cm to about 10 cm, about 4 cm to about 10 cm, about 5 cm to about 10 cm, about 6 cm to about 10 cm, 61 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO about 7 cm to about 10 cm, about 8 cm to about 10 cm, or about 9 cm to about 10 cm) as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. [00196] In some embodiments, the methods include sourcing the aluminum from a source of recycled scrap aluminum. In some embodiments, the methods include sourcing the aluminum from aluminum chips. In some embodiments, the methods include sourcing the aluminum from compacted aluminum chips in the form of aluminum pellets. In some embodiments, the aluminum pellets have a diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm and a height of from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, as determined by a sieve sorting method, a screen sorting method, or a gravity sorting method. In some embodiments, the methods include introducing water to the water inlet to execute the aluminum-water reaction comprising interacting aluminum, the catalyst composition, and water. In some embodiments, the liquid metal catalyst comprises gallium and/or indium. [00197] Provided herein are methods that in some embodiments include using aluminum as a carrier of renewable energy. In some embodiments, the methods herein provided and described include producing an energy dense metal (e.g., aluminum) using renewable energy processes (e.g., using solar energy, wind energy, hydrothermal energy, hydro energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy, electricity, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the production of the energy dense metal includes electrochemically reducing aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, the hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility is selected from a list including an internal combustion engine, an external hydrogen fuel cell, a calciner, a furnace, a Haber-Bosch plant, an oil refinery, a fertilizer plant, a methanol plant, a methane blending power plant, a metal recycling plant, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a port terminal, or a maritime vessel. The methods include introducing the metal and a catalyst to a reactor, transporting the reactor from a production site to a hydrogen and/or steam consuming facility, and introducing water to the reactor and extracting energy from the metal in the form of hydrogen, steam, and/or heat. In some embodiments, the energetically dense metal includes aluminum. In some embodiments, extracting energy from the metal includes an exothermic aluminum-water reaction. [00198] Provided herein are methods that in some embodiments include providing activated aluminum in the interior of a reactor of any embodiment of the devices and/or systems herein described and provided, delivering water to the activated aluminum, contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby producing heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction 62 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO products and thereby producing steam from the heat and the water, substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas, and directing the hydrogen gas through a hydrogen outlet. In some embodiments, the methods include directing the steam through a steam outlet. [00199] In some embodiments, the methods include consuming hydrogen gas produced by the aluminum-water reaction (e.g., Reaction 1 and/or Reaction 2) in a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the methods include using the steam produced by the aluminum-water reaction to generate power, to move turbines, to power ambient heating, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methods include separating the liquid metal catalyst from the activated aluminum. In some embodiments, the methods include condensing the steam into a condenser in fluid communication with the steam outlet. [00200] In some embodiments, the methods include delivering the liquid metal catalyst to an interior of a second reactor through a second catalyst inlet, the second reactor including aluminum, a second water inlet, a second reaction outlet, a second reactor outlet, and a second reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the methods include delivering water to the activated aluminum through the second water inlet, contacting the water and the activated aluminum thereby forming heat, hydrogen gas, and one or more additional reaction products and thereby producing and steam from the heat and the water, substantially separating the steam from the hydrogen gas, directing the steam through a second steam outlet, and directing the hydrogen through a second hydrogen outlet. [00201] In some embodiments, steam produced during the aluminum-water reaction is condensed and/or directed to a reaction chamber of at least a second energy generating device to speed up activation of aluminum by a catalyst reaction and/or to bring the temperature of the reaction chamber to operating temperature before water is introduced to the reaction chamber. [00202] Regardless of the specific applications of the devices, systems, and methods provided and described herein, once the aluminum-reaction is complete, the AlOOH may be collected at a central processing facility and purified to a suitable degree for resale back into the global supply chain of AlOOH, Al(OH) 3 , or even Al 2 O 3 , which is an easily produced derivative of AlOOH via calcination. This resale is depicted as the last step in FIG.4. As shown in FIG.5, AlOOH may also be fed directly into the primary aluminum smelting process directly by first being calcined to Al 2 O 3 and then electrochemically reduced via the standard Hall-Heroult process or similar. In a global supply chain sense, this step essentially “recharges” the material, storing the substantial 63 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO amount of energy per unit mass that can later be extracted for the variety of applications described here previously. FIG.4 shows one such application where aluminum scrap is collected, converted into a modular, containerized fuel pack, which is then distributed to some end-use application where that energy can be extracted and utilized. In this illustrated application, the fuel packs are loaded onto a vessel, which then uses the contained energy for powering propulsion, auxiliary power, heat, and the remainder of its onboard energy needs. As shown in FIG.5, this same scenario and similar applications can instead be powered by primary aluminum smelted using renewable energy. While these Figures show maritime shipping as an application of this aluminum energy storage concept, numerous other applications exist as well, which would benefit from the delivery of aluminum as an energy carrier. Examples [00203] The present inventions provided and described herein may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting