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Title:
ENERGY-SAVING HEATING OF THE INTERNAL REFLECTIVE SURFACES OF BUILDINGS
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2004/092657
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
A method of heating of internal reflective surfaces, of the buildings' external sub-layers, by which an increase of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric illumination bulbs is obtained. Its practical application is made with an electric surface heating body from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums and its front surface open, by which is heated a thin metallic surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet, which is positioned inside the external sub-layers of the buildings and covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface of their every internal side. The electric surface heating body is fixed with screws and applies air­ tightly with its open front surface, on a surface of a sub-layer from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, which is positioned inside every internal side of the above sub-layers. It is used for the energy-saving of the buildings against the cold of the external environment.

Inventors:
KOTROTSIOS DIMITRIOS (GR)
Application Number:
PCT/GR2004/000015
Publication Date:
October 28, 2004
Filing Date:
March 17, 2004
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
KOTROTSIOS DIMITRIOS (GR)
International Classes:
E04B1/76; F24D13/02; (IPC1-7): F24D13/02; E04B1/76
Foreign References:
DE29518235U11996-03-21
DE3707002C11988-07-21
DE3129561A11982-06-24
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Description:
DESCRIPTION ENERGY-SAVING HEATING OF THE INTERNAL REFLECTIVE SURFACES OF BUILDINGS This invention refers to a method of heating of internal reflective surfaces, the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of buildings, by which an increase of their reflectivity is obtained to the thermal radiation of the electric illumination bulbs of the buildings'internal spaces and is used for the energy-saving heat insulation of the buildings against the cold of the external environment.

Its practical application is made with an electric surface heating body of pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums and with its front surface open, by which a thin metallic surface of high thermal conductivity, made of bronze or stainless steel sheet of a thickness of D=0,04 to 0,1 millimeters is heated, which is installed inside the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of buildings and covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface of every external side of those sub-layers.

The electric surface heating body is fixed with screws and air-tightly fits with its open front surface, on a sub-layer's surface from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, which is positioned inside every internal side of the above sub-layers.

During the operation of the surface electric heating body, the heat is uniformly distributed through the thin metallic heating surface, to the entire surface of every internal side of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings, resulting in the increase of temperature of the internal reflective surfaces of these sub-layers.

The required temperature of every internal reflective surface of the above sub-layers is obtained with a thermostat through a surface sensor, which is installed on the respective internal reflective surface of these sub-layers.

During the heating of the internal air and during the operation of the electric illumination bulbs of the buildings internal spaces: In large temperature differences DT=T1-T2 between the temperature T1 of the internal air and the temperature of the external air T2, the difference of temperature between the layers inside the heat insulating materials and inside the structural elements of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is increased, resulting in the liquefaction of the vapors of the enclosed air inside the granules or the small cells of the heat

insulating materials and the enclosed air inside the gaps of air of the structural elements (e. g. perforated bricks).

Due to the liquefaction of the vapors inside these sub-layers, their resistance of the heat escape 1/A is decreased.

The decrease of the heat escape 1/A resistance, results in the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces and the increase of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings.

Due to the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces of these sub-layers, the water vapors of the enclosed air are liquefied inside the microscopic granules of the reflective surfaces and the vapors of the of the internal air in these internal reflective surfaces, resulting in the decrease of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulbs and the thermal transition of the internal air.

Due to the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, the temperature difference DTw = Ti-Tw between the internal air temperature T1 and the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces, increases, resulting in the increase of the heating energy of the internal air thermal flow Q through these sub-layers.

During the operation of the electric light bulbs, the internal co-efficient of heat transmission with thermal radiation a1 is added due to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulbs, resulting in a further increase of the heat transfer co- efficient K of the above sub-layers and the further increase of the thermal flow Q through these sub-layers.

The increase of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the of the sub-layers external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings, renders necessary the heat production in the buildings, because the further decrease of the heat transfer co-efficient K is not possible with the addition of a heat insulation material inside these sub-layers, due to the required large thickness of the heat insulating material.

A heating method of the internal reflective surfaces of buildings, which includes: An electric surface heating body from pure aluminum, heat insulated, with three air vacuums and its front surface open, which fits air-tightly and is fixed with screws on a surface of a sub-layer from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, inside every internal side of the buildings' external sub-layers, with which is heated a thin metallic surface of large thermal

conductivity, from bronze or stainless steel sheet of a thickness of D=0,04 to 0,1 millimeters, which covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface inside every internal side of the external sub-layers of the buildings.

The practical application of the present invention presents the following advantages: 1. The reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulb, of the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is increased, and the heat-transfer co-efficient K of these sub-layers is decreased at a percentage up to 98%.

2. We obtain a thermal comfort inside the internal spaces of the buildings, due to the uniform distribution of the heat to the volume of the internal air.

3. We obtain a better visibility inside the internal spaces of the buildings, with electric light bulbs of a lower power.

4. We obtain an energy-saving heating of the internal air, only with via the electric incandescence light bulbs of the buildings'internal spaces, resulting in lower heating cost of the internal air.

5. The electric heating energy of the internal reflective surfaces of the sub- layers of the external masonry external roofs of the buildings is saved by decreasing the power of the electric light bulbs due to the accelerated better visibility and due to the necessity of a the long duration of the operation of the electric lighting bulbs.

6. There is no need to produce heat in the buildings for the heating of the internal air, leading to the decrease of the environmental pollution.

7. We obtain a lower erection cost for the new buildings and lower cost for the energy renovation of existing buildings, due to the low heating cost of the internal air.

The practical application of the present invention is given by referring to the attached drawings: In Drawing 1 we see in a front, the electric surface heating body.

In Drawing 2 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer of the external masonry from perforated bricks, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment.

In Drawing 3 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer from reinforced concrete, of a horizontal external roof, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment.

In Drawing 4 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer of a wooden roof with tiles, of a sloped external roof, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment.

Referring to Drawing 1, the electric surface heating body, consists of its external surface from pure aluminum-1-, from the perforated supports made of pure aluminum-2-, from a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins-3-, from three electric resistances-4-and plug with the supply cable-5-.

Referring to Drawing 2, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum-1a-with three air vacuums-2a-is fixed with screws-3a-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-14a-and applies air- tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins-4a-in a sub- layer of pure aluminum-5a-with three air vacuums-6a-, which is fixed with screws-7a-on wooden base-8a-and is heat insulated with a layer of heat insulating material-9a-.

The metallic stainless steel sheets with heat capacity-11 a-and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet-15a-are fixed on the sub-layer-5a-with screws-1 Oa-.

The perforated bricks sub-layer of the external masonry is made from a white colour reflective coating at its internal surface-12a ; a layer of common plaster with sand at its external side-13a-, from a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-14a-, from a thin metallic heating surface made of bronze or stainless steel sheet-15a-, from a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-16a-, from a layer of heat insulating material-1 7a-, from the perforated bricks-18a-, from horizontal layers of common building mortar-19a- and a layer of common plaster with sand for its external side-20a-.

Referring to Drawing 3, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum-1 b-with three air vacuums-2b-is fixed with screws-3b-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer from granules of expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material-14b-and fits air-tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins-4b-on a sub-layer of pure aluminum-5b-with three air vacuums-6b-, which is fixed with screws-7b-on a wooden base-8b-and is heat insulated with a layer of a heat insulating material-9b-.

The metallic sheets with heat capacity, from stainless steel sheet-11b- and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet-15b- are fixed with screws-10b-on the sub-layer-5b-. The reinforced concrete sub-layer of the horizontal external roof, consists of a reflective white coloured coating at its external surface-12b-, of a layer of common plaster with sand at its external side-13b-, of a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-14b-, of a thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet-15b-, of a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-16b-, of a heat insulating layer-17b-and the reinforced concrete slab-18b-.

Referring to Drawing 4, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum-1c-with three air vacuums-2c-is fixed with screws-3c-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer from granules of expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material-14c-and fits air-tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins-4c-on a sub-layer of pure aluminum-5c-with three air vacuums-6c-, which is fixed with screws-7c-on a wooden base-8c-and is heat insulated with a layer of a heat insulating material-9c-.