Examples. The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate the embodiments of the devices, systems, and methods described and provided herein. They should in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the inventions described and provided herein. [00204] Example 1. Providing hydrogen and steam to a shipping vessel [00205] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, on demand, on board of a shipping vessel. The system is configured with an internal 15 m 3 reactor that includes 10 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting sub systems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height of 4 ft and 3 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. As soon as the system is loaded and secured on a shipping vessel, an operator connects a sea water hose that is fed by one of the shipping vessel water pumps. The operator also connects hydrogen and steam hoses to the system's outlets that are connected to the shipping vessel's systems. Then a valve that controls the sea water inlet is opened allowing sea water to flow into the reactor to start the aluminum- water reaction. The system can produce 970 kg of hydrogen and a total of 75 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 5 MW. After the energy is spent/the aluminum is consumed, the system is unloaded from the shipping vessel and transported back for the recycling process 64 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting the AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product, and reloading with new aluminum. [00206] Example 2. Providing hydrogen and steam to an ammonia synthesis plant [00207] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, on demand for the synthesis of ammonia. The system is configured with an internal 15 m 3 reactor that includes 10 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting subsystems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height of 4 ft and 3 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. As soon as the system is delivered to the ammonia synthesis facility and secured in position, an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects hydrogen and steam hoses to the system’s outlets that are connected to the production facility. Then a valve that controls the water inlet is opened and closed periodically allowing water to flow into the reactor to start and control the aluminum- water reaction. The system can produce 970 kg of hydrogen and a total of 75 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 5 MW. After the activated aluminum is spent, the system is transported back for the recycling process that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product, and reloading with new aluminum. [00208] Example 3. Providing hydrogen and steam to an aluminum smelting facility [00209] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, on demand for the smelting or recycling of aluminum. The system is configured with an internal 30 m 3 reactor that includes 20 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting subsystems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height or 8 ft and 6 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container supporting mode of transpiration. As soon as the system is delivered to the aluminum production facility and secured in position, an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects hydrogen and steam hoses to the system’s outlets that are connected to the aluminum production facility. Then a valve that controls the water inlet is opened allowing water to flow into the reactor to start the aluminum-water reaction. The system can produce 1940 kg of hydrogen and a total of 150 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 10 MW. As soon as the energy is spent, the system 65 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO is transported back for the recycling process that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting AlOOH and/or (Al(OH) 3 ), and reloading with new aluminum. [00210] Example 4. Providing hydrogen and steam to an electricity production device [00211] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, on demand for electricity generation. The system is configured with an internal 30 m 3 reactor that includes 20 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting subsystems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height of 8 ft 6 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. As soon as the system is delivered to the electricity production unit and secured in position, an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects hydrogen and steam hoses to the system’s outlets that are connected to the electricity production unit. Then a valve that controls the water inlet is opened allowing water to flow into the reactor to start the aluminum-water reaction. The system can produce 1940 kg of hydrogen and a total of 150 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 10 MW. After the energy is spent/the aluminum is consumed, the system is transported back for the recycling process that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product, and reloading with new aluminum. [00212] Example 5. Providing hydrogen and steam for backup power generation applications [00213] This example describes a system for providing backup energy for electricity generation, by producing energy in the form of on-demand hydrogen and heat. The system is configured with an internal 30 m 3 reactor that includes 20 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting subsystems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height of 8 ft 6 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. When the system is delivered to the electricity production unit it may be stored onsite, unconnected in stasis indefinitely, until the stored energy is needed, or it may be connected immediately, but left in stasis until the energy is needed. To connect the system, either immediately upon arrival or at a later time when the energy is needed, the system is moved into position and an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects hydrogen and steam hoses to the system’s outlets that are connected to the electricity production unit. When energy is needed from the system, a valve that controls the water inlet is opened allowing water to flow 66 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO into the reactor to initiate, or continue, the aluminum-water reaction. The system can produce 1940 kg of hydrogen and a total of 150 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 10 MW. After the energy is spent, the system is transported back for the recycling process that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product, and reloading with new aluminum. [00214] Example 6. Providing process gas to an electricity production unit [00215] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat on demand for electricity generation. The system is configured with an internal 30 m 3 reactor that includes 20 tons of aluminum, pretreated with liquid-metal based catalyst and other supporting subsystems. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height of 8 ft 6 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. As soon as the system is delivered to the electricity production unit and secured in position, an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects a process gas hose to the system’s process gas outlet that is connected to a process gas inlet of the electricity production unit. Then a valve that controls the water inlet is opened allowing water to flow into the reactor to start the aluminum-water reaction. The resulting process gas, comprising a mixture of steam and hydrogen, is directly fed into the electricity production unit without first separating the two gasses in the system. The system can produce 1940 kg of hydrogen and a total of 150 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 10 MW. After the energy is spent, the system is transported back for the recycling process that includes recapturing the catalyst, extracting AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product, and loading of new aluminum. [00216] Example 7. Providing process gas to an alumina refinery with downstream separation of hydrogen gas and steam [00217] This example describes a system for producing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, on demand for the refining of alumina. The system is configured with an internal 30 m 3 reactor that includes 20 tons of aluminum, pretreated with a liquid metal-based catalyst, and other supporting subsystems. The aluminum may optionally be derived from locally collected aluminum scraps. The system is in the general shape of a shipping container 20 ft length, 8 ft width and a height or 8 ft and 6 in and has the ability to be mounted and transported by any type of container-supporting mode of transportation. As soon as the system is delivered to the 67 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO alumina refining facility and secured in position, an operator connects a water hose that is fed by a water pump. The operator also connects a process gas hose to the system’s process gas outlet that is connected to a process gas inlet of the alumina refining facility. Then a valve that controls the water inlet is opened allowing water to flow into the reactor to start the aluminum-water reaction. The resulting process gas, comprising a mixture of steam and hydrogen, is directly integrated into the facility’s heating systems without first separating the two gasses. The heat from the steam is extracted externally from the system, using a heat exchanger in the facility, and applied to one or more processes, such as bauxite digestion. The resulting steam condensate is appropriately routed and merged with the water supply inlet. The remaining process gas is significantly enriched in hydrogen, which is then fed to another process downstream requiring hydrogen. The system can produce 1940 kg of hydrogen and a total of 150 MWh thermal energy with a power output of 0.4 - 10 MW. After the energy is spent, the system is transported back for recycling, including recapturing of the catalyst, extraction of AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by- product, and loading of new pre-treated aluminum. AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product may also be repurposed as feedstock for alumina production as an alternative to bauxite digestion. [00218] Example 8. Extracting energy from waste stream [00219] This example describes a system for extracting energy from used post-consumer consumables and segregated aluminum waste within the general waste stream. The system comprises a 0.2-1 MW reactor that includes aluminum pretreated with a liquid metal-based catalyst located near a waste landfill. The aluminum is derived from locally sourced aluminum scraps. Steam and hydrogen produced by the reactor upon addition of water to the pre-treated aluminum is used to generate electricity. After the energy extraction is complete, the system is transported back for recycling, including recapturing of the catalyst and extraction of AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product. [00220] Example 9. Extracting energy from aluminum scraps [00221] This example describes a system for extracting energy from waste aluminum scraps generated by an aluminum smelter. Steam and hydrogen produced by the reactor upon addition of water to the pre-treated aluminum is used for various industrial applications within the facility requiring steam and/or hydrogen. As soon as the energy extraction is complete, the system is transported back for recycling, including recapturing of the catalyst and extraction of AlOOH and/or Al(OH) 3 by-product. 68 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE [00222] In the claims articles such as "a," "an," and "the" may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include "or" between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Provide herein are embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Provided herein are embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. [00223] Furthermore, the inventions provided herein encompass all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should be understood that, in general, where the inventions provided and described herein, or aspects of the inventions described and provided herein, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the inventions or aspects of the inventions consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms "comprising" and "containing" are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the inventions described and provided herein, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. [00224] This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment that falls within the prior art 69 IPTS/125341820.1 Attorney Docket No: FEG-003WO may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art. [00225] Each numerical value presented herein is contemplated to represent a minimum value or a maximum value in a range for a corresponding parameter. Accordingly, when added to the claims, the numerical value provides express support for claiming the range, which may lie above or below the numerical value, in accordance with the teachings herein. Every value between the minimum value and the maximum value within each numerical range presented herein (including any minimum, nominal, and maximum values shown in any tables), is contemplated and expressly supported herein, subject to the number of significant digits expressed in each particular range. The application expressly contemplates the ranges between the minimum and nominal values, nominal and maximum values, and minimum and maximum values. [00226] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present inventions, as defined in the following claims. 70 IPTS/125341820.1