The metallic sheets with heat capacity, from stainless steel sheet-11 c- and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet-15c- are fixed with screws-1 Oc-on the sub-layer-5c-.

The sub-layer of the wooden roof with tiles of the external sloped roof, consists of a reflective white coloured coating at its external side- 12c-, of a layer of wooden coating at its internal side-13c-, of a protective heat insulating layer from expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-14c-, and a thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet-15c-, of a protective heat insulating layer from expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material-16c-, of the chief rafters-17c-, of a heat insulating material layer-18c-, of the binders - 19c-and a layer of tiles on its external side-20c-.

The electric surface heating body with dimensions 40x30x18 cm consists of three electric resistances of a total power N=100 w, N=200w, N=300w, N=400 w and N=500w.

The electric resistance repose on a surface of pure aluminum with a thickness of D=2mm and are powered with an alternative electric current of a V=220 up to 250 Volt current

The electric supply and connection cables of the electric resistances are insulated with asbestos or porcelain, for an increased resistance of the insulation to high temperature.

The front surface is open, perimetrically coated with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins of a D=5 to 10 millimeters thickness and a width of L=27 millimeters and on each side, it includes three welded supports from perforated pure aluminum.

Its other five surfaces are heat insulated with three air vacuums of a D=7 millimeters thickness each and every air vacuum is surrounded by pure aluminum of a D=3 millimeters thickness.

At the external buildings masonry, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of the length of each external surface and at a distance of about 60 centimeters from the floor.

At the buildings'external roof from reinforced concrete, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of its internal surface.

At the buildings'external sloped roof, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of the length of each internal surface and at a distance of about 80 centimeters from the internal surface of the external masonry.

The large internal reflective surfaces of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs, are divided into smaller ones and every smaller internal reflective surface is heated with an electric surface heating body.

The operation of every electric surface heating body is automatically controlled through a relay whose operation is controlled by a thermostat through a surface sensor, used to regulate the required temperature Twi of the corresponding internal reflective surface.

The thermostat's surface sensor is positioned on the respective internal reflective surface of every external sub-layer, at a position distant from the electric surfaces heating body, in which the incidence of the thermal radiation of the electric light lamps of the buildings'internal spaces will not be obstructed.

The sub-layer of the respective positioning of the electric surface heating body, has dimensions 70x60x3, 5 centimeters and is heat insulated with three air vacuums of a D=7 millimeters thickness each and every air vacuum is enveloped by pure aluminum of a D=3 millimeters thickness.

Its internal surface includes in every side four welded perforated supports from pure aluminum.

At its internal surface are fixed with screws, two metallic sheets with heat capacity of an increased thermal conductivity, made of stainless steel sheet with dimensions 28x18 centimeters and thickness D=3 millimeters each one.

The heat conductive metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel of a D=0,04 up to 0,1 millimeters, that covers the entire surface of every internal side of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is positioned between these metallic sheets with heat capacity.

The metallic heating surface is supported by these sub-layers with a glue resistant to a temperature higher than 100°C and with plastic supports.

The metallic heating surfaces of the internal sides of the buildings'external sub-layers must not be joined together.

For an easy installation of the metallic heating surfaces, these are welded and supported in advance on the protective heat insulating layers (sheets)-16a-,-16b-and-16c-.

After their installation on the sub-layers of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs, the separating surfaces of the metallic heating surfaces are joined with autogenous welding of bronze or stainless steel sheets.

The thermal conductivity should not be decreased or interrupted at the welding of the metallic heating surfaces.

Every metallic heating surface is covered with a protective heat insulating layer resistant to a temperature higher than 100 °C, of a D=2 up to 3 centimeters thickness, made of granular heat insulating material from expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material, for the avoidance of the lateral transmission of heat inside the protective heat insulating layer.

The aim of the present invention is the increase of the reflectivity to the thermal radiation of electric light lamps of the buildings'internal spaces, the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the external buildings'masonry and the external roofs.

In the heat insulation against the cold of the external environment and during the operation of the electric surface heating bodies, we get a uniform distribution of the increased temperature at the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs for the following reasons: 1. Due to the strong heat insulation of the electric surface heating body and the corresponding sub-layer of its application surface, the thermal flow Qe through it to the internal air and through the corresponding sub-layer of its application to the external air is nullified.

2. Due to the large thermal conductivity of the thin metallic heating surface, the heat is uniformly distributed on the entire surface of every internal side of the above sub-layers, because the thermal flow Qo through it towards the internal air is prevented by the protective layer of their internal side.

In the heat insulation against the cold of the external environment and during the operation of the electric surface heating bodies, the respective thin metallic heating surfaces of the internal sides of the above sub-layers are heated through the metallic sheets with heat capacity.

Due to the increase of their temperature, the thermal flow Q of the heating energy of the internal air is hindered and the collisions of the mollecules'atoms are increased within the protective heat insulating layer of the external side of the above sub-layers and inside the internal plaster, resulting in the increase of the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces and the temperature T, n, of the internal non-reflective surfaces of the buildings'sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs.

Due to the increase of the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, the vapors of the enclosed air inside the microscopic granules of the reflective surfaces and the vapors of the internal air in these internal reflective surfaces are not liquefied, resulting in the increase of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light lamps of the buildings' internal spaces.

During the operation of the electric light lamps, the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers increases further and a thermal inequality Tw1>T1 is created between the temperature Twl and the temperature T1 of the internal air, resulting in the increase of the tharmal capacity of the internal objects and the buildings'internal masonry.

The heating of the internal air with only the electric light lamps of the building's internal spaces is achieved, because the temperature T1 of the internal air is maintained constant for a long time period, due to the increase of the thermal capacity of the internal objects and the internal masonry and due to the reflection at a 100% percentage, of the thermal transition of the internal air, by the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, during the periods in which the thermal inequality Tw1>T1 is preserved.

Since the duration of the electric lamps operation is large due to the need for the illumination of the buildings'internal spaces, a longer duration of the thermal inequality Tw1>T1 is obtained, resulting in the decrease at a percentage

up to 98% of the co-efficient of thermal transfer K of the sub-layers of the buildings'external masonry and external roofs.

Due to the decrease at a percentage up to 98% of the co-efficient of thermal transfer K of the above sub-layers, the thermal flow Q1 of the heating energy of the internal air through these sub-layers is decreased at the same percentage, resulting in the existence mainly of the thermal flow Qe of the heating energy of the metallic heating surfaces, through these sub-layers.

The thermal flow Qe decreases with the addition of a heat insulating material inside the above sub-layers.

For the determination of the thermal escape 1/Ae, we take as thickness tha thickness of every above sub-layer between the metallic heating surface of its internal side and its external surface.

The temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivity of the internal reflective surfaces of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs, is the temperature Twi by which we obtain the lower co-efficient of heat transfer K1 of these sub-layers.

The temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivity of the internal reflective surfaces. The temperature Twr of the internal non-reflective surfaces and the smaller co-efficient of heat transfer Ki of the above sub-layers : Are experimentally determined with the method of comparison of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the sub-layers with non heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface (non-insulated sub-layers) and the heat transfer co- efficient K1 with a heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface (heated sub-layers), i. e.: <BR> <BR> <BR> Zu<BR> <BR> <BR> K = @/(T1-T2) # A # t kα@ K1 = @1/(T1-T2) # A # t Where: K, is the coefficient of heat transfer in w/m2k of the thermal flow of the heating energy of the internal air, through the non-insulated sublayers (with non-heated reflective or non-reflective surface).

Ki, is the coefficient of heat transfer in w/m2k of the thermal flow of the heating energy of the internal air, through the heat insulated sublayers (with heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface).

Q-Q6, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of the internal air, through the non-insulated sub-layers.

Q1-Q1b, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of the internal air, through the insulated sub-layers.

Qe, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of every internal reflective or non-reflective surface, through the heat insulated sub-layers.

T1, is the desired temperature of the internal air in °C.

T2, is the minimum temperature of the external air in °C.

Tw, is the temperature in °C of every non-heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface.

Two, is the temperature in °C of every heated internal reflective or non- reflective surface.

Two-, is the temperature in °C of every heated internal non-reflective surface.

A is the surface in m2 of the non-insulated and the heat insulated sub-layers.

1. The thermal flows Q, Q1 and Qo are measured with electric energy meters.

2. The temperature Tw is measured with a thermostat through surface sensors.

3. The temperatures Twi Kai Tw1 are measured and regulated with a thermostat through surface sensor.

The percentage of decrease of the heat transfer co-efficient K of a non- insulated sublayer is equal to the percentage of the total co-efficient of energy reflection Pn and is equivalent to the increase of the sub-layer's thermal escape resistance1/#, by : D/@ = 1/@ - 1/@ ## m2k / w.

A K1 K Since the heating of the internal air is made with electric lighting lamps of the building's internal spaces: The operation of the electric lighting lamps is also automatically controlled through a relay, whose operation is controlled with a thermostat through which we regulate the temperature of the internal air.

The air sensor of the thermostat is installed on a surface of the internal or external masonry, at a distance of about 1,5 meter from the floor.

Comparing an electric incandescent lamp with an electric fluorescent lamp of the same power in w, a larger reflection of the thermal radiation of the electric incandescent lamp is obtained, from the internal reflective surfaces of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs, because the electric fluorescent lamp does not transform the electric energy it consumes into visible radiation.

From this comparison, it results that the electric incandescent lamps should be used for the illumination of the buildings'internal spaces, because the internal air is heated with the infrared thermal radiation they emit.

The electric fluorescent lamps should be used as supplementary in the illumination of the buildings'internal spaces.

For the direct emission of the incandescent electric lamps'thermal radiation to the entire internal reflective surface or non-reflective surface of the buildings'external masonry and the external roofs, are also used electric incandescent lamps with a large surface reflector or white colour reflective coating.

The internal reflective surfaces of every internal side of the buildings' external masonry, covered with pictures (frames) : Does not operate as thermal bridge, because the metallic heating surface of every internal side of the external masonry, operates as a compensator of the higher temperature Tw1 of the internal reflective surfaces and the lower temperature Twr of the internal reflective surfaces covered with pictures.

The reflectivity, to the thermal radiation of the illumination electric lamps, of the internal non-reflective surfaces of every internal side of the external buildings'masonry, which are covered with decorative tiles further increased when they are joined with the internal reflective surfaces of the same internal side of the external masonry, because: The respective metallic heating surface of its external side operates as a compensator of the higher temperature Tw1 of the internal reflective surfaces and the lower temperature Twr of the internal non-reflective surfaces.

Definition example of the co-efficients of heat transfer K and K1 of a sub- layer of the external masonry Drawing 2 with an external reflective surface A=18 m.

The heating of the internal air is obtained with the softon electric incandescent lamps of the internal space illumination, of a N=60w power each.

Data: Internal reflective coating-12a-.

Common plaster layers-13a-and-20a-.

D13a=D20a=2cm and A13a=A20a=0, 872 w/mk.

Protective heat insulating coatings of expanded perlite plates-14a-and -1 16a-.

D14a=D16a=2cm and A14a=A16a=0, 08 w/mk.

Heat insulating layer from expanded polystyrene-17a-.

D17a=4cm and A17a=0, 03 w/mk.

Perforated brick-18a-. D18a=15cm and Al8a=0, 523 w/mk.

Temperature of internal air T1=24 °C with relative humidity #=70% Minimum temperature of internal air T2 =-15 °C with velocity U=2m/sec.

The heat escape resistance 1/A of the sub-layer is : 1 D13α + D20α D14α + D16α D17α D18α 0,02 + 0,02 = + + + + = + # #13α #14α #17α #18α 0,872<BR> <BR> <BR> 0, 02+0, 02 0, 04 0,<BR> <BR> 0,08 0, 03 0, 523 A The heat escape resistance 1/## of the sub-layer is : We construct an equivalent measuring test specimen with heat escape resistances 1/A=2, 1659 m2k/w and 1/As=1, 893 m2k/w, with an internal reflective surface with dimensions 1,5m x 1,5m, i. e.: As=2, 25 m2.

With the method of comparing the heat transfer co-efficients K and K1 of the equivalent measuring test specimen, the following results and computations result for the above sub-layer of the external masonry.

We heat the internal air with a softon electric incandescent lamp of a N=60 w power.

When Tu=23, 9 °C the electric incandescent lamp is put in operation and when T1 =24 °C it is put out of operation.

1. With non-heated internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring test specimen, the following measurements result: Q#=50, 6 w andi Tw=17, 1 °C.

The co-efficient of heat transfer K of the above sub-layer of the external masonry is: <BR> <BR> <BR> K = Q# = 50,6 # K = 0,5766 w / m2 k.<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P> (T1-T2) # A# # t [24-(-15)#2,25 # 1] The total thermal flow Q through the above sub-layer of the external masonry is: Q = K # (T1-T2) # A # t = 0,5766 # [24-(-15)] # 18 # 1 # Q = 404,77 w.

1.1 After repetitive measurements of the temperature Two, with diminished values of the external air temperature T2, we obtain with minimum T2=5°Cthe measuring of temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivify to the thermal radiation of the

incandescent electric lamp, of the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring specimen, i. e.: Twi = 20,5 °C.

When the temperature T1=24°C, the operation of the electric <BR> <BR> incandescent lamp is interrupted and the temperature Tw1= 20, 5° C, has a continuous increase.

After a time t = 20 h it has a maximum Twi =27, 8°C.

A thermal flow Q1O=0,5W has been measured.

The decreased heat transfer co-efficient K1 of the above sub-layer of the <BR> <BR> <BR> external masonry, is:<BR> Q1# 0,5<BR> <BR> <BR> K1 = # K1 = 0,0116 w / m2 k.<BR> <BR> <BR> <P> (T1-T2) # A# # t (24-5) # 2,25 # 1 The total energy reflection co-efficient Ps1 of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is: The total thermal floe Q1 through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is: Q, = K1 # (T1-T2) # A # t = 0,0116 # (24-5) # 18 # 1 # Q1 = 4 w.

2. We heat the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring specimen.

For the decrease of the time duration of the operation of the electric surface hearing body, the surface thermostat is regulated ad follows : When the temperature is Two=20, 5° C, the electric surface heating body is operated and when the temperature is Twi = 24°C it is put out of operation.

With the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring test specimen heated, the following measurements result : Qis = 1,02 w and Qes = 24,5 w.

The average of the measured temperature Two, is: Twi = 23, 8° C.

The decreased heat transfer co-efficient K1 of the above external masonry sub-layer, is : <BR> <BR> <BR> Q1# 1,02<BR> <BR> <BR> K1 = # K1 = 0,0116 w / m2 k.<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P> (T1-T2) # A# # t [24-(-15)] # 2,25 # 1 The overall energy reflection co-efficient Pl of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is:

The total thermal flow Q1 through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is: Q, = K1 # (T1-T2) # A # t = 0,0116 # [24-(-15)] # 18 # 1 # Q1 = 8,14w.

The total thermal flow Qe of the heating energy of the internal reflective surface, through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is : Qe =Qes (A : A6) =24, 5 (18: 2,25) # Q# =196w.

We select an electric surface heating body of a N =300 w power.

The total thermal flow Po=196 w of the heating energy of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, has as result the overall reflection of the heating energy of the internal air by Peu=98% and is equivalent to an increase of the thermal escape resistance 1/A of the sublayer, by: D 1 1 1 1/@ # D/@ = 84,47 m2 k / w.

# K1 K 0,0116 0,5766 # In the conventional heat insulation of the sublayer, with a heat insulating material having an A=0,0267 w/mk, a thickness α#αIT#i@α@ of heat insulating material D =84, 47 0,0267=2, 255 meters is required.

The increase of the reflectivity in the thermal radiation of the electric incandescence lamps, of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is obtained with its thermal escape resistance <BR> <BR> <BR> 1/@ = 2,1659 m2 k / w, for a temperature of the external air T2 # 5°C and with<BR> <BR> A the heating of the internal reflective surface, for a temperature of the external air T2= 5°C £Wt-15°C.